1
|
Yokota S, Hashimoto T, Matsuzaki Y, Ikeda S, Kawashima R. Right amygdala and caudate activation patterns predict implicit attitudes toward people with autism spectrum disorders and physical disabilities, respectively. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 23:1610-1619. [PMID: 37726589 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Attitudes toward people with disabilities tend to be negative, regardless of the visibility of the disorder traits. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience stigmatization that is rooted in negative attitudes or prejudice toward them because of their social awkwardness. The neural underpinnings of attitudes toward people with disabilities remain unclear. In this study, we focused on implicit attitudes toward people with ASD and physical disabilities, which are more visible than ASD, and investigated whether implicit attitudes were predicted by using neural activity with multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) in the prejudice network. Thirty-six, right-handed, Japanese, university students without disabilities participated. Two implicit association tests (IAT) toward people with ASD and physical disabilities revealed negative implicit attitudes. In the MRI scanner, participants performed a one-back task by using the same picture sets of IATs to examine their neural responses toward people with ASD and physical disabilities. According to the MVPA results, activation patterns of the right amygdala and right caudate significantly predicted implicit attitudes toward people with ASD and physical disabilities, respectively. These results suggest that implicit attitudes toward ASD and physical disabilities can be predicted by using neural signals from different regions within the prejudice network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Yokota
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Teruo Hashimoto
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, IDAC, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsuzaki
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, IDAC, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Ikeda
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0027, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, IDAC, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Carollo A, Rigo P, Bizzego A, Lee A, Setoh P, Esposito G. Exposure to Multicultural Context Affects Neural Response to Out-Group Faces: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4030. [PMID: 37112371 PMCID: PMC10145470 DOI: 10.3390/s23084030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent migration and globalization trends have led to the emergence of ethnically, religiously, and linguistically diverse countries. Understanding the unfolding of social dynamics in multicultural contexts becomes a matter of common interest to promote national harmony and social cohesion among groups. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study aimed to (i) explore the neural signature of the in-group bias in the multicultural context; and (ii) assess the relationship between the brain activity and people's system-justifying ideologies. A sample of 43 (22 females) Chinese Singaporeans (M = 23.36; SD = 1.41) was recruited. All participants completed the Right Wing Authoritarianism Scale and Social Dominance Orientation Scale to assess their system-justifying ideologies. Subsequently, four types of visual stimuli were presented in an fMRI task: Chinese (in-group), Indian (typical out-group), Arabic (non-typical out-group), and Caucasian (non-typical out-group) faces. The right middle occipital gyrus and the right postcentral gyrus showed enhanced activity when participants were exposed to in-group (Chinese) rather than out-group (Arabic, Indian, and Caucasian) faces. Regions having a role in mentalization, empathetic resonance, and social cognition showed enhanced activity to Chinese (in-group) rather than Indian (typical out-group) faces. Similarly, regions typically involved in socioemotional and reward-related processing showed increased activation when participants were shown Chinese (in-group) rather than Arabic (non-typical out-group) faces. The neural activations in the right postcentral gyrus for in-group rather than out-group faces and in the right caudate in response to Chinese rather than Arabic faces were in a significant positive correlation with participants' Right Wing Authoritarianism scores (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the activity in the right middle occipital gyrus for Chinese rather than out-group faces was in a significant negative correlation with participants' Social Dominance Orientation scores (p < 0.05). Results are discussed by considering the typical role played by the activated brain regions in socioemotional processes as well as the role of familiarity to out-group faces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Carollo
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (A.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Paola Rigo
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Andrea Bizzego
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (A.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Albert Lee
- Psychology Program, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore; (A.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Peipei Setoh
- Psychology Program, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore; (A.L.); (P.S.)
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (A.C.); (A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Neoh MJY, Bizzego A, Teng JH, Gabrieli G, Esposito G. Neural Processing of Sexist Comments: Associations between Perceptions of Sexism and Prefrontal Activity. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040529. [PMID: 37190494 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexism is a widespread form of gender discrimination which includes remarks based on gender stereotypes. However, little is known about the neural basis underlying the experience of sexist-related comments and how perceptions of sexism are related to these neural processes. The present study investigated whether perceptions of sexism influence neural processing of receiving sexist-related comments. Participants (N = 67) read experimental vignettes describing scenarios of comments involving gender stereotypes while near-infrared spectroscopy recordings were made to measure the hemodynamic changes in the prefrontal cortex. Results found a significant correlation between participants' perceptions of sexism and brain activation in a brain cluster including the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus. There was a significant gender difference where female participants showed a stronger negative correlation compared to male participants. Future research can expand on these initial findings by looking at subcortical structures involved in emotional processing and gender stereotype application as well as examining cultural differences in perceptions of gender stereotypes and sexism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Jin Yee Neoh
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore
| | - Andrea Bizzego
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Jia Hui Teng
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore
| | - Giulio Gabrieli
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Italian Institute of Technology, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rösler IK, Amodio DM. Neural Basis of Prejudice and Prejudice Reduction. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:1200-1208. [PMID: 36402739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Social prejudices, based on race, ethnicity, gender, or other identities, pervade how we perceive, think about, and act toward others. Research on the neural basis of prejudice seeks to illuminate its effects by investigating the neurocognitive processes through which prejudice is formed, represented in the mind, expressed in behavior, and potentially reduced. In this article, we review current knowledge about the social neuroscience of prejudice regarding its influence on rapid social perception, representation in memory, emotional expression and relation to empathy, and regulation, and we discuss implications of this work for prejudice reduction interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inga K Rösler
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ficco L, Müller VI, Kaufmann JM, Schweinberger SR. Socio‐cognitive, expertise‐based and appearance‐based accounts of the other‐‘race’ effect in face perception: A label‐based systematic review of neuroimaging results. Br J Psychol 2022; 114 Suppl 1:45-69. [DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ficco
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience Friedrich Schiller University Jena Germany
- Department of Linguistics and Cultural Evolution International Max Planck Research School for the Science of Human History Jena Germany
| | - Veronika I. Müller
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience und Medicine (INM‐7) Research Centre Jülich Jülich Germany
| | - Jürgen M. Kaufmann
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience Friedrich Schiller University Jena Germany
| | - Stefan R. Schweinberger
- Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience Friedrich Schiller University Jena Germany
- Department of Linguistics and Cultural Evolution International Max Planck Research School for the Science of Human History Jena Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schneider P, Wójcik GM, Kawiak A, Kwasniewicz L, Wierzbicki A. Modeling and Comparing Brain Processes in Message and Earned Source Credibility Evaluation. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:808382. [PMID: 35601908 PMCID: PMC9121397 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.808382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how humans evaluate credibility is an important scientific question in the era of fake news. Source credibility is among the most important aspects of credibility evaluations. One of the most direct ways to understand source credibility is to use measurements of brain activity of humans who make credibility evaluations. This article reports the results of an experiment during which we have measured brain activity during credibility evaluation using EEG. In the experiment, participants had to learn source credibility of fictitious students based on a preparatory stage, during which they evaluated message credibility with perfect knowledge. The experiment allowed for identification of brain areas that were active when a participant made positive or negative source credibility evaluations. Based on experimental data, we modeled and predicted human source credibility evaluations using EEG brain activity measurements with F1 score exceeding 0.7 (using 10-fold cross-validation). We are also able to model and predict message credibility evaluations with perfect knowledge, and to compare both models obtained from a single experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Schneider
