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Kawabata M, Soma S, Saiki-Ishikawa A, Nonomura S, Yoshida J, Ríos A, Sakai Y, Isomura Y. A spike analysis method for characterizing neurons based on phase locking and scaling to the interval between two behavioral events. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:1923-1941. [PMID: 33085554 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00200.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard analysis of neuronal functions assesses the temporal correlation between animal behaviors and neuronal activity by aligning spike trains with the timing of a specific behavioral event, e.g., visual cue. However, spike activity is often involved in information processing dependent on a relative phase between two consecutive events rather than a single event. Nevertheless, less attention has so far been paid to such temporal features of spike activity in relation to two behavioral events. Here, we propose "Phase-Scaling analysis" to simultaneously evaluate the phase locking and scaling to the interval between two events in task-related spike activity of individual neurons. This analysis method can discriminate conceptual "scaled"-type neurons from "nonscaled"-type neurons using an activity variation map that combines phase locking with scaling to the interval. Its robustness was validated by spike simulation using different spike properties. Furthermore, we applied it to analyzing actual spike data from task-related neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1), posterior parietal cortex (PPC), primary motor cortex (M1), and secondary motor cortex (M2) of behaving rats. After hierarchical clustering of all neurons using their activity variation maps, we divided them objectively into four clusters corresponding to nonscaled-type sensory and motor neurons and scaled-type neurons including sustained and ramping activities, etc. Cluster/subcluster compositions for V1 differed from those of PPC, M1, and M2. The V1 neurons showed the fastest functional activities among those areas. Our method was also applicable to determine temporal "forms" and the latency of spike activity changes. These findings demonstrate its utility for characterizing neurons.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Phase-Scaling analysis is a novel technique to unbiasedly characterize the temporal dependency of functional neuron activity on two behavioral events and objectively determine the latency and form of the activity change. This powerful analysis can uncover several classes of latently functioning neurons that have thus far been overlooked, which may participate differently in intermediate processes of a brain function. The Phase-Scaling analysis will yield profound insights into neural mechanisms for processing internal information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kawabata
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Soma
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Saiki-Ishikawa
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Satoshi Nonomura
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.,Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Junichi Yoshida
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.,Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York
| | - Alain Ríos
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sakai
- Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.,Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Isomura
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.,Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
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Usoro JO, Shih E, Black BJ, Rihani RT, Abbott J, Chakraborty B, Pancrazio JJ, Cogan SF. Chronic stability of local field potentials from standard and modified Blackrock microelectrode arrays implanted in the rat motor cortex. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab4c02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Yoshida J, Saiki A, Soma S, Yamanaka K, Nonomura S, Ríos A, Kawabata M, Kimura M, Sakai Y, Isomura Y. Area-specific Modulation of Functional Cortical Activity During Block-based and Trial-based Proactive Inhibition. Neuroscience 2018; 388:297-316. [PMID: 30077617 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Animals can suppress their behavioral response in advance according to changes in environmental context (proactive inhibition: delaying the start of response), a process in which several cortical areas may participate. However, it remains unclear how this process is adaptively regulated according to contextual changes on different timescales. To address the issue, we used an improved stop-signal task paradigm to behaviorally and electrophysiologically characterize the temporal aspect of proactive inhibition in head-fixed rats. In the task, they must respond to a go cue as quickly as possible (go trial), but did not have to respond if a stop cue followed the go cue (stop trial). The task alternated between a block of only go trials (G-block) and a block of go-and-stop trials (GS-block). We observed block-based and trial-based proactive inhibition (emerging in GS-block and after stop trial, respectively) by behaviorally evaluating the delay in reaction time in correct go trials depending on contextual changes on different timescales. We electrophysiologically analyzed task-related neuronal activity in the primary and secondary motor, posterior parietal, and orbitofrontal cortices (M1, M2, PPC, and OFC, respectively). Under block-based proactive inhibition, spike activity of cue-preferring OFC neurons was attenuated continuously, while M1 and M2 activity was enhanced during motor preparation. Subsequently, M1 activity was attenuated during motor decision/execution. Under trial-based proactive inhibition, the OFC activity was continuously enhanced, and PPC and M1 activity was also enhanced shortly during motor decision/execution. These results suggest that different cortical mechanisms underlie the two types of proactive inhibition in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Yoshida
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan; Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Akiko Saiki
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan; Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shogo Soma
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Ko Yamanaka
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nonomura
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Alain Ríos
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan; Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Masanori Kawabata
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan; Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Minoru Kimura
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan; Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sakai
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan; Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Isomura
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan; Graduate School of Brain Sciences, Tamagawa University, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan.
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Distinct Laterality in Forelimb-Movement Representations of Rat Primary and Secondary Motor Cortical Neurons with Intratelencephalic and Pyramidal Tract Projections. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10904-10916. [PMID: 28972128 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1188-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two distinct motor areas, the primary and secondary motor cortices (M1 and M2), play crucial roles in voluntary movement in rodents. The aim of this study was to characterize the laterality in motor cortical representations of right and left forelimb movements. To achieve this goal, we developed a novel behavioral task, the Right-Left Pedal task, in which a head-restrained male rat manipulates a right or left pedal with the corresponding forelimb. This task enabled us to monitor independent movements of both forelimbs with high spatiotemporal resolution. We observed phasic movement-related neuronal activity (Go-type) and tonic hold-related activity (Hold-type) in isolated unilateral movements. In both M1 and M2, Go-type neurons exhibited bias toward contralateral preference, whereas Hold-type neurons exhibited no bias. The contralateral bias was weaker in M2 than M1. Moreover, we differentiated between intratelencephalic (IT) and pyramidal tract (PT) neurons using optogenetically evoked spike collision in rats expressing channelrhodopsin-2. Even in identified PT and IT neurons, Hold-type neurons exhibited no lateral bias. Go-type PT neurons exhibited bias toward contralateral preference, whereas IT neurons exhibited no bias. Our findings suggest a different laterality of movement representations of M1 and M2, in each of which IT neurons are involved in cooperation of bilateral movements, whereas PT neurons control contralateral movements.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In rodents, the primary and secondary motor cortices (M1 and M2) are involved in voluntary movements via distinct projection neurons: intratelencephalic (IT) neurons and pyramidal tract (PT) neurons. However, it remains unclear whether the two motor cortices (M1 vs M2) and the two classes of projection neurons (IT vs PT) have different laterality of movement representations. We optogenetically identified these neurons and analyzed their functional activity using a novel behavioral task to monitor movements of the right and left forelimbs separately. We found that contralateral bias was reduced in M2 relative to M1, and in IT relative to PT neurons. Our findings suggest that the motor information processing that controls forelimb movement is coordinated by a distinct cell population.
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