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Zhang W, Jiao B, Yu S, Zhang C, Zhang K, Liu B, Zhang X. Histone deacetylase as emerging pharmacological therapeutic target for neuropathic pain: From epigenetic to selective drugs. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14745. [PMID: 38715326 PMCID: PMC11077000 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain remains a formidable challenge for modern medicine. The first-line pharmacological therapies exhibit limited efficacy and unfavorable side effect profiles, highlighting an unmet need for effective therapeutic medications. The past decades have witnessed an explosion in efforts to translate epigenetic concepts into pain therapy and shed light on epigenetics as a promising avenue for pain research. Recently, the aberrant activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) has emerged as a key mechanism contributing to the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. AIMS In this review, we highlight the distinctive role of specific HDAC subtypes in a cell-specific manner in pain nociception, and outline the recent experimental evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of HDACi in neuropathic pain. METHODS We have summarized studies of HDAC in neuropathic pain in Pubmed. RESULTS HDACs, widely distributed in the neuronal and non-neuronal cells of the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord, regulate gene expression by deacetylation of histone or non-histone proteins and involving in increased neuronal excitability and neuroinflammation, thus promoting peripheral and central sensitization. Importantly, pharmacological manipulation of aberrant acetylation using HDAC-targeted inhibitors (HDACi) has shown promising pain-relieving properties in various preclinical models of neuropathic pain. Yet, many of which exhibit low-specificity that may induce off-target toxicities, underscoring the necessity for the development of isoform-selective HDACi in pain management. CONCLUSIONS Abnormally elevated HDACs promote neuronal excitability and neuroinflammation by epigenetically modulating pivotal gene expression in neuronal and immune cells, contributing to peripheral and central sensitization in the progression of neuropathic pain, and HDACi showed significant efficacy and great potential for alleviating neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric AnesthesiaTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Bo Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric AnesthesiaTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Shangchen Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric AnesthesiaTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric AnesthesiaTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Kaiwen Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric AnesthesiaTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Baowen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric AnesthesiaTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xianwei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric AnesthesiaTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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Pethő G, Kántás B, Horváth Á, Pintér E. The Epigenetics of Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Update. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17143. [PMID: 38138971 PMCID: PMC10743356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics deals with alterations to the gene expression that occur without change in the nucleotide sequence in the DNA. Various covalent modifications of the DNA and/or the surrounding histone proteins have been revealed, including DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and methylation, which can either stimulate or inhibit protein expression at the transcriptional level. In the past decade, an exponentially increasing amount of data has been published on the association between epigenetic changes and the pathomechanism of pain, including its most challenging form, neuropathic pain. Epigenetic regulation of the chromatin by writer, reader, and eraser proteins has been revealed for diverse protein targets involved in the pathomechanism of neuropathic pain. They include receptors, ion channels, transporters, enzymes, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, inflammasome proteins, etc. Most work has been invested in clarifying the epigenetic downregulation of mu opioid receptors and various K+ channels, two types of structures mediating neuronal inhibition. Conversely, epigenetic upregulation has been revealed for glutamate receptors, growth factors, and lymphokines involved in neuronal excitation. All these data cannot only help better understand the development of neuropathic pain but outline epigenetic writers, readers, and erasers whose pharmacological inhibition may represent a novel option in the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Pethő
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.K.); (E.P.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus Str. 2., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Boglárka Kántás
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.K.); (E.P.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pécs, Édesanyák Str. 17., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ádám Horváth
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus Str. 2., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.K.); (E.P.)
