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Ji XT, Yu WL, Jin MJ, Lu LJ, Yin HP, Wang HH. Possible Role of Cellular Polyamine Metabolism in Neuronal Apoptosis. Curr Med Sci 2024; 44:281-290. [PMID: 38453792 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-024-2843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that cellular levels of polyamines (PAs) are significantly altered in neurodegenerative diseases. Evidence from in vivo animal and in vitro cell experiments suggests that the cellular levels of various PAs may play important roles in the central nervous system through the regulation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial metabolism, cellular immunity, and ion channel functions. Dysfunction of PA metabolism related enzymes also contributes to neuronal injury and cognitive impairment in many neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, in the current work, evidence was collected to determine the possible associations between cellular levels of PAs, and related enzymes and the development of several neurodegenerative diseases, which could provide a new idea for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Tong Ji
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Wen-Lei Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Department of Stomatology, Huzhou Wuxing District People's Hospital, Huzhou Wuxing District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Huzhou, 313008, China
| | - Meng-Jia Jin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Lin-Jie Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Department of Stomatology, Haining Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing, 314400, China
| | - Hong-Ping Yin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Huan-Huan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
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2
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Youssef MAM, Mohamed TM, Bakry AA, El-Keiy MM. Synergistic effect of spermidine and ciprofloxacin against Alzheimer's disease in male rat via ferroptosis modulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130387. [PMID: 38401586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent form of neurodegenerative disease with a complex pathophysiology that remains not fully understood, and the exact mechanism of neurodegeneration is uncertain. Ferroptosis has been linked to the progression of degenerative diseases observed in AD models. The present study is designed to investigate the protective effects of spermidine, a potent antioxidant and iron chelator, and its synergistic interactions with ciprofloxacin, another iron chelator, in modulating ferroptosis and mitigating AD progression in rats. This study investigated AD-related biomarkers like neurotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ), arginase I, and serotonin. Spermidine demonstrated an anti-ferroptotic effect in the AD model, evident from the modulation of ferroptosis parameters such as hippocampus iron levels, reduced protein expression of transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1), and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15). Additionally, the administration of spermidine led to a significant increase in protein expression of phosphorylated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (p-Nrf2) and upregulation of Cystine/glutamate transporter (SLC7A11) gene expression. Moreover, spermidine notably decreased p53 protein levels, acrolein, and gene expression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1). Overall, our findings suggest that spermidine and/or ciprofloxacin may offer potential benefits against AD by modulating ferroptosis. Furthermore, spermidine enhanced the antioxidant efficacy of ciprofloxacin and reduced its toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarek M Mohamed
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Dept., Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Azza A Bakry
- Food Technology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mai M El-Keiy
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Dept., Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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3
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Đorđievski S, Vukašinović EL, Čelić TV, Pihler I, Kebert M, Kojić D, Purać J. Spermidine dietary supplementation and polyamines level in reference to survival and lifespan of honey bees. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4329. [PMID: 36922548 PMCID: PMC10017671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31456-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey bee health has been an important and ongoing topic in recent years. Honey bee is also an important model organism for aging studies. Polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, are ubiquitous polycations, involved in a wide range of cellular processes such as cell growth, gene regulation, immunity, and regulation of lifespan. Spermidine, named longevity elixir, has been most analysed in the context of aging. One of the several proposed mechanisms behind spermidine actions is antioxidative activity. In present study we showed that dietary spermidine supplementation: (a) improved survival, (b) increased the average lifespan, (c) influenced the content of endogenous polyamines by increasing the level of putrescine and spermidine and decreasing the level of spermine, (d) reduced oxidative stress (MDA level), (e) increased the antioxidant capacity of the organism (FRAP), (f) increased relative gene expression of five genes involved in polyamine metabolism, and (g) upregulated vitellogenin gene in honey bees. To our knowledge, this is the first study on honey bee polyamine levels in reference to their longevity. These results provide important information on possible strategies for improving honey bee health by introducing spermidine into their diet. Here, we offer spermidine concentrations that could be considered for that purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srđana Đorđievski
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Elvira L Vukašinović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tatjana V Čelić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivan Pihler
- Departmnent of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marko Kebert
- Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Danijela Kojić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Purać
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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4
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Hofer SJ, Simon AK, Bergmann M, Eisenberg T, Kroemer G, Madeo F. Mechanisms of spermidine-induced autophagy and geroprotection. NATURE AGING 2022; 2:1112-1129. [PMID: 37118547 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Aging involves the systemic deterioration of all known cell types in most eukaryotes. Several recently discovered compounds that extend the healthspan and lifespan of model organisms decelerate pathways that govern the aging process. Among these geroprotectors, spermidine, a natural polyamine ubiquitously found in organisms from all kingdoms, prolongs the lifespan of fungi, nematodes, insects and rodents. In mice, it also postpones the manifestation of various age-associated disorders such as cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration. The specific features of spermidine, including its presence in common food items, make it an interesting candidate for translational aging research. Here, we review novel insights into the geroprotective mode of action of spermidine at the molecular level, as we discuss strategies for elucidating its clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Anna Katharina Simon
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Bergmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
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5
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Desai RI, Limoli CL, Stark CEL, Stark SM. Impact of spaceflight stressors on behavior and cognition: A molecular, neurochemical, and neurobiological perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104676. [PMID: 35461987 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The response of the human body to multiple spaceflight stressors is complex, but mounting evidence implicate risks to CNS functionality as significant, able to threaten metrics of mission success and longer-term behavioral and neurocognitive health. Prolonged exposure to microgravity, sleep disruption, social isolation, fluid shifts, and ionizing radiation have been shown to disrupt mechanisms of homeostasis and neurobiological well-being. The overarching goal of this review is to document the existing evidence of how the major spaceflight stressors, including radiation, microgravity, isolation/confinement, and sleep deprivation, alone or in combination alter molecular, neurochemical, neurobiological, and plasma metabolite/lipid signatures that may be linked to operationally-relevant behavioral and cognitive performance. While certain brain region-specific and/or systemic alterations titrated in part with neurobiological outcome, variations across model systems, study design, and the conspicuous absence of targeted studies implementing combinations of spaceflight stressors, confounded the identification of specific signatures having direct relevance to human activities in space. Summaries are provided for formulating new research directives and more predictive readouts of portending change in neurobiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev I Desai
- Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Behavioral Biology Program, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Medical Sciences I, B146B, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Craig E L Stark
- Department of Neurobiology of Behavior, University of California Irvine, 1400 Biological Sciences III, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shauna M Stark
- Department of Neurobiology of Behavior, University of California Irvine, 1400 Biological Sciences III, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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6
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Expression of Trace Amine-Associated Receptors in the Murine and Human Hippocampus Based on Public Transcriptomic Data. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111813. [PMID: 35681508 PMCID: PMC9180029 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampus is one of the neurogenic zones where adult neurogenesis takes place. This process is quite complex and has a multicomponent regulation. A family of G protein-coupled trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) was discovered only in 2001, and most of them (TAAR2-TAAR9) were primarily considered olfactory. Recent studies have shown, however, that they are also expressed in the mouse brain, particularly in limbic formations, and can play a role in the regulation of emotional behaviors. The observations in knockout mice indicate that at least two members of the family, TAAR2 and TAAR5, have an impact on the regulation of adult neurogenesis. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of TAARs in the murine and human hippocampus using public RNAseq datasets. Our results indicate a low but detectable level of certain TAARs expression in the hippocampal cells in selected high-quality transcriptomic datasets from both mouse and human samples. At the same time, we observed the difference between humans, where TAAR6 expression was the highest, and murine samples, where TAAR1, TAAR2, TAAR3, TAAR4 and TAAR5 are more pronouncedly expressed. These observations provide further support to the data gained in knockout mice, indicating a role of TAARs in the regulation of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
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7
