1
|
Lu C, Li S, Li Y, Zhang X, Chi J, Jiang Q, Ma Y, Shi X, Wang L, Li J. Associations between polymorphisms in the cannabinoid receptor 1 gene, cognitive impairments and tardive dyskinesia in a Chinese population with schizophrenia. Brain Res 2023; 1821:148579. [PMID: 37739333 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a medically induced movement disorder that occurs as a result of long-term use of antipsychotic medications, commonly seen in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ). The study aimed to investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the CNR1 gene, TD and cognitive impairments in a Chinese population with SCZ. METHODS A total of 216 SCZ patients were recruited. The participants were divided into TD and without TD (WTD) groups using the Schooler-Kane International Diagnostic Criteria. The severity of TD was assessed using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). Cognitive function was assessed using the Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) scale. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium tests, chained disequilibrium analyses and haplotype analyses were performed using SHE-sis software. To explore the main effects of TD diagnosis, genotype and cognitive function, as well as interaction effects, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was employed. RESULTS The prevalence of TD was approximately 27.3%. Significant differences were observed in the rs806368 CT genotype and rs806370 TC genotype within the hypercongenic pattern between the male TD and WTD groups (OR = 2.508, 95% CI: 1.055-5.961, p = 0.037; OR = 2.552, 95% CI: 1.073-6.069, p = 0.034). Among TD patients, those carrying the rs806368 CC genotype exhibited higher limb trunk scores (p < 0.05). Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference in visuospatial/construction between the TD and WTD groups (p = 0.04), and a borderline significant difference in visuospatial/construction when considering the interaction between TD diagnosis and genotype at the rs806368 locus (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION CNR1 rs806368 and rs806370 polymorphisms may play a role in TD susceptibility. Additionally, CNR1 gene polymorphisms were associated with the severity of involuntary movements and cognitive impairments in TD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Lu
- Tianjin Mental Health Institute, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Shen Li
- Tianjin Mental Health Institute, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Yanzhe Li
- Tianjin Mental Health Institute, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Tianjin Mental Health Institute, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Jinghui Chi
- Tianjin Mental Health Institute, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Qiaona Jiang
- Tianjin Mental Health Institute, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Yanyan Ma
- Tianjin Mental Health Institute, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Xiaomei Shi
- Tianjin Mental Health Institute, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Tianjin Mental Health Institute, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Tianjin Mental Health Institute, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Warren CV, Kroll CF, Kopp B. Dopaminergic and norepinephrinergic modulation of endogenous event-related potentials: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 151:105221. [PMID: 37150485 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) represent the cortical processing of sensory, motor or cognitive functions invoked by particular events or stimuli. A current theory posits that the catecholaminergic neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) modulate a number of endogenous ERPs during various cognitive processes. This manuscript aims to evaluate a leading neurotransmitter hypothesis with a systematic overview and meta-analysis of pharmacologic DA and NE manipulation of specific ERPs in healthy subjects during executive function. Specifically, the frontally-distributed P3a, N2, and Ne/ERN (or error-related negativity) are supposedly modulated primarily by DA, whereas the parietally-distributed P3b is thought to be modulated by NE. Based on preceding research, we refer to this distinction between frontally-distributed DA-sensitive and parietally-distributed NE-sensitive ERP components as the Extended Neurobiological Polich (ENP) hypothesis. Our systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that this distinction is too simplistic and many factors interact with DA and NE to influence these specific ERPs. These may include genetic factors, the specific cognitive processes engaged, or elements of study design, i.e. session or sequence effects or data-analysis strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire V Warren
- Charlotte Fresenius Hochschule, Alte Rabenstraße 32, 20148 Hamburg, Germany; Professorship for Clinical Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt University/ Bundeswehr University Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Charlotte F Kroll
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Minderbroedersberg 4-6. P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, MD, 6200, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Kopp
- Clinic für Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hutten NRPW, Arkell TR, Vinckenbosch F, Schepers J, Kevin RC, Theunissen EL, Kuypers KPC, McGregor IS, Ramaekers JG. Cannabis containing equivalent concentrations of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) induces less state anxiety than THC-dominant cannabis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3731-3741. [PMID: 36227352 PMCID: PMC9584997 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), an active component of cannabis, can cause anxiety in some users during intoxication. Cannabidiol (CBD), another constituent of cannabis, has anxiolytic properties suggesting that cannabis products containing CBD in addition to THC may produce less anxiety than THC-only products. Findings to date around this issue have been inconclusive and could conceivably depend on moderating factors such as baseline anxiety levels in users. OBJECTIVE The present study examined whether anxiety following single doses of vaporised THC, CBD and THC/CBD might be explained by state and trait anxiety levels at baseline. METHODS A placebo-controlled, randomised, within-subjects study including 26 healthy recreational cannabis users tested the effects of vaporised THC-dominant cannabis (13.75 mg THC), CBD-dominant cannabis (13.75 mg CBD), THC/CBD-equivalent cannabis (13.75 mg THC/13.75 mg CBD) and placebo cannabis on anxiety. Self-rated trait anxiety was assessed with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). State levels of anxiety were objectively assessed with a computer-based emotional Stroop task (EST) and subjectively rated with the STAI-state questionnaire and a visual analogue scale. RESULTS Both THC and THC/CBD significantly increased self-rated state anxiety compared to placebo. State anxiety after THC/CBD was significantly lower than after THC alone. THC-induced anxiety was independent of anxiety at baseline. When baseline anxiety was low, CBD completely counteracted THC-induced anxiety; however, when baseline anxiety was high, CBD did not counteract THC-induced anxiety. There were no effects of any treatment condition on the EST. CONCLUSION Overall, the study demonstrated that the THC/CBD-equivalent cannabis induces less state anxiety than THC-dominant cannabis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia R. P. W. Hutten
