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Kwan C, Kang W, Kim E, Belliveau S, Frouni I, Huot P. Metabotropic glutamate receptors in Parkinson's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 168:1-31. [PMID: 36868628 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex disorder that leads to alterations in multiple neurotransmitter systems, notably glutamate. As such, several drugs acting at glutamatergic receptors have been assessed to alleviate the manifestation of PD and treatment-related complications, culminating with the approval of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist amantadine for l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia. Glutamate elicits its actions through several ionotropic and metabotropic (mGlu) receptors. There are 8 sub-types of mGlu receptors, with sub-types 4 (mGlu4) and 5 (mGlu5) modulators having been tested in the clinic for endpoints pertaining to PD, while sub-types 2 (mGlu2) and 3 (mGlu3) have been investigated in pre-clinical settings. In this book chapter, we provide an overview of mGlu receptors in PD, with a focus on mGlu5, mGlu4, mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors. For each sub-type, we review, when applicable, their anatomical localization and possible mechanisms underlying their efficacy for specific disease manifestation or treatment-induced complications. We then summarize the findings of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials with pharmacological agents and discuss the potential strengths and limitations of each target. We conclude by offering some perspectives on the potential use of mGlu modulators in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Kwan
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Woojin Kang
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Esther Kim
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Belliveau
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Imane Frouni
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Huot
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Movement Disorder Clinic, Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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2
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Angela Cenci M, Skovgård K, Odin P. Non-dopaminergic approaches to the treatment of motor complications in Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2022; 210:109027. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Mann E, Jackson M, Lincoln L, Fisher R, Rose S, Duty S. Antiparkinsonian Effects of a Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 4 Agonist in MPTP-Treated Marmosets. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 10:959-967. [PMID: 32250315 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased firing across glutamatergic synapses may contribute to both the motor dysfunction and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia seen in Parkinson's disease. Given their ability to reduce glutamate release, activation of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors such as metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 may prove effective against both motor dysfunction and dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. OBJECTIVE We hypothesised that activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 by an orthosteric agonist ((2S)-2-amino-4-(hydroxy(hydroxy(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)methyl)phosphoryl)butanoic acid, LSP1-2111) would produce antiparkinsonian activity and reduce expression of dyskinesia in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl,1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated marmoset model of Parkinson's disease. METHODS Common marmosets were previously treated with MPTP and pre-primed with L-DOPA for up to 28 days to express dyskinesia. LSP1-2111 (1, 3, or 6 mg/kg s.c.) or vehicle (0.9% saline s.c.) were administered immediately prior to L-DOPA (8 mg/kg + benserazide (10 mg/kg) p.o.) or vehicle (10% sucrose p.o.). Locomotor activity was measured in automated test cages and animals were scored for dyskinesia and disability. RESULTS As expected, L-DOPA reversed motor disability and induced moderate dyskinesia. By contrast, LSP1-2111 alone significantly reduced the motor disability without any accompanying expression of dyskinesia. When administered in combination with L-DOPA, LSP1-2111 did not significantly reduce the severity of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. CONCLUSION Systemic administration of LSP1-2111 reduces motor disability without causing dyskinesia in MPTP-treated marmosets, supporting a role for metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 orthosteric agonists as promising monotherapy for PD. Conversely, this study found no evidence to support their use as antidyskinetic agents within the dose range tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mann
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Jackson
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Louise Lincoln
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ria Fisher
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Rose
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Susan Duty
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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A nanobody activating metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 discriminates between homo- and heterodimers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2105848118. [PMID: 34385321 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105848118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in developing biologics due to their high target selectivity. The G protein-coupled homo- and heterodimeric metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors regulate many synapses and are promising targets for the treatment of numerous brain diseases. Although subtype-selective allosteric small molecules have been reported, their effects on the recently discovered heterodimeric receptors are often not known. Here, we describe a nanobody that specifically and fully activates homodimeric human mGlu4 receptors. Molecular modeling and mutagenesis studies revealed that the nanobody acts by stabilizing the closed active state of the glutamate binding domain by interacting with both lobes. In contrast, this nanobody does not activate the heterodimeric mGlu2-4 but acts as a pure positive allosteric modulator. These data further reveal how an antibody can fully activate a class C receptor and bring further evidence that nanobodies represent an alternative way to specifically control mGlu receptor subtypes.
