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Vallés AS, Barrantes FJ. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Dysfunction in Addiction and in Some Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:2051. [PMID: 37626860 PMCID: PMC10453526 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic system plays an essential role in brain development, physiology, and pathophysiology. Herein, we review how specific alterations in this system, through genetic mutations or abnormal receptor function, can lead to aberrant neural circuitry that triggers disease. The review focuses on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and its role in addiction and in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases and epilepsy. Cholinergic dysfunction is associated with inflammatory processes mainly through the involvement of α7 nAChRs expressed in brain and in peripheral immune cells. Evidence suggests that these neuroinflammatory processes trigger and aggravate pathological states. We discuss the preclinical evidence demonstrating the therapeutic potential of nAChR ligands in Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and in autosomal dominant sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy. PubMed and Google Scholar bibliographic databases were searched with the keywords indicated below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofía Vallés
- Bahía Blanca Institute of Biochemical Research (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina;
| | - Francisco J. Barrantes
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina—National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, Buenos Aires C1107AFF, Argentina
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Becchetti A, Grandi LC, Cerina M, Amadeo A. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and epilepsy. Pharmacol Res 2023; 189:106698. [PMID: 36796465 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in understanding the causes of epilepsy, especially the genetic, comprehending the biological mechanisms that lead to the epileptic phenotype remains difficult. A paradigmatic case is constituted by the epilepsies caused by altered neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which exert complex physiological functions in mature as well as developing brain. The ascending cholinergic projections exert potent control of forebrain excitability, and wide evidence implicates nAChR dysregulation as both cause and effect of epileptiform activity. First, tonic-clonic seizures are triggered by administration of high doses of nicotinic agonists, whereas non-convulsive doses have kindling effects. Second, sleep-related epilepsy can be caused by mutations on genes encoding nAChR subunits widely expressed in the forebrain (CHRNA4, CHRNB2, CHRNA2). Third, in animal models of acquired epilepsy, complex time-dependent alterations in cholinergic innervation are observed following repeated seizures. Heteromeric nAChRs are central players in epileptogenesis. Evidence is wide for autosomal dominant sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy (ADSHE). Studies of ADSHE-linked nAChR subunits in expression systems suggest that the epileptogenic process is promoted by overactive receptors. Investigation in animal models of ADSHE indicates that expression of mutant nAChRs can lead to lifelong hyperexcitability by altering i) the function of GABAergic populations in the mature neocortex and thalamus, ii) synaptic architecture during synaptogenesis. Understanding the balance of the epileptogenic effects in adult and developing networks is essential to plan rational therapy at different ages. Combining this knowledge with a deeper understanding of the functional and pharmacological properties of individual mutations will advance precision and personalized medicine in nAChR-dependent epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Becchetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, and NeuroMI (Milan Center of Neuroscience), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milano 20126, Italy.
| | - Laura Clara Grandi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, and NeuroMI (Milan Center of Neuroscience), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milano 20126, Italy.
| | - Marta Cerina
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, and NeuroMI (Milan Center of Neuroscience), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milano 20126, Italy.
| | - Alida Amadeo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milano 20133, Italy.
