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Boleti APDA, Cardoso PHDO, Frihling BEF, de Moraes LFRN, Nunes EAC, Mukoyama LTH, Nunes EAC, Carvalho CME, Macedo MLR, Migliolo L. Pathophysiology to Risk Factor and Therapeutics to Treatment Strategies on Epilepsy. Brain Sci 2024; 14:71. [PMID: 38248286 PMCID: PMC10813806 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy represents a condition in which abnormal neuronal discharges or the hyperexcitability of neurons occur with synchronicity, presenting a significant public health challenge. Prognostic factors, such as etiology, electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities, the type and number of seizures before treatment, as well as the initial unsatisfactory effects of medications, are important considerations. Although there are several third-generation antiepileptic drugs currently available, their multiple side effects can negatively affect patient quality of life. The inheritance and etiology of epilepsy are complex, involving multiple underlying genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Different neurotransmitters play crucial roles in maintaining the normal physiology of different neurons. Dysregulations in neurotransmission, due to abnormal transmitter levels or changes in their receptors, can result in seizures. In this review, we address the roles played by various neurotransmitters and their receptors in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Furthermore, we extensively explore the neurological mechanisms involved in the development and progression of epilepsy, along with its risk factors. Furthermore, we highlight the new therapeutic targets, along with pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies currently employed in the treatment of epileptic syndromes, including drug interventions employed in clinical trials related to epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula de Araújo Boleti
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e Suas Funções Biológicas, Unidade de Tecnologia de Alimentos e da Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Pedro Henrique de Oliveira Cardoso
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Breno Emanuel Farias Frihling
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Luiz Filipe Ramalho Nunes de Moraes
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Ellynes Amancio Correia Nunes
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Lincoln Takashi Hota Mukoyama
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Ellydberto Amancio Correia Nunes
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Marcelo Espinola Carvalho
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e Suas Funções Biológicas, Unidade de Tecnologia de Alimentos e da Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Ludovico Migliolo
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil; (A.P.d.A.B.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (B.E.F.F.); (L.F.R.N.d.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (L.T.H.M.); (E.A.C.N.); (C.M.E.C.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
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Grebenciucova E, VanHaerents S. Interleukin 6: at the interface of human health and disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1255533. [PMID: 37841263 PMCID: PMC10569068 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1255533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine executing a diverse number of functions, ranging from its effects on acute phase reactant pathways, B and T lymphocytes, blood brain barrier permeability, synovial inflammation, hematopoiesis, and embryonic development. This cytokine empowers the transition between innate and adaptive immune responses and helps recruit macrophages and lymphocytes to the sites of injury or infection. Given that IL-6 is involved both in the immune homeostasis and pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, research into therapeutic modulation of IL-6 axis resulted in the approval of a number of effective treatments for several autoimmune disorders like neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, giant cell arteritis (GCA), and cytokine release syndrome, associated with SARS-CoV2 pneumonia. This review discusses downstream inflammatory pathways of IL-6 expression and therapeutic applications of IL-6 blockade, currently investigated for the treatment of several other autoimmune conditions such as autoimmune encephalitis, autoimmune epilepsy, as well as myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein associated demyelination (MOGAD). This review further highlights the need for clinical trials to evaluate IL-6 blockade in disorders such neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus (SLE), sarcoidosis and Behcet's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Grebenciucova
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Gürkan G, Atasoy Ö, Çini N, Sever İH, Özkul B, Yaprak G, Şirin C, Uyanıkgil Y, Kızmazoğlu C, Erdoğan MA, Erbaş O. Reparative, Neuroprotective and Anti-neurodegenerative Effects of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor in Radiation-Induced Brain Injury Model. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2023; 66:511-524. [PMID: 37165625 PMCID: PMC10483164 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2023.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This animal model aimed to compare the rat group that received brain irradiation and did not receive additional treatment (only saline) and the rat group that underwent brain irradiation and received Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment. In addition, the effects of G-CSF on brain functions were examined by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and histopathologically. METHODS This study used 24 female Wistar albino rats. Drug administration (saline or G-CSF) was started at the beginning of the study and continued for 15 days after whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT). WBRT was given on day 7 of the start of the study. At the end of 15 days, the behavioral tests, including the three-chamber sociability test, open field test, and passive avoidance learning test, were done. After the behavioral test, the animals performed the MR spectroscopy procedure. At the end of the study, cervical dislocation was applied to all animals. RESULTS G-CSF treatment positively affected the results of the three-chamber sociability test, open-space test and passive avoidance learning test, cornu Ammonis (CA) 1, CA3, and Purkinje neuron counts, and the brain levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and postsynaptic density protein-95. However, G-CSF treatment reduced the glial fibrillary acidic protein immunostaining index and brain levels of malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, nuclear factor kappa-B, and lactate. In addition, on MR spectroscopy, G-CSF had a reversible effect on brain lactate levels. CONCLUSION In this first designed brain irradiation animal model, which evaluated G-CSF effects, we observed that G-CSF had reparative, neuroprotective and anti-neurodegenerative effects and had increased neurotrophic factor expression, neuronal counts, and morphology changes. In addition, G-CSF had a proven lactate-lowering effect in MR spectroscopy and brain materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Gürkan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Izmir Katip Celebi University Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Özüm Atasoy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kartal City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilsu Çini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kartal City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Bahattin Özkul
