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Sanchez-Navarro MJ, Borner T, Reiner BC, Crist RC, Samson WK, Yosten GLC, Stein L, Hayes MR. GPR-160 Receptor Signaling in the Dorsal Vagal Complex of Male Rats Modulates Meal Microstructure and CART-Mediated Hypophagia. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102268. [PMID: 37242151 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The g-protein coupled receptor GPR-160, recently identified as a putative receptor for the cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide, shows abundant expression in the energy-balance control nuclei, including the dorsal vagal complex (DVC). However, its physiological role in the control of food intake has yet to be fully explored. Here, we performed a virally mediated, targeted knockdown (KD) of Gpr160 in the DVC of male rats to evaluate its physiological role in control of feeding. Our results indicate that DVC Gpr160 KD affects meal microstructure. Specifically, DVC Gpr160 KD animals consumed more frequent, but shorter meals during the dark phase and showed decreased caloric intake and duration of meals during the light phase. Cumulatively, however, these bidirectional effects on feeding resulted in no difference in body weight gain. We next tested the role of DVC GPR-160 in mediating the anorexigenic effects of exogenous CART. Our results show that DVC Gpr160 KD partially attenuates CART's anorexigenic effects. To further characterize Gpr160+ cells in the DVC, we utilized single-nucleus RNA sequencing data to uncover abundant GPR-160 expression in DVC microglia and only minimal expression in neurons. Altogether, our results suggest that DVC CART signaling may be mediated by Gpr160+ microglia, which in turn may be modulating DVC neuronal activity to control food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos J Sanchez-Navarro
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tito Borner
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin C Reiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Richard C Crist
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Willis K Samson
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Gina L C Yosten
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Lauren Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Rytel L, Könyves L, Gonkowski S. Endocrine Disruptor Bisphenol a Affects the Neurochemical Profile of Nerve Fibers in the Aortic Arch Wall in the Domestic Pig. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19105964. [PMID: 35627499 PMCID: PMC9140835 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic compound utilized in industry for the production of various plastics. BPA penetrates into the environment and adversely affects living organisms. Therefore, the influence of various BPA dosages on the neurochemical characteristics of nerve fibers located in the aortic branch wall was investigated in this study utilizing a double immunofluorescence method. It was found that BPA in concentration of 0.5 mg/kg body weight/day causes a clear increase in the density of nerves within aortic branch walls immunoreactive to cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Nerves containing galanin (GAL) and/or somatostatin (SOM) did not change when BPA was introduced into the system. Changes noted after administration of BPA at a dose of 0.05 mg/kg body weight/day were less visible and concerned fibers immunoreactive to CART, CGRP, and/or PACAP. The obtained results show that BPA affects the neurochemical coding of nerves in the aortic branch wall. These fluctuations may be the first signs of the influence of this substance on blood vessels and may also be at the root of the disturbances in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Rytel
- Department of Internal Disease with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - László Könyves
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Slawomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
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Job MO, Kuhar MJ. Commentary: GPR160 De-Orphanization Reveals Critical Roles in Neuropathic Pain in Rodents (Finally, a Receptor for CART Peptide). ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2021; 1:10012. [PMID: 38410642 PMCID: PMC10896429 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2021.10012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin O Job
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Michael J Kuhar
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Singh A, de Araujo AM, Krieger JP, Vergara M, Ip CK, de Lartigue G. Demystifying functional role of cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript (CART) peptide in control of energy homeostasis: A twenty-five year expedition. Peptides 2021; 140:170534. [PMID: 33757831 PMCID: PMC8369463 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript (CART) is a neuropeptide first discovered in the striatum of the rat brain. Later, the genetic sequence and function of CART peptide (CARTp) was found to be conserved among multiple mammalian species. Over the 25 years, since its discovery, CART mRNA (Cartpt) expression has been reported widely throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems underscoring its role in diverse physiological functions. Here, we review the localization and function of CARTp as it relates to energy homeostasis. We summarize the expression changes of central and peripheral Cartpt in response to metabolic states and make use of available large data sets to gain additional insights into the anatomy of the Cartpt expressing vagal neurons and their expression patterns in the gut. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the role of CARTp as an anorexigenic signal and its effect on energy expenditure and body weight control with insights from both pharmacological and transgenic animal studies. Subsequently, we discuss the role of CARTp in the pathophysiology of obesity and review important new developments towards identifying a candidate receptor for CARTp signalling. Altogether, the field of CARTp research has made rapid and substantial progress recently, and we review the case for considering CARTp as a potential therapeutic target for stemming the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alan Moreira de Araujo
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Krieger
- Department of Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Macarena Vergara
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chi Kin Ip
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Guillaume de Lartigue