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Christian CA, Reddy DS, Maguire J, Forcelli PA. Sex Differences in the Epilepsies and Associated Comorbidities: Implications for Use and Development of Pharmacotherapies. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 72:767-800. [PMID: 32817274 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The epilepsies are common neurologic disorders characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures. Boys, girls, men, and women of all ages are affected by epilepsy and, in many cases, by associated comorbidities as well. The primary courses of treatment are pharmacological, dietary, and/or surgical, depending on several factors, including the areas of the brain affected and the severity of the epilepsy. There is a growing appreciation that sex differences in underlying brain function and in the neurobiology of epilepsy are important factors that should be accounted for in the design and development of new therapies. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on sex differences in epilepsy and associated comorbidities, with emphasis on those aspects most informative for the development of new pharmacotherapies. Particular focus is placed on sex differences in the prevalence and presentation of various focal and generalized epilepsies; psychiatric, cognitive, and physiologic comorbidities; catamenial epilepsy in women; sex differences in brain development; the neural actions of sex and stress hormones and their metabolites; and cellular mechanisms, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling and neuronal-glial interactions. Further attention placed on potential sex differences in epilepsies, comorbidities, and drug effects will enhance therapeutic options and efficacy for all patients with epilepsy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder that often presents together with various comorbidities. The features of epilepsy and seizure activity as well as comorbid afflictions can vary between men and women. In this review, we discuss sex differences in types of epilepsies, associated comorbidities, pathophysiological mechanisms, and antiepileptic drug efficacy in both clinical patient populations and preclinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Christian
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Neuroscience Program, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (C.A.C.); Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas (D.S.R.); Neuroscience Department, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology and Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. (P.A.F.)
| | - Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Neuroscience Program, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (C.A.C.); Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas (D.S.R.); Neuroscience Department, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology and Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. (P.A.F.)
| | - Jamie Maguire
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Neuroscience Program, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (C.A.C.); Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas (D.S.R.); Neuroscience Department, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology and Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. (P.A.F.)
| | - Patrick A Forcelli
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Neuroscience Program, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (C.A.C.); Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas (D.S.R.); Neuroscience Department, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology and Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. (P.A.F.)
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Sarangi SC, Pattnaik SS, Katyal J, Kaleekal T, Dinda AK. An interaction study of Ocimum sanctum L. and levetiracetam in pentylenetetrazole kindling model of epilepsy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 249:112389. [PMID: 31739106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ocimum sanctum L. commonly known as tulsi (synonym of Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) is widely used in Ayurveda medicine and is having multitude neuromodulatory effect including the anticonvulsant effect in acute seizure models as per previous studies. In India, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy as traditional medicine. However, its role in chronic seizure model and interaction with newer antiepileptic drugs has not been investigated, which will enhance its translational value. AIM OF THE STUDY Current study investigated the effect of Ocimum on chronic seizure model and its interaction with levetiracetam (LEV), a newer antiepileptic drug. MATERIALS AND METHODS The adjuvant role of Ocimum sanctum hydroalcoholic extracts (OSHE) 1000 mg/kg along with LEV 300 mg/kg was studied in adult male Wistar rats with mean weight of 227.84 ± 21.68 g using pentylenetetrazole (30 mg/kg, i.p.) kindling (K) (with maximum 24 injections on alternate days and challenge on 7th-day). Along with seizure score, neurobehavioral, brain tissue