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Smith JS, Hilibrand AS, Skiba MA, Dates AN, Calvillo-Miranda VG, Kruse AC. The M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor can signal through multiple G protein families. Mol Pharmacol 2024:MOLPHARM-AR-2023-000818. [PMID: 38641412 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.123.000818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R) is a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that regulates important physiological processes including vascular tone, bronchoconstriction, and insulin secretion. It is expressed on a wide variety of cell types, including pancreatic beta, smooth muscle, neuronal, and immune cells. Agonist binding to the M3R is thought to initiate intracellular signaling events primarily through the heterotrimeric G protein Gq. However, reports differ on the ability of M3R to couple to other G proteins beyond Gq. Using members from the four primary G protein families (Gq, Gi, Gs, and G13) in radioligand binding, GTP turnover experiments, and cellular signaling assays including live cell G protein dissociation and second messenger assessment of cAMP and inositol trisphosphate, we show that other G protein families, particularly Gi and Gs, can also interact with the human M3R. We further show that these interactions are productive as assessed by amplification of classical second messenger signaling events. Our findings demonstrate that the M3R is more promiscuous with respect to G protein interactions than previously appreciated. Significance StatementThe study reveals that the human M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R), known for its pivotal roles in diverse physiological processes, not only activates intracellular signaling via Gq as previously known but also functionally interacts with other G protein families, such as Gi and Gs, expanding our understanding of its versatility in mediating cellular responses. These findings signify a broader and more complex regulatory network governed by M3R and have implications for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew C Kruse
- Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, United States
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2
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Kovarik Z, Soreq H. Recent advances in cholinergic mechanisms: A preface for the ISCM2022 special issue. J Neurochem 2024; 168:334-338. [PMID: 38082541 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
This preface introduces the Journal of Neurochemistry special issue on Cholinergic Mechanisms that highlights the progress in the molecular, structural, neurochemical, pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical studies of the cholinergic system which underline its complexity and impact on health and disease. This issue comprises of (systematic) reviews and original articles, the majority of which have been presented at the 17th International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms (ISCM2022) held in Dubrovnik, Croatia in May 2022. The symposium brought together leading "Cholinergikers" to shed new light on cholinergic transmission, ranging from the molecular to the clinical and cognitive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hermona Soreq
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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3
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Glasgow SD, Fisher TAJ, Wong EW, Lançon K, Feighan KM, Beamish IV, Gibon J, Séguéla P, Ruthazer ES, Kennedy TE. Acetylcholine synergizes with netrin-1 to drive persistent firing in the entorhinal cortex. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113812. [PMID: 38377003 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of the mammalian brain to maintain spatial representations of external or internal information for short periods of time has been associated with sustained neuronal spiking and reverberatory neural network activity in the medial entorhinal cortex. Here, we show that conditional genetic deletion of netrin-1 or the netrin receptor deleted-in-colorectal cancer (DCC) from forebrain excitatory neurons leads to deficits in short-term spatial memory. We then demonstrate that conditional deletion of either netrin-1 or DCC inhibits cholinergic persistent firing and show that cholinergic activation of muscarinic receptors expressed by entorhinal cortical neurons promotes persistent firing by recruiting DCC to the plasma membrane. Together, these findings indicate that normal short-term spatial memory function requires the synergistic actions of acetylcholine and netrin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Glasgow
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Teddy A J Fisher
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Edwin W Wong
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Kevin Lançon
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Kira M Feighan
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Ian V Beamish
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Julien Gibon
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Philippe Séguéla
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Edward S Ruthazer
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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Nunes EJ, Addy NA, Conn PJ, Foster DJ. Targeting the Actions of Muscarinic Receptors on Dopamine Systems: New Strategies for Treating Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:277-289. [PMID: 37552895 PMCID: PMC10841102 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051921-023858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Cholinergic regulation of dopamine (DA) signaling has significant implications for numerous disorders, including schizophrenia, substance use disorders, and mood-related disorders. The activity of midbrain DA neurons and DA release patterns in terminal regions are tightly regulated by cholinergic neurons found in both the striatum and the hindbrain. These cholinergic neurons can modulate DA circuitry by activating numerous receptors, including muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtypes. This review specifically focuses on the complex role of M2, M4, and M5 mAChR subtypes in regulating DA neuron activity and DA release and the potential clinical implications of targeting these mAChR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Nunes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nii A Addy
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, and Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel J Foster
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA;
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5
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Thomson C, Boss K, Calhoun A, Fridrich C, Gardinier KM, Hall EC, Jendza K, Kirman L, Labbé-Giguere N, Laumen K, Qian M, Sanyal S, Shultz MD, Snajdrova R, Tan K, Wang KY, Yang F, Gao F, Hong T, Dale E, Kuzmiski B, Ortuno D, Palacios DS. Transaminases Provide Key Chiral Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Selective M1/M4 Agonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1692-1699. [PMID: 38116445 PMCID: PMC10726473 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a chiral route toward the synthesis of muscarinic M4 agonists that was enabled by the biocatalytic synthesis of the key spirocyclic diamine building blocks 10 and 12. Using these bifunctional compounds we were able to optimize a synthetic sequence toward a collection of advanced intermediates for further elaboration. These advanced intermediates were then used as starting points for early medicinal chemistry and the identification of selective M1/M4 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher
G. Thomson
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kelly Boss
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Amy Calhoun
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Cary Fridrich
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kevin M. Gardinier
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Edward C. Hall
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Keith Jendza
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Louise Kirman
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nancy Labbé-Giguere
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kurt Laumen
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Ming Qian
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sanjit Sanyal
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael D. Shultz
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Kian Tan
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kate Yaping Wang
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Fan Yang
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Feng Gao
- Chemical
& Analytical Development, Suzhou, Novartis
Technical Development, Co., Ltd., Changshu, Jiangsu 215537, P. R. China
| | - Tao Hong
- Chemical
& Analytical Development, Suzhou, Novartis
Technical Development, Co., Ltd., Changshu, Jiangsu 215537, P. R. China
| | - Elena Dale
- Neuroscience
Disease Area, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Brent Kuzmiski
- Neuroscience
Disease Area, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Danny Ortuno
- Neuroscience
Disease Area, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daniel S. Palacios
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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6
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Myslivecek J. Reply to Cinelli et al. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L709-L710. [PMID: 37922557 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00278.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Myslivecek
- Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Abraham MN, Nedeljkovic-Kurepa A, Fernandes T, Yaipen O, Brewer MR, Taylor MD, Deutschman C. M1 Cholinergic Signaling Modulates Cytokine Levels and Splenocyte Sub-Phenotypes Following Cecal Ligation and Puncture. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-3353062. [PMID: 37886474 PMCID: PMC10602092 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3353062/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Background The contribution of the central nervous system to sepsis pathobiology is incompletely understood. In previous studies, administration of endotoxin to mice decreased activity of the vagus anti-inflammatory reflex. Treatment with the centrally-acting M1/M4 muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (M1/M4AChR) attenuated this endotoxin-mediated change. We hypothesize that decreased M1/M4AChR-mediated activity contributes to inflammation following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), a mouse model of sepsis. Methods Basal forebrain cholinergic activity (immunostaining), serum cytokine/chemokine levels (ELISA) and splenocyte subtypes (flow cytometry) were examined at baseline and following CLP in male C57BL/6 male mice. Rersults At 48hrs. post-CLP, activity in basal forebrain cells expressing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was half of that observed at baseline. Lower activity was also noted in the hippocampus, which contains projections from ChAT-expressing basal forebrain neurons. Serum levels of TNFα, IL-1β, MIP-1α, IL-6, KC and G-CSF were higher post-CLP than at baseline. Post-CLP numbers of splenic macrophages and inflammatory monocytes, TNFa+ and ILb+ neutrophils and ILb+ monocytes were higher than baseline while numbers of central Dendritic Cells (cDCs), CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were lower. When, following CLP, mice were treated with xanomeline, a central-acting M1AChR agonist, activity in basal forebrain ChAT-expressing neurons and in the hippocampus was significantly higher than in untreated animals. Post-CLP serum concentrations of TNFα, IL-1β, and MIP-1α, but not of IL-6, KC and G-CSF, were significantly lower in xanomline-treated mice than in untreated mice. Post-CLP numbers of splenic neutrophils, macrophages, inflammatory monocytes and TNFα+ neutrophils also were lower in xanomeline-treated mice than in untreated animals. The effects of CLP on percentages of IL-1β+ neutrophils, IL-1β+ monocytes, cDCs, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells were similar in xanomeline - treated and untreated post-CLP mice. Conclusion Our findings indicate that M1/M4AChR-mediated responses modulate CLP-induced alterations in the distribution of some, but not all, leukocyte phenotypes and certain cytokines and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Omar Yaipen
- Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
| | | | | | - Clifford Deutschman
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine at Hofstra University: Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell
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8
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Sundel MH, Sampaio Moura N, Cheng K, Chatain O, Hu S, Drachenberg CB, Xie G, Raufman JP. Selective Activation of M 1 Muscarinic Receptors Attenuates Human Colon Cancer Cell Proliferation. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4766. [PMID: 37835460 PMCID: PMC10571583 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
M3 muscarinic receptor (M3R) activation stimulates colon cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion; M3R expression is augmented in colon cancer and ablating M3R expression in mice attenuates colon neoplasia. Several lines of investigation suggest that in contrast to these pro-neoplastic effects of M3R, M1R plays an opposite role, protecting colon epithelial cells against neoplastic transformation. To pursue these intriguing findings, we examined the relative expression of M1R versus M3R in progressive stages of colon neoplasia and the effect of treating colon cancer cells with selective M1R agonists. We detected divergent expression of M1R and M3R in progressive colon neoplasia, from aberrant crypt foci to adenomas, primary colon cancers, and colon cancer metastases. Treating three human colon cancer cell lines with two selective M1R agonists, we found that in contrast to the effects of M3R activation, selective activation of M1R reversibly inhibited cell proliferation. Moreover, these effects were diminished by pre-incubating cells with a selective M1R inhibitor. Mechanistic insights were gained using selective chemical inhibitors of post-muscarinic receptor signaling molecules and immunoblotting to demonstrate M1R-dependent changes in the activation (phosphorylation) of key downstream kinases, EGFR, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK. We did not detect a role for drug toxicity, cellular senescence, or apoptosis in mediating M1R agonist-induced attenuated cell proliferation. Lastly, adding M1R-selective agonists to colon cancer cells augmented the anti-proliferative effects of conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Collectively, these results suggest that selective M1R agonism for advanced colon cancer, alone or in combination with conventional chemotherapy, is a therapeutic strategy worth exploring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret H. Sundel
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Natalia Sampaio Moura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.S.M.); (K.C.); (O.C.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
| | - Kunrong Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.S.M.); (K.C.); (O.C.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
| | - Oscar Chatain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.S.M.); (K.C.); (O.C.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
| | - Shien Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.S.M.); (K.C.); (O.C.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
| | - Cinthia B. Drachenberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Guofeng Xie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.S.M.); (K.C.); (O.C.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
- VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Raufman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.S.M.); (K.C.); (O.C.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
- VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Giszas B, Reuken PA, Katzer K, Kiehntopf M, Schmerler D, Rummler S, Stallmach A, Klink A. Immunoadsorption to treat patients with severe post-COVID syndrome. Ther Apher Dial 2023; 27:790-801. [PMID: 36719401 DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Following SARS-CoV-2-infection up to 21% of patients will develop post-COVID-syndrome. Autoantibodies (AAbs) targeting neuronal-ß-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors may provide crucial contributions to the pathophysiology of this condition. Immunoadsorption (IA) has been identified as an effective means of removing AAbs and has resulted in clinical improvements of other autoantibody-associated diseases. METHODS We determined AAb-levels (anti-ß1/ß2 and anti-M3/M4 receptor) in 178 patients diagnosed with post-COVID-syndrome and described the clinical courses of two patients with elevated AAb-levels that underwent IA-treatment. RESULTS AAbs were detected in 57% (101/178) of patients diagnosed with post-COVID-syndrome. Substantial reductions in AAb-levels and clinical remission were achieved in one of two patients who was treated with IA. However, this patient relapsed within 6 weeks with a concomitant increase in AAb-levels. CONCLUSION Collectively, AAbs may play a pathophysiologic role in post-COVID and their removal provide transient benefits in some patients. However, these findings should be further investigated in randomized-controlled-trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Giszas
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp A Reuken
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Katzer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Kiehntopf
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics and Integrated Biobank Jena (IBBJ), Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Diana Schmerler
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics and Integrated Biobank Jena (IBBJ), Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Silke Rummler
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Klink
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
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10
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Dean B. Muscarinic M1 and M4 receptor agonists for schizophrenia: promising candidates for the therapeutic arsenal. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:1113-1121. [PMID: 37994870 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2288074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Successful phase 3 trials of KarXT in people with schizophrenia herald a new era of treating the disorder with drugs that do not target the dopamine D2 receptor. The active component of KarXT is xanomeline, a muscarinic (CHRM) M1 and M4 agonist, making muscarinic receptors a viable target for treating schizophrenia. AREAS COVERED This review covers the process of taking drugs that activate the muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors from conceptualization to the clinic and details the mechanisms by which activating the CHRM1 and 4 can affect the broad spectrum of symptoms experienced by people with schizophrenia. EXPERT OPINION Schizophrenia is a syndrome which means drugs that activate muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors, as was the case for antipsychotic drugs acting on the dopamine D2 receptor, will not give optimal outcomes in everyone within the syndrome. Thus, it would be ideal to identify people who are responsive to drugs activating the CHRM1 and 4. Given knowledge of the actions of these receptors, it is possible treatment non-response could be restricted to sub-groups within the syndrome who have deficits in cortical CHRM1 or those with one of the cognitive endophenotypes that may be identifiable by changes in the blood transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dean
- The Synaptic Biology and Cognition Laboratory, The Florey, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Myslivecek J. Muscarinic receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarii. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L91. [PMID: 37405947 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00134.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Myslivecek
- Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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12
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Wierońska JM, Cieślik P, Burnat G, Kalinowski L. Activation of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor (mGlu 2) and Muscarinic Receptors (M 1, M 4, and M 5), Alone or in Combination, and Its Impact on the Acquisition and Retention of Learning in the Morris Water Maze, NMDA Expression and cGMP Synthesis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1064. [PMID: 37509100 PMCID: PMC10377483 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Morris water maze (MWM) is regarded as one of the most popular tests for detecting spatial memory in rodents. Long-term potentiation and cGMP synthesis seem to be among the crucial factors involved in this type of learning. Muscarinic (M1, M4, and M5 receptors) and metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are important targets in the search for antipsychotic drugs with the potency to treat cognitive disabilities associated with the disorder. Here, we show that muscarinic receptor activators (VU0357017, VU0152100, and VU0238429) and an mGlu2 receptor activator, LY487379, dose-dependently prevented the development of cognitive disorders as a result of MK-801 administration in the MWM. The dose-ranges of the compounds were as follows: VU0357017, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg; VU0152100, 0.05, 0.25, and 1 mg/kg; VU0238429, 1, 5, and 20 mg/kg; and LY487379, 0.5, 3, and 5 mg/kg. The co-administration of LY487379 with each of the individual muscarinic receptor ligands showed no synergistic effect, which contradicts the results obtained earlier in the novel object recognition (NOR) test. MWM learning resulted in increased cGMP synthesis, both in the cortex and hippocampi, when compared to that in intact animals, which was prevented by MK-801 administration. The investigated compounds at the highest doses reversed this MK-801-induced effect. Neither the procedure nor the treatment resulted in changes in GluN2B-NMDA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wierońska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Cieślik
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Burnat
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics-Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
- BioTechMed Centre, Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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13
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Yamada S, Mochizuki M, Chimoto J, Futokoro R, Kagota S, Shinozuka K. Development of a pharmacological evidence-based anticholinergic burden scale for medications commonly used in older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2023. [PMID: 37313633 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM The present study aimed to develop a pharmacological evidence-based anticholinergic burden scale (ABS) through a direct assessment of muscarinic receptor-binding activities of 260 medications commonly used in older adults. METHODS The muscarinic receptor-binding activities of 260 drugs were assessed by the displacement of specific [N-methyl-3 H]scopolamine methyl chloride binding in the rat brain. The maximum blood concentrations (Cmax ) of drugs after their administration to subjects were cited from their interview forms. RESULTS In total, 96 of 260 drugs displayed concentration-dependent muscarinic receptor binding in rat brain. Based on muscarinic receptor-binding activity (IC50 ) and Cmax after the administration at clinical doses in humans, we rated ABS 3 (strong) for 33 drugs and ABS 2 (moderate) for 37 drugs. There was an approximate similarity between muscarinic receptor-binding activities (IC50 ) and Cmax of 33 drugs (ABS 3) after their administration at clinical doses in humans. Furthermore, 26 drugs were defined as ABS 1 (weak) by muscarinic receptor-binding activity. The remaining 164 drugs exhibited slight or no significant muscarinic receptor-binding activities at high concentration of 100 μM, and they were defined as ABS 0. There was a marked similarity for 28 drugs (ABS 3) between the present ABS data and their previous scoring data in the literature. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, the present study developed the first comprehensive pharmacological evidence-based ABS of drugs based on muscarinic receptor-binding activity, which provides guidance as to which drugs may be discontinued to reduce anticholinergic burden. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2023; ••: ••-••.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuo Yamada