- Department of Neuroinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Computer Science, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz M. Wójcik
- Department of Neuroinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Computer Science, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
- *Correspondence: Grzegorz M. Wójcik
| | - Andrzej Kawiak
- Department of Neuroinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Computer Science, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Lukasz Kwasniewicz
- Department of Neuroinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Computer Science, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Adam Wierzbicki
- Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ng DX, Lin PKF, Marsh NV, Chan KQ, Ramsay JE. Associations Between Openness Facets, Prejudice, and Tolerance: A Scoping Review With Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2021; 12:707652. [PMID: 34650474 PMCID: PMC8506218 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.707652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The personality factor of openness to experience, which encompasses curiosity, imagination, and a desire for new experiences, has been associated negatively with prejudice and positively with the closely related value of tolerance. While these relationships have been reviewed at the factor level, there has been no review of research at the lower facet level. This review aims to uncover the relationships between the facets of openness and the constructs of prejudice and tolerance. We conducted a preregistered scoping review with meta-analysis following the recommended guidelines from Joanna Briggs Institute. A total of 2,349 articles were reviewed, with 16 primary research articles (or 17 studies) meeting the criteria for inclusion. Aggregated effect sizes via random-effect meta-analysis revealed that all revised neuroticism-extraversion-openness personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) and international personality item pool (IPIP)-based facets of openness significantly predicted prejudice and tolerance. Out of the three measures [i.e., NEO-PI-R, IPIP-NEO, and honesty-humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience personality inventory (HEXACO-PI), and the facets of openness examined], the NEO-PI-R facet of value was most strongly associated with prejudice. In contrast, the NEO-PI-R facet of aesthetics was the facet most strongly associated with tolerance. However, these results should be treated as preliminary in light of the small number of meta-analyzed studies and more primary research studies are needed to confirm the trends found in this review. This review represents the first step in the systematic investigation of the link between the facets of openness and components of prejudice and tolerance and contributes toward explaining prejudice and tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. X. Ng
- School of Social and Health Sciences, James Cook University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lantos D, Molenberghs P. The neuroscience of intergroup threat and violence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:77-87. [PMID: 34534553 PMCID: PMC9620594 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic led to a global increase in hate crimes and xenophobia. In these uncertain times, real or imaginary threats can easily lead to intergroup conflict. Here, we integrate social neuroscience findings with classic social psychology theories into a framework to better understand how intergroup threat can lead to violence. The role of moral disengagement, dehumanization, and intergroup schadenfreude in this process are discussed, together with their underlying neural mechanisms. We outline how this framework can inform social scientists and policy makers to help reduce the escalation of intergroup conflict and promote intergroup cooperation. The critical role of the media and public figures in these unprecedented times is highlighted as an important factor to achieve these goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorottya Lantos
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
An I, Choi TK, Bang M, Lee SH. White Matter Correlates of Hostility and Aggression in the Visuospatial Function Network in Patients With Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:734488. [PMID: 34690840 PMCID: PMC8529184 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.734488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Violent acts in patients with schizophrenia are often associated with their hostility and aggression levels. Poor visuospatial processing has been suggested as a possible risk factor of violence in schizophrenia. However, studies investigating the relationship between hostility, aggression, and the visuospatial function have been lacking. Here, we aimed to investigate brain dysconnectivity associated with hostility and aggression in schizophrenia, particularly focusing on the visuospatial function network. Methods: Eighty-eight participants with schizophrenia and 42 healthy controls were enrolled. The visuospatial function network regions of interest were analyzed using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics. The hostility item from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), aggressive, and agitated behavior item from the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), and the Rey Complex Figure Test (R-CFT) were measured. Results: Among the participants with schizophrenia, the SAPS aggressive and agitated behavior scores were significantly correlated with fractional anisotropies (FAs) of the white matter regions in the splenium of the corpus callosum (CC), left posterior thalamic radiations (PTR), and left posterior corona radiata (PCR). Exploratory correlational analysis revealed significant negative correlations between FAs of the splenium of the CC and R-CFT copy and immediate recall scores. In addition, three regions including CC, PTR, and PCR that significantly correlated with the aggression scores showed significant correlations with the total PANSS scores. Conclusion: Our main finding suggests that aggression of patients with schizophrenia may be associated with poor visuospatial ability and underlying white matter dysconnectivity. These may help enhance understanding aggression in patients with schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iseul An
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Tai Kiu Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea.,Clinical Counseling Psychology Graduate School, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Minji Bang
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The social neuroscience approach to prejudice investigates the psychology of intergroup bias by integrating models and methods of neuroscience with the social psychology of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. Here, we review major contemporary lines of inquiry, including current accounts of group-based categorization; formation and updating of prejudice and stereotypes; effects of prejudice on perception, emotion, and decision making; and the self-regulation of prejudice. In each section, we discuss key social neuroscience findings, consider interpretational challenges and connections with the behavioral literature, and highlight how they advance psychological theories of prejudice. We conclude by discussing the next-generation questions that will continue to guide the social neuroscience approach toward addressing major societal issues of prejudice and discrimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; .,Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mina Cikara
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bagnis A, Celeghin A, Diano M, Mendez CA, Spadaro G, Mosso CO, Avenanti A, Tamietto M. Functional neuroanatomy of racial categorization from visual perception: A meta-analytic study. Neuroimage 2020; 217:116939. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
|
12
|
Dissociating automatic associations: Comparing two implicit measurements of race bias. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 50:876-888. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
13
|
Nugiel T, Beer JS. How Does Motivation Modulate the Operation of the Mentalizing Network in Person Evaluation? J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 32:664-673. [PMID: 31702428 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The mentalizing network is theorized to play a central role in making sense of people (compared with nonsocial targets), but is its involvement affected when we make sense of people in a nondispassionate manner (e.g., favoritism toward others on the basis of group membership)? First, mixed findings and small samples have prevented strong conclusions about whether intergroup evaluation increases or decreases activation regions associated with the mentalizing network. Second, little is known about the psychological mechanism underlying mentalizing network activation shaped by ingroup versus outgroup evaluations. Psychological models suggest two hypotheses that can be challenging to disentangle with self-report: Ingroup trait evaluations may benefit from a priori expectations and/or preferential evidence accumulation. Therefore, the current study (n = 50) drew on a combination of drift diffusion modeling and fMRI to examine how group membership affects the engagement of the mentalizing network for trait evaluation and whether group-differentiated activation is associated with a priori expectations and/or preferential evidence accumulation. Outgroup trait evaluations engaged dorsomedial pFC activation, whereas ingroup trait evaluations engaged ventromedial pFC activation as well as other regions associated with mentalizing such as precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, and right TPJ. Furthermore, the ventromedial pFC and posterior cingulate cortex activation was associated with differential expectations applied to ingroup trait evaluation. The current findings demonstrate the importance of combining motivational factors, computational modeling, and fMRI to deepen our understanding of the neural basis of person evaluation.