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul Atlas University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Yaprak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lutfi Kirdar Kartal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cansın Şirin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yiğit Uyanıkgil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ceren Kızmazoğlu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Oytun Erbaş
- Department of Physiology, Demiroğlu Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Türel CA, Çelik H, Torun İE, Çetinkaya A, Türel İ. The antiinflammatory and electrophysiological effects of fingolimod on penicillin-induced rats. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2022; 80:1220-1226. [PMID: 36580959 PMCID: PMC9800168 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fact that inflammation triggers epileptic seizures brings to mind the antiepileptic properties of anti-inflammatory drugs. OBJECTIVE To investigate the electrophysiological and anti-inflammatory effects of fingolimod on an experimental penicillin-induced acute epileptic seizure model in rats. METHODS Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (penicillin), positive control (penicillin + diazepam [5 mg/kg]), drug (penicillin + fingolimod [0.3 mg/kg]) and synergy group (penicillin + diazepam + fingolimod). The animals were anesthetized with urethane, and epileptiform activity was induced by intracortical injection of penicillin (500,000 IU). After electrophysiological recording for 125 minutes, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 were evaluated by ELISA in the serum of sacrificed animals. RESULTS During the experiment, animal deaths occurred in the synergy group due to the synergistic negative chronotropic effect of diazepam and fingolimod. Although not statistically significant, fingolimod caused a slight decrease in spike-wave activity and spike amplitudes in the acute seizure model induced by penicillin (p > 0.05). Fingolimod decreased serum IL-1β (p < 0.05); fingolimod and diazepam together reduced IL-6 (p < 0.05), but no change was observed in serum TNF-α values. CONCLUSION Even in acute use, the spike-wave and amplitude values of fingolimod decrease with diazepam, anticonvulsant and anti-inflammatory effects of fingolimod will be more prominent in chronic applications and central tissue evaluations. In addition, concomitant use of fingolimod and diazepam is considered to be contraindicated due to the synergistic negative inotropic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Akünal Türel
- Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Bolu, Turkey.,Address for correspondence Canan Akünal Türel
| | - Hümeyra Çelik
- Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - İbrahim Ethem Torun
- Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Ayhan Çetinkaya
- Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - İdris Türel
- Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Bolu, Turkey.
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Hu Y, Meng B, Yin S, Yang M, Li Y, Liu N, Li S, Liu Y, Sun D, Wang S, Wang Y, Fu Z, Wu Y, Pang A, Sun J, Wang Y, Yang X. Scorpion venom peptide HsTx2 suppressed PTZ-induced seizures in mice via the circ_0001293/miR-8114/TGF-β2 axis. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:284. [PMID: 36457055 PMCID: PMC9713996 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02647-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the complexity of the mechanisms involved in epileptogenesis, the available antiseizure drugs (ASDs) do not meet clinical needs; hence, both the discovery of new ASDs and the elucidation of novel molecular mechanisms are very important. METHODS BALB/c mice were utilized to establish an epilepsy model induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) administration. The peptide HsTx2 was administered for treatment. Primary astrocyte culture, immunofluorescence staining, RNA sequencing, identification and quantification of mouse circRNAs, cell transfection, bioinformatics and luciferase reporter analyses, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, RNA extraction and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, Western blot and cell viability assays were used to explore the potential mechanism of HsTx2 via the circ_0001293/miR-8114/TGF-β2 axis. RESULTS The scorpion venom peptide HsTx2 showed an anti-epilepsy effect, reduced the inflammatory response, and improved the circular RNA circ_0001293 expression decrease caused by PTZ in the mouse brain. Mechanistically, in astrocytes, circ_0001293 acted as a sponge of endogenous microRNA-8114 (miR-8114), which targets transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2). The knockdown of circ_0001293, overexpression of miR-8114, and downregulation of TGF-β2 all reversed the anti-inflammatory effects and the influence of HsTx2 on the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in astrocytes. Moreover, both circ_0001293 knockdown and miR-8114 overexpression reversed the beneficial effects of HsTx2 on inflammation, epilepsy progression, and the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in vivo. CONCLUSIONS HsTx2 suppressed PTZ-induced epilepsy by ameliorating inflammation in astrocytes via the circ_0001293/miR-8114/TGF-β2 axis. Our results emphasized that the use of exogenous peptide molecular probes as a novel type of ASD, as well as to explore the novel endogenous noncoding RNA-mediated mechanisms of epilepsy, might be a promising research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China ,grid.452826.fDepartment of Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650118 Yunnan China
| | - Buliang Meng
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Saige Yin
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Meifeng Yang
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Yilin Li
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Naixin Liu
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Shanshan Li
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Yixiang Liu
- grid.413059.a0000 0000 9952 9510Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicine Resource, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethno-Medicine and Ethno-Pharmacy, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650504 Yunnan China
| | - Dandan Sun
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Siyu Wang
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Yinglei Wang
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Zhe Fu
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Yutong Wu
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Ailan Pang
- grid.414902.a0000 0004 1771 3912Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031 Yunnan China
| | - Jun Sun
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
| | - Ying Wang
- grid.413059.a0000 0000 9952 9510Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicine Resource, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethno-Medicine and Ethno-Pharmacy, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650504 Yunnan China
| | - Xinwang Yang
- grid.285847.40000 0000 9588 0960Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan China