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Schwarz C, Benson GS, Horn N, Wurdack K, Grittner U, Schilling R, Märschenz S, Köbe T, Hofer SJ, Magnes C, Stekovic S, Eisenberg T, Sigrist SJ, Schmitz D, Wirth M, Madeo F, Flöel A. Effects of Spermidine Supplementation on Cognition and Biomarkers in Older Adults With Subjective Cognitive Decline: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2213875. [PMID: 35616942 PMCID: PMC9136623 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Developing interventions against age-related memory decline and for older adults experiencing neurodegenerative disease is one of the greatest challenges of our generation. Spermidine supplementation has shown beneficial effects on brain and cognitive health in animal models, and there has been preliminary evidence of memory improvement in individuals with subjective cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of longer-term spermidine supplementation on memory performance and biomarkers in this at-risk group. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This 12-month randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled phase 2b trial (the SmartAge trial) was conducted between January 2017 and May 2020. The study was a monocenter trial carried out at an academic clinical research center in Germany. Eligible individuals were aged 60 to 90 years with subjective cognitive decline who were recruited from health care facilities as well as through advertisements in the general population. Data analysis was conducted between January and March 2021. INTERVENTIONS One hundred participants were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) to 12 months of dietary supplementation with either a spermidine-rich dietary supplement extracted from wheat germ (0.9 mg spermidine/d) or placebo (microcrystalline cellulose). Eighty-nine participants (89%) successfully completed the trial intervention. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcome was change in memory performance from baseline to 12-month postintervention assessment (intention-to-treat analysis), operationalized by mnemonic discrimination performance assessed by the Mnemonic Similarity Task. Secondary outcomes included additional neuropsychological, behavioral, and physiological parameters. Safety was assessed in all participants and exploratory per-protocol, as well as subgroup, analyses were performed. RESULTS A total of 100 participants (51 in the spermidine group and 49 in the placebo group) were included in the analysis (mean [SD] age, 69 [5] years; 49 female participants [49%]). Over 12 months, no significant changes were observed in mnemonic discrimination performance (between-group difference, -0.03; 95% CI, -0.11 to 0.05; P = .47) and secondary outcomes. Exploratory analyses indicated possible beneficial effects of the intervention on inflammation and verbal memory. Adverse events were balanced between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this randomized clinical trial, longer-term spermidine supplementation in participants with subjective cognitive decline did not modify memory and biomarkers compared with placebo. Exploratory analyses indicated possible beneficial effects on verbal memory and inflammation that need to be validated in future studies at higher dosage. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03094546.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schwarz
- Department of Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gloria S. Benson
- Department of Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nora Horn
- Department of Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Wurdack
- Department of Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Grittner
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Schilling
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Märschenz
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theresa Köbe
- Department of Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian J. Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Magnes
- HEALTH–Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Slaven Stekovic
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stephan J. Sigrist
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology/Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schmitz
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miranka Wirth
- Department of Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Agnes Flöel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Zheng R, Kong M, Wang S, He B, Xie X. Spermine alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via regulating T cell activation and differentiation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 107:108702. [PMID: 35305382 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease which causes demyelination, axonal damage and even disability. Th1 and Th17 cells, more precisely, the IFNγ/IL17a double producing CD4+ T cells, have been known to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of MS and EAE, a mouse model of MS. Polyamines not only regulate the immune system, but also are essential for the normal function of the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we demonstrate that the supplementation of spermine (SPM), a biogenic polyamine, significantly suppresses EAE progression in both preventative and therapeutic ways. Further study suggests that spermine significantly reduces IFNγ+/IL17a-, IFNγ-/IL17a+ and IFNγ+/IL17a+ cells in periphery, and thus reducing the infiltration of these pathogenic cells into the CNS. In vitro, spermine has been shown to suppress the activation and proliferation of CD4+ T cells and also significantly impede the polarization of T effector cells in a dose-dependent manner, accompanied by the inhibition of ERK phosphorylation. Consistently, a number of MEK/ERK inhibitors (including PD0325901, FR180204 and selumetinib) have been found to mimic the effects of spermine in inhibiting CD4+ T cell activation and T effector cell differentiation. Collectively, spermine alleviates EAE progression by inhibiting CD4+ T cells activation and T effector cell differentiation in a MAPK/ERK-dependent manner, suggesting this pathway might be a target to develop effective therapies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruting Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Miaomiao Kong
- Academic Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Siwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bingqing He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Academic Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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9
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Makletsova MG, Rikhireva GT, Kirichenko EY, Trinitatsky IY, Vakulenko MY, Ermakov AM. The Role of Polyamines in the Mechanisms of Cognitive Impairment. NEUROCHEM J+ 2022; 16. [PMCID: PMC9575633 DOI: 10.1134/s1819712422030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract—As the population ages, age-related cognitive impairments are becoming an increasingly pressing problem. Currently, the role of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairments of various origin is actively discussed. It was shown that the content of polyamines in the brain tissue decreases with age. Exogenous administration of polyamines makes it possible to avoid cognitive impairment and/or influence the pathogenetic processes associated with disease progression. There are 3 known ways that polyamines can enter the human body: food, synthesis by intestinal bacteria, and biosynthesis in the body. Currently, one of the most promising approaches to the prevention of cognitive impairment is the use of foods with a high content of polyamines, as well as the use of various probiotics that affect intestinal bacteria that synthesize polyamines. Since 2018, in a number of European countries projects have been launched aimed at evaluation of the impact of a diet high in polyamines on cognitive processes. The review, based on analysis of modern scientific literature and the authors' own data, presents material on the effect of polyamines on cognitive processes and the role of polyamines in the regulation of neurotransmitter processes, and discusses the role of polyamines in cognitive disorders in mental and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G. T. Rikhireva
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - A. M. Ermakov
- Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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10
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Coni S, Falconio FA, Marzullo M, Munafò M, Zuliani B, Mosti F, Fatica A, Ianniello Z, Bordone R, Macone A, Agostinelli E, Perna A, Matkovic T, Sigrist S, Silvestri G, Canettieri G, Ciapponi L. Translational control of polyamine metabolism by CNBP is required for Drosophila locomotor function. eLife 2021; 10:69269. [PMID: 34517941 PMCID: PMC8439652 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite expansions of CCTG repeats in the cellular nucleic acid-binding protein (CNBP) gene leads to accumulation of toxic RNA and have been associated with myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2). However, it is still unclear whether the dystrophic phenotype is also linked to CNBP decrease, a conserved CCHC-type zinc finger RNA-binding protein that regulates translation and is required for mammalian development. Here, we show that depletion of Drosophila CNBP in muscles causes ageing-dependent locomotor defects that are correlated with impaired polyamine metabolism. We demonstrate that the levels of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and polyamines are significantly reduced upon dCNBP depletion. Of note, we show a reduction of the CNBP-polyamine axis in muscles from DM2 patients. Mechanistically, we provide evidence that dCNBP controls polyamine metabolism through binding dOdc mRNA and regulating its translation. Remarkably, the locomotor defect of dCNBP-deficient flies is rescued by either polyamine supplementation or dOdc1 overexpression. We suggest that this dCNBP function is evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates with relevant implications for CNBP-related pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Coni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica A Falconio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London South Kensington campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Marzullo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IBPM CNR c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Munafò
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Epigenetics & Neurobiology Unit, Campus Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, Monterotond, Italy
| | - Benedetta Zuliani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Mosti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Alessandro Fatica
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Zaira Ianniello
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Bordone
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Macone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy.,International Polyamines Foundation 'ETS-ONLUS', Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Perna
- Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, University Cattolica del S. Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Tanja Matkovic
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology and Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Sigrist
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology and Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriella Silvestri
- Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, University Cattolica del S. Cuore, Roma, Italy.,Department of Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della testa-Collo; UOC Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario 'A. Gemelli' IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Canettieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,International Polyamines Foundation 'ETS-ONLUS', Rome, Italy.,Pasteur Institute, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Ciapponi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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11
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Effects of sex and estrous cycle on the brain and plasma arginine metabolic profile in rats. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1441-1454. [PMID: 34245369 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
L-arginine is a versatile amino acid with a number of bioactive metabolites. Increasing evidence implicates altered arginine metabolism in the aging and neurodegenerative processes. The present study, for the first time, determined the effects of sex and estrous cycle on the brain and blood (plasma) arginine metabolic profile in naïve rats. Female rats displayed significantly lower levels of L-arginine in the frontal cortex and three sub-regions of the hippocampus when compared to male rats. Moreover, female rats had significantly higher levels of L-arginine and γ-aminobutyric acid, but lower levels of L-ornithine, agmatine and putrescine, in plasma relative to male rats. The observed sex difference in brain L-arginine appeared to be independent of the enzymes involved in its metabolism, de novo synthesis and blood-to-brain transport (cationic acid transporter 1 protein expression at least), as well as circulating L-arginine. While the estrous cycle did not affect L-arginine and its metabolites in the brain, there were estrous cycle phase-dependent changes in plasma L-arginine. These findings demonstrate the sex difference in brain L-arginine in the estrous cycle-independent manner. Since peripheral blood has been increasingly used to identify biomarkers of brain pathology, the influences of sex and estrous cycle on blood arginine metabolic profile need attention when experimental research involves female rodents.