Collapse
|
14
|
Hoyo Á, Rueda MR, Rodríguez-Bailón R. Children's Individual Differences in Executive Function and Theory of Mind in Relation to Prejudice Toward Social Minorities. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2293. [PMID: 31681092 PMCID: PMC6797813 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive function (EF) and theory of mind (ToM) are key cognitive skills for socio-emotional adjustment. Executive function develops considerably between 3 and 7 years of age, and fosters the development of social cognition skills such as ToM. Studies with adults have shown a link between EF and prejudice, as well as between empathy and prejudice. Moreover, the relationship between EF, cognitive and affective ToM and prejudice has barely been studied in children. In this study, we aimed at examining the relationship between individual differences in EF, cognitive and affective ToM and prejudice toward the Romany ethnic minority. We expected a positive association between EF and ToM skills, and a negative association between EF and prejudice. We also predicted a negative association between ToM and prejudice. A total of 86 preschool (5-6 years old, N = 43) and third-grade (8-9 years old, N = 43) children participated in the study. Results showed a negative relationship between EF and prejudice, as well as between affective ToM and prejudice, after controlling for intelligence. Moreover, we found that EF significantly predicted prejudice. Exploratory correlational analyses suggested age-related differences in the EF skills underlying prejudice regulation. These findings suggest a distinctive contribution of cognitive and affective components of ToM to prejudice, and highlight the central role of EF in social behavior regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Hoyo
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M. Rosario Rueda
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa Rodríguez-Bailón
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bagnis A, Celeghin A, Mosso CO, Tamietto M. Toward an integrative science of social vision in intergroup bias. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 102:318-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
16
|
Hughes C, Babbitt LG, Krendl AC. Culture Impacts the Neural Response to Perceiving Outgroups Among Black and White Faces. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:143. [PMID: 31118892 PMCID: PMC6504693 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Outgroup members (e.g., individuals whose racial identity differs from perceivers') are stigmatized in Eastern and Western cultures. However, it remains an open question how specific cultural influences affect stigmatization. In this study, we assessed whether cultural learning (i.e., social information acquired from the people in one's environment) associated with Chinese individuals' relocation to the United States differentiated the response to multiple outgroups. Two types of cultural learning predict diverging responses to outgroups - awareness of stereotypes about different racial outgroups is associated with increased negative affect and cognitive control toward the stereotyped outgroup. Conversely, intergroup contact attenuates those responses, and does so to a greater extent for individuals from Western cultures. As Chinese-Americans would have had more opportunities to have contact with both White and Black individuals (relative to the Chinese participants), we explored their responses to outgroups as well. Because the neural regions associated with stereotyping and intergroup contact have been well-characterized, we used neuroimaging to disentangle these possibilities. Eighteen White American, 18 Chinese-American, and 17 Chinese participants - who had relocated to the United States less than 1 year prior - viewed images of Black and White individuals while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants also completed measures of awareness of cultural stereotypes in the United States about Black and White individuals, implicit bias, and experiences with White and Black individuals. Behaviorally, White American and Chinese-American participants had more intergroup contact with either race than did Chinese participants, but there was no effect of participant group on stereotype knowledge or implicit bias. When viewing faces of White (as compared to Black) individuals while undergoing fMRI, White American (relative to Chinese) participants had attenuated activation in regions of the brain associated with cognitive control, including the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Chinese-Americans' neural response to either race did not differ from White American or Chinese participants. Taken together, outgroup biases seemed to emerge in a culturally-dependent way based on variability in intergroup contact, but not necessarily awareness of stereotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Hughes
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Laura G Babbitt
- Department of Economics at Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Anne C Krendl
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Scary symptoms? Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for symptom interpretation bias in pathological health anxiety. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:195-207. [PMID: 28803349 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with pathological health anxiety (PHA) tend to automatically interpret bodily sensations as sign of a severe illness. To elucidate the neural correlates of this cognitive bias, we applied an functional magnetic resonance imaging adaption of a body-symptom implicit association test with symptom words in patients with PHA (n = 32) in comparison to patients with depression (n = 29) and healthy participants (n = 35). On the behavioral level, patients with PHA did not significantly differ from the control groups. However, on the neural-level patients with PHA in comparison to the control groups showed hyperactivation independent of condition in bilateral amygdala, right parietal lobe, and left nucleus accumbens. Moreover, patients with PHA, again in comparison to the control groups, showed hyperactivation in bilateral posterior parietal cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during incongruent (i.e., harmless) versus congruent (i.e., dangerous) categorizations of body symptoms. Thus, body-symptom cues seem to trigger hyperactivity in salience and emotion processing brain regions in PHA. In addition, hyperactivity in brain regions involved in cognitive control and conflict resolution during incongruent categorization emphasizes enhanced neural effort to cope with negative implicit associations to body-symptom-related information in PHA. These results suggest increased neural responding in key structures for the processing of both emotional and cognitive aspects of body-symptom information in PHA, reflecting potential neural correlates of a negative somatic symptom interpretation bias.