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masae Mochizuki
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Junko Chimoto
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Risa Futokoro
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Satomi Kagota
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Shinozuka
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
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14
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Cohen-Armon M. Are Voltage Sensors Really Embedded in Muscarinic Receptors? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087538. [PMID: 37108699 PMCID: PMC10142193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Unexpectedly, the affinity of the seven-transmembrane muscarinic acetylcholine receptors for their agonists is modulated by membrane depolarization. Recent reports attribute this characteristic to an embedded charge movement in the muscarinic receptor, acting as a voltage sensor. However, this explanation is inconsistent with the results of experiments measuring acetylcholine binding to muscarinic receptors in brain synaptoneurosomes. According to these results, the gating of the voltage-dependent sodium channel (VDSC) acts as the voltage sensor, generating activation of Go-proteins in response to membrane depolarization, and this modulates the affinity of muscarinic receptors for their cholinergic agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malka Cohen-Armon
- The Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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15
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Traini C, Idrizaj E, Biagioni C, Baccari MC, Vannucchi MG. Otilonium Bromide Prevents Cholinergic Changes in the Distal Colon Induced by Chronic Water Avoidance Stress, a Rat Model of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087440. [PMID: 37108603 PMCID: PMC10139220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable Bowel syndrome (IBS) is a highly widespread gastrointestinal disorder whose symptomatology mainly affect the large intestine. Among the risk factors, psychosocial stress is the most acknowledged. The repeated water avoidance stress (rWAS) is considered an animal model of psychosocial stress that is capable of mimicking IBS. Otilonium bromide (OB), which is orally administered, concentrates in the large bowel and controls most of the IBS symptoms in humans. Several reports have shown that OB has multiple mechanisms of action and cellular targets. We investigated whether the application of rWAS to rats induced morphological and functional alterations of the cholinergic neurotransmission in the distal colon and whether OB prevented them. The results demonstrated that rWAS affects cholinergic neurotransmission by causing an increase in acid mucin secretion, in the amplitude of electrically evoked contractile responses, abolished by atropine, and in the number of myenteric neurons expressing choline acetyltransferase. OB counteracted these changes and also showed an intrinsic antimuscarinic effect on the post-synaptic muscular receptors. We assume that the rWAS consequences on the cholinergic system are linked to corticotrophin-releasing factor-1 (CRF1) receptor activation by the CRF hypothalamic hormone. OB, by interfering with the CFR/CRFr activation, interrupted the cascade events responsible for the changes affecting the rWAS rat colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Traini
- Histology and Embryology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Eglantina Idrizaj
- Section of Physiological Sciences, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Biagioni
- Histology and Embryology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Baccari
- Section of Physiological Sciences, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Giuliana Vannucchi
- Histology and Embryology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
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16
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Alqahtani S, Butcher MC, Ramage G, Dalby MJ, McLean W, Nile CJ. Acetylcholine Receptors in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2023; 32:47-59. [PMID: 36355611 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are well known for their regenerative potential. Even though the ability of MSCs to proliferate and differentiate has been studied extensively, there remains much to learn about the signaling mechanisms and pathways that control proliferation and influence the differentiation phenotype. In recent years, there has been growing evidence for the utility of non-neuronal cholinergic signaling systems and that acetylcholine (ACh) plays an important ubiquitous role in cell-to-cell communication. Indeed, cholinergic signaling is hypothesized to occur in stem cells and ACh synthesis, as well as in ACh receptor (AChR) expression, has been identified in several stem cell populations, including MSCs. Furthermore, AChRs have been found to influence MSC regenerative potential. In humans, there are two major classes of AChRs, muscarinic AChRs and nicotinic AChRs, with each class possessing several subtypes or subunits. In this review, the expression and function of AChRs in different types of MSC are summarized with the aim of highlighting how AChRs play a pivotal role in regulating MSC regenerative function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Alqahtani
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C Butcher
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Ramage
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Dalby
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William McLean
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Nile
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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17
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Szczurowska E, Szánti-Pintér E, Chetverikov N, Randáková A, Kudová E, Jakubík J. Modulation of Muscarinic Signalling in the Central Nervous System by Steroid Hormones and Neurosteroids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010507. [PMID: 36613951 PMCID: PMC9820491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in the central nervous system mediate various functions, including cognition, memory, or reward. Therefore, muscarinic receptors represent potential pharmacological targets for various diseases and conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, addiction, epilepsy, or depression. Muscarinic receptors are allosterically modulated by neurosteroids and steroid hormones at physiologically relevant concentrations. In this review, we focus on the modulation of muscarinic receptors by neurosteroids and steroid hormones in the context of diseases and disorders of the central nervous system. Further, we propose the potential use of neuroactive steroids in the development of pharmacotherapeutics for these diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczurowska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 6, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eszter Szánti-Pintér
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 6, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nikolai Chetverikov
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Randáková
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kudová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 6, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Jan Jakubík
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (J.J.)
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18
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Piovesana R, Reid AJ, Tata AM. Emerging Roles of Cholinergic Receptors in Schwann Cell Development and Plasticity. Biomedicines 2022; 11. [PMID: 36672549 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross talk between neurons and glial cells during development, adulthood, and disease, has been extensively documented. Among the molecules mediating these interactions, neurotransmitters play a relevant role both in myelinating and non-myelinating glial cells, thus resulting as additional candidates regulating the development and physiology of the glial cells. In this review, we summarise the contribution of the main neurotransmitter receptors in the regulation of the morphogenetic events of glial cells, with particular attention paid to the role of acetylcholine receptors in Schwann cell physiology. In particular, the M2 muscarinic receptor influences Schwann cell phenotype and the α7 nicotinic receptor is emerging as influential in the modulation of peripheral nerve regeneration and inflammation. This new evidence significantly improves our knowledge of Schwann cell development and function and may contribute to identifying interesting new targets to support the activity of these cells in pathological conditions.
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19
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El-Akhal J, Oliveira AP, Bencheikh R, Valentão P, Andrade PB, Morato M. Vasorelaxant Mechanism of Herbal Extracts from Mentha suaveolens, Conyza canadensis, Teucrium polium and Salvia verbenaca in the Aorta of Wistar Rats. Molecules 2022; 27. [PMID: 36557886 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mentha suaveolens (MS), Conyza canadensis (CC), Teucrium polium (TP) and Salvia verbenaca (SV) are used in Morocco to treat hypertension. Our aim was to characterize the composition and vasoreactivity of extracts of MS, CC, TP and SV. The chemical compositions of aqueous extracts of MS, SV and TP, and of a hydromethanolic extract of CC, were identified by HPLC-DAD. The vasoreactive effect was tested in rings of the thoracic aorta of female Wistar rats (8-14 weeks-old) pre-contracted with 10 µM noradrenaline, in the absence or presence of L-NAME 100 µM, indomethacin 10 µM or atropine 6 µM, to inhibit nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase or muscarinic receptors, respectively. L-NAME and atropine decreased the vasorelaxant effect caused by low concentrations of MS. Atropine and indomethacin decreased the vasorelaxant effect of low concentrations of SV. High concentrations of MS or SV and the effect of SV and TP were not altered by any antagonist. The activation of muscarinic receptors and NO or the cyclooxygenase pathway underlie the vasorelaxant effect of MS and SV, respectively. Neither of those mechanisms underlines the vasorelaxant effect of CC and TP. These vasorelaxant effect might support the use of herbal teas from these plants as anti-hypertensives in folk medicine.
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20
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Carbone AM, Del Calvo G, Nagliya D, Sharma K, Lymperopoulos A. Autonomic Nervous System Regulation of Epicardial Adipose Tissue: Potential Roles for Regulator of G Protein Signaling-4. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:6093-6103. [PMID: 36547076 PMCID: PMC9776453 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44120415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) or epicardial fat is a visceral fat depot in the heart that contains intrinsic adrenergic and cholinergic nerves, through which it interacts with the cardiac sympathetic (adrenergic) and parasympathetic (cholinergic) nervous systems. These EAT nerves represent a significant source of several adipokines and other bioactive molecules, including norepinephrine, epinephrine, and free fatty acids. The production of these molecules is biologically relevant for the heart, since abnormalities in EAT secretion are implicated in the development of pathological conditions, including coronary atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure. Sympathetic hyperactivity and parasympathetic (cholinergic) derangement are associated with EAT dysfunction, leading to a variety of adverse cardiac conditions, such as heart failure, diastolic dysfunction, atrial fibrillation, etc.; therefore, several studies have focused on exploring the autonomic regulation of EAT as it pertains to heart disease pathogenesis and progression. In addition, Regulator of G protein Signaling (RGS)-4 is a protein with significant regulatory roles in both adrenergic and muscarinic receptor signaling in the heart. In this review, we provide an overview of the autonomic regulation of EAT, with a specific focus on cardiac RGS4 and the potential roles this protein plays in this regulation.