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12
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Faundes V, Jennings MD, Crilly S, Legraie S, Withers SE, Cuvertino S, Davies SJ, Douglas AGL, Fry AE, Harrison V, Amiel J, Lehalle D, Newman WG, Newkirk P, Ranells J, Splitt M, Cross LA, Saunders CJ, Sullivan BR, Granadillo JL, Gordon CT, Kasher PR, Pavitt GD, Banka S. Impaired eIF5A function causes a Mendelian disorder that is partially rescued in model systems by spermidine. Nat Commun 2021; 12:833. [PMID: 33547280 PMCID: PMC7864902 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure of proline prevents it from adopting an optimal position for rapid protein synthesis. Poly-proline-tract (PPT) associated ribosomal stalling is resolved by highly conserved eIF5A, the only protein to contain the amino acid hypusine. We show that de novo heterozygous EIF5A variants cause a disorder characterized by variable combinations of developmental delay, microcephaly, micrognathia and dysmorphism. Yeast growth assays, polysome profiling, total/hypusinated eIF5A levels and PPT-reporters studies reveal that the variants impair eIF5A function, reduce eIF5A-ribosome interactions and impair the synthesis of PPT-containing proteins. Supplementation with 1 mM spermidine partially corrects the yeast growth defects, improves the polysome profiles and restores expression of PPT reporters. In zebrafish, knockdown eif5a partly recapitulates the human phenotype that can be rescued with 1 µM spermidine supplementation. In summary, we uncover the role of eIF5A in human development and disease, demonstrate the mechanistic complexity of EIF5A-related disorder and raise possibilities for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Faundes
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Laboratorio de Genética y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martin D Jennings
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Siobhan Crilly
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah Legraie
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah E Withers
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sara Cuvertino
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sally J Davies
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew G L Douglas
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew E Fry
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Victoria Harrison
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- 1Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Daphné Lehalle
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - William G Newman
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Patricia Newkirk
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, UK
| | - Judith Ranells
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, UK
| | - Miranda Splitt
- Northern Genetics Service, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Laura A Cross
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missour-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Carol J Saunders
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Bonnie R Sullivan
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missour-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jorge L Granadillo
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christopher T Gordon
- 1Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Paul R Kasher
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Graham D Pavitt
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Siddharth Banka
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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13
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Jorratt P, Hoschl C, Ovsepian SV. Endogenous antagonists of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor in schizophrenia. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 17:888-905. [PMID: 33336545 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic neuropsychiatric brain disorder that has devastating personal impact and rising healthcare costs. Dysregulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission has been implicated in the pathobiology of the disease, attributed largely to the hypofunction of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Currently, there is a major gap in mechanistic analysis as to how endogenous modulators of the NMDA receptors contribute to the onset and progression of the disease. We present a systematic review of the neurobiology and the role of endogenous NMDA receptor antagonists in animal models of schizophrenia, and in patients. We discuss their neurochemical origin, release from neurons and glia with action mechanisms, and functional effects, which might contribute toward the impairment of neuronal processes underlying this complex pathological state. We consider clinical evidence suggesting dysregulations of endogenous NMDA receptor in schizophrenia, and highlight the pressing need in future studies and emerging directions, to restore the NMDA receptor functions for therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Jorratt
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Cyril Hoschl
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Saak V Ovsepian
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 10, Czech Republic
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14
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Hernandez AR, Truckenbrod LM, Barrett ME, Lubke KN, Clark BJ, Burke SN. Age-Related Alterations in Prelimbic Cortical Neuron Arc Expression Vary by Behavioral State and Cortical Layer. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:588297. [PMID: 33192482 PMCID: PMC7655965 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.588297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prefrontal cortical and medial temporal lobe connectivity is critical for higher cognitive functions that decline in older adults. Likewise, these cortical areas are among the first to show anatomical, functional, and biochemical alterations in advanced age. The prelimbic subregion of the prefrontal cortex and the perirhinal cortex of the medial temporal lobe are densely reciprocally connected and well-characterized as undergoing age-related neurobiological changes that correlate with behavioral impairment. Despite this fact, it remains to be determined how changes within these brain regions manifest as alterations in their functional connectivity. In our previous work, we observed an increased probability of age-related dysfunction for perirhinal cortical neurons that projected to the prefrontal cortex in old rats compared to neurons that were not identified as projection neurons. The current study was designed to investigate the extent to which aged prelimbic cortical neurons also had altered patterns of Arc expression during behavior, and if this was more evident in those cells that had long-range projections to the perirhinal cortex. The expression patterns of the immediate-early gene Arc were quantified in behaviorally characterized rats that also received the retrograde tracer cholera toxin B (CTB) in the perirhinal cortex to identify projection neurons to this region. As in our previous work, the current study found that CTB+ cells were more active than those that did not have the tracer. Moreover, there were age-related reductions in prelimbic cortical neuron Arc expression that correlated with a reduced ability of aged rats to multitask. Unlike the perirhinal cortex, however, the age-related reduction in Arc expression was equally likely in CTB+ and CTB- negative cells. Thus, the selective vulnerability of neurons with long-range projections to dysfunction in old age may be a unique feature of the perirhinal cortex. Together, these observations identify a mechanism involving prelimbic-perirhinal cortical circuit disruption in cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbi R. Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Leah M. Truckenbrod
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Maya E. Barrett
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Katelyn N. Lubke
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Clark
- Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Sara N. Burke
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Sara N. Burke,
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15
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Quantum mechanical study of human carbonic anhydrase II in complex with polyamines as novel inhibitors: Kinetic and thermodynamic investigation. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.112911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Altered brain arginine metabolism with age in the APP swe/PSEN1 dE9 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2020; 140:104798. [PMID: 32711019 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) cleaved from amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been proposed to play a central and causative role in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). APPswe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice display chronic Aβ accumulation and deposition in the brain. L-arginine is a semi-essential amino acid with a number of bioactive metabolites, and altered arginine metabolism has been implicated in the pathogenesis and/or the development of AD. This study systematically investigated how arginine metabolic profiles changed in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, parahippocampal region and cerebellum of male APP/PS1 mice at 4, 9 and 17 months of age relative to their sex- and age-matched wildtype controls. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated age-related Aβ deposition in the brain. High-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry revealed age-related increases in glutamine, spermidine and spermine in APP/PS1 mice in a region-specific manner. Notably, genotype-related increases in spermine were found in the frontal cortex at the 9-month age point and in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and parahippocampal region at 17 months of age. Given the existing literature indicating the role of polyamines (spermine in particular) in modulating the aggregation and toxicity of Aβ oligomers, increased spermidine and spermine levels in APP/PS1 mice may be a neuroprotective mechanism to combat Aβ toxicity. Future research is required to better understand the functional significance of these changes.
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17
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Schwarz C, Horn N, Benson G, Wrachtrup Calzado I, Wurdack K, Pechlaner R, Grittner U, Wirth M, Flöel A. Spermidine intake is associated with cortical thickness and hippocampal volume in older adults. Neuroimage 2020; 221:117132. [PMID: 32629145 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The natural polyamine spermidine, known to be important for cellular function, decreases during aging. Previous research has demonstrated beneficial impact of spermidine intake on memory functions in both animal models and humans, suggesting that spermidine may be a preventive approach to delay age-related cognitive decline and possibly even Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the association of spermidine intake with brain health in humans is still unknown. In this study, we aimed to determine the association between dietary spermidine intake and structural brain measures in older individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and healthy controls (HC). METHODS Dietary spermidine intake and adherence to Mediterranean Diet (MeDi) were assessed by a self-reported food frequency questionnaire in 90 older adults with SCD and 47 HC. Processing of structural MRI data yielded global brain volumes, hippocampal volume, mean and regional cortical thickness, and cortical thickness in a template encompassing AD-vulnerable regions. In exploratory analyses, the association between spermidine intake and structural brain measures was assessed using adjusted and unadjusted linear regression models. Additionally, we tested for differential associations as a function of group. Mediation analyses were performed to examine whether dietary spermidine intake mediates the associations between adherence to MeDi and structural brain measures. RESULTS Higher spermidine intake was associated with larger hippocampal volume (standardized β = 0.262, p = 0.002), greater mean cortical thickness (standardized β = 0.187, p = 0.031), and greater cortical thickness in AD-vulnerable brain regions (standardized β = 0.176, p = 0.042), the parietal (standardized β = 0.202, p = 0.020), and temporal lobes (standardized β = 0.217, p = 0.012). No significant differential effect emerged between older adults with SCD and HC. Moreover, a substantial mediating effect of dietary spermidine intake on the associations between adherence to MeDi and structural brain measures was observed. CONCLUSION Higher dietary spermidine intake was positively associated with several structural brain measures, irrespective of the presence of SCD, and substantially mediated the relationship of adherence to MeDi and structural brain measures. Our data suggest that higher spermidine intake might be a promising dietary approach to preserve brain health in older adults, a hypothesis currently tested in an interventional trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schwarz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nora Horn
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Gloria Benson
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany; Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Isabel Wrachtrup Calzado
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Katharina Wurdack
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Raimund Pechlaner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Ulrike Grittner
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Miranka Wirth
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany.
