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Wang Y, Chang C, Wang R, Li X, Bao X. The advantages of multi-level omics research on stem cell-based therapies for ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1998-2003. [PMID: 38227528 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.390959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation is a potential therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. However, despite many years of preclinical research, the application of stem cells is still limited to the clinical trial stage. Although stem cell therapy can be highly beneficial in promoting functional recovery, the precise mechanisms of action that are responsible for this effect have yet to be fully elucidated. Omics analysis provides us with a new perspective to investigate the physiological mechanisms and multiple functions of stem cells in ischemic stroke. Transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses have become important tools for discovering biomarkers and analyzing molecular changes under pathological conditions. Omics analysis could help us to identify new pathways mediated by stem cells for the treatment of ischemic stroke via stem cell therapy, thereby facilitating the translation of stem cell therapies into clinical use. In this review, we summarize the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and discuss recent progress in the development of stem cell therapies for the treatment of ischemic stroke by applying multi-level omics. We also discuss changes in RNAs, proteins, and metabolites in the cerebral tissues and body fluids under stroke conditions and following stem cell treatment, and summarize the regulatory factors that play a key role in stem cell therapy. The exploration of stem cell therapy at the molecular level will facilitate the clinical application of stem cells and provide new treatment possibilities for the complete recovery of neurological function in patients with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Wang
- 4+4 Doctor Medical Program, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuheng Chang
- 4+4 Doctor Medical Program, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjie Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Trout AL, Kahle MP, Roberts JM, Marcelo A, de Hoog L, Boychuk JA, Grupke SL, Berretta A, Gowing EK, Boychuk CR, Gorman AA, Edwards DN, Rutkai I, Biose IJ, Ishibashi-Ueda H, Ihara M, Smith BN, Clarkson AN, Bix GJ. Perlecan Domain-V Enhances Neurogenic Brain Repair After Stroke in Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 12:72-86. [PMID: 32253702 PMCID: PMC7803718 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix fragment perlecan domain V is neuroprotective and functionally restorative following experimental stroke. As neurogenesis is an important component of chronic post-stroke repair, and previous studies have implicated perlecan in developmental neurogenesis, we hypothesized that domain V could have a broad therapeutic window by enhancing neurogenesis after stroke. We demonstrated that domain V is chronically increased in the brains of human stroke patients, suggesting that it is present during post-stroke neurogenic periods. Furthermore, perlecan deficient mice had significantly less neuroblast precursor cells after experimental stroke. Seven-day delayed domain V administration enhanced neurogenesis and restored peri-infarct excitatory synaptic drive to neocortical layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons after experimental stroke. Domain V's effects were inhibited by blockade of α2β1 integrin, suggesting the importance of α2β1 integrin to neurogenesis and domain V neurogenic effects. Our results demonstrate that perlecan plays a previously unrecognized role in post-stroke neurogenesis and that delayed DV administration after experimental stroke enhances neurogenesis and improves recovery in an α2β1 integrin-mediated fashion. We conclude that domain V is a clinically relevant neuroprotective and neuroreparative novel stroke therapy with a broad therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Trout
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael P Kahle
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Jill M Roberts
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Aileen Marcelo
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Leon de Hoog
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jeffery A Boychuk
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Stephen L Grupke
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Antonio Berretta
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Center and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Emma K Gowing
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Center and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Carie R Boychuk
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Amanda A Gorman
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Danielle N Edwards
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ibolya Rutkai
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ifechukwude J Biose
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Bret N Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Andrew N Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Center and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gregory J Bix
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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3