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Janisset NRLL, Romariz SAA, Hashiguchi D, Quintella ML, Gimenes C, Yokoyama T, Filev R, Carlini E, Barbosa da Silva R, Faber J, Longo BM. Partial protective effects of cannabidiol against PTZ-induced acute seizures in female rats during the proestrus-estrus transition. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 129:108615. [PMID: 35217387 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 70% of women with epilepsy experience additional challenges in seizure exacerbation due to hormonal changes, particularly during fluctuations of estrogen-progesterone levels in the menstrual cycle, which is known as catamenial epilepsy. In animal models of epilepsy, a sustained increase in seizure frequency has been observed in female rats during the proestrus-estrus transition when estrogen levels are high and progesterone levels are low resembling catamenial epilepsy. Cannabidiol (CBD) has been proposed to have anticonvulsant and anti-inflammatory effects, able to decrease seizure duration and increase seizure threshold in rats with epilepsy. However, most studies have used males to investigate the pharmacological effects of CBD on seizures, and the neuroprotective effects of CBD against seizures exacerbated by hormonal fluctuations in females are still little explored. Given this scenario, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether CBD would protect against acute seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in female rats during a pro-convulsant hormonal phase. Therefore, CBD (50 mg/kg) or saline was administered during the proestrus-estrus transition phase, 1 h prior to induction of seizures with PTZ (60 mg/kg), and the following parameters were recorded: duration, latency to first seizure, as well as percentage of convulsing animals (incidence), mortality, and severity of seizures. Brains were processed for immunohistochemistry for microglial cells (Iba-1), and blood was collected for the analysis of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α). Cannabidiol pre-treated rats showed a significant reduction in duration and severity of seizures, and IL-1β levels, although the latency, incidence of seizures, and mortality rate remained unchanged as well the quantification of microglia in the selected areas. Therefore, acute administration of CBD in a single dose prior to seizure induction showed a partial neuroprotective effect against seizure severity and inflammation, suggesting that female rats in the proconvulsant phase of proestrus-estrus have a low seizure threshold and are more resistant to the anticonvulsant effects of CBD. It appears that other doses or administration windows of CBD may be required to achieve a full protective effect against seizures, suggesting that CBD could be used as an adjunctive therapy during fluctuations of estrogen-progesterone levels. In this sense, considering the hormonal fluctuation as a seizure-potentiating factor, our study contributes to understand the anticonvulsant activity of CBD in females in a pro-convulsant hormonal phase, similar to catamenial seizures in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilma R L L Janisset
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Simone A A Romariz
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Debora Hashiguchi
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Miguel L Quintella
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Christiane Gimenes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Thais Yokoyama
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Renato Filev
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Elisaldo Carlini
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Regina Barbosa da Silva
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP Baixada Santista, Brazil
| | - Jean Faber
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Laboratório de Neuroengenharia e Neurocognição, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz M Longo
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil.
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Amin F, Tabassum S, Sarwar S, Qureshi R, Sohaib Khalid M, Riaz N, Al-Qahtani WH, Murtaza I. Neuroprotective Effect of Otostegia limbata Against PTZ-Induced Mice Model of Epilepsy by Attenuated Expression of p-NFκB and TNF-α. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:779681. [PMID: 35392411 PMCID: PMC8982360 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.779681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Currently available antiepileptic drugs have severe side effects and do not offer complete cure. Herbal remedies have been used for centuries to treat many neurodegenerative disorders. Otostegia limbata L. belongs to the largest and medicinally important family Lamiaceae and is distributed in hilly areas of Pakistan. This study was designed to assess the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticonvulsant potential of O. limbata. The methanolic extract showed significant antioxidant activity assessed by (1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide scavenging, and iron chelation antioxidant assays. The methanolic extract was evaluated for its anticonvulsant effect, employing the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced mice model of epilepsy. Three different doses of O. limbata (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) were administered orally 30 min before PTZ [50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)] injection, while diazepam was used as a positive control. The extract at 300 mg/kg significantly decreased the duration and increased the latency of the PTZ-induced seizures. The expression of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (p-TNF-α) and phosphorylated transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (p-NF-κB), in the cortex and hippocampus of the brains of treated mice were analyzed through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot analysis. The morphological changes and number of surviving neurons were recorded through hematoxylin and eosin staining. The seizure score and survival rate of the treated group showed considerable differences as compared to the PTZ group. TNF-α and p-NF-K b expression were downregulated as compared to the PTZ group. The anticonvulsant effect may be the outcome of the antioxidant potential and high levels of phenols and flavonoids detected in the methanolic plant extract through Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Amin
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Tabassum
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Sobia Tabassum,
| | - Sadia Sarwar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rahmatullah Qureshi
- Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohaib Khalid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naveeda Riaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wahidah H. Al-Qahtani
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iram Murtaza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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8
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Cai M, Lin W. The Function of NF-Kappa B During Epilepsy, a Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:851394. [PMID: 35360161 PMCID: PMC8961383 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.851394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) modulates cellular biological activity by binding to promoter regions in the nucleus and transcribing various protein-coding genes. The NF-κB pathway plays a major role in the expressing genes related to inflammation, including chemokines, interleukins, and tumor necrosis factor. It also transcribes genes that can promote neuronal survival or apoptosis. Epilepsy is one of the most common brain disorders and it not only causes death worldwide but also affects the day-to-day life of affected individuals. While epilepsy has diverse treatment options, there remain patients who are not sensitive to the existing treatment methods. Recent studies have implicated the critical role of NF-κB in epilepsy. It is upregulated in neurons, glial cells, and endothelial cells, due to neuronal loss, glial cell proliferation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and hippocampal sclerosis through the glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid imbalance, ion concentration changes, and other mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the functional changes caused by the upregulation of NF-κB in the central nervous system during different periods after seizures. This review is the first to deconvolute the complicated functions of NF-κB, and speculate that the regulation of NF-κB can be a safe and effective treatment strategy for epilepsy.
