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Mahmoudi R, Novella JL, Laurent-Badr S, Boulahrouz S, Tran D, Morrone I, Jaïdi Y. Cholinergic Antagonists and Behavioral Disturbances in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086921. [PMID: 37108085 PMCID: PMC10138684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic antagonists interfere with synaptic transmission in the central nervous system and are involved in pathological processes in patients with neurocognitive disorders (NCD), such as behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). In this commentary, we will briefly review the current knowledge on the impact of cholinergic burden on BPSD in persons with NCD, including the main pathophysiological mechanisms. Given the lack of clear consensus regarding symptomatic management of BPSD, special attention must be paid to this preventable, iatrogenic condition in patients with NCD, and de-prescription of cholinergic antagonists should be considered in patients with BPSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Mahmoudi
- Department of Geriatric and Internal Medicine, Reims University Hospitals, Maison Blanche Hospital, 51092 Reims, France
- UR 3797 Vieillissement, Fragilité (VieFra), Faculty of Medicine, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Jean Luc Novella
- Department of Geriatric and Internal Medicine, Reims University Hospitals, Maison Blanche Hospital, 51092 Reims, France
- UR 3797 Vieillissement, Fragilité (VieFra), Faculty of Medicine, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Sarah Laurent-Badr
- Department of Geriatric and Internal Medicine, Reims University Hospitals, Maison Blanche Hospital, 51092 Reims, France
| | - Sarah Boulahrouz
- Department of Geriatric and Internal Medicine, Reims University Hospitals, Maison Blanche Hospital, 51092 Reims, France
- UR 3797 Vieillissement, Fragilité (VieFra), Faculty of Medicine, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France
| | - David Tran
- Department of Geriatric and Internal Medicine, Reims University Hospitals, Maison Blanche Hospital, 51092 Reims, France
| | - Isabella Morrone
- Department of Geriatric and Internal Medicine, Reims University Hospitals, Maison Blanche Hospital, 51092 Reims, France
- Cognition Health and Society Laboratory (C2S-EA 6291), Faculty of Medicine, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Yacine Jaïdi
- Department of Geriatric and Internal Medicine, Reims University Hospitals, Maison Blanche Hospital, 51092 Reims, France
- UR 3797 Vieillissement, Fragilité (VieFra), Faculty of Medicine, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France
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2
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Bidesi NSR, Vang Andersen I, Windhorst AD, Shalgunov V, Herth MM. The role of neuroimaging in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2021; 159:660-689. [PMID: 34532856 PMCID: PMC9291628 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Two hallmarks of PD are the accumulation of alpha-synuclein and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. There is no cure for PD, and all existing treatments focus on alleviating the symptoms. PD diagnosis is also based on the symptoms, such as abnormalities of movement, mood, and cognition observed in the patients. Molecular imaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET) can detect objective alterations in the neurochemical machinery of the brain and help diagnose and study neurodegenerative diseases. This review addresses the application of functional MRI, PET, and SPECT in PD patients. We provide an overview of the imaging targets, discuss the rationale behind target selection, the agents (tracers) with which the imaging can be performed, and the main findings regarding each target's state in PD. Molecular imaging has proven itself effective in supporting clinical diagnosis of PD and has helped reveal that PD is a heterogeneous disorder, which has important implications for the development of future therapies. However, the application of molecular imaging for early diagnosis of PD or for differentiation between PD and atypical parkinsonisms has remained challenging. The final section of the review is dedicated to new imaging targets with which one can detect the PD-related pathological changes upstream from dopaminergic degeneration. The foremost of those targets is alpha-synuclein. We discuss the progress of tracer development achieved so far and challenges on the path toward alpha-synuclein imaging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S R Bidesi
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Vang Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Shalgunov
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias M Herth
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Colloby SJ, Nathan PJ, Bakker G, Lawson RA, Yarnall AJ, Burn DJ, O'Brien JT, Taylor JP. Spatial Covariance of Cholinergic Muscarinic M 1 /M 4 Receptors in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1879-1888. [PMID: 33973693 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with cholinergic dysfunction, although the role of M1 and M4 receptors remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate spatial covariance patterns of cholinergic muscarinic M1 /M4 receptors in PD and their relationship with cognition and motor symptoms. METHODS Some 19 PD and 24 older adult controls underwent 123 I-iodo-quinuclidinyl-benzilate (QNB) (M1 /M4 receptor) and 99m Tc-exametazime (perfusion) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanning. We implemented voxel principal components analysis, producing a series of images representing patterns of intercorrelated voxels across individuals. Linear regression analyses derived specific M1 /M4 spatial covariance patterns associated with PD. RESULTS A cholinergic M1 /M4 pattern that converged onto key hubs of the default, auditory-visual, salience, and sensorimotor networks fully discriminated PD patients from controls (F1,41 = 135.4, P < 0.001). In PD, we derived M1 /M4 patterns that correlated with global cognition (r = -0.62, P = 0.008) and motor severity (r = 0.53, P = 0.02). Both patterns emerged with a shared topography implicating the basal forebrain as well as visual, frontal executive, and salience circuits. Further, we found a M1 /M4 pattern that predicted global cognitive decline (r = 0.46, P = 0.04) comprising relative decreased binding within default and frontal executive networks. CONCLUSIONS Cholinergic muscarinic M1 /M4 modulation within key brain networks were apparent in PD. Cognition and motor severity were associated with a similar topography, inferring both phenotypes possibly rely on related cholinergic mechanisms. Relative decreased M1 /M4 binding within default and frontal executive networks could be an indicator of future cognitive decline. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Colloby