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21
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Cuevas FC, Bastias D, Alanis C, Benitez A, Squicciarini V, Riquelme R, Sessenhausen P, Mayerhofer A, Lara HE. Muscarinic receptors in the rat ovary are involved in follicular development but not in steroid secretion. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15474. [PMID: 36325585 PMCID: PMC9630765 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) may be involved in the regulation of ovarian functions. A previous systemic study in rats showed that a 4-week, intrabursal local delivery of the ACh-esterase blocker Huperzine-A increased intraovarian ACh levels and changed ovarian follicular development, as evidenced by increased healthy antral follicle numbers and corpora lutea, as well as enhanced fertility. To further characterize the ovarian cholinergic system in the rat, we studied whether innervation may contribute to intraovarian ACh. We explored the cellular distribution of three muscarinic receptors (MRs; M1, M3, and M5), analyzed the involvement of MRs in ovarian steroidogenesis, and examined their roles in ovarian follicular development in normal conditions and in animals exposed to stressful conditions by employing the muscarinic antagonist, atropine. Denervation studies decreased ovarian norepinephrine, but ovarian ACh was not affected, evidencing a local, nonneuronal source of ACh. M1 was located on granulosa cells (GCs), especially in large antral follicles. M5 was associated with the ovarian vascular system and only traces of M3 were found. Ex vivo ovary organo-typic incubations showed that the MR agonist Carbachol did not modify steroid production or expression of steroid biosynthetic enzymes. Intrabursal, in vivo application of atropine (an MR antagonist) for 4 weeks, however, increased atresia of the secondary follicles. The results support the existence of an intraovarian cholinergic system in the rat ovary, located mainly in follicular GCs, which is not involved in steroid production but rather via MRs exerts trophic functions and regulates follicular atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda C Cuevas
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Bastias
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Alanis
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Agustin Benitez
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Squicciarini
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raul Riquelme
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pia Sessenhausen
- Biomedical Center, Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Artur Mayerhofer
- Biomedical Center, Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hernan E Lara
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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22
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Szczurowska E, Szánti-Pintér E, Randáková A, Jakubík J, Kudova E. Allosteric Modulation of Muscarinic Receptors by Cholesterol, Neurosteroids and Neuroactive Steroids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13075. [PMID: 36361865 PMCID: PMC9656441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are membrane receptors involved in many physiological processes. Malfunction of muscarinic signaling is a cause of various internal diseases, as well as psychiatric and neurologic conditions. Cholesterol, neurosteroids, neuroactive steroids, and steroid hormones are molecules of steroid origin that, besides having well-known genomic effects, also modulate membrane proteins including muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Here, we review current knowledge on the allosteric modulation of muscarinic receptors by these steroids. We give a perspective on the research on the non-genomic effects of steroidal compounds on muscarinic receptors and drug development, with an aim to ultimately exploit such knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczurowska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 2, Prague 6, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eszter Szánti-Pintér
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 2, Prague 6, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Randáková
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Jakubík
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kudova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 2, Prague 6, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
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23
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Manoim JE, Davidson AM, Weiss S, Hige T, Parnas M. Lateral axonal modulation is required for stimulus-specific olfactory conditioning in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4438-4450.e5. [PMID: 36130601 PMCID: PMC9613607 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Effective and stimulus-specific learning is essential for animals' survival. Two major mechanisms are known to aid stimulus specificity of associative learning. One is accurate stimulus-specific representations in neurons. The second is a limited effective temporal window for the reinforcing signals to induce neuromodulation after sensory stimuli. However, these mechanisms are often imperfect in preventing unspecific associations; different sensory stimuli can be represented by overlapping populations of neurons, and more importantly, the reinforcing signals alone can induce neuromodulation even without coincident sensory-evoked neuronal activity. Here, we report a crucial neuromodulatory mechanism that counteracts both limitations and is thereby essential for stimulus specificity of learning. In Drosophila, olfactory signals are sparsely represented by cholinergic Kenyon cells (KCs), which receive dopaminergic reinforcing input. We find that KCs have numerous axo-axonic connections mediated by the muscarinic type-B receptor (mAChR-B). By using functional imaging and optogenetic approaches, we show that these axo-axonic connections suppress both odor-evoked calcium responses and dopamine-evoked cAMP signals in neighboring KCs. Strikingly, behavior experiments demonstrate that mAChR-B knockdown in KCs impairs olfactory learning by inducing undesired changes to the valence of an odor that was not associated with the reinforcer. Thus, this local neuromodulation acts in concert with sparse sensory representations and global dopaminergic modulation to achieve effective and accurate memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Manoim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Andrew M Davidson
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shirley Weiss
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Toshihide Hige
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Moshe Parnas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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24
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Kousar M, Salma U, Khan T, Shah AJ. Antihypertensive Potential of Tartaric Acid and Exploration of Underlying Mechanistic Pathways. Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258221135728. [PMID: 36311175 PMCID: PMC9597030 DOI: 10.1177/15593258221135728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tartaric acid is capable of balancing blood pressure. It is the main constituent
of antihypertensive agents (grapes and wine) and has not been scientifically
explored as an antihypertensive remedy. This study aimed to investigate the
antihypertensive effect of a low-dose tartaric acid in vivo and
explore underlying mechanisms in vitro. Intravenous
administration of tartaric acid at the dose of 50 µg/kg caused a % fall in mean
arterial pressure (MAP) in normotensive and hypertensive rats [51.5 ± 1.7 and
63.5 ± 2.9% mmHg]. This hypotensive effect was partially inhibited by atropine
(1 mg/kg) and L-NAME (100 µg/kg) pretreatment. In hypertensive rats,
oral administration of tartaric acid (.1, .5, 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg) for 2 weeks
resulted in 65 ± 7.3 mmHg MAP at 10 mg/kg. This antihypertensive effect was
comparable to the orally administered verapamil (10 mg/kg) for 2 weeks which
caused a decrease in MAP 60.4 ± 3.8 mmHg. Tartaric acid relaxed phenylephrine
(PE) and High K+-induced contractions with EC50 values of
.157 (.043-.2) and 1.93 (.07-2) µg/mL in vitro. This
endothelium-dependent relaxation was inhibited with atropine (1 µM) and
L-NAME (10 µM) pretreatment. Tartaric acid also suppressed
phenylephrine contractions in Ca+2 free/EGTA medium and on
voltage-dependent calcium channels, causing the concentration–response curves
toward right. Tartaric acid induced negative inotropic and chronotropic effects
with EC50 values of .26 (.14-.4) and .60 (.2-.8) in rat atria. It
showed its effect by complete blockade against atropine and partially in
propranolol pretreatment. These findings provide scientific basis to low-dose
tartaric acid as an antihypertensive and vasodilatory remedy through muscarinic
receptor-linked nitric oxide (NO) pathway and Ca+2 channel
antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubeen Kousar
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Umme Salma
- Department of Pharmacy, Ibadat
International University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Taous Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Jabbar Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan,Abdul Jabbar Shah, Department of Pharmacy,
COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK-Pakistan,
22010.
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25
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Messikh C, Gauthier M, Armengaud C. Pirenzepine Binding Sites in the Brain of the Honeybee Apis mellifera: Localization and Involvement in Non-Associative Learning. Insects 2022; 13:806. [PMID: 36135508 PMCID: PMC9504565 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) play a central role in learning and memory in mammals as in honeybees. The results obtained in the honeybee Apis mellifera are based on the detrimental effects of the mAChR antagonists, atropine and scopolamine, on olfactory associative memory. Binding sites for the mAChR antagonist BODIPY® FL pirenzepine were localized in the brain of the honeybee forager. Pirenzepine binding sites were detected indifferently in several somata and neuropilar areas. The highest binding site densities were present in the central complex and in somata of the dorsomedial border of the antennal lobes. An additional binding pattern was found in somata of the subesophageal ganglion. By contrast, Kenyon cell (KC) somata were not stained. Pirenzepine (PZ) effects on non-associative learning were evaluated. Treated animals required more trials for the habituation of the proboscis extension reflex (PER) than controls, and the duration of the PER increased after PZ brain injection. These results suggest that the network mediating habituation of the PER involves PZ binding sites that are not necessarily present on the circuitry mediating olfactory conditioning of the PER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaïma Messikh
- Centre de Recherches sur le Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UMR 5174-CNRS, -IRD, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Monique Gauthier
- Centre de Recherches sur le Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UMR 5174-CNRS, -IRD, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Armengaud
- Centre de Recherches sur le Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UMR 5174-CNRS, -IRD, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Université de Toulouse, UMR 5174-CNRS, -IRD, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
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26
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Taggi M, Kovacevic A, Capponi C, Falcinelli M, Cacciamani V, Vicini E, Canipari R, Tata AM. The activation of M2 muscarinic receptor inhibits cell growth and survival in human epithelial ovarian carcinoma. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1440-1453. [PMID: 35775813 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in females. Many ovarian tumor cell lines express muscarinic receptors (mAChRs), and their expression is correlated with reduced survival of patients. We have characterized the expression of mAChRs in two human ovarian carcinoma cell lines (SKOV-3, TOV-21G) and two immortalized ovarian surface epithelium cell lines (iOSE-120, iOSE-398). Among the five subtypes of mAChRs (M1-M5 receptors), we focused our attention on the M2 receptor, which is involved in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Western blot analysis and real-time PCR analyses indicated that the levels of M2 are statistically downregulated in cancer cells. Therefore, we investigated the effect of arecaidine propargyl ester hydrobromide (APE), a preferential M2 agonist, on cell growth and survival. APE treatment decreased cell number in a dose and time-dependent manner by decreasing cell proliferation and increasing cell death. FACS and immunocytochemistry analysis have also demonstrated the ability of APE to accumulate the cells in G2/M phase of the cell cycle and to increase the percentage of abnormal mitosis. The higher level of M2 receptors in the iOSE cells rendered these cells more sensitive to APE treatment than cancer cells. The data here reported suggest that M2 has a negative role in cell growth/survival of ovarian cell lines, and its downregulation may favor tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Taggi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, Section of Histology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andjela Kovacevic
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, Section of Histology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Capponi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, Section of Histology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Falcinelli
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, Section of Histology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Cacciamani
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, Section of Histology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Vicini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, Section of Histology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Canipari
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, Section of Histology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ada Maria Tata
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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27
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Satoh R, Kawakami K, Nakadate K. Effects of Smart Drugs on Cholinergic System and Non-Neuronal Acetylcholine in the Mouse Hippocampus: Histopathological Approach. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123310. [PMID: 35743382 PMCID: PMC9224974 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, people in the United States and other countries have been using smart drugs, called nootropic or cognitive enhancers, to improve concentration and memory learning skills. However, these drugs were originally prescribed for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and dementia, and their efficacy in healthy people has not yet been established. We focused on acetylcholine in the hippocampus, which is responsible for memory learning, and elucidate the long-term effects of smart drugs on the neural circuits. Smart drugs were administered orally in normal young mice for seven weeks. The hippocampus was sectioned and compared histologically by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemistry for acetylcholine, and immunoelectron microscopy. There were no significant changes in acetylcholinesterase staining. However, in HE, we found perivascular edema, and choline acetyltransferase staining showed increased staining throughout the hippocampus and new signal induction in the perivascular area in the CA3, especially in the aniracetam and α-glyceryl phosphoryl choline group. Additionally, new muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signals were observed in the CA1 due to smart drug intake, suggesting that vasodilation might cause neuronal activation by increasing the influx of nutrients and oxygen. Moreover, these results suggest a possible new mechanism of acetylcholine-mediated neural circuit activation by smart drug intake.