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Boccella S, Marabese I, Guida F, Luongo L, Maione S, Palazzo E. The Modulation of Pain by Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors 7 and 8 in the Dorsal Striatum. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:34-50. [PMID: 31210112 PMCID: PMC7327935 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666190618121859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal striatum, apart from controlling voluntary movement, displays a recently demonstrated pain inhibition. It is connected to the descending pain modulatory system and in particular to the rostral ventromedial medulla through the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus. Diseases of the basal ganglia, such as Parkinson's disease, in addition to being characterized by motor disorders, are associated with pain and hyperactivation of the excitatory transmission. A way to counteract glutamatergic hyperactivation is through the activation of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), which are located on presynaptic terminals inhibiting neurotransmitter release. So far the mGluRs of group III have been the least investigated, owing to a lack of selective tools. More recently, selective ligands for each mGluR of group III, in particular positive and negative allosteric modulators, have been developed and the role of each subtype is starting to emerge. The neuroprotective potential of group III mGluRs in pathological conditions, such as those characterized by elevate glutamate, has been recently shown. In the dorsal striatum, mGluR7 and mGluR8 are located at glutamatergic corticostriatal terminals and their stimulation inhibits pain in pathological conditions such as neuropathic pain. The two receptors in the dorsal striatum have instead a different role in pain control in normal conditions. This review will discuss recent results focusing on the contribution of mGluR7 and mGluR8 in the dorsal striatal control of pain. The role of mGluR4, whose antiparkinsonian activity is widely reported, will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Boccella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ida Marabese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Enza Palazzo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Charvin D, Di Paolo T, Bezard E, Gregoire L, Takano A, Duvey G, Pioli E, Halldin C, Medori R, Conquet F. An mGlu4-Positive Allosteric Modulator Alleviates Parkinsonism in Primates. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1619-1631. [PMID: 30216534 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levodopa remains the gold-standard treatment for PD. However, it becomes less effective as the disease progresses and produces debilitating side effects, such as motor fluctuations and l-dopa-induced dyskinesia. Modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 represents a promising antiparkinsonian approach in combination with l-dopa, but it has not been demonstrated in primates. OBJECTIVE We studied whether a novel positive allosteric modulator of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 4, PXT002331 (foliglurax), could reduce parkinsonism in primate models. METHODS We assessed the therapeutic potential of PXT002331 in three models of MPTP-induced parkinsonism in macaques. These models represent three different stages of disease evolution: early stage and advanced stage with and without l-dopa-induced dyskinesia. RESULTS As an adjunct to l-dopa, PXT002331 induced a robust and dose-dependent reversal of parkinsonian motor symptoms in macaques, including bradykinesia, tremor, posture, and mobility. Moreover, PXT002331 strongly decreased dyskinesia severity, thus having therapeutic efficacy on both parkinsonian motor impairment and l-dopa-induced dyskinesia. PXT002331 brain penetration was also assessed using PET imaging in macaques, and pharmacodynamic analyses support target engagement in the therapeutic effects of PXT002331. CONCLUSIONS This work provides a demonstration that a positive allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 can alleviate the motor symptoms of PD and the motor complications induced by l-dopa in primates. PXT002331 is the first compound of its class to enter phase IIa clinical trials. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Charvin
- Prexton Therapeutics SA, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Therese Di Paolo
- Neuroscience Research Unit CHU de Québec, CHUL Pavillon and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Motac Neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Gregoire
- Neuroscience Research Unit CHU de Québec, CHUL Pavillon and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Akihiro Takano
- Karolinska Institutet, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guillaume Duvey
- Prexton Therapeutics SA, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elsa Pioli
- Motac Neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christer Halldin
- Karolinska Institutet, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rossella Medori
- Prexton Therapeutics SA, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Conquet
- Prexton Therapeutics SA, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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mGlu 4 allosteric modulation for treating Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:308-315. [PMID: 29578036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
2017 is the 200th anniversary of the first published description of Parkinson's disease (PD). Fifty years ago, the clinical benefit of levodopa was first documented, representing the most important advance in the treatment of PD so far. Among the novel targets identified in the last decade, positive allosteric modulators (PAM) of mGlu4 receptors show great promise, with the potential to change the paradigm of the PD treatment approach. mGlu4 PAMs have shown consistent efficacy in various preclinical models of PD, and entered clinical trials for the first time in 2017. This review synthesizes the rationale for mGlu4 PAM development for PD and progress to date, reporting the key achievements from preclinical studies to the first-in-class compound assessment in man.