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - T. R. Arkell
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - F. Vinckenbosch
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - J. Schepers
- Department of Methodology & Statistics, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - R. C. Kevin
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - E. L. Theunissen
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - K. P. C. Kuypers
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - I. S. McGregor
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - J. G. Ramaekers
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ferretjans R, de Souza RP, Panizzutti B, Ferrari P, Mantovani L, de Campos-Carli SM, Santos RR, Guimarães FC, Teixeira AL, Gama CS, Salgado JV. Cannabinoid receptor gene polymorphisms and cognitive performance in patients with schizophrenia and controls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 44:26-34. [PMID: 34190825 PMCID: PMC8827365 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To test the hypothesis that genetic variations of cannabinoid receptors contribute to the pathophysiology of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Methods: In this genetic association case-control study, cannabinoid receptor polymorphisms CNR1 rs12720071 and CNR2 rs2229579 were tested for association with neurocognitive performance in 69 patients with schizophrenia and 45 healthy controls. Neurocognition was assessed by the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). Results: We found a consistent association between CNR1 rs12720071 polymorphism and the cognitive performance of patients in several cognitive domains. Patients with C/C polymorphism presented significantly worse performance in motor speed, verbal fluency, attention/processing speed and reasoning/problem solving. Conclusion: Although limited, our data support the hypothesis that CNR1 variations may be associated with the pathogenesis of cognitive deficits of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ferretjans
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Renan P de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Panizzutti
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.,Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Pâmela Ferrari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento (PPGPSIQ), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Mantovani
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Salvina M de Campos-Carli
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Santos
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C Guimarães
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antonio L Teixeira
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Neuropsychiatry Program, UTHealth Houston, TX, USA
| | - Clarissa S Gama
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento (PPGPSIQ), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - João V Salgado
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ortega-Mora EI, Caballero-Sánchez U, Román-López TV, Rosas-Escobar CB, González-Barrios JA, Romero-Hidalgo S, Méndez-Díaz M, Prospéro-García OE, Ruiz-Contreras AE. Allele-dosage genetic polymorphisms of cannabinoid receptor 1 predict attention, but not working memory performance in humans. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 216:103299. [PMID: 33799104 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention and working memory (WM) are under high genetic regulation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the CNR1 gene, that encode for CB1R, have previously been shown to be related with individual differences in attentional control and WM. However, it remains unclear whether there is an allele-dosage or a dominant contribution of polymorphisms of CNR1 affecting attention and WM performance. This study evaluated the associations between attention and WM performance and three SNPs of CNR1: rs1406977, rs2180619, and rs1049353, previously associated with both processes. Healthy volunteers (n = 127) were asked to perform the Attention Network Task (ANT) to evaluate their overall attention and alerting, orienting, and executive systems, and the n-back task for evaluating their WM. All subjects were genotyped using qPCR with TaqMan assays; and dominant and additive models were assessed using the risk alleles of each SNP as the predictor variable. Results showed an individual association of the three SNPs with attention performance, but the composite genotype by the three alleles had the greatest contribution. Moreover, the additive-dosage model showed that for each G-allele added to the genotypic configuration, there was an increase in the percentage of correct responses respect to carriers who have no risk alleles in their genotypic configuration. The number of risk alleles in the genotypic configurations did not predict efficiency in any of the attention systems, nor in WM performance. Our model showed a contribution of three single nucleotide polymorphisms of the CNR1 gene to explain 9% of the variance of attention in an additive manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Ivett Ortega-Mora
- Lab. Neurogenómica Cognitiva, Coord. Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Fac. Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico
| | - Ulises Caballero-Sánchez
- Lab. Neurogenómica Cognitiva, Coord. Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Fac. Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico
| | - Talía V Román-López
- Lab. Neurogenómica Cognitiva, Coord. Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Fac. Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico
| | - Cintia B Rosas-Escobar
- Lab. Neurogenómica Cognitiva, Coord. Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Fac. Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico
| | - Juan Antonio González-Barrios
- Lab. Medicina Genómica, Hospital Regional 1o de Octubre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE), Mexico
| | - Sandra Romero-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Genómica Computacional, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico
| | | | | | - Alejandra E Ruiz-Contreras