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Haddock CJ, Almeida-Pereira G, Stein LM, Hayes MR, Kolar GR, Samson WK, Yosten GLC. Signaling in rat brainstem via Gpr160 is required for the anorexigenic and antidipsogenic actions of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R236-R249. [PMID: 33206556 PMCID: PMC7988768 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00096.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent work identified Gpr160 as a candidate receptor for cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CARTp) and described its role in pain modulation. The aims of the present study were to determine if Gpr160 is required for the CARTp's ability to reduce food intake and water intake and to initially identify the distribution of Gpr160-like immunoreactivity (Gpr160ir) in the rat brain. A passive immunoneutralization approach targeting Gpr160 was used to block the behavioral effects of a pharmacological dose of CARTp in the fourth cerebroventricle (4V) of rats and to determine the importance of endogenously produced CARTp in the control of ingestive behaviors. Passive immunoneutralization of Gpr160 in the 4V blocked the actions of CARTp to inhibit food intake and water intake. Blockade of Gpr160 in the 4V, independent of pharmacological CART treatment, caused an increase in both overnight food intake and water intake. The decrease in food intake, but not water intake, caused by central injection of CARTp was demonstrated to be interrupted by prior administration of a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor antagonist. Gpr160ir was observed in several, distinct sites throughout the rat brain, where CARTp staining has been described. Importantly, Gpr160ir was observed to be present in both neuronal and nonneuronal cell types. These data support the hypothesis that Gpr160 is required for the anorexigenic actions of central CARTp injection and extend these findings to water drinking. Gpr160ir was observed in both neuronal and nonneuronal cell types in regions known to be important in the multiple pharmacological effects of CARTp, identifying those areas as targets for future compromise of function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Haddock
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gislaine Almeida-Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lauren M Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Grant R Kolar
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Willis K Samson
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gina L C Yosten
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Lee SJ, Krieger JP, Vergara M, Quinn D, McDougle M, de Araujo A, Darling R, Zollinger B, Anderson S, Pan A, Simonnet EJ, Pignalosa A, Arnold M, Singh A, Langhans W, Raybould HE, de Lartigue G. Blunted Vagal Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Promotes Hyperphagia and Weight Gain. Cell Rep 2020; 30:2028-2039.e4. [PMID: 32049029 PMCID: PMC7063787 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The vagus nerve conveys gastrointestinal cues to the brain to control eating behavior. In obesity, vagally mediated gut-brain signaling is disrupted. Here, we show that the cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is a neuropeptide synthesized proportional to the food consumed in vagal afferent neurons (VANs) of chow-fed rats. CART injection into the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), the site of vagal afferent central termination, reduces food intake. Conversely, blocking endogenous CART action in the NTS increases food intake in chow-fed rats, and this requires intact VANs. Viral-mediated Cartpt knockdown in VANs increases weight gain and daily food intake via larger meals and faster ingestion rate. In obese rats fed a high-fat, high-sugar diet, meal-induced CART synthesis in VANs is blunted and CART antibody fails to increase food intake. However, CART injection into the NTS retains its anorexigenic effect in obese rats. Restoring disrupted VAN CART signaling in obesity could be a promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin J Lee
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Krieger
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland; Department of Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Macarena Vergara
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Molly McDougle
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alan de Araujo
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rebecca Darling
- Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology Department School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Zollinger
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Seth Anderson
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Annabeth Pan
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emilie J Simonnet
- Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology Department School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Angelica Pignalosa
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Myrtha Arnold
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Helen E Raybould
- Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology Department School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Guillaume de Lartigue
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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7
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Doslikova B, Tchir D, McKinty A, Zhu X, Marks DL, Baracos VE, Colmers WF. Convergent neuronal projections from paraventricular nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, and brainstem onto gastrocnemius muscle, white and brown adipose tissue in male rats. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2826-2842. [PMID: 31045239 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
When energy balance is altered by aerobic exercise, starvation, and cold exposure, for example, there appears to be coordination of the responses of skeletal muscle, white adipose (WAT), and brown adipose (BAT) tissues. We hypothesized that WAT, BAT, and skeletal muscle may share an integrated regulation by the central nervous system (CNS); specifically, that neurons in brain regions associated with energy balance would possess neuroanatomical connections to permit coordination of multiple, complementary responses in these downstream tissues. To study this, we used trans-neuronal viral retrograde tract tracing, using isogenic strains of pseudorabies virus (PRV) with distinct fluorescent reporters (either eGFP or mRFP), injected pairwise into male rat gastrocnemius, subcutaneous WAT and interscapular BAT, coupled with neurochemical characterization of specific cell populations for cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript (CART), oxytocin (OX), corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Cells in the paraventricular (PVN) and parabrachial (PBN) nuclei and brainstem showed dual projections to muscle + WAT, muscle + BAT, and WAT + BAT. Dual PRV-labeled cells were found in parvocellular, magnocellular and descending/pre-autonomic regions of the PVN, and multiple structural divisions of the PBN and brainstem. In most PBN subdivisions, more than 50% of CGRP cells dually projected to muscle + WAT and muscle + BAT. Similarly, 31-68% of CGRP cells projected both to WAT + BAT. However, dual PRV-labeled cells in PVN only occasionally expressed OX or CRH but not CART. These studies reveal for the first time both separate and shared outflow circuitries among skeletal muscle and subcutaneous WAT and BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Doslikova
- Department of Pharmacology, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Devan Tchir