Collapse
|
18
|
Delplanque J, Heleven E, Van Overwalle F. Neural representations of Groups and Stereotypes using fMRI repetition suppression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3190. [PMID: 30816252 PMCID: PMC6395704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39859-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Categorizing people in groups and associating them with stereotypical behavior is an integral part of human social understanding and interaction. This study investigates where knowledge on social groups and their stereotypes is represented in the brain. We presented participants with two sentences describing a group member (e.g. the police officer) performing a behavior believed to be stereotypical of the group (e.g. makes an arrest, i.e. authoritative), and asked them to rate the degree to which the behavior was typical of the group. Our critical manipulation was the repetition of this information across the two sentences: Either both the group and the stereotype implied by the behavior was repeated, only the group was repeated, only the stereotype implied by the behavior, or neither. Results showed robust suppression of hemodynamic activation from the first to second sentence in the medial prefrontal cortex in response to the repetition of the stereotype implied in the behavior, but only when groups were different. This finding suggests that the neural representation of stereotypes is located in this area, and this is in line with similar repetition suppression research showing trait representation in this area. A suppression effect for the repetition of groups was observed in the posterior cingulate cortex, regardless of whether stereotypes were repeated or not. This finding suggests that the neural representation of groups is located in this area. Because this location is unexpected, we discuss several suggestions for future research to confirm this finding.
Collapse
|
19
|
Quan F, Zhu W, Dong Y, Qiu J, Gong X, Xiao M, Zheng Y, Zhao Y, Chen X, Xia LX. Brain structure links trait hostile attribution bias and attitudes toward violence. Neuropsychologia 2019; 125:42-50. [PMID: 30703379 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The majority of research regarding hostile attribution bias focuses on its effect on aggression. However, little is known about the brain structure associated with trait hostile attribution bias and the mediating mechanism underlying this link. The current study uses voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to identify the brain regions related to individual differences in trait hostile attribution bias, measured by a Word Sentence Association Paradigm - Hostility in a sample of 176 undergraduate students. Subsequently, two mediation models with regard to brain structure, trait hostile attribution bias, and attitudes toward violence (measured by the Attitudes toward Violence Scale) were analyzed. The results reveal that trait hostile attribution bias is positively correlated with gray matter volume (GMV) in the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and negatively associated with the left lingual gyrus (LG). Furthermore, attitudes toward violence acted as a mediator underlying the association between the left OFC volume and trait hostile attribution bias. Such bias also mediated the relationship between the left OFC and attitudes toward violence. We argue that attitudes toward violence and trait hostile attribution bias seem to predict each other, and the GMV in the left OFC may involve the underlying cognitive mechanism of the bidirectional relationship between the two variables. These results and ideas may shed light on the current understanding of the relationships of the brain's anatomical features, attitudes toward violence, and trait hostile attribution bias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangying Quan
- Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, China; Faculty of Education, Guangxi Normal University, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), China
| | - Wenfeng Zhu
- Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, China; Laboratory Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), China.
| | - Xinyu Gong
- Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), China
| | - Mingyue Xiao
- Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), China
| | - Yufang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), China
| | - Ling-Xiang Xia
- Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), China; Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, China; Laboratory Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
The social neuroscience of race-based and status-based prejudice. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 24:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
21
|
Rigney AE, Koski JE, Beer JS. The functional role of ventral anterior cingulate cortex in social evaluation: disentangling valence from subjectively rewarding opportunities. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:14-21. [PMID: 29126210 PMCID: PMC5755235 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite robust associations between the ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) and social evaluation, the role of vACC in social evaluation remains poorly understood. Two hypotheses have emerged from existing research: detection of positive valence and detection of opportunities for subjective reward. It has been difficult to understand whether one or both hypotheses are supported because previous research conflated positive valence with subjective reward. Therefore, the current functional magnetic resonance imaging study drew on a social evaluation paradigm that disentangled positive valence and subjective reward. Participants evaluated in-group and out-group politicians in a social evaluation paradigm that crossed trait valence with opportunity for subjectively rewarding affirmation (i.e. a chance to affirm positive traits about in-group politicians and affirm negative traits about out-group politicians). Participants rated in-group politicians more positively and out-group politicians more negatively. One subregion of vACC was modulated by positive valence and another relatively posterior region of vACC was modulated by opportunity for subjective reward (i.e. a politician × valence interaction). The current findings demonstrate the importance of incorporating vACC function into models of social cognition and provide new avenues for sharpening our understanding of the psychological significance of vACC function in social evaluation and related domains such as reward and affect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia E Rigney
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1043, USA
| | - Jessica E Koski
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1043, USA
| | - Jennifer S Beer
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1043, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ramos-Oliveira D, Santos de Oliveira F. Contributions of Social Neuroscience in the Study of Schadenfreude, Social Cognition and Emotion Intergroup: Integrative Review. UNIVERSITAS PSYCHOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.11144/javeriana.upsy17-4.cnse] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present article is a bibliographic research on the integrative literature review mode, on social neuroscience, social cognition and Schadenfreude in intergroup relations. The objective was to identify an understanding of how social neuroscience could contribute and offer new insights into the Social Cognition (eg: stereotypes, prejudice, social comparison), the Schadenfreude and neural process in social interactions. From the criteria of location and selection, 28 articles published in the databases PubMed, Web of Science and SCIELO between 2006 and 2015 were retrieved, using keywords: Schadenfreude and Social Cognition, Schadenfreude and Brain, Schadenfreude and Neural, Schadenfreude and Neuro, Schadenfreude and Intergroup relation. Generally, such articles are descriptive and qualitative, and they developed mostly with the samples that showed no pathology or disease in samples. A link it showed between the Schadenfreude and the neural interface, as well as social cognition and neuronal relationship with the aim of understanding how interact in a social context. It is perceived from the approach on the subject a better understanding of social behavior in real life through neurocognitive mechanisms offering evidence in the relationship between Schadenfreude, social neuroscience and social cognition.
