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Andrew Leynes P, Kalelkar AU, Shaik HT, Sawhney S. Event-Related Potential (ERP) evidence for fluency and disfluency effects on recognition memory. Brain Cogn 2023; 167:105961. [PMID: 36893675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.105961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Masked priming is used in recognition memory studies to alter fluency and create familiarity. Primes are flashed briefly before target words that are considered for a recognition judgment. Matching primes are hypothesized to produce greater familiarity by increasing the perceptual fluency of the target word. Experiment 1 tested this claim by contrasting match primes (i.e., "RIGHT" primes "RIGHT"), semantic primes (e.g., "LEFT" primes "RIGHT"), and orthographically similar (OS) primes (e.g., "SIGHT" primes "RIGHT") while recording event-related potentials (ERPs). Relative to match primes, OS primes elicited fewer "old" responses and more negative ERPs during the interval associated with familiarity (300-500 ms). This result was replicated when control primes consisting of unrelated words (Experiment 2) or symbols (Experiment 3) were inserted into the sequence. The behavioral and ERP evidence suggest that word primes are perceived as a unit and the prime word activation will affect target fluency and recognition judgments. When the prime matches the target, fluency is increased and more familiarity experiences are created. When the primes are words that do not match the target, fluency is decreased (disfluency) and fewer familiarity experiences result. This evidence suggests that the effects of disfluency on recognition should be carefully considered.
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2
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Distinct FN400/N400 memory effects for perceptually fluent and disfluent words. Brain Cogn 2020; 147:105661. [PMID: 33360780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recognition memory studies have shown that increased perceptual fluency results in more "old" responses and, presumably, increases familiarity. However, the exact neural mechanisms of these effects remain unresolved. We conducted two ERP experiments in which participants encoded words and performed a recognition test where fluency was manipulated by changing clarity of test words (half of them were clear or blurry). In the more demanding Experiment 1, we found a reversed effect of fluency on recognition (more hits for blurry words), which was accompanied by larger N400 and LPC old/new effects for blurry words. For high confidence responses, the topography of N400 shifted towards frontal electrodes (the FN400 for blurry words). In the less demanding Experiment 2, no behavioral differences between clear and blurry words were observed. However, there was a discrepancy in the ERP results, with the frontal FN400 for blurry words and the parietal N400 for clear words, suggesting that distinct neural pathways can support familiarity-based recognition for clear and blurry items. In both experiments, early perceptual fluency ERP effects were also observed. The results indicate that both semantic processing and familiarity can be enhanced by perceptual fluency and contribute to recognition judgments, depending on the interpretations of fluency.
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Electrophysiological correlates of the perceptual fluency effect on recognition memory in different fluency contexts. Neuropsychologia 2020; 148:107639. [PMID: 33007361 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the contribution of perceptual fluency to recognition memory in different fluency contexts. In a recognition memory test with a modified remember-know paradigm, we employed conceptually impoverished items (kaleidoscope images) as stimuli and manipulated the perceptual fluency of recognition test cues through masked repetition priming. There were two fluency context conditions. In the random fluency context (RC) condition, primed and unprimed trials were randomly inter-mixed. In the blocked fluency context (BC) condition, primed and unprimed trials were grouped into blocks. Behavioral results showed that priming elevated the incidence of remember hits and the accuracy of remember judgements in the RC condition; no such effects were evident in the BC condition. In addition, priming effects on reaction times were found only for remember hit responses in the RC condition. The ERP results revealed an early100-200 ms effect related to masked repetition priming, which took the form of greater positivity for primed than unprimed trials. This effect was modulated neither by fluency context or response type. The present findings suggest that perceptual fluency induced by masked repetition priming affects recollection-related memory judgments in a specific fluency context and indicate that relative, rather absolute, fluency plays a critical role in influencing recognition memory judgments.
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Mecklinger A, Bader R. From fluency to recognition decisions: A broader view of familiarity-based remembering. Neuropsychologia 2020; 146:107527. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Expectations alter recognition and event-related potentials (ERPs). Brain Cogn 2019; 135:103573. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Wang W, Li B, Gao C, Guo C. The temporal dynamics of perceptual and conceptual fluency on recognition memory. Brain Cogn 2018; 127:1-12. [PMID: 30176534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recognition memory can be driven by both perceptual and conceptual fluency, but when and to what extent they contribute to recognition memory remains an open question. The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the neural correlates of perceptual and conceptual fluency, when they gave rise to recognition. We manipulated the perceptual and conceptual fluency of retrieval cues in the recognition test independently to obtain the effects of different types of fluency. Behavioral results showed that perceptual fluency selectively affected K hits, while conceptual fluency affected R hits and K false alarms. In addition, conceptual fluency facilitated the response times of R hits. The ERP results showed that perceptual fluency effect appeared at 100-200 ms and conceptual fluency effect appeared at 300-500 ms. The parietal LPC peaked earlier for conceptually primed trials compared to unprimed trials. These results suggest that perceptual and conceptual fluency had different effects on recognition judgments, and these two types of fluency can be delineated by distinct ERP correlates. The current finding indicates that unconscious memory processes can support recognition and have provided insights into the underlying mechanism involved in recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Bingbing Li
- School of Education Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Chuanji Gao
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29201 SC, USA
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, PR China.