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Jin L, Liu Y, Wu Y, Huang Y, Zhang D. REST Is Not Resting: REST/NRSF in Health and Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1477. [PMID: 37892159 PMCID: PMC10605157 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin modifications play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression. The repressor element-1 (RE1) silencing transcription factor (REST), also known as neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) and X2 box repressor (XBR), was found to regulate gene transcription by binding to chromatin and recruiting chromatin-modifying enzymes. Earlier studies revealed that REST plays an important role in the development and disease of the nervous system, mainly by repressing the transcription of neuron-specific genes. Subsequently, REST was found to be critical in other tissues, such as the heart, pancreas, skin, eye, and vascular. Dysregulation of REST was also found in nervous and non-nervous system cancers. In parallel, multiple strategies to target REST have been developed. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive summary of the research progress made over the past 28 years since the discovery of REST, encompassing both physiological and pathological aspects. These insights into the effects and mechanisms of REST contribute to an in-depth understanding of the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of genes and their roles in the development and progression of disease, with a view to discovering potential therapeutic targets and intervention strategies for various related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Dianbao Zhang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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Cerri F, Gentile F, Clarelli F, Santoro S, Falzone YM, Dina G, Romano A, Domi T, Pozzi L, Fazio R, Podini P, Sorosina M, Carrera P, Esposito F, Riva N, Briani C, Cavallaro T, Filippi M, Quattrini A. Clinical and pathological findings in neurolymphomatosis: Preliminary association with gene expression profiles in sural nerves. Front Oncol 2022; 12:974751. [PMID: 36226068 PMCID: PMC9549065 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.974751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although inflammation appears to play a role in neurolymphomatosis (NL), the mechanisms leading to degeneration in the peripheral nervous system are poorly understood. The purpose of this exploratory study was to identify molecular pathways underlying NL pathogenesis, combining clinical and neuropathological investigation with gene expression (GE) studies. We characterized the clinical and pathological features of eight patients with NL. We further analysed GE changes in sural nerve biopsies obtained from a subgroup of NL patients (n=3) and thirteen patients with inflammatory neuropathies as neuropathic controls. Based on the neuropathic symptoms and signs, NL patients were classified into three forms of neuropathy: chronic symmetrical sensorimotor polyneuropathy (SMPN, n=3), multiple mononeuropathy (MN, n=4) and acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN, n=1). Predominantly diffuse malignant cells infiltration of epineurium was present in chronic SMPN, whereas endoneurial perivascular cells invasion was observed in MN. In contrast, diffuse endoneurium malignant cells localization occurred in AMSAN. We identified alterations in the expression of 1266 genes, with 115 up-regulated and 1151 down-regulated genes, which were mainly associated with ribosomal proteins (RP) and olfactory receptors (OR) signaling pathways, respectively. Among the top up-regulated genes were actin alpha 1 skeletal muscle (ACTA1) and desmin (DES). Similarly, in NL nerves ACTA1, DES and several RPs were highly expressed, associated with endothelial cells and pericytes abnormalities. Peripheral nerve involvement may be due to conversion towards a more aggressive phenotype, potentially explaining the poor prognosis. The candidate genes reported in this study may be a source of clinical biomarkers for NL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cerri
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Gentile
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurology IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Clarelli
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Santoro
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Yuri Matteo Falzone
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurology IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Dina
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Romano
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Teuta Domi
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Pozzi
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Podini
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Melissa Sorosina
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Carrera
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology and Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology and Cytogenetics, Unit of Genomics for Human Disease Diagnosis, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Esposito
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Neurological Disorders, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nilo Riva
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Nilo Riva, ; Angelo Quattrini,
| | - Chiara Briani
- Department of Neuroscience , University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cavallaro
- Department of Neurology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University Hospital G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Nilo Riva, ; Angelo Quattrini,