Collapse
|
23
|
Rivers AM, Hahn A. What Cognitive Mechanisms Do People Reflect on When They Predict IAT Scores? PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2018; 45:878-892. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167218799307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that individuals can prospectively predict biases they will show on the implicit-association test (IAT). The present study uses the Quadruple process model to analyze data from Hahn, Judd, Hirsh, and Blair to investigate which cognitive mechanisms people reflect on when predicting their racial bias scores on the IAT. The Quadruple process model reveals that a combination of activated associations and self-regulatory control best explains what participants report when they predict their biases on the IAT. Furthermore, it appears to be specifically the total activation of positive attitudes toward Whites and negative attitudes toward minorities rather than negative attitudes toward minorities alone, that participants use to make their predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Rivers
- University of California, Davis, USA
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Meisel SN, Read JP, Mullin S, Shyhalla K, Colder CR, Eiden RD, Hawk LW, Wieczorek WF. Changes in implicit alcohol attitudes across adolescence, and associations with emerging alcohol use: Testing the reciprocal determinism hypothesis. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2018; 32:738-748. [PMID: 30284877 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Implicit alcohol-related cognitions develop during adolescence and are thought to play an important role in the etiology of adolescent alcohol use. Rooted in reciprocal determinism, a developmental theory of alcohol-related cognitions, the current study sought to enhance our understanding of the development of automatic alcohol associations and their relationship with alcohol use. To provide a theoretically aligned test of reciprocal determinism, we used latent change score models to examine whether growth in automatic alcohol associations and alcohol use was related to each other (between-person effects) and whether each construct led to changes in the other over time (within-person effects). Adolescents (N = 378) completed 4 annual assessments, spanning early to middle adolescence. Automatic alcohol associations were assessed with a Single Category Implicit Association Test, and we used a quadruple processing tree model to extract a more "process pure" index of these associations. Alcohol use increased from early to middle adolescence, as negative automatic alcohol associations weakened over that same time period. Although there was no support for between-person associations, on the within-person level, weak negative automatic alcohol associations at Waves 2 and 3 were associated with increases in drinking at subsequent waves. Alcohol use did not significantly predict changes in automatic alcohol associations. Findings suggest the utility of distinguishing within- and between-person associations to understand the development of automatic alcohol associations and that automatic alcohol associations are prospectively associated with alcohol use and a potential target for intervention, one that becomes an increasingly salient influence on drinking as adolescence progresses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
25
|
Mattan BD, Kubota JT, Li T, Dang TP, Cloutier J. Motivation Modulates Brain Networks in Response to Faces Varying in Race and Status: A Multivariate Approach. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO.0039-18.2018. [PMID: 30225341 PMCID: PMC6140103 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0039-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous behavioral and neuroimaging work indicates that individuals who are externally motivated to respond without racial prejudice tend not to spontaneously regulate their prejudice and prefer to focus on nonracial attributes when evaluating others. This fMRI multivariate analysis used partial least squares analysis to examine the distributed neural processing of race and a relevant but ostensibly nonracial attribute (i.e., socioeconomic status) as a function of the perceiver's external motivation. Sixty-one white male participants (Homo sapiens) privately formed impressions of black and white male faces ascribed with high or low status. Across all conditions, greater external motivation was associated with reduced coactivation of brain regions believed to support emotion regulation (rostral anterior cingulate cortex), introspection (middle cingulate), and social cognition (temporal pole, medial prefrontal cortex). The reduced involvement of this network irrespective of target race and status suggests that external motivation is related to the participant's overall approach to impression formation in an interracial context. The findings highlight the importance of examining network coactivation in understanding the role of external motivation in impression formation, among other interracial social processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D. Mattan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Jennifer T. Kubota
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
- Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Tianyi Li
- College of Business Administration, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Tzipporah P. Dang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Jasmin Cloutier
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Calanchini J, Rivers AM, Klauer KC, Sherman JW. Multinomial processing trees as theoretical bridges between cognitive and social psychology. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
27
|
Domínguez D JF, van Nunspeet F, Gupta A, Eres R, Louis WR, Decety J, Molenberghs P. Lateral orbitofrontal cortex activity is modulated by group membership in situations of justified and unjustified violence. Soc Neurosci 2017; 13:739-755. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2017.1392342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Domínguez D
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Félice van Nunspeet
- Social, Health, and Organizational Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ayushi Gupta
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert Eres
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Jean Decety
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pascal Molenberghs
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Mier D, Witthöft M, Bailer J, Ofer J, Kerstner T, Rist F, Diener C. Cough Is Dangerous: Neural Correlates of Implicit Body Symptoms Associations. Front Psychol 2016; 7:247. [PMID: 26973558 PMCID: PMC4771748 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative interpretation of body sensations (e.g., as sign of a severe illness) is a crucial cognitive process in pathological health anxiety (HA). However, little is known about the nature and the degree of automaticity of this interpretation bias. We applied an implicit association test (IAT) in 20 subjects during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate behavioral and neural correlates of implicit attitudes toward symptom words. On the behavioral level, body symptom words elicited strong negative implicit association effects, as indexed by slowed reaction times, when symptom words were paired with the attribute “harmless” (incongruent condition). fMRI revealed increased activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and posterior parietal cortex for the comparison of incongruent words with control words, as well as with a lower significance threshold also in comparison to congruent words. Moreover, activation in the DLPFC, posterior parietal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and cerebellum varied with individual levels of HA (again, in comparison to control words, as well as with a lower significance threshold also in comparison to congruent words). Slowed reaction times as well as increased activation in dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex point to increased inhibitory demands during the incongruent IAT condition. The positive association between HA severity and neural activity in nucleus accumbens, dorsolateral prefrontal, and posterior parietal cortex suggests that HA is characterized by both intensified negative implicit attitudes and hampered cognitive control mechanisms when confronted with body symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mier
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Witthöft
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Experimental Psychopathology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Josef Bailer
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Germany
| | - Julia Ofer
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Germany
| | - Tobias Kerstner
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Germany
| | - Fred Rist
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Münster Germany
| | - Carsten Diener
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergGermany; School of Applied Psychology, SRH University of Applied SciencesHeidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Clocking the social mind by identifying mental processes in the IAT with electrical neuroimaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2786-91. [PMID: 26903643 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1515828113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Why do people take longer to associate the word "love" with outgroup words (incongruent condition) than with ingroup words (congruent condition)? Despite the widespread use of the implicit association test (IAT), it has remained unclear whether this IAT effect is due to additional mental processes in the incongruent condition, or due to longer duration of the same processes. Here, we addressed this previously insoluble issue by assessing the spatiotemporal evolution of brain electrical activity in 83 participants. From stimulus presentation until response production, we identified seven processes. Crucially, all seven processes occurred in the same temporal sequence in both conditions, but participants needed more time to perform one early occurring process (perceptual processing) and one late occurring process (implementing cognitive control to select the motor response) in the incongruent compared with the congruent condition. We also found that the latter process contributed to individual differences in implicit bias. These results advance understanding of the neural mechanics of response time differences in the IAT: They speak against theories that explain the IAT effect as due to additional processes in the incongruent condition and speak in favor of theories that assume a longer duration of specific processes in the incongruent condition. More broadly, our data analysis approach illustrates the potential of electrical neuroimaging to illuminate the temporal organization of mental processes involved in social cognition.