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Standort Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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18
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Fischer M, Ruhnau J, Schulze J, Obst D, Flöel A, Vogelgesang A. Spermine and spermidine modulate T-cell function in older adults with and without cognitive decline ex vivo. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:13716-13739. [PMID: 32603310 PMCID: PMC7377836 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The global increase in neurodegenerative disorders is one of the most crucial public health issues. Oral polyamine intake was shown to improve memory performance which is thought to be mediated at least in part via increased autophagy induced in brain cells. In Alzheimer’s Disease, T-cells were identified as important mediators of disease pathology. Since autophagy is a central regulator of cell activation and cytokine production, we investigated the influence of polyamines on T-cell activation, autophagy, and the release of Th1/Th2 cytokines from blood samples of patients (n=22) with cognitive impairment or dementia in comparison to healthy controls (n=12) ex vivo. We found that spermine downregulated all investigated cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. Spermidine led to an upregulation of some cytokines for lower dosages, while high dosages downregulated all cytokines apart from upregulated IL-17A. Autophagy and T-cell activation increased in a dose-dependent manner by incubation with either polyamine. Although effects in patients were seen in lower concentrations, alterations were similar to controls. We provide novel evidence that supplementation of polyamines alters the function of T-cells. Given their important role in dementia, these data indicate a possible mechanism by which polyamines would help to prevent structural and cognitive decline in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna Ruhnau
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Juliane Schulze
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniela Obst
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
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19
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Kabir A, Jash C, Payghan PV, Ghoshal N, Kumar GS. Polyamines and its analogue modulates amyloid fibrillation in lysozyme: A comparative investigation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129557. [PMID: 32045632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyamines can induce protein aggregation that can be related to the physiology of the cellular function. Polyamines have been implicated in protein aggregation which may lead to neuropathic and non neuropathic amyloidosis. SCOPE OF REVIEW Change in the level of polyamine concentration has been associated with ageing and neurodegeneration such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease. Lysozyme aggregation in the presence of polyamines leads to non neuropathic amyloidosis. Polyamine analogues can suppress or inhibit protein aggregation suggesting their efficacy against amyloidogenic protein aggregates. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In this study we report the comparative interactions of lysozyme with the polyamine analogue, 1-naphthyl acetyl spermine in comparison with the biogenic polyamines through spectroscopy, calorimetry, imaging and docking techniques. The findings revealed that the affinity of binding varied as spermidine > 1-naphthyl acetyl spermine > spermine. The biogenic polyamines accelerated the rate of fibrillation significantly, whereas the analogue inhibited the rate of fibrillation to a considerable extent. The polyamines bind near the catalytic diad residues viz. Glu35 and Asp52, and in close proximity of Trp62 residue. However, the analogue showed dual nature of interaction where its alkyl amine region bind in same way as the biogenic polyamines bind to the catalytic site, while the naphthyl group makes hydrophobic contacts with Trp62 and Trp63, thereby suggesting its direct influence on fibrillation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study, thus, potentiates, the development of a polyamine analogue that can perform as an effective inhibitor targeted towards aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kabir
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Chandrima Jash
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Pavan V Payghan
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Nanda Ghoshal
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Gopinatha Suresh Kumar
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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20
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Miranda M, Morici JF, Zanoni MB, Bekinschtein P. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: A Key Molecule for Memory in the Healthy and the Pathological Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:363. [PMID: 31440144 PMCID: PMC6692714 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 669] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a key molecule involved in plastic changes related to learning and memory. The expression of BDNF is highly regulated, and can lead to great variability in BDNF levels in healthy subjects. Changes in BDNF expression are associated with both normal and pathological aging and also psychiatric disease, in particular in structures important for memory processes such as the hippocampus and parahippocampal areas. Some interventions like exercise or antidepressant administration enhance the expression of BDNF in normal and pathological conditions. In this review, we will describe studies from rodents and humans to bring together research on how BDNF expression is regulated, how this expression changes in the pathological brain and also exciting work on how interventions known to enhance this neurotrophin could have clinical relevance. We propose that, although BDNF may not be a valid biomarker for neurodegenerative/neuropsychiatric diseases because of its disregulation common to many pathological conditions, it could be thought of as a marker that specifically relates to the occurrence and/or progression of the mnemonic symptoms that are common to many pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Miranda
- Laboratory of Memory Research and Molecular Cognition, Institute for Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience, Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva, CONICET, Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Facundo Morici
- Laboratory of Memory Research and Molecular Cognition, Institute for Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience, Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva, CONICET, Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Zanoni
- Laboratory of Memory Research and Molecular Cognition, Institute for Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience, Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva, CONICET, Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro Bekinschtein
- Laboratory of Memory Research and Molecular Cognition, Institute for Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience, Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva, CONICET, Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Effects of spermidine supplementation on cognition and biomarkers in older adults with subjective cognitive decline (SmartAge)-study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2019; 11:36. [PMID: 31039826 PMCID: PMC6492385 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Given the global increase in the aging population and age-related diseases, the promotion of healthy aging is one of the most crucial public health issues. This trial aims to contribute to the establishment of effective approaches to promote cognitive and brain health in older individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD). Presence of SCD is known to increase the risk of objective cognitive decline and progression to dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, it is our primary goal to determine whether spermidine supplementation has a positive impact on memory performance in this at-risk group, as compared with placebo. The secondary goal is to examine the effects of spermidine intake on other neuropsychological, behavioral, and physiological parameters. Methods The SmartAge trial is a monocentric, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb trial. The study will investigate 12 months of intervention with spermidine-based nutritional supplementation (target intervention) compared with 12 months of placebo intake (control intervention). We plan to recruit 100 cognitively normal older individuals with SCD from memory clinics, neurologists and general practitioners in private practice, and the general population. Participants will be allocated to one of the two study arms using blockwise randomization stratified by age and sex with a 1:1 allocation ratio. The primary outcome is the change in memory performance between baseline and post-intervention visits (12 months after baseline). Secondary outcomes include the change in memory performance from baseline to follow-up assessment (18 months after baseline), as well as changes in neurocognitive, behavioral, and physiological parameters (including blood and neuroimaging biomarkers), assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Discussion The SmartAge trial aims to provide evidence of the impact of spermidine supplementation on memory performance in older individuals with SCD. In addition, we will identify possible neurophysiological mechanisms of action underlying the anticipated cognitive benefits. Overall, this trial will contribute to the establishment of nutrition intervention in the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03094546. Registered 29 March 2017—retrospectively registered. Protocol version Based on EA1/250/16 version 1.5
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Wang X, Hou Y, Hou Z, Xiong W, Huang G. Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Brain Cholesterol and Metabolites with Trifluoroacetic Acid-Enhanced Desorption Electrospray Ionization. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2719-2726. [PMID: 30645089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Imaging of cholesterol and other metabolites simultaneously by ambient mass spectrometry will greatly benefit biological studies, however, it still remains challenging. Herein, by adding acid into the desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) spray solvent, we achieved simultaneous mass spectrometry imaging of cholesterol and other metabolites directly from mouse brain sections. The introduction of acid increased the signal intensity of cholesterol in mouse brain tissues by approximately 21-fold. Additionally, the present strategy provided increased signal intensities for other metabolites up to 62-fold, as well as identification of seven more metabolites (23 vs 16 for acid-enhanced DESI vs DESI). Moreover, increased corelationships for alanine as well as putrescine and spermidine with cholesterol were discovered under acid-enhanced DESI. The potential of the present strategy in the fields of biological and medical research was demonstrated by investigating the level change for cholesterol, alanine, putrescine, and spermidine in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Xiong
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031 , People's Republic of China
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Gaynor LS, Johnson SA, Mizell JM, Campos KT, Maurer AP, Bauer RM, Burke SN. Impaired discrimination with intact crossmodal association in aged rats: A dissociation of perirhinal cortical-dependent behaviors. Behav Neurosci 2018; 132:138-151. [PMID: 29809042 PMCID: PMC5975639 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The perirhinal cortex (PRC) supports associative memory and perception, and PRC dysfunction impairs animals' abilities to associate stimulus features across sensory modalities. PRC damage also leads to deficits in discriminating between stimuli that share features. Although PRC-dependent stimulus discrimination has been shown to be impaired with advanced age, data regarding the abilities of older adults and other animals to form PRC-dependent associations have been equivocal. Moreover, the extent to which similar neural computations within the PRC support associative memory versus discrimination abilities have not been directly examined. In the current study, young and aged rats were cross-characterized on two PRC-dependent crossmodal object recognition (CMOR) tasks to test associative memory, and a LEGO object discrimination task. In the CMOR tasks, rats were familiarized with an object with access to tactile input and then tested for recognition with visual input only. The relative exploration time of novel versus familiar objects indicated that aged rats showed preference for the novel over familiar object with and without an epoch of multimodal preexposure to the familiar object prior to the testing session. Furthermore, crossmodal recognition performance between young and aged rats was not significantly different. In contrast, for the LEGO object discrimination task, aged rats were impaired relative to young rats. Notably, aged rats that performed poorly on the LEGO object discrimination task had better performance on the CMOR tasks. The dissociation of discrimination and association abilities with age suggests that these behaviors rely on distinct neural computations within PRC-medial temporal lobe circuit. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Russell M Bauer
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida
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Nirzhor SSR, Khan RI, Neelotpol S. The Biology of Glial Cells and Their Complex Roles in Alzheimer's Disease: New Opportunities in Therapy. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8030093. [PMID: 30201881 PMCID: PMC6164719 DOI: 10.3390/biom8030093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though Alzheimer's disease (AD) is of significant interest to the scientific community, its pathogenesis is very complicated and not well-understood. A great deal of progress has been made in AD research recently and with the advent of these new insights more therapeutic benefits may be identified that could help patients around the world. Much of the research in AD thus far has been very neuron-oriented; however, recent studies suggest that glial cells, i.e., microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (NG2 glia), are linked to the pathogenesis of AD and may offer several potential therapeutic targets against AD. In addition to a number of other functions, glial cells are responsible for maintaining homeostasis (i.e., concentration of ions, neurotransmitters, etc.) within the central nervous system (CNS) and are crucial to the structural integrity of neurons. This review explores the: (i) role of glial cells in AD pathogenesis; (ii) complex functionalities of the components involved; and (iii) potential therapeutic targets that could eventually lead to a better quality of life for AD patients.