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Zhang H, Li H, Lu M, Wang S, Ma X, Wang F, Liu J, Li X, Yang H, Zhang F, Shen H, Buckley NJ, Gamper N, Yamoah EN, Lv P. Repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor deficiency yields profound hearing loss through K v7.4 channel upsurge in auditory neurons and hair cells. eLife 2022; 11:76754. [PMID: 36125121 PMCID: PMC9525063 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST) is a transcriptional repressor that recognizes neuron-restrictive silencer elements in the mammalian genomes in a tissue- and cell-specific manner. The identity of REST target genes and molecular details of how REST regulates them are emerging. We performed conditional null deletion of Rest (cKO), mainly restricted to murine hair cells (HCs) and auditory neurons (aka spiral ganglion neurons [SGNs]). Null inactivation of full-length REST did not affect the development of normal HCs and SGNs but manifested as progressive hearing loss in adult mice. We found that the inactivation of REST resulted in an increased abundance of Kv7.4 channels at the transcript, protein, and functional levels. Specifically, we found that SGNs and HCs from Rest cKO mice displayed increased Kv7.4 expression and augmented Kv7 currents; SGN’s excitability was also significantly reduced. Administration of a compound with Kv7.4 channel activator activity, fasudil, recapitulated progressive hearing loss in mice. In contrast, inhibition of the Kv7 channels by XE991 rescued the auditory phenotype of Rest cKO mice. Previous studies identified some loss-of-function mutations within the Kv7.4-coding gene, Kcnq4, as a causative factor for progressive hearing loss in mice and humans. Thus, the findings reveal that a critical homeostatic Kv7.4 channel level is required for proper auditory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Hongchen Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Mingshun Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Xueya Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Haichao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Noel J Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nikita Gamper
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ebenezer N Yamoah
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, United States
| | - Ping Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
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Chiu CY, Tsaur ML. K + channel Kv4.1 is expressed in the nociceptors/secondary nociceptive neurons and participates in pain regulation. Eur J Pain 2022; 26:2238-2256. [PMID: 36097791 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.2038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kv4 channels are key components controlling neuronal excitability at membrane potentials below action potential thresholds. It remains elusive whether Kv4.1 participates in pain regulation. METHODS We raised a Kv4.1 antibody to map Kv4.1+ neurons in the superficial dorsal horn of spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of rats. Behavioral, biochemical, and immunohistochemical methods were used to examine whether the activity of Kv4.1+ neurons or Kv4.1 expression level is altered after peripheral nerve injury. RESULTS In lamina I of spinal cord, Kv4.1 immunoreactivity (IR) was detected in neurokinin-1 receptor positive (NK1R)+ projection neurons (the secondary nociceptive neurons) and NK1R+ excitatory interneurons. Kv4.1, KChIP2 and DPP10 were co-expressed in these neurons. Peripheral nerve injury evoked by lumbar spinal nerve ligation (SNL) immediately induced phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinase (pERK, an indicator of enhanced neuronal activity) in lamina I Kv4.1+ neurons and lamina II Kv4.2/Kv4.3+ neurons of the spinal cord. Furthermore, Kv4.1 appeared in 59.9% of DRG neurons with variable sizes. Kv4.1 mRNA and protein levels in DRG neurons were gradually decreased after SNL. Following intrathecal injection of Kv4.1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ASO) into naive rats, Kv4.1 protein level was reduced in the DRG, and mechanical but not thermal hypersensitivity was induced. CONCLUSIONS Kv4.1 appears in the secondary nociceptive neurons, and peripheral nerve injury increases the activity of these neurons. Kv4.1 expression in DRG neurons (including half of the nociceptors) is gradually reduced after peripheral nerve injury, and knockdown of Kv4.1 in DRG neurons induces pain. Thus, Kv4.1 participates in pain regulation. SIGNIFICANCE Based on the expression of Kv4.1 and Kv4.3 in the nociceptors, Kv4.1 in the secondary nociceptive neurons, Kv4.1 in spinal lamina I excitatory interneurons that regulate the activity of the secondary nociceptive neurons, as well as Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 in spinal lamina II excitatory interneurons that also regulate the activity of the secondary nociceptive neurons, developing Kv4 activators or genetic manipulation to increase Kv4 channel activity in these pain-related Kv4+ neurons will be useful in future pain therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yuan Chiu
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meei-Ling Tsaur
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Su XJ, Shen BD, Wang K, Song QX, Yang X, Wu DS, Shen HX, Zhu C. Roles of the Neuron-Restrictive Silencer Factor in the Pathophysiological Process of the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:834620. [PMID: 35300407 PMCID: PMC8921553 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.834620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF), also known as repressor element 1 (RE-1) silencing transcription factor (REST) or X2 box repressor (XBR), is a zinc finger transcription factor that is widely expressed in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. It is a master regulator of the nervous system, and the function of NRSF is the basis of neuronal differentiation, diversity, plasticity, and survival. NRSF can bind to the neuron-restrictive silencer element (NRSE), recruit some co-repressors, and then inhibit transcription of NRSE downstream genes through epigenetic mechanisms. In neurogenesis, NRSF functions not only as a transcriptional silencer that can mediate the transcriptional inhibition of neuron-specific genes in non-neuronal cells and thus give neuron cells specificity, but also as a transcriptional activator to induce neuronal differentiation. Many studies have confirmed the association between NRSF and brain disorders, such as brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Overexpression, underexpression, or