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8
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Astrocytes and presynaptic plasticity in the striatum: Evidence and unanswered questions. Brain Res Bull 2018; 136:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Isherwood SN, Robbins TW, Nicholson JR, Dalley JW, Pekcec A. Selective and interactive effects of D 2 receptor antagonism and positive allosteric mGluR4 modulation on waiting impulsivity. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:249-260. [PMID: 28487067 PMCID: PMC5522528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGluR4) and dopamine D2 receptors are specifically expressed within the indirect pathway neurons of the striato-pallidal-subthalamic pathway. This unique expression profile suggests that mGluR4 and D2 receptors may play a cooperative role in the regulation and inhibitory control of behaviour. We investigated this possibility by testing the effects of a functionally-characterised positive allosteric mGluR4 modulator, 4-((E)-styryl)-pyrimidin-2-ylamine (Cpd11), both alone and in combination with the D2 receptor antagonist eticlopride, on two distinct forms of impulsivity. Methods Rats were trained on the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) of sustained visual attention and segregated according to low, mid, and high levels of motor impulsivity (LI, MI and HI, respectively), with unscreened rats used as an additional control group. A separate group of rats was trained on a delay discounting task (DDT) to assess choice impulsivity. Results Systemic administration of Cpd11 dose-dependently increased motor impulsivity and impaired attentional accuracy on the 5-CSRTT in all groups tested. Eticlopride selectively attenuated the increase in impulsivity induced by Cpd11, but not the accompanying attentional impairment, at doses that had no significant effect on behavioural performance when administered alone. Cpd11 also decreased choice impulsivity on the DDT (i.e. increased preference for the large, delayed reward) and decreased locomotor activity. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that mGluR4s, in conjunction with D2 receptors, affect motor- and choice-based measures of impulsivity, and therefore may be novel targets to modulate impulsive behaviour associated with a number of neuropsychiatric syndromes. Positive allosteric mGluR4 modulation increases motor impulsivity and impairs aspects of visual attention. Positive allosteric mGluR4 modulation decreases choice impulsivity as well as indices of motor function. Blocking D2 receptors selectively attenuates the effect of positive allosteric mGluR4 modulation on motor impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Isherwood
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Div. Research Germany, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Janet R Nicholson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Div. Research Germany, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Anton Pekcec
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Div. Research Germany, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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10
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Niswender CM, Jones CK, Lin X, Bubser M, Gray AT, Blobaum AL, Engers DW, Rodriguez AL, Loch MT, Daniels JS, Lindsley CW, Hopkins CR, Javitch JA, Conn PJ. Development and Antiparkinsonian Activity of VU0418506, a Selective Positive Allosteric Modulator of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 4 Homomers without Activity at mGlu2/4 Heteromers. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1201-11. [PMID: 27441572 PMCID: PMC5073817 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGlu4) is emerging as a potential therapeutic target for numerous central nervous system indications, including Parkinson's disease (PD). As the glutamate binding sites among the eight mGlu receptors are highly conserved, modulation of receptor activity via allosteric sites within the receptor transmembrane domains using positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs, respectively) has become a common strategy. We and others have used PAMs targeting mGlu4 to show that potentiation of receptor signaling induces antiparkinsonian activity in a variety of PD animal models, including haloperidol-induced catalepsy and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion. Recently, mGlu4 has been reported to form heteromeric complexes with other mGlu receptor subtypes, such as mGlu2, and the resulting heteromer exhibits a distinct pharmacological profile in response to allosteric modulators. For example, some mGlu4 PAMs do not appear to potentiate glutamate activity when mGlu2 and mGlu4 are coexpressed, whereas other compounds potentiate mGlu4 responses regardless of mGlu2 coexpression. We report here the discovery and characterization of VU0418506, a novel mGlu4 PAM with activity in rodent PD models. Using pharmacological approaches and Complemented Donor-Acceptor resonance energy transfer (CODA-RET) technology, we find that VU0418506 does not potentiate agonist-induced activity when mGlu2 and mGlu4 are heterodimerized, suggesting that the antiparkinsonian action of mGlu4 PAMs can be induced by compounds without activity at mGlu2/4 heteromers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M. Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Carrie K. Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Michael Bubser
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Analisa Thompson Gray
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Anna L. Blobaum
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Darren W. Engers
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Alice L. Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Matthew T. Loch
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - J. Scott Daniels
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Corey R. Hopkins
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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Lindsley CW, Emmitte KA, Hopkins CR, Bridges TM, Gregory KJ, Niswender CM, Conn PJ. Practical Strategies and Concepts in GPCR Allosteric Modulator Discovery: Recent Advances with Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6707-41. [PMID: 26882314 PMCID: PMC4988345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of GPCRs has initiated a new era of basic and translational discovery, filled with therapeutic promise yet fraught with caveats. Allosteric ligands stabilize unique conformations of the GPCR that afford fundamentally new receptors, capable of novel pharmacology, unprecedented subtype selectivity, and unique signal bias. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the basics of GPCR allosteric pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, drug metabolism, and validated approaches to address each of the major challenges and caveats. Then, the review narrows focus to highlight recent advances in the discovery of allosteric ligands for metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 1-5 and 7 (mGlu1-5,7) highlighting key concepts ("molecular switches", signal bias, heterodimers) and practical solutions to enable the development of tool compounds and clinical candidates. The review closes with a section on late-breaking new advances with allosteric ligands for other GPCRs and emerging data for endogenous allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W. Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kyle A. Emmitte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Corey R. Hopkins