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Pradeep J Nathan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herschel Smith Building for Brain & Mind Sciences, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Geor Bakker
- Experimental Medicine, Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael A Lawson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alison J Yarnall
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David J Burn
- Population Health Science Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herschel Smith Building for Brain & Mind Sciences, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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4
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Colloby SJ, Nathan PJ, McKeith IG, Bakker G, O'Brien JT, Taylor JP. Cholinergic muscarinic M 1/M 4 receptor networks in dementia with Lewy bodies. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa098. [PMID: 32954342 PMCID: PMC7475694 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic dysfunction is central in dementia with Lewy bodies, possibly contributing to the cognitive and psychiatric phenotypes of this condition. We investigated baseline muscarinic M1/M4 receptor spatial covariance patterns in dementia with Lewy bodies and their association with changes in cognition and neuropsychiatric symptoms after 12 weeks of treatment with the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil. Thirty-eight participants (14 cholinesterase inhibitor naive patients, 24 healthy older individuals) underwent 123I-iodo-quinuclidinyl-benzilate (M1/M4 receptor assessment) and 99mTc-exametazime (perfusion) single-photon emission computed tomography scanning. We implemented voxel principal components analysis, producing a series of images representing patterns of inter-correlated voxels across individuals. Linear regression analyses derived specific M1/M4 and perfusion spatial covariance patterns associated with patients. A discreet M1/M4 pattern that distinguished patients from controls (W1,19.7 = 16.7, P = 0.001), showed relative decreased binding in right lateral temporal and insula, as well as relative preserved/increased binding in frontal, precuneus, lingual and cuneal regions, implicating nodes within attention and dorsal visual networks. We then derived from patients an M1/M4 pattern that correlated with a positive change in mini-mental state examination (r = 0.52, P = 0.05), showing relative preserved/increased uptake in prefrontal, temporal pole and anterior cingulate, elements of attention-related networks. We also generated from patients an M1/M4 pattern that correlated with a positive change in neuropsychiatric inventory score (r = 0.77, P = 0.002), revealing relative preserved/increased uptake within a bilateral temporal-precuneal-striatal system. Although in a small sample and therefore tentative, we posit that optimal response of donepezil on cognitive and neuropsychiatric signs in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies were associated with a maintenance of muscarinic M1/M4 receptor expression within attentional/executive and ventral visual network hubs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Colloby
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Pradeep J Nathan
- Experimental Medicine, Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QC, UK
| | - Ian G McKeith
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Geor Bakker
- Experimental Medicine, Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, UK
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QC, UK
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
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5
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Beaurain M, Salabert AS, Ribeiro MJ, Arlicot N, Damier P, Le Jeune F, Demonet JF, Payoux P. Innovative Molecular Imaging for Clinical Research, Therapeutic Stratification, and Nosography in Neuroscience. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:268. [PMID: 31828073 PMCID: PMC6890558 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, several radiotracers have been developed for neuroimaging applications, especially in PET. Because of their low steric hindrance, PET radionuclides can be used to label molecules that are small enough to cross the blood brain barrier, without modifying their biological properties. As the use of 11C is limited by its short physical half-life (20 min), there has been an increasing focus on developing tracers labeled with 18F for clinical use. The first such tracers allowed cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism to be measured, and the development of molecular imaging has since enabled to focus more closely on specific targets such as receptors, neurotransmitter transporters, and other proteins. Hence, PET and SPECT biomarkers have become indispensable for innovative clinical research. Currently, the treatment options for a number of pathologies, notably neurodegenerative diseases, remain only supportive and symptomatic. Treatments that slow down or reverse disease progression are therefore the subject of numerous studies, in which molecular imaging is proving to be a powerful tool. PET and SPECT biomarkers already make it possible to diagnose several neurological diseases in vivo and at preclinical stages, yielding topographic, and quantitative data about the target. As a result, they can be used for assessing patients' eligibility for new treatments, or for treatment follow-up. The aim of the present review was to map major innovative radiotracers used in neuroscience, and explain their contribution to clinical research. We categorized them according to their target: dopaminergic, cholinergic or serotoninergic systems, β-amyloid plaques, tau protein, neuroinflammation, glutamate or GABA receptors, or α-synuclein. Most neurological disorders, and indeed mental disorders, involve the dysfunction of one or more of these targets. Combinations of molecular imaging biomarkers can afford us a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying disease development over time, and contribute to early detection/screening, diagnosis, therapy delivery/monitoring, and treatment follow-up in both research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Beaurain
- CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Inserm U1214, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Salabert
- CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Inserm U1214, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria Joao Ribeiro
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.,Inserm CIC 1415, University Hospital, Tours, France.,CHRU Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Arlicot
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.,Inserm CIC 1415, University Hospital, Tours, France.,CHRU Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Damier
- Inserm U913, Neurology Department, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | | | - Jean-François Demonet
- Leenards Memory Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Payoux
- CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Inserm U1214, Toulouse, France