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9
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Qi R, Wang M, Zhong Q, Wang L, Yang X, Huang B, yang Z, Zhang C, Geng X, Luo C, Wang W, Li J, Yu H, Wei J. Chronic vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) altered IL-6, IL-1β, CXCL-1 and IL-13 levels in the hippocampus of rats with LiCl-pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. Brain Res 2022; 1780:147800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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10
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Hong GP, Kim MH, Kim HJ. Sex-related Differences in Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein-positive GABA Regulate Neuropathology Following Pilocarpine-induced Status Epilepticus. Neuroscience 2021; 472:157-166. [PMID: 34400247 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening neurological disorder that causes neuronal death and glial activation. Studies have explained the clinical side effects and lack of effectiveness of neurological disorder treatments based on sex-related differences in brain structure and function. However, the sex-specific outcomes of seizure disorders and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We compared SE-induced behavioral and pathophysiological changes in male and female mice. The time taken to reach stage 6 seizure following pilocarpine injection was shorter in male mice than in female mice, and the prevalence of SE was higher in male mice than in female mice. Fluoro-Jade B staining revealed more extensive SE-induced hippocampal neuronal death in male mice than in female mice. Glial cells were more activated in male mice than in female mice. In contrast, astrocyte-derived γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-immunostaining was less expressed in male mice than in female mice. Moreover, the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines released from activated glial cells were higher in male mice than in female mice. Notably, the mRNA level of astrocytic γ-aminobutyric acid transporter (GAT-3) involved in extracellular GABA uptake was lower in female mice than in male mice, while the mRNA levels of glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST (EAAT1)) and glutamate transporter (GLT-1 (EAAT2)) involved in extracellular glutamate uptake were higher in female mice. Our findings suggest that male mice are more vulnerable to SE than female mice, resulting in more extensive neuronal cell death and glial activation in male mice, partly due to increased GAT-3 expression that subsequently leads to reduced glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive GABA content assessed with anti-GABA antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum Pyo Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Laser, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hye Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Laser, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jung Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Ortiz-Villatoro NN, Reyes-Garcia SZ, Freitas L, Rodrigues LD, Santos LEC, Faber J, Cavalheiro EA, Finsterer J, Scorza FA, de Almeida ACG, Scorza CA. Amazon rainforest rodents (Proechimys) are resistant to post-stroke epilepsy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16780. [PMID: 34408211 PMCID: PMC8373885 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no clinical interventions to prevent post-injury epilepsy, a common and devastating outcome after brain insults. Epileptogenic events that run from brain injury to epilepsy are poorly understood. Previous studies in our laboratory suggested Proechimys, an exotic Amazonian rodent, as resistant to acquired epilepsy development in post-status epilepticus models. The present comparative study was conducted to assess (1) stroke-related brain responses 24-h and 30 days after cortical photothrombosis and (2) post-stroke epilepsy between Proechimys rodents and Wistar rats, a traditional animal used for laboratory research. Proechimys group showed smaller volume of ischemic infarction and lesser glial activation than Wistar group. In contrast to Wistar rats, post-stroke decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased levels of anti-inflammatory mediators and growth factors were found in Proechimys. Electrophysiological signaling changes assessed by cortical spreading depression, in vitro and in vivo, showed that Wistar's brain is most severely affected by stroke. Chronic electrocorticographic recordings showed that injury did not lead to epilepsy in Proechimys whereas 88% of the Wistar rats developed post-stroke epilepsy. Science gains insights from comparative studies on diverse species. Proechimys rodents proved to be a useful animal model to study antiepileptogenic mechanisms after brain insults and complement conventional animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy N. Ortiz-Villatoro
- grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Disciplina de Neurociência, Departamento de Neurologia/Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04039-032 Brazil
| | - Selvin Z. Reyes-Garcia
- grid.10601.360000 0001 2297 2829Posgrado de Neurología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Leandro Freitas
- grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Disciplina de Neurociência, Departamento de Neurologia/Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04039-032 Brazil
| | - Laís D. Rodrigues
- grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Disciplina de Neurociência, Departamento de Neurologia/Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04039-032 Brazil
| | - Luiz E. C. Santos
- grid.428481.30000 0001 1516 3599Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Universidade Federal São João Del-Rey, São João del-Rei, Brazil
| | - Jean Faber
- grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Disciplina de Neurociência, Departamento de Neurologia/Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04039-032 Brazil
| | - Esper A. Cavalheiro
- grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Disciplina de Neurociência, Departamento de Neurologia/Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04039-032 Brazil
| | - Josef Finsterer
- grid.413303.60000 0004 0437 0893Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Mersserli Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fulvio A. Scorza
- grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Disciplina de Neurociência, Departamento de Neurologia/Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04039-032 Brazil
| | - Antônio C. G. de Almeida
- grid.428481.30000 0001 1516 3599Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Universidade Federal São João Del-Rey, São João del-Rei, Brazil
| | - Carla A. Scorza
- grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Disciplina de Neurociência, Departamento de Neurologia/Neurocirurgia, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04039-032 Brazil
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12
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Paudel YN, Angelopoulou E, Piperi C, Gnatkovsky V, Othman I, Shaikh MF. From the Molecular Mechanism to Pre-clinical Results: Anti-epileptic Effects of Fingolimod. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:1126-1137. [PMID: 32310049 PMCID: PMC7709153 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200420125017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a devastating neurological condition characterized by long-term tendency to generate unprovoked seizures, affecting around 1-2% of the population worldwide. Epilepsy is a serious health concern which often associates with other neurobehavioral comorbidities that further worsen disease conditions. Despite tremendous research, the mainstream anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) exert only symptomatic relief leading to 30% of untreatable patients. This reflects the complexity of the disease pathogenesis and urges the precise understanding of underlying mechanisms in order to explore novel therapeutic strategies that might alter the disease progression as well as minimize the epilepsy-associated comorbidities. Unfortunately, the development of novel AEDs might be a difficult process engaging huge funds, tremendous scientific efforts and stringent regulatory compliance with a possible chance of end-stage drug failure. Hence, an alternate strategy is drug repurposing, where anti-epileptic effects are elicited from drugs that are already used to treat non-epileptic disorders. Herein, we provide evidence of the anti-epileptic effects of Fingolimod (FTY720), a modulator of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor, USFDA approved already for Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS). Emerging experimental findings suggest that Fingolimod treatment exerts disease-modifying anti-epileptic effects based on its anti-neuroinflammatory properties, potent neuroprotection, anti-gliotic effects, myelin protection, reduction of mTOR signaling pathway and activation of microglia and astrocytes. We further discuss the underlying molecular crosstalk associated with the anti-epileptic effects of Fingolimod and provide evidence for repurposing Fingolimod to overcome the limitations of current AEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Efthalia Angelopoulou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vadym Gnatkovsky