mutation may lead to neurological disorders. In tumorigenesis, NRSF functions as an oncogene in neuronal tumors, such as neuroblastomas, medulloblastomas, and pheochromocytomas, stimulating their proliferation, which results in poor prognosis. Additionally, NRSF-mediated selective targets gene repression plays an important role in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain caused by nerve injury, cancer, and diabetes. At present, several compounds that target NRSF or its co-repressors, such as REST-VP16 and X5050, have been shown to be clinically effective against many brain diseases, such as seizures, implying that NRSF and its co-repressors may be potential and promising therapeutic targets for neural disorders. In the present review, we introduced the biological characteristics of NRSF; reviewed the progress to date in understanding the roles of NRSF in the pathophysiological processes of the nervous system, such as neurogenesis, brain disorders, neural tumorigenesis, and neuropathic pain; and suggested new therapeutic approaches to such brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jin Su
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei-Duo Shen
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Xin Song
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - De-Sheng Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Xing Shen
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Alles SRA, Smith PA. Peripheral Voltage-Gated Cation Channels in Neuropathic Pain and Their Potential as Therapeutic Targets. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 2:750583. [PMID: 35295464 PMCID: PMC8915663 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.750583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of increased excitability and spontaneous activity in injured peripheral neurons is imperative for the development and persistence of many forms of neuropathic pain. This aberrant activity involves increased activity and/or expression of voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ channels and hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated (HCN) channels as well as decreased function of K+ channels. Because they display limited central side effects, peripherally restricted Na+ and Ca2+ channel blockers and K+ channel activators offer potential therapeutic approaches to pain management. This review outlines the current status and future therapeutic promise of peripherally acting channel modulators. Selective blockers of Nav1.3, Nav1.7, Nav1.8, Cav3.2, and HCN2 and activators of Kv7.2 abrogate signs of neuropathic pain in animal models. Unfortunately, their performance in the clinic has been disappointing; some substances fail to meet therapeutic end points whereas others produce dose-limiting side effects. Despite this, peripheral voltage-gated cation channels retain their promise as therapeutic targets. The way forward may include (i) further structural refinement of K+ channel activators such as retigabine and ASP0819 to improve selectivity and limit toxicity; use or modification of Na+ channel blockers such as vixotrigine, PF-05089771, A803467, PF-01247324, VX-150 or arachnid toxins such as Tap1a; the use of Ca2+ channel blockers such as TTA-P2, TTA-A2, Z 944, ACT709478, and CNCB-2; (ii) improving methods for assessing “pain” as opposed to nociception in rodent models; (iii) recognizing sex differences in pain etiology; (iv) tailoring of therapeutic approaches to meet the symptoms and etiology of pain in individual patients via quantitative sensory testing and other personalized medicine approaches; (v) targeting genetic and biochemical mechanisms controlling channel expression using anti-NGF antibodies such as tanezumab or re-purposed drugs such as vorinostat, a histone methyltransferase inhibitor used in the management of T-cell lymphoma, or cercosporamide a MNK 1/2 inhibitor used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; (vi) combination therapy using drugs that are selective for different channel types or regulatory processes; (vii) directing preclinical validation work toward the use of human or human-derived tissue samples; and (viii) application of molecular biological approaches such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha R A Alles
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Peter A Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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9
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a challenging clinical problem and remains difficult to treat. Altered gene expression in peripheral sensory nerves and neurons due to nerve injury is well documented and contributes critically to the synaptic plasticity in the spinal cord and the initiation and maintenance of chronic pain. However, our understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms regulating the transcription of pro-nociceptive (e.g., NMDA receptors and α2δ-1) and antinociceptive (e.g., potassium channels and opioid and cannabinoid receptors) genes are still limited. In this review, we summarize recent studies determining the roles of histone modifications (including methylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination), DNA methylation, and noncoding RNAs in neuropathic pain development. We review the epigenetic writer, reader, and eraser proteins that participate in the transcriptional control of the expression of key ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors in the dorsal root ganglion after traumatic nerve injury, which is commonly used as a preclinical model of neuropathic pain. A better understanding of epigenetic reprogramming involved in the transition from acute to chronic pain could lead to the development of new treatments for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Ghosh
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Hui-Lin Pan
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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10
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is a common symptom in many diseases of the somatosensory
nervous system, which severely affects the patient’s quality of life.