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6
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Erskine D, Taylor JP, Bakker G, Brown AJH, Tasker T, Nathan PJ. Cholinergic muscarinic M 1 and M 4 receptors as therapeutic targets for cognitive, behavioural, and psychological symptoms in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:2307-2314. [PMID: 31499186 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic dysfunction is involved in a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, dementia and Lewy body disease (LBD), leading to widespread use of cholinergic therapies. However, such drugs have focused on increasing the availability of acetylcholine (ACh) generally, with relatively little work done on the muscarinic system and specific muscarinic receptor subtypes. In this review, we provide an overview of the major cholinergic pathways and cholinergic muscarinic receptors in the human brain and evidence for their dysfunction in several neurological and psychiatric disorders. We discuss how the selectivity of cholinergic system dysfunction suggests that targeted cholinergic therapeutics to the muscarinic receptor subtypes will be vital in treating several disorders associated with cognitive dysfunction and behavioural and psychological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Erskine
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | - Pradeep J Nathan
- Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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7
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Esmaeeli S, Murphy K, Swords GM, Ibrahim BA, Brown JW, Llano DA. Visual hallucinations, thalamocortical physiology and Lewy body disease: A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 103:337-351. [PMID: 31195000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the core diagnostic criteria for Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) is the presence of visual hallucinations. The presence of hallucinations, along with fluctuations in the level of arousal and sleep disturbance, point to potential pathological mechanisms at the level of the thalamus. However, the potential role of thalamic dysfunction in DLB, particularly as it relates to the presence of formed visual hallucinations is not known. Here, we review the literature on the pathophysiology of DLB with respect to modern theories of thalamocortical function and attempt to derive an understanding of how such hallucinations arise. Based on the available literature, we propose that combined thalamic-thalamic reticular nucleus and thalamocortical pathology may explain the phenomenology of visual hallucinations in DLB. In particular, diminished α7 cholinergic activity in the thalamic reticular nucleus may critically disinhibit thalamocortical activity. Further, concentrated pathological changes within the posterior regions of the thalamus may explain the predilection for the hallucinations to be visual in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shooka Esmaeeli
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kathleen Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Gabriel M Swords
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Baher A Ibrahim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Brown
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Daniel A Llano
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Carle Neuroscience Institute, Urbana, IL, United States.
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8
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Cousins O, Yousaf T, Wilson H, Pagano G, Politis M. Molecular Imaging of Dementia With Lewy Bodies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 144:59-93. [PMID: 30638457 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common cause of neurodegenerative dementia. The core clinical features of DLB include fluctuating cognition, visual hallucinations, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, and parkinsonism. Molecular imaging is a powerful tool to assess the brain function in vivo. In this chapter, we reviewed the positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, and [123I]-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy studies evaluating the pathological processes underlying DLB, including altered brain metabolism and neurotransmitter pathways, abnormal protein aggregation, and neuroinflammation. These techniques can aid in the differential diagnosis of DLB (versus Alzheimer's disease and related dementia) and in the monitoring disease progression and treatment efficacy of disease-modifying drugs. Furthermore, we explored the limitations of current imaging biomarkers and future directions, particularly focusing on the vital need for tracers that have high affinity for alpha-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Cousins
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tayyabah Yousaf
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Wilson
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gennaro Pagano
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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9
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Molecular Imaging of the Cholinergic System in Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 141:211-250. [PMID: 30314597 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
One of the first identified neurotransmitters in the brain, acetylcholine, is an important modulator that drives changes in neuronal and glial activity. For more than two decades, the main focus of molecular imaging of the cholinergic system in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been on cognitive changes. Imaging studies have confirmed that degeneration of the cholinergic system is a major determinant of dementia in PD. Within the last decade, the focus is expanding to studying cholinergic correlates of mobility impairments, dyskinesias, olfaction, sleep, visual hallucinations and risk taking behavior in this disorder. These studies increasingly recognize that the regional topography of cholinergic brain areas associates with specific functions. In parallel with this trend, more recent molecular cholinergic imaging approaches are investigating cholinergic modulatory functions and contributions to large-scale brain network functions. A novel area of research is imaging cholinergic innervation functions of peripheral autonomic organs that may have the potential of future prodromal diagnosis of PD. Finally, emerging evidence of hypercholinergic activity in prodromal and symptomatic leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 PD may reflect neuronal cholinergic compensation versus a response to neuro-inflammation. Molecular imaging of the cholinergic system has led to many new insights in the etiology of dopamine non-responsive symptoms of PD (more "malignant" hypocholinergic disease phenotype) and is poised to guide and evaluate future cholinergic drug development in this disorder.