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Uncovering Natural Longevity Alleles from Intercrossed Pools of Aging Fission Yeast Cells. Genetics 2018; 210:733-744. [PMID: 30072377 PMCID: PMC6216586 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronological lifespan of non-dividing yeast cells is a quantitative trait that reflects cellular aging. By monitoring allele frequencies in aging segregant pools, Ellis et al. uncover regulatory variants in the 5'-untranslated regions of two genes... Quantitative traits often show large variation caused by multiple genetic factors . One such trait is the chronological lifespan of non-dividing yeast cells, serving as a model for cellular aging. Screens for genetic factors involved in aging typically assay mutants of protein-coding genes. To identify natural genetic variants contributing to cellular aging, we exploited two strains of the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, that differ in chronological lifespan. We generated segregant pools from these strains and subjected them to advanced intercrossing over multiple generations to break up linkage groups. We chronologically aged the intercrossed segregant pool, followed by genome sequencing at different times to detect genetic variants that became reproducibly enriched as a function of age. A region on Chromosome II showed strong positive selection during aging. Based on expected functions, two candidate variants from this region in the long-lived strain were most promising to be causal: small insertions and deletions in the 5′-untranslated regions of ppk31 and SPBC409.08. Ppk31 is an ortholog of Rim15, a conserved kinase controlling cell proliferation in response to nutrients, while SPBC409.08 is a predicted spermine transmembrane transporter. Both Rim15 and the spermine-precursor, spermidine, are implicated in aging as they are involved in autophagy-dependent lifespan extension. Single and double allele replacement suggests that both variants, alone or combined, have subtle effects on cellular longevity. Furthermore, deletion mutants of both ppk31 and SPBC409.08 rescued growth defects caused by spermidine. We propose that Ppk31 and SPBC409.08 may function together to modulate lifespan, thus linking Rim15/Ppk31 with spermidine metabolism.
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Bergin DH, Jing Y, Mockett BG, Zhang H, Abraham WC, Liu P. Altered plasma arginine metabolome precedes behavioural and brain arginine metabolomic profile changes in the APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:108. [PMID: 29802260 PMCID: PMC5970225 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0149-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides play a central role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), recent evidence also implicates altered metabolism of L-arginine in the pathogenesis of AD. The present study systematically investigated how behavioural function and the brain and plasma arginine metabolic profiles changed in a chronic Aβ accumulation model using male APPswe/PS1ΔE9 transgenic (Tg) mice at 7 and 13 months of age. As compared to their wild-type (WT) littermates, Tg mice displayed age-related deficits in spatial water maze tasks and alterations in brain arginine metabolism. Interestingly, the plasma arginine metabolic profile was markedly altered in 7-month Tg mice prior to major behavioural impairment. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that plasma putrescine and spermine significantly differentiated between Tg and WT mice. These results demonstrate the parallel development of altered brain arginine metabolism and behavioural deficits in Tg mice. The altered plasma arginine metabolic profile that preceded the behavioural and brain profile changes suggests that there may be merit in an arginine-centric set of ante-mortem biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Bergin
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Y Jing
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - B G Mockett
- Brain Research New Zealand and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - H Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - W C Abraham
- Brain Research New Zealand and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - P Liu
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
- Brain Research New Zealand and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Zhang J, Jing Y, Zhang H, Bilkey DK, Liu P. Effects of maternal immune activation on brain arginine metabolism of postnatal day 2 rat offspring. Schizophr Res 2018; 192:431-441. [PMID: 28526281 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
l-Arginine is a versatile semi-essential amino acid with a number of bioactive metabolites, and altered arginine metabolism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Earlier research has demonstrated that maternal immune activation (MIA; a risk factor for schizophrenia) alters arginine metabolism in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of the adult offspring. The present study investigated how MIA affected the levels of l-arginine and its downstream metabolites in the whole forebrain, frontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of male and female rat offspring at the age of postnatal day 2. While no effects were evident in the forebrain, MIA significantly increased l-arginine, glutamate, putrescine, spermidine and spermine levels and the glutamate/GABA ratio, but decreased the glutamine/glutamate ratio, in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and/or cerebellum with no marked sex differences. Cluster analyses revealed that l-arginine and its main metabolites formed distinct groups, which changed as a function of MIA or sex in all four brain regions examined. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that MIA alters brain arginine metabolism in the rat offspring during early neonatal development, and further support the involvement of arginine metabolism in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxian Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health and Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yu Jing
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health and Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health and Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David K Bilkey
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health and Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health and Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Madeo F, Eisenberg T, Pietrocola F, Kroemer G. Spermidine in health and disease. Science 2018; 359:359/6374/eaan2788. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aan2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Effects of Aging and Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Supplementation on Brain Arginine Metabolism in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:6019796. [PMID: 29348790 PMCID: PMC5733770 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6019796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that altered arginine metabolism is involved in the aging and neurodegenerative processes. This study sought to determine the effects of age and vitamin E supplementation in the form of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) on brain arginine metabolism. Male Wistar rats at ages of 3 and 21 months were supplemented with TRF orally for 3 months prior to the dissection of tissue from five brain regions. The tissue concentrations of L-arginine and its nine downstream metabolites were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We found age-related alterations in L-arginine metabolites in the chemical- and region-specific manners. Moreover, TRF supplementation reversed age-associated changes in arginine metabolites in the entorhinal cortex and cerebellum. Multiple regression analysis revealed a number of significant neurochemical-behavioral correlations, indicating the beneficial effects of TRF supplementation on memory and motor function.