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Sawada M, Ohno N, Kawaguchi M, Huang SH, Hikita T, Sakurai Y, Bang Nguyen H, Quynh Thai T, Ishido Y, Yoshida Y, Nakagawa H, Uemura A, Sawamoto K. PlexinD1 signaling controls morphological changes and migration termination in newborn neurons. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201797404. [PMID: 29348324 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn neurons maintain a very simple, bipolar shape, while they migrate from their birthplace toward their destinations in the brain, where they differentiate into mature neurons with complex dendritic morphologies. Here, we report a mechanism by which the termination of neuronal migration is maintained in the postnatal olfactory bulb (OB). During neuronal deceleration in the OB, newborn neurons transiently extend a protrusion from the proximal part of their leading process in the resting phase, which we refer to as a filopodium-like lateral protrusion (FLP). The FLP formation is induced by PlexinD1 downregulation and local Rac1 activation, which coincide with microtubule reorganization and the pausing of somal translocation. The somal translocation of resting neurons is suppressed by microtubule polymerization within the FLP The timing of neuronal migration termination, controlled by Sema3E-PlexinD1-Rac1 signaling, influences the final positioning, dendritic patterns, and functions of the neurons in the OB These results suggest that PlexinD1 signaling controls FLP formation and the termination of neuronal migration through a precise control of microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Sawada
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Kawaguchi
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shih-Hui Huang
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takao Hikita
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Youmei Sakurai
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Huy Bang Nguyen
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Truc Quynh Thai
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yuri Ishido
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yoshida
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hidehiko Nakagawa
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uemura
- Department of Retinal Vascular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan .,Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
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4
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Lin R, Iacovitti L. Classic and novel stem cell niches in brain homeostasis and repair. Brain Res 2015; 1628:327-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF) is a Determinant of Stem Cell Fate: Lessons from an Ultra-Rare Disease. J Dev Biol 2015; 3:112-128. [PMID: 27239449 PMCID: PMC4883593 DOI: 10.3390/jdb3040112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PEDF is a secreted glycoprotein that is widely expressed by multiple organs. Numerous functional contributions have been attributed to PEDF with antiangiogenic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and neurotrophic properties among the most prominent. The discovery that null mutations in the PEDF gene results in Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type VI, a rare autosomal recessive bone disease characterized by multiple fractures, highlights a critical developmental function for this protein. This ultra-rare orphan disease has provided biological insights into previous studies that noted PEDF’s effects on various stem cell populations. In addition to bone development, PEDF modulates resident stem cell populations in the brain, muscle, and eye. Functional effects on human embryonic stem cells have also been demonstrated. An overview of recent advances in our understanding by which PEDF regulates stem cells and their potential clinical applications will be evaluated in this review.
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6
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Hirota Y, Sawada M, Huang SH, Ogino T, Ohata S, Kubo A, Sawamoto K. Roles of Wnt Signaling in the Neurogenic Niche of the Adult Mouse Ventricular-Subventricular Zone. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:222-30. [PMID: 26572545 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In many animal species, the production of new neurons (neurogenesis) occurs throughout life, in a specialized germinal region called the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ). In this region, neural stem cells undergo self-renewal and generate neural progenitor cells and new neurons. In the olfactory system, the new neurons migrate rostrally toward the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into mature interneurons. V-SVZ-derived new neurons can also migrate toward sites of brain injury, where they contribute to neural regeneration. Recent studies indicate that two major branches of the Wnt signaling pathway, the Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/planar cell polarity pathways, play essential roles in various facets of adult neurogenesis. Here, we review the Wnt signaling-mediated regulation of adult neurogenesis in the V-SVZ under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hirota
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Masato Sawada
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Shih-Hui Huang
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogino
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Shinya Ohata
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akiharu Kubo
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
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7
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Hill J, Cave J. Targeting the vasculature to improve neural progenitor transplant survival. Transl Neurosci 2015; 6:162-167. [PMID: 28123800 PMCID: PMC4936624 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2015-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor transplantation is a promising therapeutic option for several neurological diseases and injuries. In nearly all human clinical trials and animal models that have tested this strategy, the low survival rate of progenitors after engraftment remains a significant challenge to overcome. Developing methods to improve the survival rate will reduce the number of cells required for transplant and will likely enhance functional improvements produced by the procedure. Here we briefly review the close relationship between the blood vasculature and neural progenitors in both the embryo and adult nervous system. We also discuss previous studies that have explored the role of the vasculature and hypoxic pre-conditioning in neural transplants. From these studies, we suggest that hypoxic pre-conditioning of a progenitor pool containing both neural and endothelial cells will improve engrafted transplanted neuronal survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Hill
- Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Burke Rehabilitation Hospital, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10605, USA
| | - John Cave
- Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10605, USA
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8
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Chen YH, Zhang RG, Xue F, Wang HN, Chen YC, Hu GT, Peng Y, Peng ZW, Tan QR. Quetiapine and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ameliorate depression-like behaviors and up-regulate the proliferation of hippocampal-derived neural stem cells in a rat model of depression: The involvement of the BDNF/ERK signal pathway. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 136:39-46. [PMID: 26176197 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Quetiapine (QUE) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have been considered to be possible monotherapies for depression or adjunctive therapies for the treatment of the resistant depression, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aimed to assess the effects of combined QUE and rTMS treatment on depressive-like behaviors, hippocampal proliferation, and the in vivo and in vitro expressions of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (pERK1/2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The administration of QUE and rTMS was determined not only to reverse the depressive-like behaviors of rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) but also to restore the protein expressions of pERK1/2 and BDNF and cell proliferation in the hippocampus. Additionally, QUE and rTMS promoted the proliferation and increased the expression of pERK1/2 and BDNF in hippocampal-derived neural stem cells (NSCs), and these effects were abolished by U0126. Taken together, these results suggest that the antidepressive-like effects of QUE and rTMS might be related to the activation of the BDNF/ERK signaling pathway and the up-regulation of cell proliferation in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-huan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Rui-guo Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Fen Xue
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hua-ning Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yun-chun Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Guang-tao Hu
- Mental Health Center, 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400041, China
| | - Ye Peng
- Air Force General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-wu Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Qing-rong Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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9
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Bakhshetyan K, Saghatelyan A. Tracking Neuronal Migration in Adult Brain Slices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:3.28.1-3.28.13. [DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0328s71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bakhshetyan
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Institut Universitaire en santé mentale de Québec Quebec City Canada
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Institut Universitaire en santé mentale de Québec Quebec City Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval Quebec City Canada
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10
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Yuan TF, Liang YX, Tay D, So KF, Ellis-Behnke R. Specialized vasculature in the rostral migratory stream as a neurogenic niche and scaffold for neuroblast migration. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:377-90. [PMID: 25671779 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x686878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurovascular niches serve as the hosts for adult neural stem cells in both the hippocampus and subventricular zone. The rostral migratory stream (RMS) vasculature has been found to be important for neuroblast migration, while its roles in hosting putative neural stem cells have not been investigated. Here we investigated the organization of RMS vasculature and its contribution to the production of new neurons. A single pulse of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) administration revealed locally formed new neurons within RMS were located adjacent to blood vessels. In addition, BrdU label-retaining cells that are putative neural stem cells were also found close to the vasculature. Sodium fluorescein perfusion assay demonstrated that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) organization was especially "leaky" in the neurogenic niches. Immunohistochemical visualization of some BBB component molecules indicated a thinner BBB in the RMS region, compared to that in the frontal cortex of adult rats. Finally, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was strong and specialized in the RMS region, implying that the region was active in cell proliferation and migration. Here we show that the RMS vasculature associated with surrounding astrocytes provides a highly organized neurovascular niche for adult neural stem cell proliferation, in addition to the function of neuroblast migration support. This result points to a new vasculature supporting neurogenic region in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti-Fei Yuan