- Lab. Neurogenómica Cognitiva, Coord. Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Fac. Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thorpe HHA, Talhat MA, Khokhar JY. High genes: Genetic underpinnings of cannabis use phenotypes. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110164. [PMID: 33152387 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the most widely used substances across the globe and its use has a substantial heritable component. However, the heritability of cannabis use varies according to substance use phenotype, suggesting that a unique profile of gene variants may contribute to the different stages of use, such as age of use onset, lifetime use, cannabis use disorder, and withdrawal and craving during abstinence. Herein, we review a subset of genes identified by candidate gene, family-based linkage, and genome-wide association studies related to these cannabis use phenotypes. We also describe their relationships with other substances, and their functions at the neurobiological, cognitive, and behavioral levels to hypothesize the role of these genes in cannabis use risk. Delineating genetic risk factors in the various stages of cannabis use will provide insight into the biological mechanisms related to cannabis use and highlight points of intervention prior to and following the development of dependence, as well as identify targets to aid drug development for treating problematic cannabis use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley H A Thorpe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jibran Y Khokhar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Freeman AM, Petrilli K, Lees R, Hindocha C, Mokrysz C, Curran HV, Saunders R, Freeman TP. How does cannabidiol (CBD) influence the acute effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in humans? A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:696-712. [PMID: 31580839 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent liberalisation of cannabis regulation has increased public and scientific debate about its potential benefits and risks. A key focus has been the extent to which cannabidiol (CBD) might influence the acute effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), but this has never been reviewed systematically. In this systematic review of how CBD influences the acute effects of THC we identified 16 studies involving 466 participants. Ten studies were judged at low risk of bias. The findings were mixed, although CBD was found to reduce the effects of THC in several studies. Some studies found that CBD reduced intense experiences of anxiety or psychosis-like effects of THC and blunted some of the impairments on emotion and reward processing. However, CBD did not consistently influence the effects of THC across all studies and outcomes. There was considerable heterogeneity in dose, route of administration and THC:CBD ratio across studies and no clear dose-response profile emerged. Although findings were mixed, this review suggests that CBD may interact with some acute effects of THC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Katherine Petrilli
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rachel Lees
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Chandni Hindocha
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Claire Mokrysz
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - H Valerie Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rob Saunders
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK; National Addiction Centre, King's College London, London, SE5 8BB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Boggs DL, Nguyen JD, Morgenson D, Taffe MA, Ranganathan M. Clinical and Preclinical Evidence for Functional Interactions of Cannabidiol and Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:142-154. [PMID: 28875990 PMCID: PMC5719112 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The plant Cannabis sativa, commonly called cannabis or marijuana, has been used for its psychotropic and mind-altering side effects for millennia. There has been growing attention in recent years on its potential therapeutic efficacy as municipalities and legislative bodies in the United States, Canada, and other countries grapple with enacting policy to facilitate the use of cannabis or its constituents for medical purposes. There are >550 chemical compounds and >100 phytocannabinoids isolated from cannabis, including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). THC is thought to produce the main psychoactive effects of cannabis, while CBD does not appear to have similar effects. Studies conflict as to whether CBD attenuates or exacerbates the behavioral and cognitive effects of THC. This includes effects of CBD on THC-induced anxiety, psychosis, and cognitive deficits. In this article, we review the available evidence on the pharmacology and behavioral interactions of THC and CBD from preclinical and human studies, particularly with reference to anxiety and psychosis-like symptoms. Both THC and CBD, as well as other cannabinoid molecules, are currently being evaluated for medicinal purposes, separately and in combination. Future cannabis-related policy decisions should include consideration of scientific findings, including the individual and interactive effects of CBD and THC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Boggs
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jacques D Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience; The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael A Taffe
- Department of Neuroscience; The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mohini Ranganathan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 950 Campbell Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Tel: +1 203 932 5711X2546, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Murray RM, Englund A, Abi-Dargham A, Lewis DA, Di Forti M, Davies C, Sherif M, McGuire P, D'Souza DC. Cannabis-associated psychosis: Neural substrate and clinical impact. Neuropharmacology 2017. [PMID: 28634109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prospective epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated that cannabis use is associated with an increased subsequent risk of both psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia-like psychoses. Early onset of use, daily use of high-potency cannabis, and synthetic cannabinoids carry the greatest risk. The risk-increasing effects are not explained by shared genetic predisposition between schizophrenia and cannabis use. Experimental studies in healthy humans show that cannabis and its active ingredient, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), can produce transient, dose-dependent, psychotic symptoms, as well as an array of psychosis-relevant behavioral, cognitive and psychophysiological effects; the psychotogenic effects can be ameliorated by cannabidiol (CBD). Findings from structural imaging studies in cannabis users have been inconsistent but functional MRI studies have linked the psychotomimetic and cognitive effects of THC to activation in brain regions implicated in psychosis. Human PET studies have shown that acute administration of THC weakly releases dopamine in the striatum but that chronic users are characterised by low striatal dopamine. We are beginning to understand how cannabis use impacts on the endocannabinoid system but there is much still to learn about the biological mechanisms underlying how cannabis increases risk of psychosis. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "A New Dawn in Cannabinoid Neurobiology".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK.