- Unit of Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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Shen L, Yang J, Tang Y. Predictive Values of the SeLECT Score and IL-1β for Post-Stroke Epilepsy. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:2465-2472. [PMID: 34349512 PMCID: PMC8326770 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s324271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish a new prognostic tool for the prediction of post-stroke epilepsy (PSE) through combining the SeLECT score with IL-1β. PATIENTS AND METHODS This prospective observational study included 915 patients with acute ischemic stroke. The SeLECT score was calculated, and serum IL-1β levels were measured within 24 h of their admission. One unprovoked late seizure following the acute phase of stroke was diagnosed as PSE. All patients were divided into PSE group and non-PSE group according to the occurrence of PSE. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the independent associations between the SeLECT score, IL-1β and PSE. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was employed to assess the predictive values of the SeLECT score, IL-1β and their combination for PSE. RESULTS Fifty-three patients occurred PSE within 1 year after stroke onset (5.8%). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the SeLECT score [odds ratio (OR): 1.416, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.191-1.863, P=0.013] and IL-1β (OR: 1.457, 95% CI: 1.215-1.894, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for PSE after adjusting for more than one comorbidity, stroke laterality, large-artery atherosclerosis, thrombolysis, age and use of statins. The AUC of the SeLECT score and IL-1β for predicting PSE was 0.756 (SE: 0.033, 95% CI: 0.692-0.819) and 0.811 (SE: 0.032, 95% CI: 0.748-0.875), respectively. The AUC of their combination was 0.933 (SE: 0.027, 95% CI: 0.880-0.985). Z test showed that the AUC of their combination was significantly higher than that of the SeLECT score or IL-1β alone (0.933 vs 0.756, Z=4.151, P<0.01; 0.933 vs 0.811, Z=2.914, P<0.01). Combination prediction of the SeLECT score and IL-1β for PSE had a high predictive value with a sensitivity of 88.06% and specificity of 82.37%. CONCLUSION The combination of the SeLECT score and IL-1β had a potential to act as a new prognostic tool for the prediction of PSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Shen
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital of Jiangjin District, Chongqing, 402260, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Central Hospital of Jiangjin District, Chongqing, 402260, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueling Tang
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital of Jiangjin District, Chongqing, 402260, People's Republic of China
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14
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Juvale IIA, Che Has AT. Possible interplay between the theories of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1998-2026. [PMID: 33306252 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the oldest known neurological disorders and is characterized by recurrent seizure activity. It has a high incidence rate, affecting a broad demographic in both developed and developing countries. Comorbid conditions are frequent in patients with epilepsy and have detrimental effects on their quality of life. Current management options for epilepsy include the use of anti-epileptic drugs, surgery, or a ketogenic diet. However, more than 30% of patients diagnosed with epilepsy exhibit drug resistance to anti-epileptic drugs. Further, surgery and ketogenic diets do little to alleviate the symptoms of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the underlying mechanisms of pharmacoresistant epilepsy to design newer and more effective anti-epileptic drugs. Several theories of pharmacoresistant epilepsy have been suggested over the years, the most common being the gene variant hypothesis, network hypothesis, multidrug transporter hypothesis, and target hypothesis. In our review, we discuss the main theories of pharmacoresistant epilepsy and highlight a possible interconnection between their mechanisms that could lead to the development of novel therapies for pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Imtiyaz Ahmed Juvale
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Tarmizi Che Has
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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15
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Sanabria V, Bittencourt S, Perosa SR, de la Rosa T, da Graça Naffah-Mazzacoratti M, Andersen ML, Tufik S, Cavalheiro EA, Amado D. Hormonal and biochemical changes in female Proechimys guyannensis, an animal model of resistance to pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20982. [PMID: 33268798 PMCID: PMC7710747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Amazon rodent Proechimys guyannensis is widely studied for hosting various pathogens, though rarely getting sick. Previous studies on male Proechimys have revealed an endogenous resistance to epilepsy. Here, we assess in female Proechimys, whether sex hormones and biochemical aspects can interfere with the induction of status epilepticus (SE). The lithium-pilocarpine ramp-up protocol was used to induce SE, and blood sera were collected at 30 and 90 min after SE, alongside brains, for biochemical, western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Results from non-ovariectomised (NOVX) Proechimys were compared to ovariectomised (OVX) animals. Data from female Wistars were used as a positive control of SE inductions. SE latency was similar in NOVX, OVX, and female Wistars groups. However, the pilocarpine dose required to induce SE in Proechimys was higher (25- to 50-folds more). Despite a higher dose, Proechimys did not show strong SE like Wistars; they only reached stage 2 of the Racine scale. These data suggest that female Proechimys are resistant to SE induction. Glucose and progesterone levels increased at 30 min and returned to normal at 90 min after SE. A relevant fact because in humans and rodents, SE leads to hypoglycaemia after 30 min of SE and does not return to normal levels in a short time, a typical adverse effect of SE. In OVX animals, a decrease in GABAergic receptors within 90 min of SE may suggest that ovariectomy produces changes in the hippocampus, including a certain vulnerability to seizures. We speculate that progesterone and glucose increases form part of the compensatory mechanisms that provide resistance in Proechimys against SE induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviam Sanabria
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Simone Bittencourt
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra R Perosa
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tomás de la Rosa
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Monica L Andersen
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 826, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 826, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Esper A Cavalheiro
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Amado
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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16
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Ibuprofen Exerts Antiepileptic and Neuroprotective Effects in the Rat Model of Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Epilepsy via the COX-2/NLRP3/IL-18 Pathway. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2516-2526. [PMID: 32789796 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common diseases of the central nervous system. Recent studies have shown that a variety of inflammatory mediators play a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Ibuprofen (IBP) is a well-known anti-inflammatory agent that reduces the neuroinflammatory response and neuronal damage. In this study, we examined the effect of IBP in a rat model of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced chronic epilepsy. PTZ injection was given a total of 15 times on alternate days (over a period of 29 days) to induce epilepsy. The effects of IBP were evaluated by behavioral observation, EEG recording, Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and electrophysiological recording. The results showed that IBP alone affected the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and neuronal excitability but did not cause epilepsy. IBP reduced seizure scores in the PTZ-treated rats, and it minimized the loss of hippocampal neurons. In addition, IBP decreased the secretion of COX-2, inhibited the activation of the NOD-like receptor 3 inflammasome, and reduced the secretion of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-18. Furthermore, the results of whole-cell patch-clamp revealed that IBP affected action potential properties, including frequency, latency and duration in epileptic rats, suggesting that it may impact neuronal excitability. These effects of IBP may underlie its antiepileptic and neuroprotective actions.