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Roberts RO, Kang YN, Hu C, Moser CD, Wang S, Moore MJ, Graham RP, Lai JP, Petersen RC, Roberts LR. Decreased Expression of Sulfatase 2 in the Brains of Alzheimer's Disease Patients: Implications for Regulation of Neuronal Cell Signaling. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2017; 1:115-124. [PMID: 30035253 PMCID: PMC6052874 DOI: 10.3233/adr-170028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The human sulfatase 1 (SULF1) and sulfatase 2 (SULF2) genes modulate cell signaling and homeostasis in many tissues. Gene expression analyses have implicated SULF2 in disease pathogenesis, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but changes in brain SULF2 expression have not been directly established. Objective: To investigate the expression of SULF1 and SULF2 in brain tissues from AD cases and cognitively normal controls. Methods: Autopsy tissue from AD cases (n = 20) and age-and gender-matched cognitively normal controls (n = 20) were identified from the Mayo Clinic Alzheimer’s Disease Patient Registry neuropathology database. Tissue slides were stained for SULF1 and SULF2 protein expression in the hippocampus and frontal lobe and an expression score computed from the proportion of cells stained and the intensity of staining (range 0 [no expression] to 9 [marked expression]). Results: SULF2 expression was reduced in AD cases. Compared to cognitively normal controls, SULF2 expression in AD cases was significantly decreased in the hippocampal Cornu Ammonis (CA) (mean score of 6.5 in cases versus 8.3 in controls; p = 0.003), in the gray matter of the parahippocampal gyrus (5.6 in cases versus 7.6 in controls; p = 0.003), and in the frontal lobe gray matter (5.4 in cases versus 7.4 in controls; p = 0.002). There was no difference in SULF1 expression in the hippocampus or frontal lobe of AD cases and controls. As expected there were no differences in SULF1 or SULF2 expression in white matter in AD cases compared to cognitively normal controls. Conclusion: Decreased SULF2 in specific regions of the brain occurs in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosebud O Roberts
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yoo Na Kang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chunling Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Catherine D Moser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shaoqing Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael J Moore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rondell P Graham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jin-Ping Lai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ronald C Petersen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lewis R Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Attenuated Activity across Multiple Cell Types and Reduced Monosynaptic Connectivity in the Aged Perirhinal Cortex. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8965-8974. [PMID: 28821661 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0531-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The perirhinal cortex (PER), which is critical for associative memory and stimulus discrimination, has been described as a wall of inhibition between the neocortex and hippocampus. With advanced age, rats show deficits on PER-dependent behavioral tasks and fewer PER principal neurons are activated by stimuli, but the role of PER interneurons in these altered circuit properties in old age has not been characterized. In the present study, PER neurons were recorded while rats traversed a circular track bidirectionally in which the track was either empty or contained eight novel objects evenly spaced around the track. Putative interneurons were discriminated from principal cells based on the autocorrelogram, waveform parameters, and firing rate. While object modulation of interneuron firing was observed in both young and aged rats, PER interneurons recorded from old animals had lower firing rates compared with those from young animals. This difference could not be accounted for by differences in running speed, as the firing rates of PER interneurons did not show significant velocity modulation. Finally, in the aged rats, relative to young rats, there was a significant reduction in detected excitatory and inhibitory monosynaptic connections. Together these data suggest that with advanced age there may be reduced afferent drive from excitatory cells onto interneurons that may compromise the wall of inhibition between the hippocampus and cortex. This circuit dysfunction could erode the function of temporal lobe networks and ultimately contribute to cognitive aging.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We report that lower firing rates observed in aged perirhinal cortical principal cells are associated with weaker interneuron activity and reduced monosynaptic coupling between excitatory and inhibitory cells. This is likely to affect feedforward inhibition from the perirhinal to the entorhinal cortex that gates the flow of information to the hippocampus. This is significant because cognitive dysfunction in normative and pathological aging has been linked to hyperexcitability in the aged CA3 subregion of the hippocampus in rats, monkeys, and humans. The reduced inhibition in the perirhinal cortex reported here could contribute to this circuit imbalance, and may be a key point to consider for therapeutic interventions aimed at restoring network function to optimize cognition.
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Wu Q, Chu JL, Rubakhin SS, Gillette MU, Sweedler JV. Dopamine-modified TiO 2 monolith-assisted LDI MS imaging for simultaneous localization of small metabolites and lipids in mouse brain tissue with enhanced detection selectivity and sensitivity. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3926-3938. [PMID: 28553535 PMCID: PMC5433501 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00937b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Localization of metabolites using multiplexed mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) provides important chemical information for biological research. In contrast to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), TiO2-assisted laser desorption/ionization (LDI) for MSI improves detection of low molecular mass metabolites (<500 Da) by reducing matrix background. However, the low UV absorption of TiO2 nanoparticles and their ester hydrolysis catalytic activity hinder the detection of phospholipids and many low-abundance molecules. To address these challenges, we evaluated and optimized the material morphology and composition of TiO2. Dopamine (DA) was found to be an efficient ligand for TiO2, resulting in increased UV light absorption, higher surface pH, and formation of monolithic TiO2-DA structures. The sub-micron scale and higher surface pH of the TiO2 particle sizes led to improved detection of phospholipid signals. Compared to unmodified TiO2 sub-micron particles, the DA-modified TiO2 monolith led to 10- to 30-fold increases in the signal-to-noise ratios of a number of compound peaks. The TiO2-DA monolith-assisted LDI MSI approach has higher selectivity and sensitivity for Lewis basic compounds, such as fatty acids, cholesterols, ceramides, diacylglycerols, and phosphatidylethanolamine, when analyzed in positive mode, than traditional MALDI MS. Using this new method, over 100 molecules, including amino acids, alkaloids, free fatty acids, peptides, and lipids, were localized in mouse brain sections. By comparing the presence and localization of those molecules in young and old mouse brains, the approach demonstrated good performance in the determination of aging-related neurochemical changes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S. Mathews Ave, 63-5 , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA .
- Beckman Institute , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 405 N. Mathews Ave, 63-5 , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA
| | - James L Chu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA
| | - Stanislav S Rubakhin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S. Mathews Ave, 63-5 , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA .
- Beckman Institute , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 405 N. Mathews Ave, 63-5 , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA
| | - Martha U Gillette
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA
- Beckman Institute , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 405 N. Mathews Ave, 63-5 , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 S. Mathews Ave, 63-5 , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA .
- Beckman Institute , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 405 N. Mathews Ave, 63-5 , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , USA
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Liu P, Gupta N, Jing Y, Collie ND, Zhang H, Smith PF. Further studies of the effects of aging on arginine metabolites in the rat vestibular nucleus and cerebellum. Neuroscience 2017; 348:273-287. [PMID: 28238850 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Some studies have demonstrated that aging is associated with impaired vestibular reflexes, especially otolithic reflexes, resulting in postural instability. However, the neurochemical basis of these age-related changes is still poorly understood. The l-arginine metabolic system has been implicated in changes in the brain associated with aging. In the current study, we examined the levels of l-arginine and its metabolizing enzymes and downstream metabolites in the vestibular nucleus complex (VNC) and cerebellum (CE) of rats with and without behavioral testing which were young (4months old), middle-aged (12months old) or aged (24months old). We found that aging was associated with lower nitric oxide synthase activity in the CE of animals with testing and increased arginase in the VNC and CE of animals with testing. l-citrulline and l-ornithine were lower in the VNC of aged animals irrespective of testing, while l-arginine and l-citrulline were lower in the CE with and without testing, respectively. In the VNC and CE, aging was associated with lower levels of glutamate in the VNC, irrespective of testing. In the VNC it was associated with higher levels of agmatine and putrescine, irrespective of testing. In the CE, aging was associated with higher levels of putrescine in animals without testing and with higher levels of spermine in animals with testing, and spermidine, irrespective of testing. Multivariate analyses indicated significant predictive relationships between the different variables, and there were correlations between some of the neurochemical variables and behavioral measurements. Cluster analyses revealed that aging altered the relationships between l-arginine and its metabolites. The results of this study demonstrate that there are major changes occurring in l-arginine metabolism in the VNC and CE as a result of age, as well as behavioral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Liu
- Dept. of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; The Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence, New Zealand.