| | - A Englund
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - A Abi-Dargham
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | - D A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | - M Di Forti
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - C Davies
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - M Sherif
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, CT, USA
| | - P McGuire
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - D C D'Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Boggs DL, Peckham A, Boggs AA, Ranganathan M. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol: Separating the chemicals from the "weed," a pharmacodynamic discussion. Ment Health Clin 2016; 6:277-284. [PMID: 29955482 PMCID: PMC6007535 DOI: 10.9740/mhc.2016.11.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is being increasingly used as a medical treatment for a variety of illnesses. However, the cannabis plant has more than 70 different phytocannabinoids with potential pharmacologic activity. Two of the most researched phytocannabinoids are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Evidence suggests CBD can decrease some of the psychomimetic effects of THC. This has led to the development of a new drug, Nabiximols, for the treatment of moderate to severe spasticity due to multiple sclerosis. A discussion of evidence supporting proposed pharmacodynamic interplay between CBD and THC is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Lee Boggs
- Clinical Pharmacy Specialist-Outpatient Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut; Associate Research Scientist, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,
| | - Alyssa Peckham
- PGY-2 Psychiatry Pharmacy Resident, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Angela A Boggs
- Clinical Pharmacy Specialist-Outpatient Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Newington, Connecticut
| | - Mohini Ranganathan
- Attending Psychiatrist, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, and Assisstant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bogdan R, Winstone JMA, Agrawal A. Genetic and Environmental Factors Associated with Cannabis Involvement. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2016; 3:199-213. [PMID: 27642547 PMCID: PMC5019486 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-016-0103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 50-70% of the variation in cannabis use and use disorders can be attributed to heritable factors. For cannabis use, the remaining variance can be parsed in to familial and person-specific environmental factors while for use disorders, only the latter contribute. While numerous candidate gene studies have identified the role of common variation influencing liability to cannabis involvement, replication has been elusive. To date, no genomewide association study has been sufficiently powered to identify significant loci. Despite this, studies adopting polygenic techniques and integrating genetic variation with neural phenotypes and measures of environmental risk, such as childhood adversity, are providing promising new leads. It is likely that the small effect sizes associated with variants related to cannabis involvement will only be robustly identified in substantially larger samples. Results of such large-scale efforts will provide valuable single variant targets for translational research in neurogenetic, pharmacogenetic and non-human animal models as well as polygenic risk indices that can be used to explore a host of other genetic hypotheses related to cannabis use and misuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Bogdan
- BRAIN lab, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Jonathan MA Winstone
- BRAIN lab, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hill SY, Jones BL, Steinhauer SR, Zezza N, Stiffler S. Longitudinal predictors of cannabis use and dependence in offspring from families at ultra high risk for alcohol dependence and in control families. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:383-95. [PMID: 26756393 PMCID: PMC5444658 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use is common among adolescents. Identification of the factors associated with continued heavy use into young adulthood and development of cannabis abuse and dependence is of considerable importance. The role of familial risk for addiction and an associated endophenotype, P300 amplitude, has not previously been related to cannabis use and dependence. A prospective longitudinal study spanning childhood and young adulthood provided the opportunity for exploring these factors, along with genetic variation, in the cannabis use behaviors of 338 young adult offspring from high and low familial risk for alcohol dependence families (ages 19-30). P300 data were collected multiple times in childhood. The association between young adult patterns of cannabis use or cannabis abuse/dependence was tested with genetic variation in the cannabinoid gene, CNR1, the ANKK1-DRD2 gene, and childhood developmental trajectories of P300. Young adult patterns of cannabis use was characterized by three patterns: (i) no use throughout; (ii) declining use from adolescence through young adulthood; and (iii) frequent use throughout. Following the low P300 trajectory in childhood predicted cannabis abuse and dependence by young adulthood. A four SNP ANKK1-DRD2 haplotype (G-G-G-C) was found to be significantly associated with the frequency of use patterns (P = 0.0008). Although CNR1 variation overall was not significantly associated with these patterns, among individuals with cannabis abuse/dependence the presence of one or both copies of the rs806368 A > G minor allele conferred a 5.4-fold increase (P = 0.003) in the likelihood that they would be in the frequent and persistent use group rather than the declining use group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Y. Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Correspondence to: Shirley Y. Hill, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3811 O’ Hara St. Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