Collapse
|
31
|
Cassidy BS, Krendl AC. Dynamic neural mechanisms underlie race disparities in social cognition. Neuroimage 2016; 132:238-246. [PMID: 26908320 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Race disparities in behavior may emerge in several ways, some of which may be independent of implicit bias. To mitigate the pernicious effects of different race disparities for racial minorities, we must understand whether they are rooted in perceptual, affective, or cognitive processing with regard to race perception. We used fMRI to disentangle dynamic neural mechanisms predictive of two separable race disparities that can be obtained from a trustworthiness ratings task. Increased coupling between regions involved in perceptual and affective processing when viewing Black versus White faces predicted less later racial trust disparity, which was related to implicit bias. In contrast, increased functional coupling between regions involved in controlled processing predicted less later disparity in the differentiation of Black versus White faces with regard to perceived trust, which was unrelated to bias. These findings reveal that distinct neural signatures underlie separable race disparities in social cognition that may or may not be related to implicit bias.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ramos MR, Barreto M, Ellemers N, Moya M, Ferreira L, Calanchini J. Exposure to sexism can decrease implicit gender stereotype bias. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel R. Ramos
- University of Oxford; Oxford UK
- Lisbon University Institute (CIS/ISCTE-IUL); Lisbon Portugal
| | - Manuela Barreto
- Lisbon University Institute (CIS/ISCTE-IUL); Lisbon Portugal
- University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | | | | | - Lúcia Ferreira
- Lisbon University Institute (CIS/ISCTE-IUL); Lisbon Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Senholzi KB, Depue BE, Correll J, Banich MT, Ito TA. Brain activation underlying threat detection to targets of different races. Soc Neurosci 2015; 10:651-62. [PMID: 26357911 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2015.1091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined blood oxygen level-dependent signal underlying racial differences in threat detection. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants determined whether pictures of Black or White individuals held weapons. They were instructed to make shoot responses when the picture showed armed individuals but don't shoot responses to unarmed individuals, with the cost of not shooting armed individuals being greater than that of shooting unarmed individuals. Participants were faster to shoot armed Blacks than Whites, but faster in making don't shoot responses to unarmed Whites than Blacks. Brain activity differed to armed versus unarmed targets depending on target race, suggesting different mechanisms underlying threat versus safety decisions. Anterior cingulate cortex was preferentially engaged for unarmed Whites than Blacks. Parietal and visual cortical regions exhibited greater activity for armed Blacks than Whites. Seed-based functional connectivity of the amygdala revealed greater coherence with parietal and visual cortices for armed Blacks than Whites. Furthermore, greater implicit Black-danger associations were associated with increased amygdala activation to armed Blacks, compared to armed Whites. Our results suggest that different neural mechanisms may underlie racial differences in responses to armed versus unarmed targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith B Senholzi
- a Department of Psychiatry , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Brendan E Depue
- b Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA
| | - Joshua Correll
- c Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - Marie T Banich
- c Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA.,d The Institute of Cognitive Science , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - Tiffany A Ito
- c Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Liu Y, Lin W, Xu P, Zhang D, Luo Y. Neural basis of disgust perception in racial prejudice. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:5275-86. [PMID: 26417673 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide racial prejudice is originated from in-group/out-group discrimination. This prejudice can bias face perception at the very beginning of social interaction. However, little is known about the neurocognitive mechanism underlying the influence of racial prejudice on facial emotion perception. Here, we examined the neural basis of disgust perception in racial prejudice using a passive viewing task and functional magnetic resonance imaging. We found that compared with the disgusted faces of in-groups, the disgusted faces of out-groups result in increased amygdala and insular engagement, positive coupling of the insula with amygdala-based emotional system, and negative coupling of the insula with anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)-based regulatory system. Furthermore, machine-learning algorithms revealed that the level of implicit racial prejudice could be predicted by functional couplings of the insula with both the amygdala and the ACC, which suggests that the insula is largely involved in racially biased disgust perception through two distinct neural circuits. In addition, individual difference in disgust sensitivity was found to be predictive of implicit racial prejudice. Taken together, our results suggest a crucial role of insula-centered circuits for disgust perception in racial prejudice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Neuroimaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuejia Luo
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ito TA, Friedman NP, Bartholow BD, Correll J, Loersch C, Altamirano LJ, Miyake A. Toward a comprehensive understanding of executive cognitive function in implicit racial bias. J Pers Soc Psychol 2015; 108:187-218. [PMID: 25603372 PMCID: PMC4354845 DOI: 10.1037/a0038557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although performance on laboratory-based implicit bias tasks often is interpreted strictly in terms of the strength of automatic associations, recent evidence suggests that such tasks are influenced by higher-order cognitive control processes, so-called executive functions (EFs). However, extant work in this area has been limited by failure to account for the unity and diversity of EFs, focus on only a single measure of bias and/or EF, and relatively small sample sizes. The current study sought to comprehensively model the relation between individual differences in EFs and the expression of racial bias in 3 commonly used laboratory measures. Participants (N = 485) completed a battery of EF tasks (Session 1) and 3 racial bias tasks (Session 2), along with numerous individual difference questionnaires. The main findings were as follows: (a) measures of implicit bias were only weakly intercorrelated; (b) EF and estimates of automatic processes both predicted implicit bias and also interacted, such that the relation between automatic processes and bias expression was reduced at higher levels of EF; (c) specific facets of EF were differentially associated with overall task performance and controlled processing estimates across different bias tasks; (d) EF did not moderate associations between implicit and explicit measures of bias; and (e) external, but not internal, motivation to control prejudice depended on EF to reduce bias expression. Findings are discussed in terms of the importance of global and specific EF abilities in determining expression of implicit racial bias.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Despite global increases in diversity, social prejudices continue to fuel intergroup conflict, disparities and discrimination. Moreover, as norms have become more egalitarian, prejudices seem to have 'gone underground', operating covertly and often unconsciously, such that they are difficult to detect and control. Neuroscientists have recently begun to probe the neural basis of prejudice and stereotyping in an effort to identify the processes through which these biases form, influence behaviour and are regulated. This research aims to elucidate basic mechanisms of the social brain while advancing our understanding of intergroup bias in social behaviour.