oxidative stress and histopathology status were assessed. Pharmacokinetic interaction was assessed between LEV and OSHE after 14 days of drug treatment. RESULTS K-LEV + OSHE had least seizure score during kindling and on the pentylenetetrazole-challenge test (p=0.031) than other kindling groups. Seizure protection was more in K-LEV + OSHE (85.72%) than others (K-LEV-42.86%, K-OSHE-42.86%, and K-Control-28.58%). Ocimum treated groups had better memory retention potential as evident from Morris water maze (MWM), passive avoidance test but not in an elevated plus maze test. Oxidative-stress was lower in Ocimum treated groups than K-Control group. As per histopathology, K-LEV + OSHE group had the least neuronal degeneration among kindling groups. There was no significant pharmacokinetic interaction between LEV and OSHE, except increased Tmax in LEV + OSHE group than LEV alone (p=0.009). CONCLUSIONS Ocimum per se and combination with levetiracetam treatment exerted better seizure control, memory retention, oxidative stress reduction, and neuronal structure preservation than kindling control group. There was a very minimal drug interaction between Ocimum and LEV. So, Ocimum as an adjuvant to LEV may be shelpful in enhancing the antiepileptic effect and also in minimizing the adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumya S Pattnaik
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jatinder Katyal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Thomas Kaleekal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - A K Dinda
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Iha HA, Kunisawa N, Shimizu S, Onishi M, Nomura Y, Matsubara N, Iwai C, Ogawa M, Hashimura M, Sato K, Kato M, Ohno Y. Mechanism Underlying Organophosphate Paraoxon-Induced Kinetic Tremor. Neurotox Res 2019; 35:575-583. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-0007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kunisawa N, Iha HA, Nomura Y, Onishi M, Matsubara N, Shimizu S, Ohno Y. Serotonergic modulation of nicotine-induced kinetic tremor in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Kunisawa N, Iha HA, Shimizu S, Tokudome K, Mukai T, Kinboshi M, Serikawa T, Ohno Y. Nicotine evokes kinetic tremor by activating the inferior olive via α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Behav Brain Res 2016; 314:173-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Tokudome K, Okumura T, Terada R, Shimizu S, Kunisawa N, Mashimo T, Serikawa T, Sasa M, Ohno Y. A Missense Mutation of the Gene Encoding Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) Confers Seizure Susceptibility by Disrupting Amygdalar Synaptic GABA Release. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:210. [PMID: 27471467 PMCID: PMC4943941 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) is specifically expressed in the membranes of synaptic vesicles and modulates action potential-dependent neurotransmitter release. To explore the role of SV2A in the pathogenesis of epileptic disorders, we recently generated a novel rat model (Sv2aL174Q rat) carrying a missense mutation of the Sv2a gene and showed that the Sv2aL174Q rats were hypersensitive to kindling development (Tokudome et al., 2016). Here, we further conducted behavioral and neurochemical studies to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the seizure vulnerability in Sv2aL174Q rats. Sv2aL174Q rats were highly susceptible to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures, yielding a significantly higher seizure scores and seizure incidence than the control animals. Brain mapping analysis of Fos expression, a biological marker of neural excitation, revealed that the seizure threshold level of PTZ region-specifically elevated Fos expression in the amygdala in Sv2aL174Q rats. In vivo microdialysis study showed that the Sv2aL174Q mutation preferentially reduced high K+ (depolarization)-evoked GABA release, but not glutamate release, in the amygdala. In addition, specific control of GABA release by SV2A was supported by its predominant expression in GABAergic neurons, which were co-stained with antibodies against SV2A and glutamate decarboxylase 1. The present results suggest that dysfunction of SV2A by the missense mutation elevates seizure susceptibility in rats by preferentially disrupting synaptic GABA release in the amygdala, illustrating the crucial role of amygdalar SV2A-GABAergic system in epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Tokudome
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Okumura
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Terada
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka, Japan
| | - Saki Shimizu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka, Japan
| | - Naofumi Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoji Mashimo
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan; Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Tadao Serikawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical SciencesOsaka, Japan; Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yukihiro Ohno
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka, Japan