| | - Bobby L. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Nicholas Zezza
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott Stiffler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sherif M, Radhakrishnan R, D'Souza DC, Ranganathan M. Human Laboratory Studies on Cannabinoids and Psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:526-38. [PMID: 26970363 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Some of the most compelling evidence supporting an association between cannabinoid agonists and psychosis comes from controlled laboratory studies in humans. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover laboratory studies demonstrate that cannabinoid agonists, including phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids, produce a wide range of positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms and psychophysiologic deficits in healthy human subjects that resemble the phenomenology of schizophrenia. These effects are time locked to drug administration, are dose related, and are transient and rarely necessitate intervention. The magnitude of effects is similar to the effects of ketamine but qualitatively distinct from other psychotomimetic drugs, including ketamine, amphetamine, and salvinorin A. Cannabinoid agonists have also been shown to transiently exacerbate symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia in laboratory studies. Patients with schizophrenia are more vulnerable than healthy control subjects to the acute behavioral and cognitive effects of cannabinoid agonists and experience transient exacerbation of symptoms despite treatment with antipsychotic medications. Furthermore, laboratory studies have failed to demonstrate any "beneficial" effects of cannabinoid agonists in individuals with schizophrenia-challenging the cannabis self-medication hypothesis. Emerging evidence suggests that polymorphisms of several genes related to dopamine metabolism (e.g., COMT, DAT1, and AKT1) may moderate the effects of cannabinoid agonists in laboratory studies. Cannabinoid agonists induce dopamine release, although the magnitude of release does not appear to be commensurate to the magnitude and spectrum of their acute psychotomimetic effects. Interactions between the endocannabinoid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate systems and their individual and interactive effects on neural oscillations provide a plausible mechanism underlying the psychotomimetic effects of cannabinoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sherif
- Schizophrenia and Neuropharmacology Research Group, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rajiv Radhakrishnan
- Schizophrenia and Neuropharmacology Research Group, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Deepak Cyril D'Souza
- Schizophrenia and Neuropharmacology Research Group, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mohini Ranganathan
- Schizophrenia and Neuropharmacology Research Group, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Iseger TA, Bossong MG. A systematic review of the antipsychotic properties of cannabidiol in humans. Schizophr Res 2015; 162:153-61. [PMID: 25667194 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive study over the past decades, available treatments for schizophrenia are only modestly effective and cause serious metabolic and neurological side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of schizophrenia. A highly promising new pharmacological target in the context of schizophrenia is the endocannabinoid system. Modulation of this system by the main psychoactive component in cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), induces acute psychotic effects and cognitive impairment. However, the non-psychotropic, plant-derived cannabinoid agent cannabidiol (CBD) may have antipsychotic properties, and thus may be a promising new agent in the treatment of schizophrenia. Here we review studies that investigated the antipsychotic properties of CBD in human subjects. Results show the ability of CBD to counteract psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment associated with cannabis use as well as with acute THC administration. In addition, CBD may lower the risk for developing psychosis that is related to cannabis use. These effects are possibly mediated by opposite effects of CBD and THC on brain activity patterns in key regions implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, such as the striatum, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. The first small-scale clinical studies with CBD treatment of patients with psychotic symptoms further confirm the potential of CBD as an effective, safe and well-tolerated antipsychotic compound, although large randomised clinical trials will be needed before this novel therapy can be introduced into clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha A Iseger
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Matthijs G Bossong