Collapse
|
37
|
Hehman E, Ingbretsen ZA, Freeman JB. The neural basis of stereotypic impact on multiple social categorization. Neuroimage 2014; 101:704-11. [PMID: 25094016 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceivers extract multiple social dimensions from another's face (e.g., race, emotion), and these dimensions can become linked due to stereotypes (e.g., Black individuals → angry). The current research examined the neural basis of detecting and resolving conflicts between top-down stereotypes and bottom-up visual information in person perception. Participants viewed faces congruent and incongruent with stereotypes, via variations in race and emotion, while neural activity was measured using fMRI. Hand movements en route to race/emotion responses were recorded using mouse-tracking to behaviorally index individual differences in stereotypical associations during categorization. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) showed stronger activation to faces that violated stereotypical expectancies at the intersection of multiple social categories (i.e., race and emotion). These regions were highly sensitive to the degree of incongruency, exhibiting linearly increasing responses as race and emotion became stereotypically more incongruent. Further, the ACC exhibited greater functional connectivity with the lateral fusiform cortex, a region implicated in face processing, when viewing stereotypically incongruent (relative to congruent) targets. Finally, participants with stronger behavioral tendencies to link race and emotion stereotypically during categorization showed greater dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation to stereotypically incongruent targets. Together, the findings provide insight into how conflicting stereotypes at the nexus of multiple social dimensions are resolved at the neural level to accurately perceive other people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hehman
- New York University, USA; Dartmouth College, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Calanchini J, Sherman JW, Klauer KC, Lai CK. Attitudinal and Non-Attitudinal Components of IAT Performance. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2014; 40:1285-96. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167214540723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) was designed to measure automatically activated attitudinal associations, free of the influence of processes that affect their expression. Subsequent research has shown that IAT performance also is influenced by non-associative processes, but the extent to which these non-associative processes are content-specific or if they operate similarly regardless of the attitude being measured has largely gone unexamined. In the current research, participants completed pairs of IATs that varied in conceptual overlap: Tests shared a high, moderate, or low degree of overlap in the measured attitudes. The Quad model was applied to estimate the contributions of four processes to IAT performance. Evidence was found for two relatively general, non-attitudinal processes and two relatively attitude-specific processes. Implications are discussed for interpretation of IAT scores, individual differences in IAT scores, and IAT score malleability.
Collapse
|
39
|
I feel good whether my friends win or my foes lose: brain mechanisms underlying feeling similarity. Neuropsychologia 2014; 60:159-67. [PMID: 24912072 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
People say they enjoy both seeing a preferred social group succeed and seeing an adversary social group fail. At the same time, they state they dislike seeing a preferred social group fail and seeing an adversary social group succeed. The current magnetic resonance imaging study investigated whether-and if so, how-such similarities in reported feeling states are reflected in neural activities. American football fans anticipated success and failure situations for their favorite or their adversary teams. The data support the idea that feeling similarities and divergences expressed in verbal reports carry with them significant neural similarities and differences, respectively. Desired (favorite team likely to win and adversary team likely to lose) rather than undesired (favorite team likely to lose and adversary team likely to win) outcomes were associated with heightened activity in the supramarginal gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex, insula, and cerebellum. Precuneus activity additionally distinguished anticipated desirable outcomes for favorite versus adversary teams.
Collapse
|
40
|
Ames SL, Grenard JL, He Q, Stacy AW, Wong SW, Xiao L, Xue G, Bechara A. Functional imaging of an alcohol-Implicit Association Test (IAT). Addict Biol 2014; 19:467-81. [PMID: 23822813 PMCID: PMC4116809 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This research assessed activation in neural substrates involved in implicit associative processes through functional magnetic resonance imaging of an alcohol-Implicit Association Test (IAT) focused on positive outcomes of alcohol use. Comparisons involved 17 heavy and 19 light drinkers, ranging in age from 18 to 22, during compatible and incompatible association task trials. Behaviorally, a significant IAT effect was found with heavy drinkers showing stronger positive implicit associations toward alcohol use than light drinkers. Imaging data revealed heavy drinkers showed greater activity during compatible trials relative to incompatible trials in the left putamen and insula while no significant difference in activity between conditions was found in the light drinkers. Light drinkers showed significantly more activity in the left orbital frontal cortex during both compatible and incompatible trials than heavy drinkers, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was engaged more in both light and heavy drinkers during incompatible trials relative to compatible trials. Further, within-group analyses showed significant amygdala activity along with the putamen and insula among heavy drinkers during compatible trials relative to incompatible trials. These results are consistent with a dual process framework of appetitive behaviors proposing that (1) implicit associations underlying habit are mediated through neural circuitry dependent on the striatum, and (2) controlled behaviors are mediated through neural circuitry more dependent on the prefrontal cortex. This is the first study to evaluate the neural mechanisms elicited by an alcohol-IAT, providing an additional step toward increasing understanding of associative habit processes and their regulatory influence over addictive behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Ames
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Jerry L. Grenard
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Qinghua He
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alan W. Stacy
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Savio W. Wong
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gui Xue
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Antoine Bechara
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Krämer K, Bente G, Kuzmanovic B, Barisic I, Pfeiffer UJ, Georgescu AL, Vogeley K. Neural correlates of emotion perception depending on culture and gaze direction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40167-014-0013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
42
|
Contreras-Huerta LS, Baker KS, Reynolds KJ, Batalha L, Cunnington R. Racial bias in neural empathic responses to pain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84001. [PMID: 24376780 PMCID: PMC3871655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that perceiving the pain of others activates brain regions in the observer associated with both somatosensory and affective-motivational aspects of pain, principally involving regions of the anterior cingulate and anterior insula cortex. The degree of these empathic neural responses is modulated by racial bias, such that stronger neural activation is elicited by observing pain in people of the same racial group compared with people of another racial group. The aim of the present study was to examine whether a more general social group category, other than race, could similarly modulate neural empathic responses and perhaps account for the apparent racial bias reported in previous studies. Using a minimal group paradigm, we assigned participants to one of two mixed-race teams. We use the term race to refer to the Chinese or Caucasian appearance of faces and whether the ethnic group represented was the same or different from the appearance of the participant' own face. Using fMRI, we measured neural empathic responses as participants observed members of their own group or other group, and members of their own race or other race, receiving either painful or non-painful touch. Participants showed clear group biases, with no significant effect of race, on behavioral measures of implicit (affective priming) and explicit group identification. Neural responses to observed pain in the anterior cingulate cortex, insula cortex, and somatosensory areas showed significantly greater activation when observing pain in own-race compared with other-race individuals, with no significant effect of minimal groups. These results suggest that racial bias in neural empathic responses is not influenced by minimal forms of group categorization, despite the clear association participants showed with in-group more than out-group members. We suggest that race may be an automatic and unconscious mechanism that drives the initial neural responses to observed pain in others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sebastian Contreras-Huerta