| | - N Gupta
- Dept. of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Y Jing
- Dept. of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - N D Collie
- Dept. of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - H Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - P F Smith
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; The Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence, New Zealand; The Eisdell Moore Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Yoder WM, Gaynor LS, Burke SN, Setlow B, Smith DW, Bizon JL. Interaction between age and perceptual similarity in olfactory discrimination learning in F344 rats: relationships with spatial learning. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 53:122-137. [PMID: 28259065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that aging is associated with a reduced ability to distinguish perceptually similar stimuli in one's environment. As the ability to accurately perceive and encode sensory information is foundational for explicit memory, understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of discrimination impairments that emerge with advancing age could help elucidate the mechanisms of mnemonic decline. To this end, there is a need for preclinical approaches that robustly and reliably model age-associated perceptual discrimination deficits. Taking advantage of rodents' exceptional olfactory abilities, the present study applied rigorous psychophysical techniques to the evaluation of discrimination learning in young and aged F344 rats. Aging did not influence odor detection thresholds or the ability to discriminate between perceptually distinct odorants. In contrast, aged rats were disproportionately impaired relative to young on problems that required discriminations between perceptually similar olfactory stimuli. Importantly, these disproportionate impairments in discrimination learning did not simply reflect a global learning impairment in aged rats, as they performed other types of difficult discriminations on par with young rats. Among aged rats, discrimination deficits were strongly associated with spatial learning deficits. These findings reveal a new, sensitive behavioral approach for elucidating the neural mechanisms of cognitive decline associated with normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M Yoder
- Program in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Leslie S Gaynor
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sara N Burke
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Barry Setlow
- Program in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David W Smith
- Program in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Bizon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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35
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Knox LT, Jing Y, Bawazier-Edgecombe J, Collie ND, Zhang H, Liu P. Effects of withdrawal from repeated phencyclidine administration on behavioural function and brain arginine metabolism in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 153:45-59. [PMID: 27986516 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phencyclidine (PCP) induces behavioural changes in humans and laboratory animals that resemble positive and negative symptoms, and cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. It has been shown repeated treatment of PCP leading to persistent symptoms even after the drug discontinuation, and there is a growing body of evidence implicating altered arginine metabolism in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The present study investigated the effects of withdrawal from repeated daily injection of PCP (2mg/kg) for 12 consecutive days on animals'behavioural performance and arginine metabolism in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in male young adult rats. Repeated PCP treatment reduced spontaneous alternations in the Y-maze and exploratory and locomotor activities in the open field under the condition of a washout period of 24h, but not 4days. Interestingly, the PCP treated rats also displayed spatial working memory deficits when tested 8-10days after withdrawal from PCP and showed altered levels of arginase activities and eight out of ten l-arginine metabolites in neurochemical- and region-specific manner. Cluster analyses showed altered relationships among l-arginine and its three main metabolites as a function of withdrawal from repeated PCP treatment in a duration-specific manner. Multiple regression analysis revealed significant neurochemical-behavioural correlations. Collectively, the results suggest both the residual and long-term effects of withdrawal from repeated PCP treatment on behavioural function and brain arginine metabolism. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, the influence of the withdrawal duration on animals' behaviour and brain arginine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan T Knox
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yu Jing
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jamal Bawazier-Edgecombe
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nicola D Collie
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Liu P, Jing Y, Collie ND, Dean B, Bilkey DK, Zhang H. Altered brain arginine metabolism in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e871. [PMID: 27529679 PMCID: PMC5022089 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research implicates altered metabolism of l-arginine, a versatile amino acid with a number of bioactive metabolites, in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The present study, for we believe the first time, systematically compared the metabolic profile of l-arginine in the frontal cortex (Brodmann's area 8) obtained post-mortem from schizophrenic individuals and age- and gender-matched non-psychiatric controls (n=20 per group). The enzyme assays revealed no change in total nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, but significantly increased arginase activity in the schizophrenia group. Western blot showed reduced endothelial NOS protein expression and increased arginase II protein level in the disease group. High-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric assays confirmed significantly reduced levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), but increased agmatine concentration and glutamate/GABA ratio in the schizophrenia cases. Regression analysis indicated positive correlations between arginase activity and the age of disease onset and between l-ornithine level and the duration of illness. Moreover, cluster analyses revealed that l-arginine and its main metabolites l-citrulline, l-ornithine and agmatine formed distinct groups, which were altered in the schizophrenia group. The present study provides further evidence of altered brain arginine metabolism in schizophrenia, which enhances our understanding of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and may lead to the future development of novel preventions and/or therapeutics for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Liu
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand,Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Lindo Ferguson Building, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand. E-mail:
| | - Y Jing
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - N D Collie
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand,Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - B Dean
- The Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - D K Bilkey
- Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand,Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - H Zhang
- Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand,School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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37
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Guerra GP, Rubin MA, Mello CF. Modulation of learning and memory by natural polyamines. Pharmacol Res 2016; 112:99-118. [PMID: 27015893 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spermine and spermidine are natural polyamines that are produced mainly via decarboxylation of l-ornithine and the sequential transfer of aminopropyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to putrescine by spermidine synthase and spermine synthase. Spermine and spermidine interact with intracellular and extracellular acidic residues of different nature, including nucleic acids, phospholipids, acidic proteins, carboxyl- and sulfate-containing polysaccharides. Therefore, multiple actions have been suggested for these polycations, including modulation of the activity of ionic channels, protein synthesis, protein kinases, and cell proliferation/death, within others. In this review we summarize these neurochemical/neurophysiological/morphological findings, particularly those that have been implicated in the improving and deleterious effects of spermine and spermidine on learning and memory of naïve animals in shock-motivated and nonshock-motivated tasks, from a historical perspective. The interaction with the opioid system, the facilitation and disruption of morphine-induced reward and the effect of polyamines and putative polyamine antagonists on animal models of cognitive diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Huntington, acute neuroinflammation and brain trauma are also reviewed and discussed. The increased production of polyamines in Alzheimer's disease and the biphasic nature of the effects of polyamines on memory and on the NMDA receptor are also considered. In light of the current literature on polyamines, which include the description of an inborn error of the metabolism characterized by mild-to moderate mental retardation and polyamine metabolism alterations in suicide completers, we can anticipate that polyamine targets may be important for the development of novel strategies and approaches for understanding the etiopathogenesis of important central disorders and their pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Petri Guerra
- Department of Food Technology, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campus Medianeira, Medianeira, PR 85884-000, Brazil
| | - Maribel Antonello Rubin
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Fernando Mello
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
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Büttner S, Broeskamp F, Sommer C, Markaki M, Habernig L, Alavian-Ghavanini A, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Eisenberg T, Michael E, Kroemer G, Tavernarakis N, Sigrist SJ, Madeo F. Spermidine protects against α-synuclein neurotoxicity. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3903-8. [PMID: 25483063 PMCID: PMC4614020 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.973309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As our society ages, neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson`s disease (PD) are increasing in pandemic proportions. While mechanistic understanding of PD is advancing, a treatment with well tolerable drugs is still elusive. Here, we show that administration of the naturally occurring polyamine spermidine, which declines continuously during aging in various species, alleviates a series of PD-related degenerative processes in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, two established model systems for PD pathology. In the fruit fly, simple feeding with spermidine inhibited loss of climbing activity and early organismal death upon heterologous expression of human α-synuclein, which is thought to be the principal toxic trigger of PD. In this line, administration of spermidine rescued α-synuclein-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons, a hallmark of PD, in nematodes. Alleviation of PD-related neurodegeneration by spermidine was accompanied by induction of autophagy, suggesting that this cytoprotective process may be responsible for the beneficial effects of spermidine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Büttner
- a Institute of Molecular Biosciences ; University of Graz ; Graz , Austria
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39
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A single intracerebroventricular Aβ25–35 infusion leads to prolonged alterations in arginine metabolism in the rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 2015; 298:367-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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40
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Synthesis of novel binary and ternary Zn2+ complexes with putrescine and phosphocreatine and the metal complexes study in aqueous solution. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Watanabe K, Watanabe T, Nakayama M. Cerebro-renal interactions: impact of uremic toxins on cognitive function. Neurotoxicology 2014; 44:184-93. [PMID: 25003961 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment (CI) associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has received attention as an important problem in recent years. Causes of CI with CKD are multifactorial, and include cerebrovascular disease, renal anemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, dialysis disequilibrium, and uremic toxins (UTs). Among these causes, little is known about the role of UTs. We therefore selected 21 uremic compounds, and summarized reports of cerebro-renal interactions associated with UTs. Among the compounds, uric acid, indoxyl sulfate, p-cresyl sulfate, interleukin 1-β, interleukin 6, TNF-α, and PTH were most likely to affect the cerebro-renal interaction dysfunction; however, sufficient data have not been obtained for other UTs. Notably, most of the data were not obtained under uremic conditions; therefore, the impact and mechanism of each UT on cognition and central nervous system in uremic state remains unknown. At present, impacts and mechanisms of UT effects on cognition are poorly understood. Clarifying the mechanisms and establishing novel therapeutic strategies for cerebro-renal interaction dysfunction is expected to be subject of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimio Watanabe