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cannabis and creativity: highly potent cannabis impairs divergent thinking in regular cannabis users. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1123-34. [PMID: 25288512 PMCID: PMC4336648 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3749-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cannabis users often claim that cannabis has the potential to enhance their creativity. Research suggests that aspects of creative performance might be improved when intoxicated with cannabis; however, the evidence is not conclusive. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of cannabis on creativity. METHODS We examined the effects of administering a low (5.5 mg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]) or high (22 mg THC) dose of vaporized cannabis vs. placebo on creativity tasks tapping into divergent (Alternate Uses Task) and convergent (Remote Associates Task) thinking, in a population of regular cannabis users. The study used a randomized, double-blind, between-groups design. RESULTS Participants in the high-dose group (n = 18) displayed significantly worse performance on the divergent thinking task, compared to individuals in both the low-dose (n = 18) and placebo (n = 18) groups. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that cannabis with low potency does not have any impact on creativity, while highly potent cannabis actually impairs divergent thinking.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wright MJ, Vandewater SA, Taffe MA. Cannabidiol attenuates deficits of visuospatial associative memory induced by Δ(9) tetrahydrocannabinol. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1365-73. [PMID: 23550724 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent human studies suggest that recreational cannabis strains that are relatively high in cannabidiol (CBD) content produce less cognitive impairment than do strains with negligible CBD and similar Δ(9) tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content. Self-selection in such studies means it is impossible to rule out additional variables which may determine both cannabis strain selection and basal cognitive performance level. Controlled laboratory studies can better determine a direct relationship. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In this study, adult male rhesus monkeys were assessed on visuospatial Paired Associates Learning and Self-Ordered Spatial Search memory tasks, as well as additional tests of motivation and manual dexterity. Subjects were challenged with THC (0.2, 0.5 mg·kg(-1) , i.m.) in randomized order and evaluated in the presence or absence of 0.5 mg·kg(-1) CBD. KEY RESULTS CBD attenuated the effects of THC on paired associates learning and a bimanual motor task without affecting the detrimental effects of THC on a Self-Ordered Spatial Search task of working memory. CBD did not significantly reverse THC-induced impairment of a progressive ratio or a rotating turntable task. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study provides direct evidence that CBD can oppose the cognitive-impairing effects of THC and that it does so in a task-selective manner when administered simultaneously in a 1:1 ratio with THC. The addition of CBD to THC-containing therapeutic products may therefore help to ameliorate unwanted cognitive side-effects. LINKED ARTICLE This article is commented on by Mechoulam and Parker, pp 1363-1364 of this issue. To view this commentary visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.12400.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Jerry Wright
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Leitner JB, Hehman E, Jones JM, Forbes CE. Self-enhancement influences medial frontal cortex alpha power to social rejection feedback. J Cogn Neurosci 2014; 26:2330-41. [PMID: 24738770 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Although previous research has demonstrated that individuals are motivated to self-enhance, the neurocognitive mechanisms and temporal dynamics of self-enhancement are poorly understood. The current research examined whether self-enhancing motivations affect the perceptual processing of social feedback. Participants who varied in self-enhancement motivations received accept and reject feedback while EEG was recorded. Following this task, we measured perceptions of feedback by asking participants to estimate the number of times they were rejected. Source localization and time-frequency analyses revealed that alpha power in the medial frontal cortex (MFC) completely mediated the relationship between self-enhancement motivations and rejection estimates. Specifically, greater self-enhancement motivations predicted decreased MFC alpha power to reject compared to accept feedback, which predicted decreased rejection estimates. These findings suggest that self-enhancement motivations decrease perception of social rejection by influencing how the MFC processes social feedback.
Collapse
|
18
|
Schubart CD, Sommer IEC, Fusar-Poli P, de Witte L, Kahn RS, Boks MPM. Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for psychosis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:51-64. [PMID: 24309088 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of developing psychosis, the cannabis constituent cannabidiol (CBD) may have antipsychotic properties. This review concisely describes the role of the endocannabinoid system in the development of psychosis and provides an overview of currently available animal, human experimental, imaging, epidemiological and clinical studies that investigated the antipsychotic properties of CBD. In this targeted literature review we performed a search for English articles using Medline and EMBASE. Studies were selected if they described experiments with psychosis models, psychotic symptoms or psychotic disorders as outcome measure and involved the use of CBD as intervention. Evidence from several research domains suggests that CBD shows potential for antipsychotic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C D Schubart
- Tergooi Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Blaricum, The Netherlands