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Roll L, Faissner A. Influence of the extracellular matrix on endogenous and transplanted stem cells after brain damage. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:219. [PMID: 25191223 PMCID: PMC4137450 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited regeneration capacity of the adult central nervous system (CNS) requires strategies to improve recovery of patients. In this context, the interaction of endogenous as well as transplanted stem cells with their environment is crucial. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms could help to improve regeneration by targeted manipulation. In the course of reactive gliosis, astrocytes upregulate Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and start, in many cases, to proliferate. Beside GFAP, subpopulations of these astroglial cells coexpress neural progenitor markers like Nestin. Although cells express these markers, the proportion of cells that eventually give rise to neurons is limited in many cases in vivo compared to the situation in vitro. In the first section, we present the characteristics of endogenous progenitor-like cells and discuss the differences in their neurogenic potential in vitro and in vivo. As the environment plays an important role for survival, proliferation, migration, and other processes, the second section of the review describes changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex network that contains numerous signaling molecules. It appears that signals in the damaged CNS lead to an activation and de-differentiation of astrocytes, but do not effectively promote neuronal differentiation of these cells. Factors that influence stem cells during development are upregulated in the damaged brain as part of an environment resembling a stem cell niche. We give a general description of the ECM composition, with focus on stem cell-associated factors like the glycoprotein Tenascin-C (TN-C). Stem cell transplantation is considered as potential treatment strategy. Interaction of transplanted stem cells with the host environment is critical for the outcome of stem cell-based therapies. Possible mechanisms involving the ECM by which transplanted stem cells might improve recovery are discussed in the last section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Roll
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany ; International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany ; International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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12
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Developmental study of the distribution of hypoxia-induced factor-1 alpha and microtubule-associated protein 2 in children’s brainstem: Comparison between controls and cases with signs of perinatal hypoxia. Neuroscience 2014; 271:77-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Sawada M, Matsumoto M, Sawamoto K. Vascular regulation of adult neurogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:53. [PMID: 24672424 PMCID: PMC3955849 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells in the mammalian adult brain continuously produce new neurons throughout life. Accumulating evidence in rodents suggests that various aspects of adult neurogenesis, including the genesis, migration, and maturation of new neurons, are regulated by factors derived from blood vessels and their microenvironment. Brain injury enhances both neurogenesis and angiogenesis, thereby promoting the cooperative regeneration of neurons and blood vessels. In this paper, we briefly review the mechanisms for the vascular regulation of adult neurogenesis in the ventricular-subventricular zone under physiological and pathological conditions, and discuss their clinical potential for brain regeneration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Sawada
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mami Matsumoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Nagoya, Japan
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14
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Young CC, Al-Dalahmah O, Lewis NJ, Brooks KJ, Jenkins MM, Poirier F, Buchan AM, Szele FG. Blocked angiogenesis in Galectin-3 null mice does not alter cellular and behavioral recovery after middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 63:155-64. [PMID: 24269916 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is thought to decrease stroke size and improve behavioral outcomes and therefore several clinical trials are seeking to augment it. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) expression increases after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and has been proposed to limit damage 3days after stroke. We carried out mild MCAO that damages the striatum but spares the cerebral cortex and SVZ. Gal-3 gene deletion prevented vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) upregulation after MCAO. This inhibited post-MCAO increases in endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis in the striatum allowing us to uniquely address the function of angiogenesis in this model of stroke. Apoptosis and infarct size were unchanged in Gal-3(-/-) mice 7 and 14 days after MCAO, suggesting that angiogenesis does not affect lesion size. Microglial and astrocyte activation/proliferation after MCAO was similar in wild type and Gal-3(-/-) mice. In addition, openfield activity, motor hemiparesis, proprioception, reflex, tremors and grooming behaviors were essentially identical between WT and Gal-3(-/-) mice at 1, 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after MCAO, suggesting that penumbral angiogenesis has limited impact on behavioral recovery. In addition to angiogenesis, increased adult subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenesis is thought to provide neuroprotection after stroke in animal models. SVZ neurogenesis and migration to lesion were overall unaffected by the loss of Gal-3, suggesting no compensation for the lack of angiogenesis in Gal-3(-/-) mice. Because angiogenesis and neurogenesis are usually coordinately regulated, identifying their individual effects on stroke has hitherto been difficult. These results show that Gal-3 is necessary for angiogenesis in stroke in a VEGF-dependant manner, but suggest that angiogenesis may be dispensable for post-stroke endogenous repair, therefore drawing into question the clinical utility of augmenting angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Young