Epigenetics are heritable alterations in gene expression that do not cause
permanent changes in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications can affect gene
expression and function and can also mediate crosstalk between genes and the
environment. Increasing evidence shows that epigenetic modifications, including
DNA methylation, histone modification, non-coding RNA, and RNA modification, are
involved in the development and maintenance of NP. In this review, we focus on
the current knowledge of epigenetic modifications in the development and
maintenance of NP. Then, we illustrate different facets of epigenetic
modifications that regulate gene expression and their crosstalk. Finally, we
discuss the burgeoning evidence supporting the potential of emerging epigenetic
therapies, which has been valuable in understanding mechanisms and offers novel
and potent targets for NP therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danzhi Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of
Foshan, Foshan, China
- Sun Yet-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun
Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People’s Hospital of
Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Simin Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fuhu Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiling Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinshu Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of
Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Jun Zhou, Department of Anesthesiology, The
Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630,
China.
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Fonseca-Barriendos D, Frías-Soria CL, Pérez-Pérez D, Gómez-López R, Borroto Escuela DO, Rocha L. Drug-resistant epilepsy: Drug target hypothesis and beyond the receptors. Epilepsia Open 2021; 7 Suppl 1:S23-S33. [PMID: 34542940 PMCID: PMC9340308 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that affects more than 50 million people worldwide. Despite a recent introduction of antiseizure drugs for the treatment of epileptic seizures, one-third of these patients suffer from drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). The therapeutic target hypothesis is a cited theory to explain DRE. According to the target hypothesis, the failure to achieve seizure freedom leads to alteration of the structure and/or function of the antiseizure medication (ASM) target. However, this hypothesis fails to explain why patients with DRE do not respond to antiseizure medications of different targets. This review presents different conditions, such as epigenetic mechanisms and protein-protein interactions that may result in alterations of diverse drug targets using different mechanisms. These novel conditions represent new targets to control DRE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Pérez-Pérez
- Plan of Combined Studies in Medicine (PECEM), Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, México City, Mexico
| | - Rosenda Gómez-López
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | | | - Luisa Rocha
- Pharmacobiology Department, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, México City, México
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12
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Pereira V, Lamoine S, Cuménal M, Lolignier S, Aissouni Y, Pizzoccaro A, Prival L, Balayssac D, Eschalier A, Bourinet E, Busserolles J. Epigenetics Involvement in Oxaliplatin-Induced Potassium Channel Transcriptional Downregulation and Hypersensitivity. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3575-3587. [PMID: 33772465 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02361-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is the most frequent dose-limiting adverse effect of oxaliplatin. Acute pain symptoms that are induced or exacerbated by cold occur in almost all patients immediately following the first infusions. Evidence has shown that oxaliplatin causes ion channel expression modulations in dorsal root ganglia neurons, which are thought to contribute to peripheral hypersensitivity. Most dysregulated genes encode ion channels involved in cold and mechanical perception, noteworthy members of a sub-group of potassium channels of the K2P family, TREK and TRAAK. Downregulation of these K2P channels has been identified as an important tuner of acute oxaliplatin-induced hypersensitivity. We investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying this peripheral dysregulation in a murine model of neuropathic pain triggered by a single oxaliplatin administration. We found that oxaliplatin-mediated TREK-TRAAK downregulation, as well as downregulation of other K+ channels of the K2P and Kv families, involves a transcription factor known as the neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) and its epigenetic co-repressors histone deacetylases (HDACs). NRSF knockdown was able to prevent most of these K+ channel mRNA downregulation in mice dorsal root ganglion neurons as well as oxaliplatin-induced acute cold and mechanical hypersensitivity. Interestingly, pharmacological inhibition of class I HDAC reproduces the antinociceptive effects of NRSF knockdown and leads to an increased K+ channel expression in oxaliplatin-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Pereira
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm UMR-U1107, Neuro-Dol, 28, pl. H.Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, BP38, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvain Lamoine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm UMR-U1107, Neuro-Dol, 28, pl. H.Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, BP38, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mélissa Cuménal