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28
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Layunta E, Forcén R, Grasa L. TLR2 and TLR4 Modulate Mouse Ileal Motility by the Interaction with Muscarinic and Nicotinic Receptors. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111791. [PMID: 35681486 PMCID: PMC9180263 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional bowel disorder characterized by intestinal dysmotility. Changes in intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis) can lead to alterations in neuro-muscular functions in the gut. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4 recognize intestinal bacteria and are involved in the motor response induced by gastrointestinal (GI) neurotransmitters. Acetylcholine (ACh) is a well-known neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of GI motility. This study aimed to evaluate the role of TLR2 and TLR4 in the intestinal motor-response induced by ACh in the mouse ileum, as well as the expression and function of the muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors. Muscle contractility studies showed that the contractions induced by ACh were significantly lower in TLR2−/− and TLR4−/− with respect to WT mice. In WT mice, the contractions induced by ACh were reduced in the presence of AF-DX AF-DX 116 (a muscarinic ACh receptor (mAChR) M2 antagonist), 4-DAMP (a mAChR M3 antagonist), mecamylamine (a nicotinic AChR receptor (nAChR) α3β4 antagonist) and α-bungarotoxin (a nAChR α7 antagonist). In TLR2−/− mice, the contractions induced by ACh were increased by AF-DX 116 and mecamylamine. In TLR4−/− mice, the contractions induced by ACh were reduced by α-bungarotoxin and 4-DAMP. The mRNA and protein expressions of M3 and α3 receptors were diminished in the ileum from TLR2−/− and TLR4−/− with respect to WT mice. However, the levels of mRNA and protein of β4 were diminished only in TLR4−/− but not in TLR2−/− mice. In conclusion, our results show that TLR2 and TLR4 modulates the motor responses to ACh in the mouse ileum. TLR2 acts on muscarinic M2 and M3 and nicotinic α3β4 ACh receptors, while TLR4 acts on muscarinic M3 and nicotinic α3β4 and α7 ACh receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Layunta
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Raquel Forcén
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Laura Grasa
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2—(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Perez-Gonzalez AP, Provost F, Rousse I, Piovesana R, Benzina O, Darabid H, Lamoureux B, Wang YS, Arbour D, Robitaille R. Functional adaptation of glial cells at neuromuscular junctions in response to injury. Glia 2022; 70:1605-1629. [PMID: 35474470 PMCID: PMC9543218 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic elements from neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) undergo massive morphological and functional changes upon nerve injury. While morphological changes of NMJ‐associated glia in response to injury has been investigated, their functional properties remain elusive. Perisynaptic Schwann cells (PSCs), glial cells at the NMJ, are essential for NMJ maintenance and repair, and are involved in synaptic efficacy and plasticity. Importantly, these functions are regulated by PSCs ability to detect synaptic transmission through, notably, muscarinic (mAChRs) and purinergic receptors' activation. Using Ca2+ imaging and electrophysiological recordings of synaptic transmission at the mouse NMJ, we investigated PSC receptors activation following denervation and during reinnervation in adults and at denervated NMJs in an ALS mouse model (SOD1G37R). We observed reduced PSCs mAChR‐mediated Ca2+ responses at denervated and reinnervating NMJs. Importantly, PSC phenotypes during denervation and reinnervation were distinct than the one observed during NMJ maturation. At denervated NMJs, exogenous activation of mAChRs greatly diminished galectin‐3 expression, a glial marker of phagocytosis. PSCs Ca2+ responses at reinnervating NMJs did not correlate with the number of innervating axons or process extensions. Interestingly, we observed an extended period of reduced PSC mAChRs activation after the injury (up to 60 days), suggesting a glial memory of injury. PSCs associated with denervated NMJs in an ALS model (SOD1G37R mice) did not show any muscarinic adaptation, a phenotype incompatible with NMJ repair. Understanding functional mechanisms that underlie this glial response to injury may contribute to favor complete NMJ and motor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Perez-Gonzalez
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Provost
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Rousse
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Roberta Piovesana
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ouafa Benzina
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Houssam Darabid
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Benoit Lamoureux
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yu Shi Wang
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Danielle Arbour
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard Robitaille
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l'apprentissage, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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30
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Jonaitis J, MacLeod J, Pulver SR. Localization of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-dependent rhythm-generating modules in the Drosophila larval locomotor network. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:1098-1116. [PMID: 35294308 PMCID: PMC9018013 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00106.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of rhythm generation have been extensively studied in motor systems that control locomotion over terrain in limbed animals; however, much less is known about rhythm generation in soft-bodied terrestrial animals. Here we explored how muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR)-modulated rhythm-generating networks are distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) of soft-bodied Drosophila larvae. We measured fictive motor patterns in isolated CNS preparations, using a combination of Ca2+ imaging and electrophysiology while manipulating mAChR signaling pharmacologically. Bath application of the mAChR agonist oxotremorine potentiated bilaterally asymmetric activity in anterior thoracic regions and promoted bursting in posterior abdominal regions. Application of the mAChR antagonist scopolamine suppressed rhythm generation in these regions and blocked the effects of oxotremorine. Oxotremorine triggered fictive forward crawling in preparations without brain lobes. Oxotremorine also potentiated rhythmic activity in isolated posterior abdominal CNS segments as well as isolated anterior brain and thoracic regions, but it did not induce rhythmic activity in isolated anterior abdominal segments. Bath application of scopolamine to reduced preparations lowered baseline Ca2+ levels and abolished rhythmic activity. Overall, these results suggest that mAChR signaling plays a role in enabling rhythm generation at multiple sites in the larval CNS. This work furthers our understanding of motor control in soft-bodied locomotion and provides a foundation for study of rhythm-generating networks in an emerging genetically tractable locomotor system.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using a combination of pharmacology, electrophysiology, and Ca2+ imaging, we find that signaling through mACh receptors plays a critical role in rhythmogenesis in different regions of the Drosophila larval CNS. mAChR-dependent rhythm generators reside in distal regions of the larval CNS and provide functional substrates for central pattern-generating networks (CPGs) underlying headsweep behavior and forward locomotion. This provides new insights into locomotor CPG operation in soft-bodied animals that navigate over terrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Jonaitis
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - James MacLeod
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan R Pulver
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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31
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Martinelli I, Tayebati SK, Roy P, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Moruzzi M, Cifani C, Amenta F, Tomassoni D. Obesity-Related Brain Cholinergic System Impairment in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:1243. [PMID: 35334899 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A link between obesity and cerebral health is receiving growing recognition. Here, we investigate in the frontal cortex and hippocampus the potential involvement of cholinergic markers in brain alterations previously reported in rats with obesity induced by diet (DIO) after long-term exposure (17 weeks) to a high-fat diet (HFD) in comparison with animals fed with a standard diet (CHOW). The obesity developed after 5 weeks of HFD. Bodyweight, systolic blood pressure, glycemia, and insulin levels were increased in DIO rats compared to the CHOW group. Measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA) provided lipid peroxidation in HFD-fed rats. Western blot and immunohistochemical techniques were performed. Our results showed a higher expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in obese rats but not the VAChT expression in the frontal cortex after 17 weeks of HFD. Furthermore, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme was downregulated in HFD both in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. In the brain regions analyzed, it was reported a modulation of certain cholinergic receptors expressed pre- and post-synaptically (alpha7 nicotinic receptor and muscarinic receptor subtype 1). Collectively, these findings point out precise changes of cholinergic markers that can be targeted to prevent cerebral injuries related to obesity.