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Okamura AMNC, Gomes PXL, de Oliveira GV, de Araújo FYR, Tomaz VS, Chaves Filho AJM, de Sousa FCF, Vasconcelos SMM, de Lucena DF, Macêdo D. N-acetylcysteine attenuates nicotine-induced kindling in female periadolescent rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 67:58-65. [PMID: 26812248 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kindling is a form of behavioral sensitization that is related to the progression of several neuropsychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder. We recently demonstrated that female periadolescent rats are more vulnerable to nicotine (NIC)-induced kindling than their male counterparts. Furthermore, we evidenced that decreases in brain antioxidative defenses may contribute to this gender difference. Here we aimed to determine the preventive effects of the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) against NIC-kindling in female periadolescent rats. To do this female Wistar rats at postnatal day 30 received repeated injections of NIC 2mg/kg, i.p. every weekday for up to 19 days. NAC90, 180 or 270 mg/kg, i.p. was administered 30 min before NIC. The levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, lipid peroxidation (LP) and nitrite were determined in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HC) and striatum (ST). The development of kindling occurred at a median time of 16.5 days with 87.5% of NIC animals presenting stage 5 seizures in the last day of drug administration. NAC270 prevented the occurrence of kindling. NIC-kindled animals presented decreased levels of GSH and increased LP in the PFC, HC and ST, while SOD activity was decreased in the ST. NAC180 or 270 prevented the alterations in GSH induced by NIC, but only NAC270 prevented the alterations in LP. Nitrite levels increased in the ST of NAC270 pretreated NIC-kindled animals. Taken together we demonstrated that NAC presents anti-kindling effects in female animals partially through the restoration of oxidative alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Mary Nunes Costa Okamura
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Xavier L Gomes
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Gersilene V de Oliveira
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Yvelize R de Araújo
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Viviane S Tomaz
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Adriano José Maia Chaves Filho
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisca Cléa F de Sousa
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Silvânia Maria Mendes Vasconcelos
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - David Freitas de Lucena
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Danielle Macêdo
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Takechi K, Suemaru K, Kiyoi T, Tanaka A, Araki H. The α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulates autism-like behavioral and motor abnormalities in pentylenetetrazol-kindled mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 775:57-66. [PMID: 26868186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is associated with several psychiatric disorders, including cognitive impairment, autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the psychopathology of epilepsy is frequently unrecognized and untreated in patients. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ABT-418, a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindled mice with behavioral and motor abnormalities. PTZ-kindled mice displayed impaired motor coordination (in the rotarod test), anxiety (in the elevated plus maze test) and social approach impairment (in the three-chamber social test) compared with control mice. ABT-418 treatment (0.05 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) alleviated these behavioral abnormalities in PTZ-kindled mice. Immunolabeling of tissue sections demonstrated that expression of the α4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit in the medial habenula was similar in control and PTZ-kindled mice. However, expression was significantly decreased in the piriform cortex in PTZ-kindled mice. In addition, we examined the expression of the synaptic adhesion molecule neuroligin 3 (NLG3). NLG3 expression in the piriform cortex was significantly higher in PTZ-kindled mice compared with control mice. Collectively, our findings suggest that ADHD-like or autistic-like behavioral abnormalities associated with epilepsy are closely related to the downregulation of the α4 nicotinic receptor and the upregulation of NLG3 in the piriform cortex. In summary, this study indicates that ABT-418 might have therapeutic potential for attentional impairment in epileptic patients with psychiatric disorders such as autism and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenshi Takechi
- Division of Pharmacy, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Katsuya Suemaru
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishikawara, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kiyoi
- Integrated Center for Science, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tanaka