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Thomas M. Bridges
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Karen J. Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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12
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Hegeman DJ, Hong ES, Hernández VM, Chan CS. The external globus pallidus: progress and perspectives. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:1239-65. [PMID: 26841063 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The external globus pallidus (GPe) of the basal ganglia is in a unique and powerful position to influence processing of motor information by virtue of its widespread projections to all basal ganglia nuclei. Despite the clinical importance of the GPe in common motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease, there is only limited information about its cellular composition and organizational principles. In this review, recent advances in the understanding of the diversity in the molecular profile, anatomy, physiology and corresponding behaviour during movement of GPe neurons are described. Importantly, this study attempts to build consensus and highlight commonalities of the cellular classification based on existing but contentious literature. Additionally, an analysis of the literature concerning the intricate reciprocal loops formed between the GPe and major synaptic partners, including both the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus, is provided. In conclusion, the GPe has emerged as a crucial node in the basal ganglia macrocircuit. While subtleties in the cellular makeup and synaptic connection of the GPe create new challenges, modern research tools have shown promise in untangling such complexity, and will provide better understanding of the roles of the GPe in encoding movements and their associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hegeman
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Ellie S Hong
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Vivian M Hernández
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - C Savio Chan
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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mGluR4-containing corticostriatal terminals: synaptic interactions with direct and indirect pathway neurons in mice. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 221:4589-4599. [PMID: 26832920 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic afferents from the cerebral cortex are the main excitatory drive of striatal projection neurons. The metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGluR4) presynaptically modulates transmission at corticostriatal synapses, and is considered as a potent drug target for Parkinson's disease and other brain disorders. To better characterize the anatomical substrate that underlies the functional effects of mGluR4 in the striatum, we undertook electron microscopic localization studies of mGluR4 expression in the mouse striatum. Our data demonstrate that more than 80 % mGluR4-immunoreactive structures are accounted for by unmyelinated axons and axon terminals, and that almost 50 % putative glutamatergic terminals (i.e. forming asymmetric synapses) express mGluR4 in the mouse striatum. Using vGluT1 as a presynaptic marker of glutamatergic corticostriatal boutons, our findings indicate: (1) all striatal mGluR4-positive terminals co-express vGluT1 immunoreactivity, (2) 44.3 % total striatal glutamatergic terminals co-express vGluT1 and mGluR4, and (3) mGluR4 is expressed in 73.4 % of total striatal vGluT1-positive terminals. To determine if mGluR4 terminals target preferentially direct vs. indirect pathway neurons, mGluR4 immunostaining was combined with D1 receptor immunoreactivity. These data showed that around 30 % mGluR4-immunoreactive glutamatergic terminals target D1 receptor-positive spines (i.e. direct pathway neurons), while almost 70 % formed synapses with D1 receptor-negative spines (i.e. putative indirect pathway neurons). Thus, these immuno-electron microscopic studies suggest that pre-synaptic mGluR4 in striatal glutamatergic terminals is expressed almost exclusively in cortical boutons to subserve regulatory influences upon a large contingent of corticostriatal terminals that preferentially target putative "indirect" pathway striatal projection neurons in mice. These observations provide a rationale for the use of mGluR4 allosteric potentiator as a potential therapy in Parkinson's disease.
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Poutiainen P, Kil KE, Zhang Z, Kuruppu D, Tannous B, Brownell AL. Co-operative binding assay for the characterization of mGlu4 allosteric modulators. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:142-8. [PMID: 26025660 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The interest in the role of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGlu4) in CNS related disorders has increased the need for methods to investigate the binding of allosteric drug candidates. Our aim is to present the first fully characterized in vitro binding assay of mGlu4 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). Results suggest that mGlu4 PAMs have characteristic co-operative binding with orthosteric glutamate, which offers a notable insight to the further development of mGlu4 targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Poutiainen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Biomedical Imaging Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kun-Eek Kil
- Athinoula A. Martinos Biomedical Imaging Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhaoda Zhang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Biomedical Imaging Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darshini Kuruppu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bakhos Tannous
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Athinoula A. Martinos Biomedical Imaging Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Amalric M. Targeting metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in Parkinson's disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 20:29-34. [PMID: 25462289 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between dopamine and glutamate in the basal ganglia regulate critical aspects of motor and cognitive behavior. Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are key modulators of glutamatergic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD). Preclinical evidence demonstrate that group I mGlu receptor antagonism and groups II and III mGlu receptor activation improve motor symptomatology of PD and decrease l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia by regulating excitatory and inhibitory transmission in the basal ganglia. Emotional and cognitive deficits are also observed in PD. Treatment of these symptoms is challenging and underscore the need for novel effective and well tolerated pharmacological treatments. This article will thus review the currently available knowledge regarding the therapeutic potential of targeting mGlu receptors to restore motor and nonmotor symptoms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Amalric
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7291, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), FR3C 3512, 13331 Marseille, France.
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