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Osama Al-Dalahmah
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Nicola J Lewis
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Keith J Brooks
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Micaela M Jenkins
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Françoise Poirier
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR CNRS 7592, Université Paris Diderot, 75205 Paris 13, France
| | - Alastair M Buchan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Francis G Szele
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
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15
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Falenta K, Gajendra S, Sonego M, Doherty P, Lalli G. Nucleofection of rodent neuroblasts to study neuroblast migration in vitro. J Vis Exp 2013:e50989. [PMID: 24300093 PMCID: PMC3990830 DOI: 10.3791/50989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The subventricular zone (SVZ) located in the lateral wall of the lateral ventricles plays a fundamental role in adult neurogenesis. In this restricted area of the brain, neural stem cells proliferate and constantly generate neuroblasts that migrate tangentially in chains along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to reach the olfactory bulb (OB). Once in the OB, neuroblasts switch to radial migration and then differentiate into mature neurons able to incorporate into the preexisting neuronal network. Proper neuroblast migration is a fundamental step in neurogenesis, ensuring the correct functional maturation of newborn neurons. Given the ability of SVZ-derived neuroblasts to target injured areas in the brain, investigating the intracellular mechanisms underlying their motility will not only enhance the understanding of neurogenesis but may also promote the development of neuroregenerative strategies. This manuscript describes a detailed protocol for the transfection of primary rodent RMS postnatal neuroblasts and the analysis of their motility using a 3D in vitro migration assay recapitulating their mode of migration observed in vivo. Both rat and mouse neuroblasts can be quickly and efficiently transfected via nucleofection with either plasmid DNA, small hairpin (sh)RNA or short interfering (si)RNA oligos targeting genes of interest. To analyze migration, nucleofected cells are reaggregated in 'hanging drops' and subsequently embedded in a three-dimensional matrix. Nucleofection per se does not significantly impair the migration of neuroblasts. Pharmacological treatment of nucleofected and reaggregated neuroblasts can also be performed to study the role of signaling pathways involved in neuroblast migration.
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16
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Craword SE, Fitchev P, Veliceasa D, Volpert OV. The many facets of PEDF in drug discovery and disease: a diamond in the rough or split personality disorder? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:769-92. [PMID: 23642051 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.794781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) was discovered as a neurotrophic factor secreted by retinal pigment epithelial cells. A decade later, it re-emerged as a powerful angiogenesis inhibitor guarding ocular function. Since then, significant advances were made identifying PEDF's mechanisms, targets and biomedical applications. AREAS COVERED The authors review several methodologies that have generated significant new information about the potential of PEDF as a drug. Furthermore, the authors review and discuss mechanistic and structure-function analyses combined with the functional mapping of active fragments, which have yielded several short bioactive PEDF peptides. Additionally, the authors present functional studies in knockout animals and human correlates that have provided important information about conditions amenable to PEDF-based therapies. EXPERT OPINION Through its four known receptors, PEDF causes a wide range of cellular events vitally important for the organism, which include survival and differentiation, migration and invasion, lipid metabolism and stem cell maintenance. These processes are deregulated in multiple pathological conditions, including cancer, metabolic and cardiovascular disease. PEDF has been successfully used in countless preclinical models of these conditions and human correlates suggest a wide utility of PEDF-based drugs. The most significant clinical application of PEDF, to date, is its potential therapeutic use for age-related macular degeneration. Moreover, PEDF-based gene therapy has advanced to early stage clinical trials. PEDF active fragments have been mapped and used to design short peptide mimetics conferring distinct functions of PEDF, which may address specific clinical problems and become prototype drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Craword
- St. Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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17