- Division of Pharmacy, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Araki
- Division of Pharmacy, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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Grupe M, Grunnet M, Bastlund JF, Jensen AA. Targeting α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Central Nervous System Disorders: Perspectives on Positive Allosteric Modulation as a Therapeutic Approach. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 116:187-200. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Grupe
- Synaptic Transmission; H. Lundbeck A/S; Valby Denmark
| | - Morten Grunnet
- Synaptic Transmission; H. Lundbeck A/S; Valby Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Anders A. Jensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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12
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Jandová K, Marešová D, Pokorný J. Fast and delayed locomotor response to acute high-dose nicotine administration in adult male rats. Physiol Res 2014; 62:S81-8. [PMID: 24329707 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the immediate and delayed locomotor response to high-dose nicotine (NIC) administration in rats. The vertical and horizontal activity of behavior in adult male rats exposed to 1 mg/kg NIC or saline (SAL) were tested in a Laboras apparatus for one hour after drug application. Animals were then returned to their cages and housed for another seven days. After this period all animals were placed in Laboras again and their behavioral pattern was retested for another period of one hour (delayed response). Horizontal activity: immediately after nicotine administration animal were less mobile (first 2-minutes interval), when compared with controls. The immobilization effect of nicotine disappeared within 4 minutes and during whole first 10-minutes interval time spent by locomotion did not differ from controls. Locomotion activity of animals treated with nicotine increased robustly in following 10 minutes and remained significantly higher in 2nd, 3rd and 5th 10-minutes interval. Vertical activity: Rearing frequency was significantly lowered by NIC administration in first two minutes of the experiment and the same was found when the duration of rearing was analyzed. Lower rearing intensity of NIC treated animals disappeared in 4 minutes and was finally higher during whole test session as compared with controls. When duration of rearing was analyzed it was significantly longer in NIC treated animals. In majority of observed behavioral aspects there were no differences between NIC treated rats and controls seven days after NIC or SAL treatment. Our results reflect effect of NIC and we conclude that NIC significantly influences behavior of experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jandová
- Institute of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Gomes PXL, de Oliveira GV, de Araújo FYR, de Barros Viana GS, de Sousa FCF, Hyphantis TN, Grunberg NE, Carvalho AF, Macêdo DS. Differences in vulnerability to nicotine-induced kindling between female and male periadolescent rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:115-26. [PMID: 22782460 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE It has recently been reported that chronic nicotine administration at subconvulsive doses causes seizures, a phenomenon referred to as kindling. Evidence points to the involvement of oxidative stress in pharmacological and electrical kindling, sex is known to influence the brain's response to nicotine. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the sex differences in vulnerability to nicotine-induced kindling and the involvement of oxidative stress in this phenomenon. METHODS Male and female periadolescent Wistar rats received repeated injections of a subconvulsive dose of nicotine (hemisulfate salt; 2 mg/kg, i.p.) every weekday for up to 25 days. To better understand the influence of oxidative stress in nicotine kindling, the antioxidant vitamin E (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered prior to nicotine administration. The levels of gluthatione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and lipid peroxidation were determined in the hippocampus (HC), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and striatum. RESULTS Female animals developed kindling more rapidly than male rats. In female rats, kindling was associated with decreases in antioxidant defenses, including GSH levels in the HC and striatum and SOD activity in the PFC and striatum, and increased lipid peroxidation in all brain areas studied. By contrast, male kindled animals presented only with a decrease in the GSH in the HC. Vitamin E prevented the occurrence of kindled seizures by 80 % and 75 % in male and female rats, respectively. CONCLUSION These novel findings indicate that female periadolescent rats develop nicotine-kindled seizures earlier than their male counterparts. Differences in the oxidative balance may be involved in this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Xavier L Gomes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, Fortaleza 60431-270, Ceará, Brazil