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Li B, Taylor JR, Wang W, Gao C, Guo C. Electrophysiological signals associated with fluency of different levels of processing reveal multiple contributions to recognition memory. Conscious Cogn 2017; 53:1-13. [PMID: 28558307 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Processing fluency appears to influence recognition memory judgements, and the manipulation of fluency, if misattributed to an effect of prior exposure, can result in illusory memory. Although it is well established that fluency induced by masked repetition priming leads to increased familiarity, manipulations of conceptual fluency have produced conflicting results, variously affecting familiarity or recollection. Some recent studies have found that masked conceptual priming increases correct recollection (Taylor & Henson, 2012), and the magnitude of this behavioural effect correlates with analogous fMRI BOLD priming effects in brain regions associated with recollection (Taylor, Buratto, & Henson, 2013). However, the neural correlates and time-courses of masked repetition and conceptual priming were not compared directly in previous studies. The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to identify and compare the electrophysiological correlates of masked repetition and conceptual priming and investigate how they contribute to recognition memory. Behavioural results were consistent with previous studies: Repetition primes increased familiarity, whereas conceptual primes increased correct recollection. Masked repetition and conceptual priming also decreased the latency of late parietal component (LPC). Masked repetition priming was associated with an early P200 effect and a later parietal maximum N400 effect, whereas masked conceptual priming was only associated with a central-parietal maximum N400 effect. In addition, the topographic distributions of the N400 repetition priming and conceptual priming effects were different. These results suggest that fluency at different levels of processing is associated with different ERP components, and contributes differentially to subjective recognition memory experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Li
- School of Education Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Jason R Taylor
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Wei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, PR China; MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Chuanji Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, PR China; Department of Psychology, Institute of Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29201, SC, USA
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, PR China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, PR China.
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Simon J, Bastin C, Salmon E, Willems S. Increasing the salience of fluency cues does not reduce the recognition memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease! J Neuropsychol 2016; 12:216-230. [PMID: 27653236 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is now well established that recollection is impaired from the beginning of the disease, whereas findings are less clear concerning familiarity. One of the most important mechanisms underlying familiarity is the sense of familiarity driven by processing fluency. In this study, we attempted to attenuate recognition memory deficits in AD by maximizing the salience of fluency cues in two conditions of a recognition memory task. In one condition, targets and foils have been created from the same pool of letters (Overlap condition). In a second condition, targets and foils have been derived from two separate pools of letters (No-Overlap condition), promoting the use of letter-driven visual and phonetic fluency. Targets and foils were low-frequency words. The memory tasks were performed by 15 patients with AD and 16 healthy controls. Both groups improved their memory performance in the No-Overlap condition compared to the Overlap condition. Patients with AD were able to use fluency cues during recognition memory as older adults did, but this did not allow to compensate for dysfunction of recognition memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Simon
- GIGA - CRC In vivo Imaging, University of Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Eric Salmon
- GIGA - CRC In vivo Imaging, University of Liege, Belgium.,Memory Clinics, Hospital Center of Liege, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Willems
- Psychological and Speech Therapy Consultation Center, CPLU, University of Liege, Belgium
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Stróżak P, Bird CW, Corby K, Frishkoff G, Curran T. FN400 and LPC memory effects for concrete and abstract words. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1669-1678. [PMID: 27463978 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
According to dual-process models, recognition memory depends on two neurocognitive mechanisms: familiarity, which has been linked to the frontal N400 (FN400) effect in studies using ERPs, and recollection, which is reflected by changes in the late positive complex (LPC). Recently, there has been some debate over the relationship between FN400 familiarity effects and N400 semantic effects. According to one view, these effects are one and the same. Proponents of this view have suggested that the frontal distribution of the FN400 could be due to stimulus concreteness: recognition memory experiments commonly use highly imageable or concrete words (or pictures), which elicit semantic ERPs with a frontal distribution. In the present study, we tested this claim using a recognition memory paradigm in which subjects memorized concrete and abstract nouns; half of the words changed font color between study and test. FN400 and LPC old/new effects were observed for abstract as well as concrete words, and were stronger over right hemisphere electrodes for concrete words. However, there was no difference in anteriority of the FN400 effect for the two word types. These findings challenge the notion that the frontal distribution of the FN400 old/new effect is fully explained by stimulus concreteness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Stróżak
- Department of Experimental Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Christopher W Bird
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Krystin Corby
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Gwen Frishkoff