- Department of Pharmacology, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amanda McKinty
- Department of Pharmacology, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xinxia Zhu
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Daniel L Marks
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Vickie E Baracos
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - William F Colmers
- Department of Pharmacology, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Sarnat HB, Flores-Sarnat L, Boltshauser E. Area Postrema: Fetal Maturation, Tumors, Vomiting Center, Growth, Role in Neuromyelitis Optica. Pediatr Neurol 2019; 94:21-31. [PMID: 30797593 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The area postrema in the caudal fourth ventricular floor is highly vascular without blood-brain or blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. In addition to its function as vomiting center, several others are part of the circumventricular organs for vasomotor/angiotensin II regulation, role in neuromyelitis optica related to aquaporin-4, and somatic growth and appetite regulation. Functions are immature at birth. The purpose was to demonstrate neuronal, synaptic, glial, or ependymal maturation in the area postrema of normal fetuses. We describe three area postrema tumors. METHODS Sections of caudal fourth ventricle of 12 normal human fetal brains at autopsy aged six to 40 weeks and three infants aged three to 18 months were examined. Immunocytochemical neuronal and glial markers were applied to paraffin sections. Two infants with area postrema tumors and another with neurocutaneous melanocytosis and pernicious vomiting also studied. RESULTS Area postrema neurons exhibited cytologic maturity and synaptic circuitry by 14 weeks'. Astrocytes coexpressed vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and S-100β protein. The ependyma is thin over area postrema, with fetal ependymocytic basal processes. A glial layer separates area postrema from medullary tegmentum. Melanocytes infiltrated area postrema in the toddler with pernicious vomiting; two children had primary area postrema pilocytic astrocytomas. CONCLUSIONS Although area postrema is cytologically mature by 14 weeks, growth increases and functions mature during postnatal months. We recommend neuroimaging for patients with unexplained vomiting and that area postrema neuropathology includes synaptophysin and microtubule-associated protein-2 in patients with suspected dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey B Sarnat
- Departments of Paediatrics, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Pathology (Neuropathology), University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Laura Flores-Sarnat
- Departments of Paediatrics, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eugen Boltshauser
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
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Smedh U, Scott KA, Moran TH. Pretreatment with a CRF antagonist amplifies feeding inhibition induced by fourth ventricular cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:11. [PMID: 30885137 PMCID: PMC6421688 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pre-treatment with the corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist α-helical CRF9-41 prevents inhibition of gastric emptying by cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide at a dorsal hindbrain level, but its inhibition of sucrose intake is not affected. This is suggestive of separable underlying mechanisms of action in the caudal brainstem for cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide with regard to food intake and gastrointestinal functions. Here we further examine cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide—corticotropin-releasing factor receptor interactions in caudal brainstem controls of solid food intake. Injections of combinations of vehicle, cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (0.5 μg or 1 μg) or α-helical CRF9-41 were given into the fourth cerebral ventricle of rats. Nocturnal solid food intake was recorded over 22 h. Results Pre-treatment with α-helical CRF9-41 into the fourth ventricle significantly increased the responsivity to cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide on hypophagia. In a separate control experiment, α-helical CRF9-41 pre-treatment blocked CRF-induced food intake inhibition indicative of its antagonistic effectiveness. Conclusions We conclude that an endogenous Corticotropin-releasing factor agonist may modulate suppression of food intake caused by cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide at a dorsal hindbrain level in the absence of stress. A potential caudal brainstem mechanism whereby cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide effects on food intake is attenuated via corticotropin-releasing factor receptor activity causing tonic inhibition, is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Smedh
- The Surgical Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Karen A Scott
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Timothy H Moran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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10
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Ahmadian-Moghadam H, Sadat-Shirazi MS, Zarrindast MR. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART): A multifaceted neuropeptide. Peptides 2018; 110:56-77. [PMID: 30391426 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 35 years, the continuous discovery of novel neuropeptides has been the key to the better understanding of how the central nervous system has integrated with neuronal signals and behavioral responses. Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) was discovered in 1995 in the rat striatum but later was found to be highly expressed in the hypothalamus. The widespread distribution of CART peptide in the brain complicated the understanding of the role played by this neurotransmitter. The main objective of the current compact review is to piece together the fragments of available information about origin, expression, distribution, projection, and function of CART peptides. Accumulative evidence suggests CART as a neurotransmitter and neuroprotective agent that is mainly involved in regulation of feeding, addiction, stress, anxiety, innate fear, neurological disease, neuropathic pain, depression, osteoporosis, insulin secretion, learning, memory, reproduction, vision, sleep, thirst and body temperature. In spite of the vast number of studies about the CART, the overall pictures about the CART functions are sketchy. First, there is a lack of information about cloned receptor, specific agonist and antagonist. Second, CART peptides are detected in discrete sets of neurons that can modulate countless activities and third; CART peptides exist in several fragments due to post-translational processing. For these reasons the overall picture about the CART peptides are sketchy and confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ahmadian-Moghadam
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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