| | - I E C Sommer
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - P Fusar-Poli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - L de Witte
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - R S Kahn
- Tergooi Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Blaricum, The Netherlands
| | - M P M Boks
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Have the genetics of cannabis involvement gone to pot? NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION 2014; 61:71-108. [PMID: 25306780 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0653-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
20
|
Ruiz-Contreras AE, Carrillo-Sánchez K, Ortega-Mora I, Barrera-Tlapa MA, Román-López TV, Rosas-Escobar CB, Flores-Barrera L, Caballero-Sánchez U, Muñoz-Torres Z, Romero-Hidalgo S, Hernández-Morales S, González-Barrios JA, Vadillo-Ortega F, Méndez-Díaz M, Aguilar-Roblero R, Prospéro-García O. Performance in working memory and attentional control is associated with the rs2180619 SNP in the CNR1 gene. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 13:173-8. [PMID: 24152087 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in cognitive performance are partly dependent, on genetic polymporhisms. One of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the CNR1 gene, which codes for cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R), is the rs2180619, located in a regulatory region of this gene (6q14-q15). The alleles of the rs2180619 are A > G; the G allele has been associated with addiction and high levels of anxiety (when the G allele interacts with the SS genotype of the 5-HTTLPR gene). However, GG genotype is observed also in healthy subjects. Considering G allele as risk for 'psychopathological conditions', it is possible that GG healthy subjects do not be addicted or anxious, but would have reduced performance, compared to AA subjects, in attentional control and working memory processing. One hundred and sixty-four healthy young Mexican-Mestizo subjects (100 women and 64, men; mean age: 22.86 years, SD=2.72) participated in this study, solving a task where attentional control and working memory were required. GG subjects, compared to AA subjects showed: (1) a general lower performance in the task (P = 0.02); (2) lower performance only when a high load of information was held in working memory (P = 0.02); and (3) a higher vulnerability to distractors (P = 0.03). Our results suggest that, although the performance of GG subjects was at normal levels, a lower efficiency of the endocannabinoid system, probably due to a lowered expression of CB1R, produced a reduction in the performance of these subjects when attentional control and working memory processing is challenged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Ruiz-Contreras
- Lab. Neurogenómica Cognitiva, Coord. Psicofisiología, Fac. Psicología; Lab. Canabinoides, Depto. Fisiología, Fac. Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kloster E, Saft C, Epplen JT, Arning L. CNR1 variation is associated with the age at onset in Huntington disease. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 56:416-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
22
|
Effects of cannabis use on event related potentials in subjects at ultra high risk for psychosis and healthy controls. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 88:149-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
23
|
Kowal MA, Hazekamp A, Colzato LS, van Steenbergen H, Hommel B. Modulation of cognitive and emotional processing by cannabidiol: the role of the anterior cingulate cortex. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:147. [PMID: 23616760 PMCID: PMC3629308 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael A Kowal
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ruiz-Contreras AE, Carrillo-Sánchez K, Gómez-López N, Vadillo-Ortega F, Hernández-Morales S, Carnevale-Cantoni A, Espejel-Núñez A, Méndez-Díaz M, Prospéro-García O. Working memory performance in young adults is associated to the AATn polymorphism of the CNR1 gene. Behav Brain Res 2012; 236:62-66. [PMID: 22944513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) depends on several neural networks and neurochemical systems. One of them is the endocannabinoid (eCB) system, which CB1 receptor (CB1R) is widely distributed all over the brain. The stimulation of CB1R by agonists reduces WM efficiency. The CNR1 human gene (6q14-15) encodes the CB1R. AATn polymorphism of the CNR1 gene has been related to psychiatric disorders, and to procedural learning and attention in healthy subjects. The aim of this exploratory research was to test whether AATn polymorphism of the CNR1 is related to the WM performance, by measuring n-back task. Mexican healthy young adults (n = 94) performed the WM n-back task. One of the most frequent AATn allele in our sample was the AAT12. We formed three groups, as a function of the AATn genotype: AAT ≤ 12/AAT≤12, AAT ≤ 12/AAT > 12 and AAT > 12/AAT > 12, and their accuracy on the n-back task was compared. WM accuracy differed among genotypes (P=0.03): AAT ≤ 12/AAT≤12 group had a higher performance than the AAT > 12/AAT > 12 group (statistical power: 0.65, f(2) = 0.20, P<0.05). These results suggest that the fewer AATn repeats of the CNR1 gene, the better WM performance, and sustain the idea that eCB system participates in the modulation of the human brain network involved in WM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra E Ruiz-Contreras
- Gpo. Neurociencias: Lab. Neurogenomica Cognitiva, Depto. Psicofisiologia, Fac. Psicologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico; Gpo. Neurociencias: Lab. Canabinoides, Depto. Fisiologia, Fac. Medicina, UNAM, Mexico.