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Watanabe
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakayama
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
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42
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Effects of acute phencyclidine administration on arginine metabolism in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in rats. Neuropharmacology 2014; 81:195-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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43
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Morita K, Lee MS, Her S, Nishibori N. Polyamines cause elevation of steroid 5α-reductase mRNA levels by suppressing mRNA degradation in C6 glioma cells. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:1132-7. [PMID: 24800957 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are widely distributed in living organisms, and considered to play a potential role in various cellular processes. The effects of polyamines on gene expression as well as cell proliferation have been suggested to be closely associated with the physiological and pathological functions. However, it seems necessary to investigate their potential roles in the regulation of cellular metabolism and functions. Previously, glial cells have been suggested to be involved in the protection and preservation of neuronal functions, probably through the production of neurotrophic factors in the brain. On the other hand, neuroactive 5α-reduced steroids promote glial cell differentiation, resulting in enhancement of their ability to produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Based on these findings, polyamines are assumed to stimulate the expression of the gene encoding steroid 5α-reductase (5α-R), which can induce the production of neuroactive 5α-reduced steroids in glial cells. The effects of polyamines on 5α-R mRNA levels in C6 glioma cells were examined as a model experiment. In consequence, spermine (SPM) and spermidine (SPD), but not putrescine (PUT), have been shown to elevate 5α-R mRNA levels without activating the 5α-R promoter. Furthermore, SPM increased 5α-R mRNA levels under the conditions in which the mRNA biosynthesis was inhibited. Therefore, it can be speculated that polyamines increase 5α-R mRNA levels as a consequence of suppressing the degradation of mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoji Morita
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Nursing, Shikoku University School of Health Sciences, Tokushima, 771-1192, Japan
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44
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Lu W, Yang S, Chen L, Qiu X, Huang CX, Wu H, Li C, Yang JQ, Zhang L, Chao FL, Tang Y. Stereological investigation of the age-related changes of the myelinated fibers in the hippocampus of male rats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:1490-7. [PMID: 24782353 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The decline of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory during normal aging is not associated with neuron death and synapse loss. Until now, age-related changes in the myelinated fibers of the hippocampus have not been investigated. Therefore, in this study, the myelinated fibers in the hippocampi of young (6 months), middle-aged (18 months), and old-aged (28 months) male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied with transmission electron microscope and stereological methods, following spatial learning tests in a Morris water maze. The results showed that hippocampus-dependent spatial learning was impaired in old-aged rats but that the total volume, length, and mean diameter of the myelinated fibers in the hippocampus, as well as the hippocampal volume, remained constant during the normal aging process. Our results suggest that the age-related decline in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning is not attributable to myelinated fiber changes in the hippocampus and that other, undetermined factors are responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Department of Pediatrics, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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45
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Upregulation of colonic luminal polyamines produced by intestinal microbiota delays senescence in mice. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4548. [PMID: 24686447 PMCID: PMC4070089 DOI: 10.1038/srep04548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention of quality of life (QOL) deterioration is associated with the inhibition of geriatric diseases and the regulation of brain function. However, no substance is known that prevents the aging of both body and brain. It is known that polyamine concentrations in somatic tissues (including the brain) decrease with increasing age, and polyamine-rich foods enhance longevity in yeast, worms, flies, and mice, and protect flies from age-induced memory impairment. A main source of exogenous polyamines is the intestinal lumen, where they are produced by intestinal bacteria. We found that arginine intake increased the concentration of putrescine in the colon and increased levels of spermidine and spermine in the blood. Mice orally administered with arginine in combination with the probiotic bifidobacteria LKM512 long-term showed suppressed inflammation, improved longevity, and protection from age-induced memory impairment. This study shows that intake of arginine and LKM512 may prevent aging-dependent declines in QOL via the upregulation of polyamines.
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46
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Liu P, Fleete MS, Jing Y, Collie ND, Curtis MA, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RLM, Abraham WC, Zhang H. Altered arginine metabolism in Alzheimer's disease brains. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:1992-2003. [PMID: 24746363 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
L-arginine is a semi-essential amino acid with a number of bioactive metabolites. Accumulating evidence suggests the implication of altered arginine metabolism in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study systematically compared the metabolic profile of L-arginine in the superior frontal gyrus, hippocampus, and cerebellum from AD (mean age 80 years) and normal (mean age 80 or 60 years) cases. The activity and protein expression of nitric oxide synthase and arginase were altered with AD and age in a region-specific manner. There were also AD- and age-related changes in the tissue concentrations of L-arginine and its downstream metabolites (L-citrulline, L-ornithine, agmatine, putrescine, spermidine, spermine, glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid, and glutamine) in a metabolite- or region-specific manner. These findings demonstrate that arginine metabolism is dramatically altered in diverse regions of AD brains, thus meriting further investigation to understand its role in the pathogenesis and/or progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Michael S Fleete
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yu Jing
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nicola D Collie
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Henry J Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wickliffe C Abraham
- Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hu Zhang
- Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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47
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Regional variations and age-related changes in arginine metabolism in the rat brain stem and spinal cord. Neuroscience 2013; 252:98-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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48
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Gupta VK, Scheunemann L, Eisenberg T, Mertel S, Bhukel A, Koemans TS, Kramer JM, Liu KSY, Schroeder S, Stunnenberg HG, Sinner F, Magnes C, Pieber TR, Dipt S, Fiala A, Schenck A, Schwaerzel M, Madeo F, Sigrist SJ. Restoring polyamines protects from age-induced memory impairment in an autophagy-dependent manner. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:1453-60. [PMID: 23995066 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Age-dependent memory impairment is known to occur in several organisms, including Drosophila, mouse and human. However, the fundamental cellular mechanisms that underlie these impairments are still poorly understood, effectively hampering the development of pharmacological strategies to treat the condition. Polyamines are among the substances found to decrease with age in the human brain. We found that levels of polyamines (spermidine, putrescine) decreased in aging fruit flies, concomitant with declining memory abilities. Simple spermidine feeding not only restored juvenile polyamine levels, but also suppressed age-induced memory impairment. Ornithine decarboxylase-1, the rate-limiting enzyme for de novo polyamine synthesis, also protected olfactory memories in aged flies when expressed specifically in Kenyon cells, which are crucial for olfactory memory formation. Spermidine-fed flies showed enhanced autophagy (a form of cellular self-digestion), and genetic deficits in the autophagic machinery prevented spermidine-mediated rescue of memory impairments. Our findings indicate that autophagy is critical for suppression of memory impairments by spermidine and that polyamines, which are endogenously present, are candidates for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun K Gupta
- 1] Institute for Biology/Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany. [2] NeuroCure, Charité, Berlin, Germany
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49
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Altered arginine metabolism in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of maternal immune activation rat offspring. Schizophr Res 2013; 148:151-6. [PMID: 23806581 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Altered arginine metabolism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The present study measured the levels of L-arginine and its downstream metabolites in the sub-regions of the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and cerebellum in adult rats that had been exposed to maternal immune activation (MIA; a risk factor for schizophrenia). MIA significantly increased L-arginine, L-ornithine and putrescine levels and decreased agmatine levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in a region-specific manner. Correlational analysis revealed a significant neurochemical-behavioural correlation. Cluster analyses showed that L-arginine and its main metabolites formed distinct groups, which changed as a function of MIA. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that MIA leads to altered arginine metabolism in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of the adult offspring.
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50
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Effects of Moxa Smoke on Monoamine Neurotransmitters in SAMP8 Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:178067. [PMID: 23762105 PMCID: PMC3666371 DOI: 10.1155/2013/178067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To investigate the anti-aging effects of moxa smoke on SAMP8 mice. Methods. Using 2 × 3 factorial design, exposure length (15 or 30 minutes daily), and concentration (low, 5–15 mg/m3; middle, 25–35 mg/m3; high, 85–95 mg/m3), 70 SAMP8 mice were randomly assigned, n = 10/group, to a model group or one of six moxa smoke groups: L1, L2, M1, M2, H1, or H2. Ten SAMR1 mice were used as normal control. Mice in moxa smoke groups were exposed to moxa smoke at respective concentrations and exposure lengths; the model and normal control mice were not exposed. Cerebral 5-HT, DA, and NE levels were determined using ELISA. Results. Compared to normal control, the model group showed a significant decrease in 5-HT, DA, and NE. Compared to model group, 5-HT and NE were significantly higher in groups L2, M1, and M2 and DA was significantly so in L2 and M1. 5-HT, DA, and NE levels were the highest in group M1 among moxa smoke groups. A marked exposure length × concentration interaction was observed for 5-HT, DA, and NE. Conclusion. Moxa smoke increases monoamine neurotransmitter levels, which varies according to concentration and exposure length. Our finding suggests that the middle concentration of moxa smoke for 15 minutes seems the most beneficial.
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