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17
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Association between IL-1β and recurrence after the first epileptic seizure in ischemic stroke patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13505. [PMID: 32782321 PMCID: PMC7419303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze the association of IL-1β with recurrence after the first epileptic seizure in ischemic stroke patients and evaluate its predictive value. 238 patients with the first epileptic seizure after ischemic stroke were included in this study. IL-1β expression levels were detected through quantitative Real-Time PCR. Kaplan–Meier method was used to perform univariate analysis with log-rank test. The variables with P < 0.1 were then included in multivariate analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive value. Among all 238 patients, 107 patients (44.96%) had seizure recurrence and 131 patients (55.04%) had no recurrence. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that high expression of IL-1β, low age (< 65 years), male, cortical involvement, large lesion size, late onset, severe neurological impairment and partial seizure type were associated with seizure recurrence. Multivariate analysis showed that IL-1β expression level (hazard ratio 2.057, 95% confidence interval 1.296–3.318) was independently associated with seizure recurrence. The area under ROC curve (AUC) was 0.803 (SE 0.030, 95% confidence interval 0.744–0.862) when IL-1β expression levels were applied in predicting seizure recurrence. IL-1β might be a useful biomarker for early discovery of recurrence after the first epileptic seizure in ischemic stroke patients.
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18
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Victor TR, Tsirka SE. Microglial contributions to aberrant neurogenesis and pathophysiology of epilepsy. NEUROIMMUNOLOGY AND NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 7:234-247. [PMID: 33154976 PMCID: PMC7641338 DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2020.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are dynamic cells that constitute the brain's innate immune system. Recently, research has demonstrated microglial roles beyond immunity, which include homeostatic roles in the central nervous system. The function of microglia is an active area of study, with insights into changes in neurogenesis and synaptic pruning being discovered in both health and disease. In epilepsy, activated microglia contribute to several changes that occur during epileptogenesis. In this review, we focus on the effects of microglia on neurogenesis and synaptic pruning, and discuss the current state of anti-seizure drugs and how they affect microglia during these processes. Our understanding of the role of microglia post-seizure is still limited and may be pivotal in recognizing new therapeutic targets for seizure intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R Victor
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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19
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Vyas P, Tulsawani RK, Vohora D. Loss of Protection by Antiepileptic Drugs in Lipopolysaccharide-primed Pilocarpine-induced Status Epilepticus is Mediated via Inflammatory Signalling. Neuroscience 2020; 442:1-16. [PMID: 32592825 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The evidences from various studies show the association of peripheral and neuronal inflammation with complex pathophysiology of status epilepticus (SE). In this view, the present work attempted to develop a model of neuronal inflammation mediated SE by combining both epileptic and inflammatory components of the disease and also to mimic SE co-morbid with systemic inflammation by peripheral administration of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 2 h prior to the pilocarpine (PILO) induction in C57BL/6 mice. We evaluated the anti-convulsant and neuroprotective effects of 7-day prophylactic treatment with three conventional anti-epileptic drugs (Sodium valproate, SVP 300 mg/kg p.o.; Carbamazepine CBZ 100 mg/kg p.o.; Levetiracetam; LEV 200 mg/kg p.o.) of widespread clinical use. Morris water maze and Rota rod tests were carried out 24-h post-exposure to evaluate the neurobehavioral co-morbidities associated with neuroinflammation-mediated status epilepticus. Upon priming with LPS, the loss of protection against PILO-induced seizures was observed by SVP and CBZ, however, LEV showed protection by delaying the seizures. Dramatic elevation in the seizure severity and neuronal loss demonstrated the possible pro-convulsant effect of LPS in the PILO model. Also, the decreased cytokine levels by the AEDs showed their association with NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β pathways in PILO model. The loss of protective activities of SVP and CBZ in LPS+PILO model was due to increased cytokine levels associated with over-activation of neuroinflammatory pathways, however, partial efficacy of LEV is possibly due to association of other neuroinflammatory mechanisms. The current work provides direct evidence of the contribution of increased peripheral and neuronal inflammation in seizures via regulation of inflammatory pathways in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Vyas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Raj Kumar Tulsawani
- Defense Institute of Physiology & Allied Science, Defense Research and Development Organization, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