| | | | - Nardhy Gómez-López
- Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico; Dept. Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Mónica Méndez-Díaz
- Gpo. Neurociencias: Lab. Canabinoides, Depto. Fisiologia, Fac. Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Oscar Prospéro-García
- Gpo. Neurociencias: Lab. Canabinoides, Depto. Fisiologia, Fac. Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dose-related modulation of event-related potentials to novel and target stimuli by intravenous Δ⁹-THC in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:1632-46. [PMID: 22334121 PMCID: PMC3358754 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids induce a host of perceptual alterations and cognitive deficits in humans. However, the neural correlates of these deficits have remained elusive. The current study examined the acute, dose-related effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC) on psychophysiological indices of information processing in humans. Healthy subjects (n=26) completed three test days during which they received intravenous Δ⁹-THC (placebo, 0.015 and 0.03 mg/kg) in a within-subject, double-blind, randomized, cross-over, and counterbalanced design. Psychophysiological data (electroencephalography) were collected before and after drug administration while subjects engaged in an event-related potential (ERP) task known to be a valid index of attention and cognition (a three-stimulus auditory 'oddball' P300 task). Δ⁹-THC dose-dependently reduced the amplitude of both the target P300b and the novelty P300a. Δ⁹-THC did not have any effect on the latency of either the P300a or P300b, or on early sensory-evoked ERP components preceding the P300 (the N100). Concomitantly, Δ⁹-THC induced psychotomimetic effects, perceptual alterations, and subjective 'high' in a dose-dependent manner. Δ⁹-THC -induced reductions in P3b amplitude correlated with Δ⁹-THC-induced perceptual alterations. Lastly, exploratory analyses examining cannabis use status showed that whereas recent cannabis users had blunted behavioral effects to Δ(9)-THC, there were no dose-related effects of Δ⁹-THC on P300a/b amplitude between cannabis-free and recent cannabis users. Overall, these data suggest that at doses that produce behavioral and subjective effects consistent with the known properties of cannabis, Δ⁹-THC reduced P300a and P300b amplitudes without altering the latency of these ERPs. Cannabinoid agonists may therefore disrupt cortical processes responsible for context updating and the automatic orientation of attention, while leaving processing speed and earlier sensory ERP components intact. Collectively, the findings suggest that CB1R systems modulate top-down and bottom-up processing.
Collapse
|
26
|
Hillard CJ, Weinlander KM, Stuhr KL. Contributions of endocannabinoid signaling to psychiatric disorders in humans: genetic and biochemical evidence. Neuroscience 2011; 204:207-29. [PMID: 22123166 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid signaling system is a widespread, neuromodulatory system in brain and is also widely utilized in the periphery to modulate metabolic functions and the immune system. Preclinical data demonstrate that endocannabinoid signaling is an important stress buffer and modulates emotional and cognitive functions. These data suggest the hypothesis that endocannabinoid signaling could be dysfunctional in a number of mental disorders. Genetic polymorphisms in the human genes for two important proteins of the endocannabinoid signaling system, the CB1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), have been explored in the context of normal and pathological conditions. In the case of the gene for FAAH, the mechanistic relationships among the common genetic polymorphism, the expression of the FAAH protein, and its likely impact on endocannabinoid signaling are understood. However, multiple polymorphisms in the gene for the CB1R occur and are associated with human phenotypic differences without an understanding of the functional relationships among the gene, mRNA, protein, and protein function. The endocannabinoid ligands are found in the circulation, and several studies have identified changes in their concentrations under various conditions. These data are reviewed for the purpose of generating hypotheses and to encourage further studies in this very interesting and important area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rentzsch J, Buntebart E, Stadelmeier A, Gallinat J, Jockers-Scherübl MC. Differential effects of chronic cannabis use on preattentional cognitive functioning in abstinent schizophrenic patients and healthy subjects. Schizophr Res 2011; 130:222-7. [PMID: 21624823 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A number of studies indicate a higher risk for psychosis as well as for neurocognitive deficits in healthy cannabis users. However, little is known about the impact of cannabis use on outcome in schizophrenia. In fact, there is growing evidence that cannabis-using schizophrenic patients may show preserved or even better neurocognitive performance compared to schizophrenic non-users. METHODS We measured mismatch negativity (MMN) to investigate preattentional neurocognitive functioning in long-term abstinent chronic cannabis users with (SZCA n=27) and without schizophrenia (COCA n=32) compared to schizophrenic patients (SZ n=26) and healthy controls (CO n=34) without any chronic drug use. RESULTS Healthy cannabis users showed reduced frontal MMN compared to controls (p=0.036). In contrast, cannabis-using schizophrenic patients showed increased frontal MMN compared to schizophrenic patients without cannabis use (p=0.038). Comparing non-cannabis users, schizophrenic patients showed reduced frontal MMN (p=0.001). No significant differences were found between CO and SZCA (p=0.27), and COCA and SZCA (p=0.50). CONCLUSION Results suggest that chronic cannabis use may have different effects on preattentional neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenic patients when compared to healthy subjects. This may be related to preexisting differences in the endocannabinoid system between schizophrenic patients and healthy subjects. However, due to the naturalistic design of the study, the results must be interpreted with caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rentzsch
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10177 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|