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10
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Yousaf T, Wilson H, Politis M. Imaging the Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 133:179-257. [PMID: 28802921 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is acknowledged to be a multisystem syndrome, manifesting as a result of multineuropeptide dysfunction, including dopaminergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic deficits. This multisystem disorder ultimately leads to the presentation of a range of nonmotor symptoms, now appreciated to be an integral part of the disease-specific spectrum of symptoms, often preceding the diagnosis of motor Parkinson's disease. In this chapter, we review the dopaminergic and nondopaminergic basis of these symptoms by exploring the neuroimaging evidence based on several techniques including positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography molecular imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging. We discuss the role of these neuroimaging techniques in elucidating the underlying pathophysiology of NMS in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyabah Yousaf
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Wilson
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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11
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McOmish C, Pavey G, McLean C, Horne M, Dean B, Scarr E. Muscarinic receptor binding changes in postmortem Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 124:227-236. [PMID: 27873015 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a devastating disorder, affecting approximately 2% of people aged 60 and above. It is marked by progressive neurodegeneration that has long been known to impact dopaminergic cells and circuits, but more recently the acetylcholine system has also been implicated in the complex aetiology and symptomatology of the disease. While broad changes in cholinergic markers have been described, insight into the contribution of specific acetylcholine receptors is less clear. To address this important unknown, in this study we performed [3H] pirenzepine, [3H] 4DAMP, and [3H] AF-DX 384 in situ radioligand binding on postmortem tissues from Brodmann's area 6, 9, 46, and the caudate putamen, from PD and matched controls to detect muscarinic M1, M3, and M1/2/4 receptors, respectively. We found no difference in [3H] pirenzepine binding between PD and controls across all regions assessed. [3H] 4DAMP binding was found to be higher in PD CPu and BA9 than in controls. [3H] AF-DX 384 was higher in BA9 of PD compared with controls. In sum, we show selective increase in M3 receptors in cortical and subcortical regions, as well as increased M2/M4 in cortical area BA9, which together support a role for cholinergic dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin McOmish
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Howard Florey Laboratories, The Florey Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, cnr Genetics Lane, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Geoff Pavey
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Catriona McLean
- Department Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Malcolm Horne
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian Dean
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Scarr
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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12
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Guerram M, Zhang LY, Jiang ZZ. G-protein coupled receptors as therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. Neurochem Int 2016; 101:1-14. [PMID: 27620813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases are frequent in elderly populations and comprise primarily of dementia (mainly Alzheimer's disease) Parkinson's disease and stroke. These neurological disorders (NDs) occur as a result of neurodegenerative processes and represent one of the most frequent causes of death and disability worldwide with a significant clinical and socio-economic impact. Although NDs have been characterized for many years, the exact molecular mechanisms that govern these pathologies or why they target specific individuals and specific neuronal populations remain unclear. As research progresses, many similarities appear which relate these diseases to one another on a subcellular level. Discovering these similarities offers hope for therapeutic advances that could ameliorate the conditions of many diseases simultaneously. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most abundant receptor type in the central nervous system and are linked to complex downstream pathways, manipulation of which may have therapeutic application in many NDs. This review will highlight the potential use of neurotransmitter GPCRs as emerging therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Guerram
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Faculty of Exact Sciences and Nature and Life Sciences, Department of Biology, Larbi Ben M'hidi University, Oum El Bouaghi 04000, Algeria
| | - Lu-Yong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhen-Zhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Roy R, Niccolini F, Pagano G, Politis M. Cholinergic imaging in dementia spectrum disorders. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 43:1376-86. [PMID: 26984612 PMCID: PMC4865532 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The multifaceted nature of the pathology of dementia spectrum disorders has complicated their management and the development of effective treatments. This is despite the fact that they are far from uncommon, with Alzheimer's disease (AD) alone affecting 35 million people worldwide. The cholinergic system has been found to be crucially involved in cognitive function, with cholinergic dysfunction playing a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of dementia. The use of molecular imaging such as SPECT and PET for tagging targets within the cholinergic system has shown promise for elucidating key aspects of underlying pathology in dementia spectrum disorders, including AD or parkinsonian dementias. SPECT and PET studies using selective radioligands for cholinergic markers, such as [(11)C]MP4A and [(11)C]PMP PET for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), [(123)I]5IA SPECT for the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and [(123)I]IBVM SPECT for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, have been developed in an attempt to clarify those aspects of the diseases that remain unclear. This has led to a variety of findings, such as cortical AChE being significantly reduced in Parkinson's disease (PD), PD with dementia (PDD) and AD, as well as correlating with certain aspects of cognitive function such as attention and working memory. Thalamic AChE is significantly reduced in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple system atrophy, whilst it is not affected in PD. Some of these findings have brought about suggestions for the improvement of clinical practice, such as the use of a thalamic/cortical AChE ratio to differentiate between PD and PSP, two diseases that could overlap in terms of initial clinical presentation. Here, we review the findings from molecular imaging studies that have investigated the role of the cholinergic system in dementia spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Roy