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LaNCyS), UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
- Centre for the Study of Argumentation and Reasoning, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katharine S. Baker
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Psychology, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine J. Reynolds
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Luisa Batalha
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ross Cunnington
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Psychology, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fleischhauer M, Strobel A, Diers K, Enge S. Electrophysiological evidence for early perceptual facilitation and efficient categorization of self-related stimuli during an Implicit Association Test measuring neuroticism. Psychophysiology 2013; 51:142-51. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Strobel
- Department of Psychology; Technische Universitaet Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Kersten Diers
- Department of Psychology; Technische Universitaet Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Sören Enge
- Department of Psychology; Technische Universitaet Dresden; Dresden Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Vilarroya
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Fundació IMIM; Barcelona Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ames SL, Grenard JL, Stacy AW, Xiao L, He Q, Wong SW, Xue G, Wiers RW, Bechara A. Functional imaging of implicit marijuana associations during performance on an Implicit Association Test (IAT). Behav Brain Res 2013; 256:494-502. [PMID: 24029699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This research evaluated the neural correlates of implicit associative memory processes (habit-based processes) through the imaging (fMRI) of a marijuana Implicit Association Test. Drug-related associative memory effects have been shown to consistently predict level of drug use. To observe differences in neural activity of associative memory effects, this study compared 13 heavy marijuana users and 15 non-using controls, ranging in age from 18 to 25, during performance of a marijuana Implicit Association Test (IAT). Group by condition interactions in the putamen, caudate, and right inferior frontal gyrus were observed. Relative to non-users, marijuana users showed greater bilateral activity in the dorsal striatum (caudate and putamen) during compatible trials focused on perceived positive outcomes of use. Alternatively, relative to the marijuana-using group, the non-users showed greater activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus during incompatible trials, which require more effortful processing of information. Further, relative to fixation, heavy users showed bilateral activity in the caudate and putamen, hippocampus and some frontal regions during compatible trials and no significant activity during incompatible trials. The non-using group showed greater activity in frontal regions during incompatible trials relative to fixation and no significant activity during compatible trials. These findings are consistent with a dual process framework of appetitive behaviors proposing that (1) implicit associations underlying habit are mediated through neural circuitry dependent on the striatum, and (2) deliberative/controlled behaviors are mediated through circuitry more dependent on the prefrontal cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Ames
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Calanchini J, Sherman JW. Implicit Attitudes Reflect Associative, Non-associative, and Non-attitudinal Processes. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
47
|
Gonsalkorale K, Sherman JW, Klauer KC. Measures of Implicit Attitudes May Conceal Differences in Implicit Associations. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550613499239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Performance on implicit attitude measures is influenced both by the nature of activated evaluative associations and by people’s ability to regulate those associations as they respond. One consequence is that identical implicit attitude scores may conceal different underlying processes. This study demonstrated this phenomenon and also shed light on the nature of age differences in antiaging bias on implicit attitude measures. Although younger and older participants demonstrated equivalent levels of antiaging bias on an Implicit Association Test (IAT), application of the Quad model showed that antiold associations were less activated among older than younger adults, but that older adults were less able to overcome these associations in performing the task. Thus, the lack of age differences in IAT performance concealed differences in both underlying evaluative associations and the ability to control those associations. These findings have important implications for the measurement and interpretation of implicit attitudes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Gonsalkorale
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Seger CA, Peterson EJ. Categorization = decision making + generalization. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1187-200. [PMID: 23548891 PMCID: PMC3739997 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We rarely, if ever, repeatedly encounter exactly the same situation. This makes generalization crucial for real world decision making. We argue that categorization, the study of generalizable representations, is a type of decision making, and that categorization learning research would benefit from approaches developed to study the neuroscience of decision making. Similarly, methods developed to examine generalization and learning within the field of categorization may enhance decision making research. We first discuss perceptual information processing and integration, with an emphasis on accumulator models. We then examine learning the value of different decision making choices via experience, emphasizing reinforcement learning modeling approaches. Next we discuss how value is combined with other factors in decision making, emphasizing the effects of uncertainty. Finally, we describe how a final decision is selected via thresholding processes implemented by the basal ganglia and related regions. We also consider how memory related functions in the hippocampus may be integrated with decision making mechanisms and contribute to categorization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Seger
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Dissociable neural modulation underlying lasting first impressions, changing your mind for the better, and changing it for the worse. J Neurosci 2013; 33:9337-44. [PMID: 23719802 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5634-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Unattractive job candidates face a disadvantage when interviewing for a job. Employers' evaluations are colored by the candidate's physical attractiveness even when they take job interview performance into account. This example illustrates unexplored questions about the neural basis of social evaluation in humans. What neural regions support the lasting effects of initial impressions (even after getting to know someone)? How does the brain process information that changes our minds about someone? Job candidates' competence was evaluated from photographs and again after seeing snippets of job interviews. Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex modulation serves as a warning signal for initial reactions that ultimately undermine evaluations even when additional information is taken into account. The neural basis of changing one's mind about a candidate is not a simple matter of computing the amount of competence-affirming information in their job interview. Instead, seeing a candidate for the better is somewhat distinguishable at the neural level from seeing a candidate for the worse. Whereas amygdala modulation marks the extremity of evaluation change, favorable impression change additionally draws on parametric modulation of lateral prefrontal cortex and unfavorable impression change additionally draws on parametric modulation of medial prefrontal cortex, temporal cortex, and striatum. Investigating social evaluation as a dynamic process (rather than a one-time impression) paints a new picture of its neural basis and highlights the partially dissociable processes that contribute to changing your mind about someone for the better or the worse.
Collapse
|
50
|
Eres R, Molenberghs P. The influence of group membership on the neural correlates involved in empathy. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:176. [PMID: 23653604 PMCID: PMC3644680 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Empathy involves affective, cognitive, and emotion regulative components. The affective component relies on the sharing of emotional states with others and is discussed here in relation to the human Mirror System. On the other hand, the cognitive component is related to understanding the mental states of others and draws upon literature surrounding Theory of Mind (ToM). The final component, emotion regulation, depends on executive function and is responsible for managing the degree to which explicit empathic responses are made. This mini-review provides information on how each of the three components is individually affected by group membership and how this leads to in-group bias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Eres
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|