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32
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Tsolias A, Medalla M. Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Localization on Distinct Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons Within the ACC and LPFC of the Rhesus Monkey. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 15:795325. [PMID: 35087381 PMCID: PMC8786743 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.795325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) can act on pre- and post-synaptic muscarinic receptors (mAChR) in the cortex to influence a myriad of cognitive processes. Two functionally-distinct regions of the prefrontal cortex-the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)-are differentially innervated by ascending cholinergic pathways yet, the nature and organization of prefrontal-cholinergic circuitry in primates are not well understood. Using multi-channel immunohistochemical labeling and high-resolution microscopy, we found regional and laminar differences in the subcellular localization and the densities of excitatory and inhibitory subpopulations expressing m1 and m2 muscarinic receptors, the two predominant cortical mAChR subtypes, in the supragranular layers of LPFC and ACC in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The subset of m1+/m2+ expressing SMI-32+ pyramidal neurons labeled in layer 3 (L3) was denser in LPFC than in ACC, while m1+/m2+ SMI-32+ neurons co-expressing the calcium-binding protein, calbindin (CB) was greater in ACC. Further, we found between-area differences in laminar m1+ dendritic expression, and m2+ presynaptic localization on cortico-cortical (VGLUT1+) and sub-cortical inputs (VGLUT2+), suggesting differential cholinergic modulation of top-down vs. bottom-up inputs in the two areas. While almost all inhibitory interneurons-identified by their expression of parvalbumin (PV+), CB+, and calretinin (CR+)-expressed m1+, the localization of m2+ differed by subtype and area. The ACC exhibited a greater proportion of m2+ inhibitory neurons compared to the LPFC and had a greater density of presynaptic m2+ localized on inhibitory (VGAT+) inputs targeting proximal somatodendritic compartments and axon initial segments of L3 pyramidal neurons. These data suggest a greater capacity for m2+-mediated cholinergic suppression of inhibition in the ACC compared to the LPFC. The anatomical localization of muscarinic receptors on ACC and LPFC micro-circuits shown here contributes to our understanding of diverse cholinergic neuromodulation of functionally-distinct prefrontal areas involved in goal-directed behavior, and how these interactions maybe disrupted in neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tsolias
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Maria Medalla
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33
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Bartolone SN, Sharma P, Chancellor MB, Lamb LE. Urinary Incontinence and Alzheimer's Disease: Insights From Patients and Preclinical Models. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:777819. [PMID: 34975457 PMCID: PMC8718555 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.777819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease effects a large percentage of elderly dementia patients and is diagnosed on the basis of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) present in the brain. Urinary incontinence (UI) is often found in the elderly populations and multiple studies have shown that it is more common in Alzheimer's disease patients than those with normal cognitive function. However, the link between increased UI and Alzheimer's disease is still unclear. Amyloid plaques and NFTs present in micturition centers of the brain could cause a loss of signal to the bladder, resulting in the inability to properly void. Additionally, as Alzheimer's disease progresses, patients become less likely to recognize the need or understand the appropriate time and place to void. There are several treatments for UI targeting the muscarinic and β3 adrenergic receptors, which are present in the bladder and the brain. While these treatments may aid in UI, they often have effects on the brain with cognitive impairment side-effects. Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors are often used in treatment of Alzheimer's disease and directly oppose effects of anti-muscarinics used for UI, making UI management in Alzheimer's disease patients difficult. There are currently over 200 pre-clinical models of Alzheimer's disease, however, little research has been done on voiding disfunction in these models. There is preliminary data suggesting these models have similar voiding behavior to Alzheimer's disease patients but much more research is needed to understand the link between UI and Alzheimer's disease and discover better treatment options for managing both simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Bartolone
- Department of Urology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, United States
| | - Prasun Sharma
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester Hills, MI, United States
| | - Michael B Chancellor
- Department of Urology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, United States.,Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester Hills, MI, United States
| | - Laura E Lamb
- Department of Urology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, United States.,Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester Hills, MI, United States
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34
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Ward SM. Postjunctional M2 Muscarinic Receptors Augment Neurally Mediated Cholinergic Contractions of Murine Airway Smooth Muscle. Function (Oxf) 2021; 3:zqab067. [PMID: 35028567 PMCID: PMC8742910 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
Social species form organizations that support individuals because the consequent social behaviors help these organisms survive. The isolation of these individuals may be a stressor. We reviewed the potential mechanisms of the effects of social isolation on cholinergic signaling and vice versa how changes in cholinergic signaling affect changes due to social isolation.There are two important problems regarding this topic. First, isolation schemes differ in their duration (1–165 days) and initiation (immediately after birth to adulthood). Second, there is an important problem that is generally not considered when studying the role of the cholinergic system in neurobehavioral correlates: muscarinic and nicotinic receptor subtypes do not differ sufficiently in their affinity for orthosteric site agonists and antagonists. Some potential cholinesterase inhibitors also affect other targets, such as receptors or other neurotransmitter systems. Therefore, the role of the cholinergic system in social isolation should be carefully considered, and multiple receptor systems may be involved in the central nervous system response, although some subtypes are involved in specific functions. To determine the role of a specific receptor subtype, the presence of a specific subtype in the central nervous system should be determined using search in knockout studies with the careful application of specific agonists/antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Myslivecek
- Institute of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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36
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Schledwitz A, Sundel MH, Alizadeh M, Hu S, Xie G, Raufman JP. Differential Actions of Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes in Gastric, Pancreatic, and Colon Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313153. [PMID: 34884958 PMCID: PMC8658119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers arising from gastrointestinal epithelial cells are common, aggressive, and difficult to treat. Progress in this area resulted from recognizing that the biological behavior of these cancers is highly dependent on bioactive molecules released by neurocrine, paracrine, and autocrine mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment. For many decades after its discovery as a neurotransmitter, acetylcholine was thought to be synthesized and released uniquely from neurons and considered the sole physiological ligand for muscarinic receptor subtypes, which were believed to have similar or redundant actions. In the intervening years, we learned this former dogma is not tenable. (1) Acetylcholine is not produced and released only by neurons. The cellular machinery required to synthesize and release acetylcholine is present in immune, cancer, and other cells, as well as in lower organisms (e.g., bacteria) that inhabit the gut. (2) Acetylcholine is not the sole physiological activator of muscarinic receptors. For example, selected bile acids can modulate muscarinic receptor function. (3) Muscarinic receptor subtypes anticipated to have overlapping functions based on similar G protein coupling and downstream signaling may have unexpectedly diverse actions. Here, we review the relevant research findings supporting these conclusions and discuss how the complexity of muscarinic receptor biology impacts health and disease, focusing on their role in the initiation and progression of gastric, pancreatic, and colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Schledwitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.S.); (M.A.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
| | - Margaret H. Sundel
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Madeline Alizadeh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.S.); (M.A.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
- The Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Shien Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.S.); (M.A.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
- VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Guofeng Xie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.S.); (M.A.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
- VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Raufman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.S.); (M.A.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
- VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-328-8728
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Tolaymat M, Sundel MH, Alizadeh M, Xie G, Raufman JP. Potential Role for Combined Subtype-Selective Targeting of M 1 and M 3 Muscarinic Receptors in Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:786105. [PMID: 34803723 PMCID: PMC8600121 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.786105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite structural similarity, the five subtypes comprising the cholinergic muscarinic family of G protein-coupled receptors regulate remarkably diverse biological functions. This mini review focuses on the closely related and commonly co-expressed M1R and M3R muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes encoded respectively by CHRM1 and CHRM3. Activated M1R and M3R signal via Gq and downstream initiate phospholipid turnover, changes in cell calcium levels, and activation of protein kinases that alter gene transcription and ultimately cell function. The unexpectedly divergent effects of M1R and M3R activation, despite similar receptor structure, distribution, and signaling, are puzzling. To explore this conundrum, we focus on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and liver because abundant data identify opposing effects of M1R and M3R activation on the progression of gastric, pancreatic, and colon cancer, and liver injury and fibrosis. Whereas M3R activation promotes GI neoplasia, M1R activation appears protective. In contrast, in murine liver injury models, M3R activation promotes and M1R activation mitigates liver fibrosis. We analyze these findings critically, consider their therapeutic implications, and review the pharmacology and availability for research and therapeutics of M1R and M3R-selective agonists and antagonists. We conclude by considering gaps in knowledge and other factors that hinder the application of these drugs and the development of new agents to treat GI and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Tolaymat
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Margaret H Sundel
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Madeline Alizadeh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Guofeng Xie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jean-Pierre Raufman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Reale M, Carrarini C, Russo M, Dono F, Ferri L, Pietro MD, Costantini E, Porreca A, Nicola MD, Onofrj M, Bonanni L. Muscarinic Receptors Expression in the Peripheral Blood Cells Differentiate Dementia with Lewy Bodies from Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:323-330. [PMID: 34806612 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system disruption of cholinergic (ACh) signaling, which plays a major role in cognitive processes, is well documented in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The expression of muscarinic ACh receptors type 1 and 4 (CHRM1 and CHRM4) has been reported to be altered in the brain of DLB patients. OBJECTIVE We aim to assess the peripheral gene expression of CHRM1 and 4 in DLB as a possible marker as compared to AD and healthy control (HC) subjects. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from 21 DLB, 13 AD, and 8 HC matched subjects. RT-PCR was performed to estimate gene expression of CHRM1 and CHRM4. RESULTS Peripheral CHRM1 expression was higher and CHRM4 was lower in DLB and AD compared to HC, whereas both CHRM1 and CHRM4 levels were higher in AD compared to DLB patients. Receiver operating characteristics curves, with logistic regression analysis, showed that combining peripheral CHRM1 and CHRM4 levels, DLB and AD subjects were classified with an accuracy of 76.0%. CONCLUSION Alterations of peripheral CHRM1 and CHRM4 was found in both AD and DLB patients as compared to HC. CHRM1 and CHRM4 gene expression resulted to be lower in DLB patients compared to AD. In the future, peripheral CHRM expression could be studied as a possible marker of neurodegenerative conditions associated with cholinergic deficit and a possible marker of response to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Reale
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudia Carrarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mirella Russo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Fedele Dono
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Ferri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Martina Di Pietro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Erica Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Annamaria Porreca
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marta Di Nicola
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Bonanni
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Antequera D, Moneo D, Carrero L, Bartolome F, Ferrer I, Proctor G, Carro E. Salivary Lactoferrin Expression in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:749468. [PMID: 34659251 PMCID: PMC8514982 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.749468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, microbial infection and innate immune theories have been proposed as an alternative approach explaining the etiopathogenesis and origin of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Lactoferrin, one of the main antimicrobial proteins in saliva, is an important modulator of immune response and inflammation, and represents an important defensive element by inducing a broad spectrum of antimicrobial effects against microbial infections. We demonstrated that lactoferrin levels in saliva are decreased in prodromal and dementia stages of AD compared with healthy subjects. That finding seems to be specific to cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) load as such observation was not observed in healthy elderly controls or those subjects with frontotemporal dementia. In the present study, we analysed salivary lactoferrin levels in a mouse model of AD. We observed robust and early reduction of lactoferrin levels in saliva from 6- and 12-month-old APP/PS1 mice. Because saliva is secreted by salivary glands, we presume that deregulation in salivary glands resulting in reduced salivary lactoferrin levels may occur in AD. To test this hypothesis, we collected submandibular glands from APP/PS1 mice, as well as submandibular gland tissue from AD patients and we analysed the expression levels of key components of the salivary protein signalling pathway. A significant reduction in M3 receptor levels was found along with decreased acetylcholine (Ach) levels in submandibular glands from APP/PS1 mice. Similarly, a reduction in M3 receptor levels was observed in human submandibular glands from AD patients but in that case, the Ach levels were found increased. Our data suggest that the ACh-mediated M3 signalling pathway is impaired in salivary glands in AD, resulting in salivary gland dysfunction and reduced salivary lactoferrin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Antequera
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Alzheimer's Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Madrid, Spain.,Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Moneo
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Carrero
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Alzheimer's Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Madrid, Spain.,Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Bartolome
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Alzheimer's Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Madrid, Spain.,Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Alzheimer's Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Madrid, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gordon Proctor
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Carro
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Alzheimer's Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Madrid, Spain.,Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
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Randáková A, Nelic D, Hochmalová M, Zimčík P, Mulenga MJ, Boulos J, Jakubík J. Fusion with Promiscuous Gα 16 Subunit Reveals Signaling Bias at Muscarinic Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10089. [PMID: 34576254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex evaluation of agonist bias at G-protein coupled receptors at the level of G-protein classes and isoforms including non-preferential ones is essential for advanced agonist screening and drug development. Molecular crosstalk in downstream signaling and a lack of sufficiently sensitive and selective methods to study direct coupling with G-protein of interest complicates this analysis. We performed binding and functional analysis of 11 structurally different agonists on prepared fusion proteins of individual subtypes of muscarinic receptors and non-canonical promiscuous α-subunit of G16 protein to study agonist bias. We have demonstrated that fusion of muscarinic receptors with Gα16 limits access of other competitive Gα subunits to the receptor, and thus enables us to study activation of Gα16 mediated pathway more specifically. Our data demonstrated agonist-specific activation of G16 pathway among individual subtypes of muscarinic receptors and revealed signaling bias of oxotremorine towards Gα16 pathway at the M2 receptor and at the same time impaired Gα16 signaling of iperoxo at M5 receptors. Our data have shown that fusion proteins of muscarinic receptors with α-subunit of G-proteins can serve as a suitable tool for studying agonist bias, especially at non-preferential pathways.