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Flavia Niccolini
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gennaro Pagano
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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Colloby SJ, McKeith IG, Burn DJ, Wyper DJ, O'Brien JT, Taylor JP. Cholinergic and perfusion brain networks in Parkinson disease dementia. Neurology 2016; 87:178-85. [PMID: 27306636 PMCID: PMC4940066 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate muscarinic M1/M4 cholinergic networks in Parkinson disease dementia (PDD) and their association with changes in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) after 12 weeks of treatment with donepezil. Methods: Forty-nine participants (25 PDD and 24 elderly controls) underwent 123I-QNB and 99mTc-exametazime SPECT scanning. We implemented voxel principal components (PC) analysis, producing a series of PC images of patterns of interrelated voxels across individuals. Linear regression analyses derived specific M1/M4 and perfusion spatial covariance patterns (SCPs). Results: We found an M1/M4 SCP of relative decreased binding in basal forebrain, temporal, striatum, insula, and anterior cingulate (F1,47 = 31.9, p < 0.001) in cholinesterase inhibitor–naive patients with PDD, implicating limbic-paralimbic and salience cholinergic networks. The corresponding regional cerebral blood flow SCP showed relative decreased uptake in temporoparietal and prefrontal areas (F1,47 = 177.5, p < 0.001) and nodes of the frontoparietal and default mode networks (DMN). The M1/M4 pattern that correlated with an improvement in MMSE (r = 0.58, p = 0.005) revealed relatively preserved/increased pre/medial/orbitofrontal, parietal, and posterior cingulate areas coinciding with the DMN and frontoparietal networks. Conclusion: Dysfunctional limbic-paralimbic and salience cholinergic networks were associated with PDD. Established cholinergic maintenance of the DMN and frontoparietal networks may be prerequisite for cognitive remediation following cholinergic treatment in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Colloby
- From the Institute of Neuroscience (S.J.C., I.G.M., D.J.B., J.-P.T.), Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne; SINAPSE (D.J.W.), Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow; and Department of Psychiatry (J.T.O.), University of Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ian G McKeith
- From the Institute of Neuroscience (S.J.C., I.G.M., D.J.B., J.-P.T.), Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne; SINAPSE (D.J.W.), Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow; and Department of Psychiatry (J.T.O.), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - David J Burn
- From the Institute of Neuroscience (S.J.C., I.G.M., D.J.B., J.-P.T.), Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne; SINAPSE (D.J.W.), Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow; and Department of Psychiatry (J.T.O.), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - David J Wyper
- From the Institute of Neuroscience (S.J.C., I.G.M., D.J.B., J.-P.T.), Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne; SINAPSE (D.J.W.), Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow; and Department of Psychiatry (J.T.O.), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - John T O'Brien
- From the Institute of Neuroscience (S.J.C., I.G.M., D.J.B., J.-P.T.), Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne; SINAPSE (D.J.W.), Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow; and Department of Psychiatry (J.T.O.), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- From the Institute of Neuroscience (S.J.C., I.G.M., D.J.B., J.-P.T.), Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne; SINAPSE (D.J.W.), Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow; and Department of Psychiatry (J.T.O.), University of Cambridge, UK
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Weingarten CP, Sundman MH, Hickey P, Chen NK. Neuroimaging of Parkinson's disease: Expanding views. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 59:16-52. [PMID: 26409344 PMCID: PMC4763948 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advances in molecular and structural and functional neuroimaging are rapidly expanding the complexity of neurobiological understanding of Parkinson's disease (PD). This review article begins with an introduction to PD neurobiology as a foundation for interpreting neuroimaging findings that may further lead to more integrated and comprehensive understanding of PD. Diverse areas of PD neuroimaging are then reviewed and summarized, including positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging, transcranial sonography, magnetoencephalography, and multimodal imaging, with focus on human studies published over the last five years. These included studies on differential diagnosis, co-morbidity, genetic and prodromal PD, and treatments from L-DOPA to brain stimulation approaches, transplantation and gene therapies. Overall, neuroimaging has shown that PD is a neurodegenerative disorder involving many neurotransmitters, brain regions, structural and functional connections, and neurocognitive systems. A broad neurobiological understanding of PD will be essential for translational efforts to develop better treatments and preventive strategies. Many questions remain and we conclude with some suggestions for future directions of neuroimaging of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol P Weingarten
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Mark H Sundman
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, United States
| | - Patrick Hickey
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Nan-kuei Chen
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, United States; Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, United States
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia with Lewy body (DLB) is considered to be the second most common form of neurodegenerative disorders after Alzheimer's disease (AD), affecting as many as 100,000 people in the UK and up to 1.3 million in the USA. However, nearly half of patients with DLB remain undiagnosed thus depriving many of them from an early and adequate treatment of their distressing symptoms. Accurate and early diagnosis of DLB is important for both patients and their caregivers, since the neuropsychiatric symptoms require specific management. METHODS In the current study, we review the most recent developments in the field of molecular nuclear imaging to diagnose DLB. RESULTS The review addresses, the neurotransmitter based (dopaminergic, cholinergic, and glutamatergic) nuclear imaging techniques, role of the autonomic dysfunction and its visualization in DLB with myocardial sympathetic imaging and vesicular catecholamine uptake, as well as the use of amyloid polypeptides and glial markers as molecular imaging probes in the clinical diagnosis of DLB. CONCLUSIONS Most of the above nuclear imaging methods are restricted to highly specialized clinical centers, and thus not applicable to a large number of patients requiring dementia (e.g. DLB) diagnosis in routine clinical setting. Validating them against more readily accessible peripheral biomarkers, e.g. CSF and blood biomarkers linked to the DLB process, may facilitate their use in wider clinical settings.