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extensive research in the past decade has confirmed that the adult brain maintains some plasticity, including neural cell birth, migration and integration. Pre-clinical data strongly suggest that phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors promote cerebral neovascularization and neurogenesis. Animal studies of cerebral stroke suggest potential regenerative benefits following treatment with sildenafil citrate, a PDE5 inhibitor. This study reports a case in which compassionate use of sildenafil was investigated as a treatment to improve physical functioning, more than 4 decades after development of spastic quadriplegia during the 1st-2nd year of life. METHODS Sildenafil 100 mg was administered every 24 hours for 7 months. RESULTS Sildenafil treatment was associated with clinical (functional) improvement. CONCLUSIONS The activity of sildenafil on cerebral neovascularization and neurogenesis may be the mechanism for the observed functional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cocchiarella
- Clinical Rehabilitation Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Mimeault M, Batra SK. Great promise of tissue-resident adult stem/progenitor cells in transplantation and cancer therapies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 741:171-86. [PMID: 22457110 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2098-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in tissue-resident adult stem/progenitor cell research has inspired great interest because these immature cells from your own body can act as potential, easily accessible cell sources for cell transplantation in regenerative medicine and cancer therapies. The use of adult stem/progenitor cells endowed with a high self-renewal ability and multilineage differentiation potential, which are able to regenerate all the mature cells in the tissues from their origin, offers great promise in replacing non-functioning or lost cells and regenerating diseased and damaged tissues. The presence of a small subpopulation of adult stem/progenitor cells in most tissues and organs provides the possibility of stimulating their in vivo differentiation, or of using their ex vivo expanded progenies for cell-replacement and gene therapies with multiple applications in humans without a high-risk of graft rejection and major side effects. Among the diseases that could be treated by adult stem cell-based therapies are hematopoietic and immune disorders, multiple degenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, Types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus as well as skin, eye, liver, lung, tooth and cardiovascular disorders. In addition, a combination of the current cancer treatments with an adjuvant treatment consisting of an autologous or allogeneic adult stem/progenitor cell transplantation also represents a promising strategy for treating and even curing diverse aggressive, metastatic, recurrent and lethal cancers. In this chapter, we reviewed the most recent advancements on the characterization of phenotypic and functional properties of adult stem/progenitor cell types found in bone marrow, heart, brain and other tissues and discussed their therapeutic implications in the stem cell-based transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Mimeault
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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Cunningham LA, Candelario K, Li L. Roles for HIF-1α in neural stem cell function and the regenerative response to stroke. Behav Brain Res 2011; 227:410-7. [PMID: 21871501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stroke represents a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide, with few therapeutic options available for improving behavioral recovery. Identification of endogenous neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) that are capable of promoting reparative responses following brain injury and stroke make these cells attractive therapeutic targets for stimulating cell replacement and neuronal plasticity. Interest in the mechanisms that support NSPC survival and replenishment of damaged cells within the ischemic brain has led to elucidation of new roles for hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in NSPC function. HIF-1α is a well-studied mediator of adaptive cellular responses to hypoxia through direct transcriptional regulation of cellular metabolism and angiogenesis. Recent evidence also indicates novel roles for HIF-1α in stem cell differentiation through modulation of Notch and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. In this review, we will explore the hypothesis that HIF-1α represents an important mediator of NSPC function under both non-pathological conditions and stroke; and plays a central role in the regulation of NSPC response to hypoxia, metabolism and maintenance of the vascular environment of the neural stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Anna Cunningham
- Department of Neurosciences, MSC08 4740, 1 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
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20
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Young CC, Brooks KJ, Buchan AM, Szele FG. Cellular and molecular determinants of stroke-induced changes in subventricular zone cell migration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1877-88. [PMID: 20673127 PMCID: PMC3078507 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A remarkable aspect of adult neurogenesis is that the tight regulation of subventricular zone (SVZ) neuroblast migration is altered after ischemic stroke and newborn neurons emigrate towards the injury. This phenomenon is an essential component of endogenous repair and also serves to illuminate normal mechanisms and rules that govern SVZ migration. Stroke causes inflammation that leads to cytokine and chemokine release, and SVZ neuroblasts that express their receptors are recruited. Metalloproteinases create pathways and new blood vessels provide a scaffold to facilitate neuroblast migration between the SVZ and the infarct. Most experiments have studied the peri-lesion parenchyma and relatively little is known about SVZ remodeling after stroke. Migration in the SVZ is tightly regulated by cellular interactions and molecular signaling; how are these altered after stroke to allow emigration? Do ependymal cells contribute to this process, given their reported neurogenic potential? How does stroke affect ependymal cell regulation of cerebrospinal fluid flow? Given the heterogeneity of SVZ progenitors, do all types of neuroblasts migrate out, or is this confined to specific subtypes of cells? We discuss these and other questions in our review and propose experiments to address them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Young