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Oleksak P, Novotny M, Patocka J, Nepovimova E, Hort J, Pavlik J, Klimova B, Valis M, Kuca K. Neuropharmacology of Cevimeline and Muscarinic Drugs—Focus on Cognition and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8908. [PMID: 34445613 PMCID: PMC8396258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementias cannot be cured. Therefore, scientists all over the world are trying to find a new approach to prolong an active life of patients with initial dementia. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological pathways are investigated to improve the key symptom of the disease, memory loss. In this respect, influencing the neuromodulator acetylcholine via muscarinic receptors, such as cevimeline, might be one of the therapeutic alternatives. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential of cevimeline on the cognitive functions of AD patients. The methodology is based on a systematic literature review of available studies found in Web of Science, PubMed, Springer, and Scopus on the research topic. The findings indicate that cevimeline has shown an improvement in experimentally induced cognitive deficits in animal models. Furthermore, it has demonstrated to positively influence tau pathology and reduce the levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in the cerebral spinal fluid of Alzheimer’s patients. Although this drug has not been approved by the FDA for its use among AD patients and there is a lack of clinical studies confirming and extending this finding, cevimeline might represent a breakthrough in the treatment of AD.
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Cieślik P, Radulska A, Burnat G, Kalinowski L, Wierońska JM. Serotonergic-Muscarinic Interaction within the Prefrontal Cortex as a Novel Target to Reverse Schizophrenia-Related Cognitive Symptoms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8612. [PMID: 34445318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies revealed that the activation of serotonergic 5-HT1A and muscarinic M1, M4, or M5 receptors prevent MK-801-induced cognitive impairments in animal models. In the present study, the effectiveness of the simultaneous activation of 5-HT1A and muscarinic receptors at preventing MK-801-induced cognitive deficits in novel object recognition (NOR) or Y-maze tests was investigated. Activators of 5-HT1A (F15599), M1 (VU0357017), M4 (VU0152100), or M5 (VU0238429) receptors administered at top doses for seven days reversed MK-801-induced deficits in the NOR test, similar to the simultaneous administration of subeffective doses of F15599 (0.05 mg/kg) with VU0357017 (0.15 mg/kg), VU0152100 (0.05 mg/kg), or VU0238429 (1 mg/kg). The compounds did not prevent the MK-801-induced impairment when administered acutely. Their activity was less evident in the Y-maze. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed high brain penetration of F15599 (brain/plasma ratio 620%), which was detected in the frontal cortex (FC) up to 2 h after administration. Decreases in the brain penetration properties of the compounds were observed after acute administration of the combinations, which might have influenced behavioral responses. This negative effect on brain penetration was not observed when the compounds were administered repeatedly. Based on our results, prolonged administration of a 5-HT1A activator with muscarinic receptor ligands may be effective at reversing cognitive decline related to schizophrenia, and the FC may play a critical role in this interaction.
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Cilleros-Mañé V, Just-Borràs L, Polishchuk A, Durán M, Tomàs M, Garcia N, Tomàs JM, Lanuza MA. M 1 and M 2 mAChRs activate PDK1 and regulate PKC βI and ε and the exocytotic apparatus at the NMJ. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21724. [PMID: 34133802 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002213r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) regulate cholinergic exocytosis through the M1 and M2 muscarinic acetylcholine autoreceptors (mAChR), involving the crosstalk between receptors and downstream pathways. Protein kinase C (PKC) regulates neurotransmission but how it associates with the mAChRs remains unknown. Here, we investigate whether mAChRs recruit the classical PKCβI and the novel PKCε isoforms and modulate their priming by PDK1, translocation and activity on neurosecretion targets. We show that each M1 and M2 mAChR activates the master kinase PDK1 and promotes a particular priming of the presynaptic PKCβI and ε isoforms. M1 recruits both primed-PKCs to the membrane and promotes Munc18-1, SNAP-25, and MARCKS phosphorylation. In contrast, M2 downregulates PKCε through a PKA-dependent pathway, which inhibits Munc18-1 synthesis and PKC phosphorylation. In summary, our results discover a co-dependent balance between muscarinic autoreceptors which orchestrates the presynaptic PKC and their action on ACh release SNARE-SM mechanism. Altogether, this molecular signaling explains previous functional studies at the NMJ and guide toward potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cilleros-Mañé
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - L Just-Borràs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - A Polishchuk
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - M Durán
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - M Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - N Garcia
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - J M Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - M A Lanuza
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHNEUROB), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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Okimoto R, Ino K, Ishizu K, Takamatsu H, Sakamoto K, Yuyama H, Fuji H, Someya A, Ohtake A, Ishigami T, Masuda N, Takeda M, Kajioka S, Yoshimura N. Potentiation of muscarinic M3 receptor activation through a new allosteric site with a nove l positive allosteric modulator ASP8302. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 379:64-73. [PMID: 34244231 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic M3 (M3) receptors mediate a wide range of acetylcholine (ACh)-induced functions, including visceral smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretion. Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) can avoid various side effects of muscarinic agonists with their spatiotemporal receptor activation control and potentially better subtype selectivity. However, the mechanism of allosteric modulation of M3 receptors is not fully understood, presumably due to the lack of a potent and selective PAM. In this study, we investigated the pharmacological profile of ASP8302, a novel PAM of M3 receptors, and explored the principal site of amino acid sequences in the human M3 receptor required for the potentiation of receptor activation. In cells expressing human M3 and M5 receptors, ASP8302 shifted the concentration-response curve (CRC) for carbachol to the lower concentrations with no significant effects on other subtypes. In a binding study with M3 receptor-expressing membrane, ASP8302 also shifted the CRC for ACh without affecting the binding of orthosteric agonists. Similar shifts in the CRC of contractions by multiple stimulants were also confirmed in isolated human bladder strips. Mutagenesis analysis indicated no interaction between ASP8302 and previously reported allosteric sites; however, identified threonine 230 as the amino acid essential for the PAM effect of ASP8302. These results demonstrate that ASP8302 enhances the activation of human M3 receptors by interacting with a single amino acid distinct from the reported allosteric sites. Our findings suggest not only a novel allosteric site of M3 receptors but also the potential application of ASP8302 to diseases caused by insufficient M3 receptor activation. Significance Statement The significance of this study is that the novel M3 receptor positive allosteric modulator ASP8302 enhances the activation of human M3 receptor by interacting with a residue distinct from the reported allosteric sites. The finding of Thr230 as a novel amino acid involved in the allosteric modulation of M3 receptors provides significant insight into further research of the mechanism of allosteric modulation of M3 and other muscarinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Okimoto
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kazuyuki Sakamoto
- Research Program Management Office, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shunichi Kajioka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Naoki Yoshimura
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, United States
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Mohan S, Tiwari MN, Stanojević M, Biala Y, Yaari Y. Muscarinic regulation of the neuronal Na + /K + -ATPase in rat hippocampus. J Physiol 2021; 599:3735-3754. [PMID: 34148230 DOI: 10.1113/jp281460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Stimulation of postsynaptic muscarinic receptors was shown to excite principal hippocampal neurons by modulating several membrane ion conductances. We show here that activation of postsynaptic muscarinic receptors also causes neuronal excitation by inhibiting Na+ /K+ -ATPase activity. Muscarinic Na+ /K+ -ATPase inhibition is mediated by two separate signalling pathways that lead downstream to enhanced Na+ /K+ -ATPase phosphorylation by activating protein kinase C and protein kinase G. Muscarinic excitation through Na+ /K+ -ATPase inhibition is probably involved in cholinergic modulation of hippocampal activity and may turn out to be a widespread mechanism of neuronal excitation in the brain. ABSTRACT Stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors on principal hippocampal neurons enhances intrinsic neuronal excitability by modulating several membrane ion conductances. The electrogenic Na+ /K+ -ATPase (NKA; the 'Na+ pump') is a ubiquitous regulator of intrinsic neuronal excitability, generating a hyperpolarizing current to thwart excessive neuronal firing. Using electrophysiological and pharmacological methodologies in rat hippocampal slices, we show that neuronal NKA pumping activity is also subjected to cholinergic regulation. Stimulation of postsynaptic muscarinic, but not nicotinic, cholinergic receptors activates membrane-bound phospholipase C and hydrolysis of membrane-integral phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate into diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3 ). Along one signalling pathway, DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC). Along a second signalling pathway, IP3 causes Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, facilitating nitric oxide (NO) production. The rise in NO levels stimulates cGMP synthesis by guanylate-cyclase, activating protein kinase G (PKG). The two pathways converge to cause partial NKA inhibition through enzyme phosphorylation by PKC and PKG, leading to a marked increase in intrinsic neuronal excitability. This novel mechanism of neuronal NKA regulation probably contributes to the cholinergic modulation of hippocampal activity in spatial navigation, learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh Mohan
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Manindra Nath Tiwari
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Marija Stanojević
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Yoav Biala
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Yoel Yaari
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