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Winge K. Lower urinary tract dysfunction in patients with parkinsonism and other neurodegenerative disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2015; 130:335-56. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63247-0.00019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Wu X, Cai H, Ge R, Li L, Jia Z. Recent progress of imaging agents for Parkinson's disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:551-63. [PMID: 25977680 PMCID: PMC4428027 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666141204221238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common progressive, neurodegenerative brain disease that is promoted by mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, protein aggregation and proteasome dysfunction in the brain. Compared with computer tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), non-invasive nuclear radiopharmaceuticals have great significance for the early diagnosis of PD due to their high sensitivity and specificity in atypical and preclinical cases. Based on the development of coordination chemistry and chelator design, radionuclides may be delivered to lesions by attaching to PD-related transporters and receptors, such as dopamine, serotonin, and others. In this review, we comprehensively detailed the current achievements in radionuclide imaging in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoai Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Huawei Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ran Ge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyun Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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Decreased ipsilateral [¹²³I]iododexetimide binding to cortical muscarinic receptors in unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 41:90-5. [PMID: 24267055 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dysfunction of the cholinergic neurotransmitter system is present in Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease related dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies, and is thought to contribute to cognitive deficits in these patients. In vivo imaging of the cholinergic system in these diseases may be of value to monitor central cholinergic disturbances and to select cases in which treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors could be beneficial. The muscarinic receptor tracer [(123)I]iododexetimide, predominantly reflecting M1 receptor binding, may be an appropriate tool for imaging of the cholinergic system by means of SPECT. In this study, we used [(123)I]iododexetimide to study the effects of a 6-hydroxydopamine lesion (an animal model of Parkinson's disease) on the muscarinic receptor availability in the rat brain. METHODS Rats (n=5) were injected in vivo at 10-13 days after a confirmed unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. Muscarinic receptor availability was measured bilaterally in multiple brain areas on storage phosphor images by region of interest analysis. RESULTS Autoradiography revealed a consistent and statistically significant lower [(123)I]iododexetimide binding in all examined neocortical areas on the ipsilateral side of the lesion as compared to the contralateral side. In hippocampal and subcortical areas, such asymmetry was not detected. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that evaluation of muscarinic receptor availability in dopamine depleted brains using [(123)I]iododexetimide is feasible. We conclude that 6-hydroxydopamine lesions induce a decrease of neocortical muscarinic receptor availability. We hypothesize that this arises from down regulation of muscarinic postsynaptic M1 receptors due to hyperactivation of the cortical cholinergic system in response to dopamine depletion. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE In rats, dopamine depletion provokes a decrease in neocortical muscarinic receptor availability, which is evaluable by [(123)I]iododexetimide imaging. IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE This study may further underline the role of a dysregulated muscarinic system in patients with Lewy body disorders.
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Abstract
The use of functional imaging in neurodegenerative diseases has increased in recent years, with applications in research into the underlying pathophysiology, aiding in diagnosis, or evaluating new treatments. In Parkinson's disease (PD), these imaging methods have expanded our understanding of the disease beyond dopaminergic deficits. Moreover, functional imaging methods have described alterations in functional networks relating not only to the motor symptoms, but also to many nonmotor features of PD, such as cognitive dysfunction. From a clinical viewpoint, functional imaging methods can assist in monitoring disease progression, such as in the context of clinical trials, and holds the potential to aid in early diagnosis of PD and differentiation from other parkinsonian disorders.
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Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a relative newcomer to the field of late-life dementia. Although a diversity of imaging methodologies is now available for the study of dementia, these have been applied most often to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies on DLB, although fewer, have yielded fascinating and important insights into the underlying pathophysiology of this condition and allowed clinical differentiation of DLB from other dementias. Imaging research on DLB has had significant ramifications in terms of raising the profile of DLB and helping define it as a distinctive and separate disease entity from AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul Taylor
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Wolfson Research Centre, Campus for Aging and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK.