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Chen CR, Tan R, Qu WM, Wu Z, Wang Y, Urade Y, Huang ZL. Magnolol, a major bioactive constituent of the bark of Magnolia officinalis, exerts antiepileptic effects via the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1534-46. [PMID: 21518336 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-convulsant effects of magnolol (6, 6', 7, 12-tetramethoxy-2, 2'-dimethyl-1-β-berbaman, C18H18O2) and the mechanisms involved. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice were treated with magnolol (20, 40 and 80 mg·kg(-1)) 30 min before injection with pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 60 mg·kg(-1), i.p.). The anti-seizure effects of magnolol were analysed using seizure models of behaviour, EEG and in vitro electrophysiology and c-Fos expression in the hippocampus and cortex. KEY RESULTS Magnolol at doses of 40 and 80 mg·kg(-1) significantly delayed the onset of myoclonic jerks and generalized clonic seizures, and decreased the seizure stage and mortality compared with those of the vehicle-treated animals. EEG recordings showed that magnolol (40 and 80 mg·kg(-1)) prolonged the latency of seizure onset and decreased the number of seizure spikes. The anti-epileptic effect of magnolol was reversed by the GABA(A)/benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil. Pretreatment with flumazenil decreased the effects of magnolol on prolongation of seizure latency and decline of seizure stage. In a Mg(2+)-free model of epileptiform activity, using multi-electrode array recordings in mouse hippocampal slices, magnolol decreased spontaneous epileptiform discharges. Magnolol also significantly decreased seizure-induced Fos immunoreactivity in the piriform cortex, dentate gyrus and hippocampal area CA1. These effects were attenuated by pretreatment with flumazenil. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings indicate that the inhibitory effects of magnolol on epileptiform activity were mediated by the GABA(A) /benzodiazepine receptor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Antiepileptogenic and anticonvulsive actions of levetiracetam in a pentylenetetrazole kindling model. Epilepsy Res 2010; 89:360-4. [PMID: 20138737 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Levetiracetam (LEV) is a unique antiepileptic drug that preferentially interacts with synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A). To evaluate the antiepileptogenic action of LEV, we studied its effects on the development and acquisition of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) kindling and compared them to those of sodium valproate (VPA). Anticonvulsive actions of LEV in PTZ-kindled animals were also determined. LEV did not affect PTZ seizures in naïve animals even at high doses (approximately 300 mg/kg, i.p.). However, combined treatment of LEV (30 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) with PTZ significantly suppressed the development and acquisition of PTZ kindling. In addition, LEV at relatively low doses (3-30 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited PTZ-evoked seizures in fully kindled animals. In contrast to LEV, VPA at sub-anticonvulsive doses (30 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) failed to prevent the development of PTZ kindling and its anticonvulsive potency was similar in PTZ-kindled and naïve mice. The present study shows that LEV contrasts VPA by preventing the development of PTZ kindling and inhibiting seizures selectively in kindled animals.
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Abstract
The entorhinal cortex (EC) is a part of the hippocampal complex that is essential to learning and memory, and nicotine affects memory by activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the hippocampal complex. However, it is not clear what types of neurons in the EC are sensitive to nicotine and whether they play a role in nicotine-induced memory functions. Here, we have used voltage-sensitive dye imaging methods to locate the neuronal populations responsive to nicotine in entorhino-hippocampal slices and to clarify which nAChR subtypes are involved. In combination with patch-clamp methods, we found that a concentration of nicotine comparable to exposure during smoking depolarized neurons in layer VI of the EC (ECVI) by acting through the non-alpha7 subtype of nAChRs. Neurons in the subiculum (Sb; close to the deep EC layers) also contain nicotine-sensitive neurons, and it is known that Sb neurons project to the ECVI. When we recorded evoked EPSCs (eEPSCs) from ECVI neurons while stimulating the Sb near the CA1 region, a low dose of nicotine not only enhanced synaptic transmission (by increasing eEPSC amplitude) but also enhanced plasticity by converting tetanus stimulation-induced short-term potentiation to long-term potentiation; nicotine enhanced synaptic transmission and plasticity of ECVI synapses by acting on both the alpha7 and non-alpha7 subtypes of nAChRs. Our data suggest that ECVI neurons are important regulators of hippocampal function and plasticity during smoking.