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McDonald AJ, Mott DD. Neuronal localization of m1 muscarinic receptor immunoreactivity in the monkey basolateral amygdala. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:2450-2463. [PMID: 33410202 PMCID: PMC8113068 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The basolateral nuclear complex (BNC) of the amygdala plays an important role in the generation of emotional/motivational behavior and the consolidation of emotional memories. Activation of M1 cholinergic receptors (M1Rs) in the BNC is critical for memory consolidation. Previous receptor binding studies in the monkey amygdala demonstrated that the BNC has a high density of M1Rs, but did not have sufficient resolution to identify which neurons in the BNC expressed them. This was accomplished in the present immunohistochemical investigation using an antibody for the m1 receptor (m1R). Analysis of m1Rs in the monkey BNC using immunoperoxidase techniques revealed that their expression was very dense in the BNC, and suggested that virtually all of the pyramidal projection neurons (PNs) in all of the BNC nuclei were m1R-immunoreactive (m1R+). This was confirmed with dual-labeling immunofluorescence using staining for calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK) as a marker for BNC PNs. However, additional dual-labeling studies indicated that one-third of inhibitory interneurons (INs) expressing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) were also m1R+. Moreover, the finding that 60% of parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactive neurons were m1R+ indicated that this IN subpopulation was the main GAD+ subpopulation exhibiting m1R expression. The cholinergic innervation of the amygdala is greatly reduced in Alzheimer's disease and there is currently considerable interest in developing selective M1R positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) to treat the symptoms. The results of the present study indicate that M1Rs in both PNs and INs in the primate BNC would be targeted by M1R PAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Joseph McDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - David D Mott
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Wysocka A, Palasz E, Steczkowska M, Niewiadomska G. Dangerous Liaisons: Tau Interaction with Muscarinic Receptors. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 17:224-237. [PMID: 32329686 PMCID: PMC7509759 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200424134311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The molecular processes underlying neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's Disease - AD) remain poorly understood. There is also an imperative need for disease-modifying therapies in AD since the present treatments, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA antagonists, do not halt its progression. AD and other dementias present unique pathological features such as that of microtubule associated protein tau metabolic regulation. Tau has numerous binding partners, including signaling molecules, cytoskeletal elements and lipids, which suggests that it is a multifunctional protein. AD has also been associated with severe loss of cholinergic markers in the brain and such loss may be due to the toxic interaction of tau with cholinergic muscarinic receptors. By using specific antagonists of muscarinic receptors it was found in vitro that extracellular tau binds to M1 and M3 receptors and which the increase of intracellular calcium found in neuronal cells upon tau-binding. However, so far, the significance of tau signaling through muscarinic receptor in vivo in tauopathic models remains uncertain. The data reviewed in the present paper highlight the significant effect of M1 receptor/tau interaction in exacerbating tauopathy related pathological features and suggest that selective M1 agonists may serve as a prototype for future therapeutic development toward modification of currently intractable neurodegenerative diseases, such as tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Wysocka
- Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Palasz
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Steczkowska
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Niewiadomska
- Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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de Souza MDGC, Cyrino FZGA, Sicuro FL, Bouskela E. Effects of Ruscus extract on muscarinic receptors: Is there a role for endothelium derived relaxing factors on macromolecular permeability protection and microvascular diameter changes? Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2021; 77:443-459. [PMID: 33459701 DOI: 10.3233/ch-201019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protective effects of Ruscus extract on macromolecular permeability depend on its capacity to stimulate muscarinic receptors on endothelial cells and induce the release of endothelium derived relaxing factors (EDRFs). OBJECTIVE To investigate if these effects depend only on activation of muscarinic receptors or if EDRFs release are also necessary. We have also investigated the participation of Ruscus extract on muscarinic-induced release of EDRFs on microvascular diameters. METHODS Hamsters were treated daily during two weeks with Ruscus extract (50, 150 and 450 mg/kg/day) and then macromolecular permeability induced by histamine and arteriolar and venular diameters after cyclooxygenase (COX) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors: indomethacin and Nω-Nitro-L-arginine (LNA), respectively applied topically at 10-8M, 10-6M and 10-4M were observed on the cheek pouch preparation. RESULTS Ruscus extract decreased macromolecular permeability in a dose-dependent fashion and did not affect microvascular diameters. NOS and COX inhibitors enhanced its effect on microvascular permeability. NOS inhibition reduced arteriolar diameter and COX blocking decreased arteriolar and venular diameters at the lowest dose and increased them at higher doses of Ruscus extract. CONCLUSION The protective effect of Ruscus extract on macromolecular permeability seems to be mediated only via muscarinic receptors. Muscarinic activation attenuated vasoconstrictive tone through cyclooxygenase-independent endothelium derived relaxing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria das Graças C de Souza
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas e Experimentais em Biologia Vascular, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fatima Z G A Cyrino
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas e Experimentais em Biologia Vascular, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando L Sicuro
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas e Experimentais em Biologia Vascular, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliete Bouskela
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas e Experimentais em Biologia Vascular, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Colloby SJ, Nathan PJ, Bakker G, Lawson RA, Yarnall AJ, Burn DJ, O'Brien JT, Taylor JP. Spatial Covariance of Cholinergic Muscarinic M 1 /M 4 Receptors in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1879-1888. [PMID: 33973693 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with cholinergic dysfunction, although the role of M1 and M4 receptors remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate spatial covariance patterns of cholinergic muscarinic M1 /M4 receptors in PD and their relationship with cognition and motor symptoms. METHODS Some 19 PD and 24 older adult controls underwent 123 I-iodo-quinuclidinyl-benzilate (QNB) (M1 /M4 receptor) and 99m Tc-exametazime (perfusion) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanning. We implemented voxel principal components analysis, producing a series of images representing patterns of intercorrelated voxels across individuals. Linear regression analyses derived specific M1 /M4 spatial covariance patterns associated with PD. RESULTS A cholinergic M1 /M4 pattern that converged onto key hubs of the default, auditory-visual, salience, and sensorimotor networks fully discriminated PD patients from controls (F1,41 = 135.4, P < 0.001). In PD, we derived M1 /M4 patterns that correlated with global cognition (r = -0.62, P = 0.008) and motor severity (r = 0.53, P = 0.02). Both patterns emerged with a shared topography implicating the basal forebrain as well as visual, frontal executive, and salience circuits. Further, we found a M1 /M4 pattern that predicted global cognitive decline (r = 0.46, P = 0.04) comprising relative decreased binding within default and frontal executive networks. CONCLUSIONS Cholinergic muscarinic M1 /M4 modulation within key brain networks were apparent in PD. Cognition and motor severity were associated with a similar topography, inferring both phenotypes possibly rely on related cholinergic mechanisms. Relative decreased M1 /M4 binding within default and frontal executive networks could be an indicator of future cognitive decline. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Colloby
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Pradeep J Nathan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herschel Smith Building for Brain & Mind Sciences, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Geor Bakker
- Experimental Medicine, Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael A Lawson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alison J Yarnall
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David J Burn
- Population Health Science Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herschel Smith Building for Brain & Mind Sciences, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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50
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Smart K, Naganawa M, Baldassarri SR, Nabulsi N, Ropchan J, Najafzadeh S, Gao H, Navarro A, Barth V, Esterlis I, Cosgrove KP, Huang Y, Carson RE, Hillmer AT. PET Imaging Estimates of Regional Acetylcholine Concentration Variation in Living Human Brain. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:2787-2798. [PMID: 33442731 PMCID: PMC8355478 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) has distinct functional roles in striatum compared with cortex, and imbalance between these systems may contribute to neuropsychiatric disease. Preclinical studies indicate markedly higher ACh concentrations in the striatum. The goal of this work was to leverage positron emission tomography (PET) imaging estimates of drug occupancy at cholinergic receptors to explore ACh variation across the human brain, because these measures can be influenced by competition with endogenous neurotransmitter. PET scans were analyzed from healthy human volunteers (n = 4) and nonhuman primates (n = 2) scanned with the M1-selective radiotracer [11C]LSN3172176 in the presence of muscarinic antagonist scopolamine, and human volunteers (n = 10) scanned with the α4β2* nicotinic ligand (-)-[18F]flubatine during nicotine challenge. In all cases, occupancy estimates within striatal regions were consistently lower (M1/scopolamine human scans, 31 ± 3.4% occupancy in striatum, 43 ± 2.9% in extrastriatal regions, p = 0.0094; nonhuman primate scans, 42 ± 26% vs. 69 ± 28%, p < 0.0001; α4β2*/nicotine scans, 67 ± 15% vs. 74 ± 16%, p = 0.0065), indicating higher striatal ACh concentration. Subject-level measures of these concentration differences were estimated, and whole-brain images of regional ACh concentration gradients were generated. These results constitute the first in vivo estimates of regional variation in ACh concentration in the living brain and offer a novel experimental method to assess potential ACh imbalances in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Smart
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mika Naganawa
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Stephen R Baldassarri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Hong Gao
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | | | - Irina Esterlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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