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Thomson C, Boss K, Calhoun A, Fridrich C, Gardinier KM, Hall EC, Jendza K, Kirman L, Labbé-Giguere N, Laumen K, Qian M, Sanyal S, Shultz MD, Snajdrova R, Tan K, Wang KY, Yang F, Gao F, Hong T, Dale E, Kuzmiski B, Ortuno D, Palacios DS. Transaminases Provide Key Chiral Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Selective M1/M4 Agonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1692-1699. [PMID: 38116445 PMCID: PMC10726473 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a chiral route toward the synthesis of muscarinic M4 agonists that was enabled by the biocatalytic synthesis of the key spirocyclic diamine building blocks 10 and 12. Using these bifunctional compounds we were able to optimize a synthetic sequence toward a collection of advanced intermediates for further elaboration. These advanced intermediates were then used as starting points for early medicinal chemistry and the identification of selective M1/M4 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher
G. Thomson
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kelly Boss
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Amy Calhoun
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Cary Fridrich
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kevin M. Gardinier
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Edward C. Hall
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Keith Jendza
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Louise Kirman
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nancy Labbé-Giguere
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kurt Laumen
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Ming Qian
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sanjit Sanyal
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael D. Shultz
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Kian Tan
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kate Yaping Wang
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Fan Yang
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Feng Gao
- Chemical
& Analytical Development, Suzhou, Novartis
Technical Development, Co., Ltd., Changshu, Jiangsu 215537, P. R. China
| | - Tao Hong
- Chemical
& Analytical Development, Suzhou, Novartis
Technical Development, Co., Ltd., Changshu, Jiangsu 215537, P. R. China
| | - Elena Dale
- Neuroscience
Disease Area, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Brent Kuzmiski
- Neuroscience
Disease Area, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Danny Ortuno
- Neuroscience
Disease Area, Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daniel S. Palacios
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Biomedical
Research, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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2
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Palacios DS. Drug Hunting at the Nexus of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Discovery of Novel Therapeutic Modalities. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13594-13613. [PMID: 36206538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules designed to modulate protein function have been remarkably successful in advancing human health. As the frontiers of medicine and understanding of disease pathogenesis continue to expand, small molecule scientists must also pursue the development of novel therapeutic modalities beyond functional protein modulation to address diseases of unmet medical need. In this vein, this Perspective will highlight two emerging modalities, selective mRNA splice modulation and targeted protein degradation, as mechanisms that affect protein abundance, rather than protein function, to broaden the scope of low-molecular-weight treatable diseases. Key to the elucidation and development of these mechanisms was the interplay and contemporaneous efforts in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. Continued research at the intersection of these two fields will be critical for the identification of novel targets and mechanisms toward the development of the next generation of small molecule therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Palacios
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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3
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Neef J, Palacios DS. Progress in mechanistically novel treatments for schizophrenia. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1459-1475. [PMID: 34671731 PMCID: PMC8459322 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently available pharmacological treatments for schizophrenia derive their activity mainly by directly modulating the D2 receptor. This mode of action can alleviate the positive symptoms of schizophrenia but do not address the negative or cognitive symptoms of the disease and carry a heavy side effect burden that leads to high levels of patient non-compliance. Novel mechanisms to treat the positive symptoms of schizophrenia with improved tolerability, as well as medicines to treat negative and cognitive symptoms are urgently required. Recent efforts to identify small molecules for schizophrenia with non-D2 mechanisms will be highlighted, with a focus on those that have reached clinical development. Finally, the potential for disease modifying treatments for schizophrenia will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Neef
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc 22 Windsor St Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Daniel S Palacios
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc 22 Windsor St Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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4
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Canham SM, Wang Y, Cornett A, Auld DS, Baeschlin DK, Patoor M, Skaanderup PR, Honda A, Llamas L, Wendel G, Mapa FA, Aspesi P, Labbé-Giguère N, Gamber GG, Palacios DS, Schuffenhauer A, Deng Z, Nigsch F, Frederiksen M, Bushell SM, Rothman D, Jain RK, Hemmerle H, Briner K, Porter JA, Tallarico JA, Jenkins JL. Systematic Chemogenetic Library Assembly. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1124-1129. [PMID: 32707038 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemogenetic libraries, collections of well-defined chemical probes, provide tremendous value to biomedical research but require substantial effort to ensure diversity as well as quality of the contents. We have assembled a chemogenetic library by data mining and crowdsourcing institutional expertise. We are sharing our approach, lessons learned, and disclosing our current collection of 4,185 compounds with their primary annotated gene targets (https://github.com/Novartis/MoaBox). This physical collection is regularly updated and used broadly both within Novartis and in collaboration with external partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Canham
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Yuan Wang
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Allen Cornett
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Douglas S Auld
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Daniel K Baeschlin
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Forum 1 Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maude Patoor
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Forum 1 Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philip R Skaanderup
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Forum 1 Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ayako Honda
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Luis Llamas
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Greg Wendel
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Felipa A Mapa
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Peter Aspesi
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nancy Labbé-Giguère
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gabriel G Gamber
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel S Palacios
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ansgar Schuffenhauer
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Forum 1 Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhan Deng
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Florian Nigsch
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Forum 1 Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Frederiksen
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Forum 1 Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Bushell
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Deborah Rothman
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rishi K Jain
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Horst Hemmerle
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Karin Briner
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeffery A Porter
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John A Tallarico
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeremy L Jenkins
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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5
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Palacios DS, Meredith EL, Kawanami T, Adams CM, Chen X, Darsigny V, Palermo M, Baird D, George EL, Guy C, Hewett J, Tierney L, Thigale S, Wang L, Weihofen WA. Scaffold Morphing Identifies 3-Pyridyl Azetidine Ureas as Inhibitors of Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1524-1529. [PMID: 31749905 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecules that inhibit the metabolic enzyme NAMPT have emerged as potential therapeutics in oncology. As part of our effort in this area, we took a scaffold morphing approach and identified 3-pyridyl azetidine ureas as a potent NAMPT inhibiting motif. We explored the SAR of this series, including 5 and 6 amino pyridines, using a convergent synthetic strategy. This lead optimization campaign yielded multiple compounds with excellent in vitro potency and good ADME properties that culminated in compound 27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Palacios
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Erik L. Meredith
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Toshio Kawanami
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher M. Adams
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xin Chen
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Veronique Darsigny
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mark Palermo
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daniel Baird
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Elizabeth L. George
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chantale Guy
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey Hewett
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Laryssa Tierney
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sachin Thigale
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Louis Wang
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wilhelm A. Weihofen
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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6
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Palacios DS, Meredith E, Kawanami T, Adams C, Chen X, Darsigny V, Geno E, Palermo M, Baird D, Boynton G, Busby SA, George EL, Guy C, Hewett J, Tierney L, Thigale S, Weihofen W, Wang L, White N, Yin M, Argikar UA. Structure based design of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibitors from a phenotypic screen. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:365-370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Palacios DS, Anderson TM, Burke MD. A post-PKS oxidation of the amphotericin B skeleton predicted to be critical for channel formation is not required for potent antifungal activity. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:13804-5. [PMID: 17956100 DOI: 10.1021/ja075739o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Palacios
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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