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22
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Sinha N, Firbank M, O'Brien JT. Biomarkers in dementia with Lewy bodies: a review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2012; 27:443-53. [PMID: 21721045 DOI: 10.1002/gps.2749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) shares common clinical, neuropsychological and pathological features with other dementia subtypes, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), making it difficult to differentiate in clinical practice. Despite the development of consensus diagnostic criteria, many cases are missed, and biomarkers to assist with diagnosis would represent important advances. Our aim was to review the literature to identify potential biomarkers that may distinguish DLB from other dementia subtypes, especially AD. METHOD The literature search was performed using Medline up to October 2010 for imaging studies [single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and amyloid imaging] and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers in DLB. Individual articles were examined for additional references. The abstracts of the identified articles were read to determine the most relevant papers, which became the basis for this review. RESULTS The most robust evidence available was for striatal dopamine transporter activity visualised by (123) I-labelled N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)nortropane ((123) I-FP-CIT) SPECT. Several other imaging techniques have also reported promising results, such as [(18) F]fluorodopa PET, which assesses nigrostriatal integrity; [(18) F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET, which assesses metabolic deficits; and meta-iodobenzylguanidine imaging, which assesses sympathetic cardiac denervation. Data from studies using CSF measures of amyloid and tau, occipital hypoperfusion on SPECT and preservation of medial temporal lobe structures on MRI suggest that they may offer less diagnostic discrimination. CONCLUSION Several potential biomarkers have shown good diagnostic accuracy for DLB, but apart from FP-CIT SPECT, there is now a need for larger clinical multi-site studies, as well as for studies with pathological verification of diagnosis, before their use could be recommended for routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrta Sinha
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Wolfson Research Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK.
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23
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Scarr E. Muscarinic receptors: their roles in disorders of the central nervous system and potential as therapeutic targets. CNS Neurosci Ther 2011; 18:369-79. [PMID: 22070219 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetically, acetylcholine is an ancient neurochemical. Therefore, it is not surprising that cholinergic neurons project extensively throughout the central nervous system, innervating a wide range of structures within the brain. In fact, acetylcholine is involved in processes that underpin some of our most basic central functions. Both muscarinic and nicotinic receptor families, which mediate cholinergic transmission, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric and neurological disorders. The question that remains to be definitively answered is whether or not these receptors are viable targets for the development of future therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Scarr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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24
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Abstract
In this chapter the imaging changes associated with non-motor aspects of Parkinson's disease (PD) are reviewed. The relationship between reduced monoaminergic and cholinergic function and cognitive difficulties, depression, fatigue, sleep disorders, and dysautonomia is discussed and the relevance of Alzheimer pathology to PD dementia debated. Finally the discordance between the development of functional changes in PD and Braak staging is highlighted.
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25
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Abstract
The prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD) is high and can potentially occur as the result of multiple differing pathologies. Neuroimaging has provided evidence of decreased cortical volume, increased white matter diffusion changes, and decreased resting metabolic activity that appears to begin prior to the onset of dementia in PD patients. Cognitive impairment has been found to be associated with multiple neurotransmitter transmission deficiencies, including dopamine and acetylcholine, indicating a widespread neurotransmitter dysfunction in PD-related dementia. Findings of increased Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) binding in subjects with Lewy Body Disease (LBD) compared with Parkinson's disease and dementia (PDD) may explain phenotype differences in the spectrum of Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), and show promise in guiding future therapeutic trials aimed at this disease. Advances in neuroimaging now allow for the detection of volumetric, pharmacologic, and pathological changes that may assist in the diagnosis and prediction of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's patients so that better evaluation of disease progression and treatment can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Silbert
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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26
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Neuropsychological and clinical heterogeneity of cognitive impairment and dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9:1200-1213. [PMID: 20880750 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 613] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Vernon AC, Ballard C, Modo M. Neuroimaging for Lewy body disease: is the in vivo molecular imaging of α-synuclein neuropathology required and feasible? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 65:28-55. [PMID: 20685363 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein aggregation is a neuropathological hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD), Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), collectively termed the α-synucleinopathies. Substantial advances in clinical criteria and neuroimaging technology over the last 20 years have allowed great strides in the detection and differential diagnosis of these disorders. Nevertheless, it is clear that whilst the array of different imaging modalities in clinical use allow for a robust diagnosis of α-synucleinopathy in comparison to healthy subjects, there is no clear diagnostic imaging marker that affords a reliable differential diagnosis between the different forms of Lewy body disease (LBD) or that could facilitate tracking of disease progression. This has led to a call for a biomarker based on the pathological hallmarks of these diseases, namely α-synuclein-positive Lewy bodies (LBs). This potentially may be advantageous in terms of early disease detection, but may also be leveraged into a potential marker of disease progression. We here aim to firstly review the current status of neuroimaging biomarkers in PD and related synucleinopathies. Secondly, we outline the rationale behind α-synuclein imaging as a potential novel biomarker as well as the potential benefits and limitations of this approach. Thirdly, we attempt to illustrate the likely technical hurdles to be overcome to permit successful in vivo imaging of α-synuclein pathology in the diseased brain. Our overriding aim is to provide a framework for discussion of how to address this major unmet clinical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Vernon