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Rahimian R, Khoshneviszadeh M, Bahremand T, Zirak MR, Dehpour AR, Mousavizadeh K. Oxytocinergic system mediates the proconvulsant effects of sildenafil: The role of calcineurin. Horm Behav 2020; 122:104753. [PMID: 32302594 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor used to treat male erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. A potential side effect of sildenafil is a noticeable decrease in seizure threshold. Oxytocin (OXT) secretion and the subsequent cAMP-responsive element-binding (CREB) phosphorylation are involved in proconvulsant effects of sildenafil in experimental models. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential role of OXT receptors and their downstream calcineurin (CN)/inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) pathways in proconvulsant effects of sildenafil. The pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure was used as a standard convulsion model in this study. Cortical CN activity, hippocampal nitrite levels, and proinflammatory cytokine content were measured. Our results indicated that following PTZ administration, sildenafil significantly increased CN activity at 40 mg/kg, respectively, in the control group. The combination of sildenafil and OXT receptor antagonist, atosiban (10 μg/kg, i.c.v) 30 min before sildenafil administration significantly reduced the CN activity. Also, the subeffective dose of CN inhibitor cyclosporine (5 mg/kg) 30 min before the administration of effective dose of sildenafil (40 mg/kg) reversed proconvulsant actions of sildenafil. This effect was iNOS-dependent because pretreatment of a low dose of aminoguanidine (20 mg/kg) 15 min before the administration of a low dose of cyclosporine (1 mg/kg) reversed the proconvulsant action of sildenafil (40 mg/kg). Finally, sildenafil induced the elevation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and the nitrite level was blocked by the administration of cyclosporine in PTZ-treated mice. Collectively, our data provide insights into the role of OXT receptor/CN/iNOS pathway in the proconvulsant aspect of sildenafil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mahsima Khoshneviszadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taraneh Bahremand
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zirak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kazem Mousavizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Endogenous protection against the 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease in the Amazonian rodent Proechimys. Neurosci Lett 2019; 709:134381. [PMID: 31325585 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proechimys, an epilepsy-resistant rodent from Amazon Rainforest, is a promising alternative animal model for studying neurodegenerative disorders. OBJECTIVES To evaluate behavioral and immunohistological changes in Proechimys after 6-OHDA-induced model of PD. METHODS Following unilateral injections of 6-OHDA into striatum, animals were assessed for exploratory behavior using the cylinder test. Brain sections were submitted to immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1). RESULTS We observed normal exploratory behavior during cylinder test in all animals. We could not detect changes in the expression of TH in both striatum and SNc, suggesting that Proechimys is resistant to dopaminergic neuronal degeneration. Glial activation was observed by an increase in Iba-1 expression in both striatum and SNc, and by an increase in GFAP expression in striatum. CONCLUSIONS Proechimys represents a promising animal model for studying the mechanisms underlying the susceptibility of dopaminergic neurons to degeneration induced by 6-OHDA.
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Gimenes AD, Andrade BFD, Pinotti JVP, Oliani SM, Galvis-Alonso OY, Gil CD. Annexin A1-derived peptide Ac 2-26 in a pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus model: anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:32. [PMID: 30755225 PMCID: PMC6371492 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The inflammatory process has been described as a crucial mechanism in the pathophysiology of temporal lobe epilepsy. The anti-inflammatory protein annexin A1 (ANXA1) represents an interesting target in the regulation of neuroinflammation through the inhibition of leukocyte transmigration and the release of proinflammatory mediators. In this study, the role of the ANXA1-derived peptide Ac2-26 in an experimental model of status epilepticus (SE) was evaluated. Methods Male Wistar rats were divided into Naive, Sham, SE and SE+Ac2-26 groups, and SE was induced by intrahippocampal injection of pilocarpine. In Sham animals, saline was applied into the hippocampus, and Naive rats were only handled. Three doses of Ac2-26 (1 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) after 2, 8 and 14 h of SE induction. Finally, 24 h after the experiment-onset, rats were euthanized for analyses of neuronal lesion and inflammation. Results Pilocarpine induced generalised SE in all animals, causing neuronal damage, and systemic treatment with Ac2-26 decreased neuronal degeneration and albumin levels in the hippocampus. Also, both SE groups showed an intense influx of microglia, which was corroborated by high levels of ionised calcium binding adaptor molecule 1(Iba-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the hippocampus. Ac2-26 reduced the astrocyte marker (glial fibrillary acidic protein; GFAP) levels, as well as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and growth-regulated alpha protein (GRO/KC). These effects of the peptide were associated with the modulation of the levels of formyl peptide receptor 2, a G-protein-coupled receptor that binds to Ac2-26, and the phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the hippocampal neurons. Conclusions The data suggest a neuroprotective effect of Ac2-26 in the epileptogenic processes through downregulation of inflammatory mediators and neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre D Gimenes
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna F D Andrade
- Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto School of Medicine (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15090-000, Brazil
| | - José Victor P Pinotti
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Sonia M Oliani
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, 04023-900, Brazil.,From the Post-Graduation in Biosciences, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, São Paulo State University (IBILCE/UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Orfa Y Galvis-Alonso
- Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto School of Medicine (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Cristiane D Gil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, 04023-900, Brazil. .,From the Post-Graduation in Biosciences, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, São Paulo State University (IBILCE/UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil.