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm UMR-U1107, Neuro-Dol, 28, pl. H.Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, BP38, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Lolignier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm UMR-U1107, Neuro-Dol, 28, pl. H.Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, BP38, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Youssef Aissouni
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm UMR-U1107, Neuro-Dol, 28, pl. H.Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, BP38, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anne Pizzoccaro
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR-5203, INSERM U1091, F-34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Laetitia Prival
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm UMR-U1107, Neuro-Dol, 28, pl. H.Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, BP38, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Balayssac
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm UMR-U1107, Neuro-Dol, 28, pl. H.Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, BP38, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Eschalier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm UMR-U1107, Neuro-Dol, 28, pl. H.Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, BP38, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emmanuel Bourinet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR-5203, INSERM U1091, F-34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Busserolles
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm UMR-U1107, Neuro-Dol, 28, pl. H.Dunant, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, BP38, F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Smith PA. K + Channels in Primary Afferents and Their Role in Nerve Injury-Induced Pain. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:566418. [PMID: 33093824 PMCID: PMC7528628 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.566418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory abnormalities generated by nerve injury, peripheral neuropathy or disease are often expressed as neuropathic pain. This type of pain is frequently resistant to therapeutic intervention and may be intractable. Numerous studies have revealed the importance of enduring increases in primary afferent excitability and persistent spontaneous activity in the onset and maintenance of peripherally induced neuropathic pain. Some of this activity results from modulation, increased activity and /or expression of voltage-gated Na+ channels and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide–gated (HCN) channels. K+ channels expressed in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) include delayed rectifiers (Kv1.1, 1.2), A-channels (Kv1.4, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3), KCNQ or M-channels (Kv7.2, 7.3, 7.4, and 7.5), ATP-sensitive channels (KIR6.2), Ca2+-activated K+ channels (KCa1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 3.1), Na+-activated K+ channels (KCa4.1 and 4.2) and two pore domain leak channels (K2p; TWIK related channels). Function of all K+ channel types is reduced via a multiplicity of processes leading to altered expression and/or post-translational modification. This also increases excitability of DRG cell bodies and nociceptive free nerve endings, alters axonal conduction and increases neurotransmitter release from primary afferent terminals in the spinal dorsal horn. Correlation of these cellular changes with behavioral studies provides almost indisputable evidence for K+ channel dysfunction in the onset and maintenance of neuropathic pain. This idea is underlined by the observation that selective impairment of just one subtype of DRG K+ channel can produce signs of pain in vivo. Whilst it is established that various mediators, including cytokines and growth factors bring about injury-induced changes in DRG function and excitability, evidence presently available points to a seminal role for interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in control of K+ channel function. Despite the current state of knowledge, attempts to target K+ channels for therapeutic pain management have met with limited success. This situation may change with the advent of personalized medicine. Identification of specific sensory abnormalities and genetic profiling of individual patients may predict therapeutic benefit of K+ channel activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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14
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Sosanya NM, Kumar R, Clifford JL, Chavez R, Dimitrov G, Srinivasan S, Gautam A, Trevino AV, Williams M, Hammamieh R, Cheppudira BP, Christy RJ, Crimmins SL. Identifying Plasma Derived Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Contained Biomarkers in the Development of Chronic Neuropathic Pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2020; 21:82-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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15