- Kings College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Denmark Hill campus, London, UK
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Johansen KK, White LR, Sando SB, Aasly JO. Biomarkers: Parkinson disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010; 16:307-15. [PMID: 20338799 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is a common feature in Parkinson disease (PD), the time of onset determining how patients are classified. Those patients where dementia develops prior to parkinsonism or during the first year of disease are designated as having dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). In those where dementia develops over a year after the onset of motor signs, the condition is known as Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD). While this seems at first sight to be a definitive way to distinguish these conditions, reality is rather different. The overlap between them is considerable, and there is much uncertainty associated with patients who have both motor symptoms and early cognitive impairment. The diagnosis is still based on medical history and clinical evaluation. It is not even certain that they can be accurately distinguished at autopsy. For this reason, the data concerning these entities have been reviewed, to examine various markers employed or measured in clinical, neuropathological, neuroimaging, and biochemical investigations. The concept of PDD and DLB being separate conditions is comparatively new, and the most promising tools with which to separate them at present are cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning that indicate increased amyloid-beta burden in DLB compared to PDD. However as yet there are no markers that unequivocally distinguish between PDD and DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina K Johansen
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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29
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Localisation of pre- and postsynaptic cholinergic markers in the human brain. Behav Brain Res 2010; 221:341-55. [PMID: 20170687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system plays an important role in modulating cognitive processes such as learning, memory, arousal and sleep as well as in modulating locomotor activity. Dysfunction of the central cholinergic system is involved in numerous neuropsychiatric diseases. This review will provide a synopsis on the regional localisation of cholinergic and cholinoceptive structures within the adult human brain. On the cholinergic site data based on the distribution of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive structures are in the focus, complemented by data from acetylcholinesterase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter studies. On the cholinoceptive site, the distribution and localisation of receptors that transduce the acetylcholine message, i.e. the muscarinic and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is summarized. In addition to these data obtained on post mortem brain an overview of markers which allow for the in vivo monitoring of the cholinergic system in the brain is given. The detailed knowledge on the distribution and localisation of cholinergic markers in human brain will provide further information on the cholinergic circuits of neurotransmission - a prerequisite for the interpretation of in vivo imaging data and the development of selective diagnostic and therapeutic compounds.
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30
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In vivo imaging of synaptic function in the central nervous system. Behav Brain Res 2009; 204:1-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease has now evolved beyond what was considered to be a traditional motor disorder. It is being increasingly recognized that non-motor symptoms such as cognitive impairment, frank dementia, psychosis, depression, autonomic dysfunction and sleep disturbances are just as integral to the disease spectrum. The cholinergic system has been proposed to play a pivotal role in cognitive dysfunction. Based on interpretation of clinical studies in patients with Alzheimer's, cholinesterase inhibitors have also been studied for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Most of these include large and small placebo-controlled studies and several pilot studies have indicated that cholinesterase inhibitors have a favorable effect on cognition, psychiatric symptoms and global function in Parkinson's disease dementia. A large randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial showed that rivastigmine had moderate improvement in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. The magnitude of effects in terms of scores for the cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer's disease assessment scale and Alzheimer's disease cooperative study-clinicians global impression of change were similar to those observed among patients with Alzheimer's disease who were treated with cholinesterase inhibitors. A transdermal patch which gradually releases rivastigmine over the application period is now available for use in mild to moderate dementia associated with Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Chitnis
- UT Southwestern Medical Center-Neurology, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9036, USA.
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Abstract
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a non-invasive functional neuroimaging technique that can be used in the diagnosis of dementia. This review describes some of the SPECT radiotracers available for imaging dementia patients and discusses recommendations for the clinical use of this imaging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Pimlott
- Radiopharmaceutical Research & Development, West of Scotland Radionuclide Dispensary, Western Infirmary, Dumbarton Road, Glasgow, UK
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O'Brien JT, Colloby SJ, Pakrasi S, Perry EK, Pimlott SL, Wyper DJ, McKeith IG, Williams ED. Nicotinic alpha4beta2 receptor binding in dementia with Lewy bodies using 123I-5IA-85380 SPECT demonstrates a link between occipital changes and visual hallucinations. Neuroimage 2008; 40:1056-63. [PMID: 18295510 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To investigate in vivo differences in the distribution of alpha4beta2 subtypes of nAChR using the ligand (123)I-5-Iodo-3-[2(S)-2-azetidinylmethoxy] pyridine (5IA-85380) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in DLB and similarly aged controls. METHODS Thirty-one subjects (15 DLB and 16 controls) underwent (123)I-5IA-85380 and perfusion ((99m)Tc-exametazime) SPECT scanning. Patient scans were compared to scans of control subjects on a voxel-by-voxel basis using SPM2. RESULTS Compared to controls, significant reductions in relative (123)I-5IA-85380 uptake were identified in frontal, striatal, temporal and cingulate regions in DLB. Elevation of scaled (123)I-5IA-85380 uptake in occipital cortex was observed in DLB relative to controls, as well as being associated with DLB subjects with a recent history of visual hallucinations. Changes in (123)I-5IA-85380 SPECT in DLB were different from perfusion. CONCLUSION Reductions in normalised (123)I-5IA-85380 uptake in DLB were distinct from their perfusion deficits. Significant increase in occipital lobe uptake was present in DLB, a change most pronounced in subjects with a recent history of visual hallucinations. The findings directly link cholinergic changes in occipital lobe to visual hallucinations in DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T O'Brien
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle General Hospital, Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6BE, UK
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