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Ohno Y, Shimizu S, Harada Y, Morishita M, Ishihara S, Kumafuji K, Sasa M, Serikawa T. Regional expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity following seizures in Noda epileptic rat (NER). Epilepsy Res 2009; 87:70-6. [PMID: 19713079 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Noda epileptic rat (NER) is a genetic rat model of epilepsy that exhibit spontaneous generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) seizures with paroxysmal discharges. We analyzed the regional expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) following GTC seizures in NER to clarify the brain regions involved in the seizure generation. GTC seizures in NER elicited a marked increase in Fos expression in the piriform cortex, perirhinal-entorhinal cortex, insular cortex and other cortices including the motor cortex. In the limbic regions, Fos-IR was highest in the amygdalar nuclei (e.g., basomedial amygdaloid nucleus), followed by the cingulate cortex and hippocampus (i.e., dentate gyrus and CA3). As compared to the above forebrain regions, NER either with or without GTC seizures exhibited only marginal Fos expression in the basal ganglia (e.g., accumbens, striatum and globus pallidus), diencephalon (e.g., thalamus and hypothalamus) and lower brain stem structures (e.g., pons-medulla oblongata). These results suggest that GTC seizures in NER are of forebrain origin and are evoked primarily by activation of the limbic and/or cortical seizure circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Ohno
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
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Kedmi M, Orr-Urtreger A. Expression changes in mouse brains following nicotine-induced seizures: the modulation of transcription factor networks. Physiol Genomics 2007; 30:242-52. [PMID: 17456735 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00288.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine, acting through the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), can induce seizures in mice. We aimed to study brain transcriptional response to seizure and to identify genes whose expression is altered after nicotine-induced seizures. Whole brains of untreated mice were compared with brains 1 h after seizure activity, using Affymetrix U74Av2 microarrays. Experimental groups included wild-type mice and both nicotine-induced seizure-sensitive and -resistant nAChR mutant mice. Each genotype group received different nicotine doses to generate seizures. This approach allowed the identification of significantly changed genes whose expression was dependent on seizure activity, nicotine administration, or both but not on the type of nAChR subunit mutation or the amount of nicotine injected. Significant expression changes were detected in 62 genes ( P < 0.05, false discovery rate correction). Among them, gene ontology functional annotation analysis determined that the most significantly overrepresented categories were of genes encoding MAP kinase phosphatases, regulators of transcription and nucleosome assembly proteins. In silico bioinformatic analysis of the promoter regions of the 62 changed genes detected significant enrichments of 16 transcription regulatory elements (TREs), creating a network of transcriptional regulatory responses to seizures. The TREs for activating transcription factor and serum response factor were most significantly enriched, supporting their association with seizure activity. Our data suggest that nicotine-induced seizure in mice is a useful model to study seizure activity and its global brain transcriptional response. The differentially expressed genes detected here can help us to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying seizures in animal models and may also serve as candidate genes to study epilepsy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav Kedmi
- Genetic Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Anderson NJ, Slough S, Watson WP. In vivo characterisation of the small-conductance KCa (SK) channel activator 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (1-EBIO) as a potential anticonvulsant. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 546:48-53. [PMID: 16925994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their activation by increased intracellular Ca(2+) levels following burst firing, and the resultant hyperpolarisation and dampening of neuronal excitability, the small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (SK(Ca)) channels have been proposed as a potential target for novel antiepileptic drugs. Indeed, the channel activator 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (1-EBIO) has been shown to reduce epileptiform activity in vitro. Accordingly, this study has investigated the therapeutic potential of 1-EBIO using a range of in vivo seizure models, and assessed the adverse effect liability with the rotarod and locomotor activity paradigms. To aid benchmarking of 1-EBIO's therapeutic and adverse effect potential, it was tested alongside two currently marketed antiepileptic drugs, phenytoin and levetiracetam. 1-EBIO was found to be effective at reducing seizure incidence in mice following maximal electroshock (ED(50) 36.0 mg/kg) as well as increasing the threshold to electrically- and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures (TID(10)s 7.3 and 21.5 mg/kg, respectively). However, results from the mouse rotarod test revealed a strong adverse effect potential within the therapeutic dose range (ID(50) 35.6 mg/kg), implying a significantly inferior therapeutic index with respect to the comparator compounds. These results, therefore, support the in vitro data detailing 1-EBIO's reduction of epileptiform activity. However, the use of in vivo models has revealed a significant adverse effect potential within the therapeutic dose range. Nevertheless, given the multiplicity of SK(Ca) channel subunits and that 1-EBIO has been shown to enhance additional, non-SK(Ca) carried currents, these findings do not preclude the possibility that more selective enhancers of SK(Ca) function could prove to be effective as antiepileptic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Anderson
- Neuropharmacology Department, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark.
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