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Zhang F, Gigout S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Hao H, Buckley NJ, Zhang H, Wood IC, Gamper N. Repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor drives the development of chronic pain states. Pain 2019; 160:2398-2408. [PMID: 31206463 PMCID: PMC6756259 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is an unmet clinical problem with vast individual, societal, and economic impact. Pathologic activity of the peripheral somatosensory afferents is one of the major drivers of chronic pain. This overexcitable state of somatosensory neurons is, in part, produced by the dysregulation of genes controlling neuronal excitability. Despite intense research, a unifying theory behind neuropathic remodelling is lacking. Here, we show that transcriptional suppressor, repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST; neuron-restrictive silencing factor, NRSF), is necessary and sufficient for the development of hyperalgesic state after chronic nerve injury or inflammation. Viral overexpression of REST in mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) induced prominent mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in vivo. Sensory neuron-specific, inducible Rest knockout prevented the development of such hyperalgesic state in 3 different chronic pain models. Genetic deletion of Rest reverted injury-induced hyperalgesia. Moreover, viral overexpression of REST in the same neurons in which its gene has been genetically deleted restored neuropathic hyperalgesia. Finally, sensory neuron specific Rest knockout prevented injury-induced downregulation of REST target genes in DRG neurons. This work identified REST as a major regulator of peripheral somatosensory neuron remodelling leading to chronic pain. The findings might help to develop a novel therapeutic approache to combat chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Sylvain Gigout
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yiying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Han Hao
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Noel J. Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ian C. Wood
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nikita Gamper
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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16
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Noh W, Pak S, Choi G, Yang S, Yang S. Transient Potassium Channels: Therapeutic Targets for Brain Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:265. [PMID: 31263403 PMCID: PMC6585177 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient potassium current channels (IA channels), which are expressed in most brain areas, have a central role in modulating feedforward and feedback inhibition along the dendroaxonic axis. Loss of the modulatory channels is tightly associated with a number of brain diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, fragile X syndrome (FXS), Parkinson’s disease, chronic pain, tinnitus, and ataxia. However, the functional significance of IA channels in these diseases has so far been underestimated. In this review, we discuss the distribution and function of IA channels. Particularly, we posit that downregulation of IA channels results in neuronal (mostly dendritic) hyperexcitability accompanied by the imbalanced excitation and inhibition ratio in the brain’s networks, eventually causing the brain diseases. Finally, we propose a potential therapeutic target: the enhanced action of IA channels to counteract Ca2+-permeable channels including NMDA receptors could be harnessed to restore dendritic excitability, leading to a balanced neuronal state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjun Noh
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sojeong Pak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Geunho Choi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sungchil Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sunggu Yang
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
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17
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Ouyang B, Chen D, Hou X, Wang T, Wang J, Zou W, Song Z, Huang C, Guo Q, Weng Y. Normalizing HDAC2 Levels in the Spinal Cord Alleviates Thermal and Mechanical Hyperalgesia After Peripheral Nerve Injury and Promotes GAD65 and KCC2 Expression. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:346. [PMID: 31024248 PMCID: PMC6468568 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a worldwide health concern with poor treatment outcomes. Accumulating evidence suggests that histone hypoacetylation is involved in development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Thus, many natural and synthetic histone deacetylase (HDACs) inhibitors were tested and exhibited a remarkable analgesic effect against neuropathic pain in animals. However, studies evaluating specific subtypes of HDACs contributing to neuropathic pain are limited. In this study, using the chronic constriction injury (CCI) rat model, we found that mRNA and protein levels of HDAC2 were increased in the lumbar spinal cord of rats after sciatic nerve injury. Intrathecal injection of TSA, a pan-HDAC inhibitor, suppressed the increase in HDAC2 protein but not mRNA, and showed a dose-dependent pain-relieving effect. By introducing HDAC2-specific shRNA into the spinal cord via a lentivirus vector, we confirmed that HDAC2 mediates mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia after nerve injury. Further examination found two essential participants in neuropathic pain in the inhibitory circuit of the central nervous system: GAD65 and KCC2 were increased in the spinal cord of CCI rats after HDAC2 knockdown. Thus, our research confirmed that HDAC2 was involved in mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia induced by peripheral nerve injury. Furthermore, GAD65 and KCC2 were the possible downstream targets of HDAC2 in pain modulation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihan Ouyang