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23
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Baccus B, Auvin S, Dorandeu F. Electro-behavioral phenotype and cell injury following exposure to paraoxon-ethyl in mice: Effect of the genetic background. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 290:119-125. [PMID: 29800574 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OP) are irreversible inhibitors of both central and peripheral cholinesterases (ChE). They still represent a major health issue in some countries as well as a terrorist and military threat. In order to design appropriate medical counter-measures, a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the poisoning is needed. Little to nothing is known regarding the impact of the genetic background on OP-induced seizures and seizure-related cell injury. Using two different mouse strains, Swiss and C57BL/6J, exposed to a convulsing dose of the OP pesticide paraoxon-ethyl (POX), our study focused on seizure susceptibility, especially the occurrence of SE and related mortality. We also evaluated the initial neuropathological response and SE-induced cell injury. Following the administration of 2.4 mg/kg POX, more Swiss mice experienced SE than C57BL/6J (55.6% versus 17.2%) but the duration of their SE, based on EEG recordings, was shorter (64.3 ± 19.5 min versus 180.8 ± 36.8 min). No significant difference was observed between strains regarding mortality (33% versus 14%). In both strains limited cell injury was observed in the medial temporal cortex, the dentate gyrus and the CA3 field without inter-strain differences (Fluorojade C-positive cells/mm2). Conversely, only C57BL/6J mice showed cell injury in the CA1 field. There was no obvious correlation between the number of Fluorojade C-positive cells and the duration of the EEG discharges. Our work suggests some differences between Swiss and C57BL/6J mice and lay ground to further studies on the impact of strains in the development of central nervous system toxicity of OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Baccus
- Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées (French armed forces biomedical research institute), 1 Place Général Valérie André, BP 73, 91223 Brétigny sur Orge cedex, France; Inserm U1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France; Ecole du Val de Grâce, 1 Place Alphonse Laveran, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Stéphane Auvin
- Inserm U1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Dorandeu
- Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées (French armed forces biomedical research institute), 1 Place Général Valérie André, BP 73, 91223 Brétigny sur Orge cedex, France; Ecole du Val de Grâce, 1 Place Alphonse Laveran, 75005 Paris, France
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Rana A, Musto AE. The role of inflammation in the development of epilepsy. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:144. [PMID: 29764485 PMCID: PMC5952578 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy, a neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures, is often associated with a history of previous lesions in the nervous system. Impaired regulation of the activation and resolution of inflammatory cells and molecules in the injured neuronal tissue is a critical factor to the development of epilepsy. However, it is still unclear as to how that unbalanced regulation of inflammation contributes to epilepsy. Therefore, one of the goals in epilepsy research is to identify and elucidate the interconnected inflammatory pathways in systemic and neurological disorders that may further develop epilepsy progression. In this paper, inflammatory molecules, in neurological and systemic disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s, Type I Diabetes, etc.) that could contribute to epilepsy development, are reviewed. Understanding the neurobiology of inflammation in epileptogenesis will contribute to the development of new biomarkers for better screening of patients at risk for epilepsy and new therapeutic targets for both prophylaxis and treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Rana
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Department of Neurology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall, Office 2174, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | - Alberto E Musto
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Department of Neurology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall, Office 2174, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA.
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Alves M, Beamer E, Engel T. The Metabotropic Purinergic P2Y Receptor Family as Novel Drug Target in Epilepsy. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:193. [PMID: 29563872 PMCID: PMC5851315 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy encompasses a heterogeneous group of neurological syndromes which are characterized by recurrent seizures affecting over 60 million people worldwide. Current anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are mainly designed to target ion channels and/or GABA or glutamate receptors. Despite recent advances in drug development, however, pharmacoresistance in epilepsy remains as high as 30%, suggesting the need for the development of new AEDs with a non-classical mechanism of action. Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized as one of the key players in seizure generation and in the maintenance of the epileptic phenotype. Consequently, targeting signaling molecules involved in inflammatory processes may represent new avenues to improve treatment in epilepsy. Nucleotides such as adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) and uridine-5′-triphosphate (UTP) are released in the brain into the extracellular space during pathological conditions such as increased neuronal firing or cell death. Once released, these nucleotides bind to and activate specific purinergic receptors termed P2 receptors where they mediate the release of gliotransmitters and drive neuronal hyperexcitation and neuroinflammatory processes. This includes the fast acting ionotropic P2X channels and slower-acting G-protein-coupled P2Y receptors. While the expression and function of P2X receptors has been well-established in experimental models of epilepsy, emerging evidence is now also suggesting a prominent role for the P2Y receptor subfamily in seizure generation and the maintenance of epilepsy. In this review we discuss data supporting a role for the P2Y receptor family in epilepsy and the most recent finding demonstrating their involvement during seizure-induced pathology and in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Alves
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Edward Beamer
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Kaur N, Singh T, Kumar S, Goel RK. Neurochemical evidence based suggested therapy for safe management of epileptogenesis. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 72:8-16. [PMID: 28570965 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Most of the clinically available antiepileptic drugs have only antiseizure effects and are reported unable to prevent epileptogenesis. In the past decade, several drugs underwent clinical trials for management of epileptogenesis, but none of the drugs tested was found effective. One of the major lacunas is availability of appropriate preclinical approaches to delineate mechanisms of epileptogenesis. Thus, the present study attempts to suggest a neurochemistry based approach for safe management of epileptogenesis. The altered neurochemical milieu in amygdala, cortex and hippocampus areas of the mice brain in naïve, kindled and kindling resistant animals has been delineated. The endogenous natural antiepileptogenic neurochemical defense mechanism observed in kindling resistant animals may uncover neurochemical mechanisms of epileptogenesis and in turn suggest us novel interventions for safe management of epileptogenesis. The kindling epileptogenesis was carried out in two month old male Swiss albino mice by administering subconvulsive pentylenetetrazole (35mg/kg; i.p.) at an interval of 48±2h for 42days. 2h after the last pentylenetetrazole injection, the animals were subjected to behavioral evaluations. Four hours after behavioral evaluation, all animals were euthanized and discrete parts of brain (amygdala, cortex and hippocampus) were harvested for neurochemical analysis. Results revealed that 60% of animals responded to kindling as observed with decreased seizure threshold, while the rest were found resistant. The kindled animals were found to be associated with anxiety, depression and cognitive impairment; while in kindling resistant animals no such behavioral deficits were observed. The neurochemical analysis revealed that in kindled animals altered glutamate-GABA neurotransmission, and decreased taurine, glycine, d-serine, monoamine levels with elevated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity were observed, which may be convicted for progression of kindling epileptogenesis. However, in kindling resistant animals elevated GABA, taurine, tryptophan, serotonin, glycine, and d-serine levels with decreased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity were observed as natural endogenous antiepileptogenic mechanisms, which may be foreseen as safe pharmacological targets for management of epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjot Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Tanveer Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Goel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India.
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