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tim Curran
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Bruett H, Leynes PA. Event-related potentials indicate that fluency can be interpreted as familiarity. Neuropsychologia 2015; 78:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang W, Li B, Gao C, Xu H, Guo C. Conceptual fluency increases recollection: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:377. [PMID: 26175678 PMCID: PMC4485059 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely established that fluency can contribute to recognition memory. Previous studies have found that enhanced fluency increases familiarity, but not recollection. The present study was motivated by a previous finding that conceptual priming affected recollection. We used event-related potentials to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of these effects with conceptually related two-character Chinese words. We found that previous conceptual priming effects on conceptual fluency only increased the incidence of recollection responses. We also found that enhanced conceptual fluency was associated with N400 attenuation, which was also correlated with the behavioral indicator of recollection. These results suggest that the N400 effect might be related to the impact of conceptual fluency on recollection recognition. These study findings provide further evidence for the relationship between fluency and recollection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, College of Education, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, College of Education, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Chuanji Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, College of Education, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Huifang Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, College of Education, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, College of Education, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
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Wang W, Li B, Gao C, Xiao X, Guo C. Electrophysiological correlates associated with contributions of perceptual and conceptual fluency to familiarity. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:321. [PMID: 26097450 PMCID: PMC4456582 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research manipulated the fluency of unstudied items using masked repetition priming procedures during an explicit recognition test. Based on fluency-attribution accounts, which posit that familiarity can be driven by multiple forms of fluency, the relationship between masked priming-induced fluency and familiarity was investigated. We classified pictographic characters into High-Meaningfulness (High-M) and Low-Meaningfulness (Low-M) categories on the basis of subjective meaningfulness ratings and identified the distinct electrophysiological correlates of perceptual and conceptual fluency. The two types of fluency differed in associated ERP effects: 150-250 ms effects for perceptual fluency and FN400 effects for conceptual fluency. The ERPs of Low-M MP-same (items that were preceded by matching masked items) false alarms were more positive than correct rejections during 150-250 ms, whereas the ERPs of High-M MP-same false alarms were more positive than correct rejections during 300-500 ms. The topographic patterns of FN400 effects between High-M MP-same false alarms and Low-M MP-same false alarms were not different from those of High-M hits and Low-M hits. These results indicate that both forms of fluency can contribute to familiarity, and the neural correlates of conceptual fluency are not different from those of conceptual priming induced by prior study-phase exposure. We conclude that multiple neural signals potentially contribute to recognition memory, such as numerous forms of fluency differing in terms of their time courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, College of Education, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, College of Education, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Chuanji Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, College of Education, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, College of Education, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, College of Education, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
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Addante RJ. A critical role of the human hippocampus in an electrophysiological measure of implicit memory. Neuroimage 2015; 109:515-28. [PMID: 25562828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus has traditionally been thought to be critical for conscious explicit memory but not necessary for unconscious implicit memory processing. In a recent study of a group of mild amnesia patients with evidence of MTL damage limited to the hippocampus, subjects were tested on a direct test of item recognition confidence while electroencephalogram (EEG) was acquired, and revealed intact measures of explicit memory from 400 to 600 ms (mid-frontal old-new effect, FN400). The current investigation re-analyzed this data to study event-related potentials (ERPs) of implicit memory, using a recently developed procedure that eliminated declarative memory differences. Prior ERP findings from this technique were first replicated in two independent matched control groups, which exhibited reliable implicit memory effects in posterior scalp regions from 400 to 600 ms, which were topographically dissociated from the explicit memory effects of familiarity. However, patients were found to be dramatically impaired in implicit memory effects relative to control subjects, as quantified by a reliable condition × group interaction. Several control analyses were conducted to consider alternative factors that could account for the results, including outliers, sample size, age, or contamination by explicit memory, and each of these factors was systematically ruled out. Results suggest that the hippocampus plays a fundamental role in aspects of memory processing that are beyond conscious awareness. The current findings therefore indicate that both memory systems of implicit and explicit memory may rely upon the same neural structures - but function in different physiological ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard James Addante
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; University of California, Davis, Center for Neuroscience, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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