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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21
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Sugimoto K, Gordon SP, Meyerowitz EM. Regeneration in plants and animals: dedifferentiation, transdifferentiation, or just differentiation? Trends Cell Biol 2011; 21:212-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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22
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Yao L, Pandit A, Yao S, McCaig CD. Electric field-guided neuron migration: a novel approach in neurogenesis. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 17:143-53. [PMID: 21275787 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Effective directional neuron migration is crucial in development of the central nervous system and for neurogenesis. Endogenous electrical signals are present in many developing systems and crucial cellular behaviors such as neuronal cell division, cell migration, and cell differentiation are all under the influence of such endogenous electrical cues. Preclinical in vivo studies have used electric fields (EFs) to attempt to enhance regrowth of damaged spinal cord axons with some success. Recent evidence shows that small EFs not only guide axonal growth, but also direct the earlier events of neuronal migration and neuronal cell division. This raises the possibility that applied or endogenous EFs, perhaps in combination, may direct transplanted neural stem cells, or regenerating neurons, to the desired site after brain injury or neuron degeneration. The high complexity of both structure and function of the nervous system, however, poses significant challenges to techniques for applying EFs to promote neurogenesis. The evolution of functional biomaterials and nanotechnology may provide promising solutions for the application of EFs in guiding neuron migration and neurogenesis within the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yao
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials, National Center for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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23
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Robel S, Berninger B, Götz M. The stem cell potential of glia: lessons from reactive gliosis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12:88-104. [PMID: 21248788 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte-like cells, which act as stem cells in the adult brain, reside in a few restricted stem cell niches. However, following brain injury, glia outside these niches acquire or reactivate stem cell potential as part of reactive gliosis. Recent studies have begun to uncover the molecular pathways involved in this process. A comparison of molecular pathways activated after injury with those involved in the normal neural stem cell niches highlights strategies that could overcome the inhibition of neurogenesis outside the stem cell niche and instruct parenchymal glia towards a neurogenic fate. This new view on reactive glia therefore suggests a widespread endogenous source of cells with stem cell potential, which might potentially be harnessed for local repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Robel
- Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Germany
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Wager-Smith K, Markou A. Depression: a repair response to stress-induced neuronal microdamage that can grade into a chronic neuroinflammatory condition? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:742-64. [PMID: 20883718 PMCID: PMC3777427 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a major contributor to the global burden of disease and disability, yet it is poorly understood. Here we review data supporting a novel theoretical model for the biology of depression. In this model, a stressful life event leads to microdamage in the brain. This damage triggers an injury repair response consisting of a neuroinflammatory phase to clear cellular debris and a spontaneous tissue regeneration phase involving neurotrophins and neurogenesis. During healing, released inflammatory mediators trigger sickness behavior and psychological pain via mechanisms similar to those that produce physical pain during wound healing. The depression remits if the neuronal injury repair process resolves successfully. Importantly, however, the acute psychological pain and neuroinflammation often transition to chronicity and develop into pathological depressive states. This hypothesis for depression explains substantially more data than alternative models, including why emerging data show that analgesic, anti-inflammatory, pro-neurogenic and pro-neurotrophic treatments have antidepressant effects. Thus, an acute depressive episode can be conceptualized as a normally self-limiting but highly error-prone process of recuperation from stress-triggered neuronal microdamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Wager-Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA.
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Bordey A. The stem cell journey: from paradise to purgatory. Neuropharmacology 2010; 58:833-4. [PMID: 20146927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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