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinran Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tongxuan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wangyuan Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zongbin Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changsheng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingqi Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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18
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NRSF and Its Epigenetic Effectors: New Treatments for Neurological Disease. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8120226. [PMID: 30572571 PMCID: PMC6316267 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8120226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Neuron Restrictive Silencer Factor (NRSF) is the well-known master transcriptional repressor of the neuronal phenotype. Research to date has shown that it is an important player in the growth and development of the nervous system. Its role in the maturation of neural precursor cells to adult neurons has been well characterized in stem cell models. While much has been characterized from a developmental perspective, research is revealing that NRSF plays a role in various neurological diseases, ranging from neurodegenerative, neuropsychiatric, to cancer. Dysregulation of NRSF activity disrupts downstream gene expression that is responsible for neuronal cell homeostasis in several models that contribute to pathologic states. Interestingly, it is now becoming apparent that the dysregulation of NRSF contributes to neurological disease through epigenetic mechanisms. Although NRSF itself is a transcription factor, its major effectors are chromatin modifiers. At the level of epigenetics, changes in NRSF activity have been well characterized in models of neuropathic pain and epilepsy. Better understanding of the epigenetic basis of brain diseases has led to design and use of small molecules that can prevent NRSF from repressing gene expression by neutralizing its interactions with its chromatin remodelers. This review will address the basic function of NRSF and its cofactors, investigate their mechanisms, then explore how their dysfunction can cause disease states. This review will also address research on NRSF as a therapeutic target and delve into new therapeutic strategies that focus on disrupting NRSF’s ability to recruit chromatin remodelers.
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Epigenetic regulator UHRF1 inactivates REST and growth suppressor gene expression via DNA methylation to promote axon regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E12417-E12426. [PMID: 30530687 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812518115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Injured peripheral sensory neurons switch to a regenerative state after axon injury, which requires transcriptional and epigenetic changes. However, the roles and mechanisms of gene inactivation after injury are poorly understood. Here, we show that DNA methylation, which generally leads to gene silencing, is required for robust axon regeneration after peripheral nerve lesion. Ubiquitin-like containing PHD ring finger 1 (UHRF1), a critical epigenetic regulator involved in DNA methylation, increases upon axon injury and is required for robust axon regeneration. The increased level of UHRF1 results from a decrease in miR-9. The level of another target of miR-9, the transcriptional regulator RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST), transiently increases after injury and is required for axon regeneration. Mechanistically, UHRF1 interacts with DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and H3K9me3 at the promoter region to repress the expression of the tumor suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and REST. Our study reveals an epigenetic mechanism that silences tumor suppressor genes and restricts REST expression in time after injury to promote axon regeneration.
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20
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Yildiran H, Macit MS, Özata Uyar G. New approach to peripheral nerve injury: nutritional therapy. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 23:744-755. [PMID: 30526417 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1554322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review: There is no review in the literature on the effect of nutrition-related factors on peripheral nerve injuries. Therefore, it is aimed to evaluate the effect of nutritional factors on nerve injuries in this compilation. Recent findings: Although there are several fundamental mechanisms by which nutrients and nutritional factors influence individuals, their exact impacts on neurogenesis have not been clearly identified. Recently, some studies showed that some nutrients have an important role in nerve injuries due to their neuroprotective properties. In addition to surgical treatment, in peripheral nerve injuries, these nutrients also may play a role in preserving nerve function and health, as well as in the recovery of an injured nerve tissue. Omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids, group B vitamins, antioxidants, several minerals, phenolic compounds, and alpha lipoic acid are thought to have impacts on the nervous system. In addition to all of these, gut microbiota has effects on the nervous system, and some nutrient-related factors can also affect neurogenesis via gut microbiota. Summary: Peripheral nerve injury is a condition in which the nerves in the peripheral nervous system become damaged. After the trauma, the peripheral nerve is hardly repaired due to the following reasons; the disability of the regeneration of motor neurons, the lack of a survival environment for Schwann cells, and the poor ability of the nerves to regenerate. Nutrition-related factors, the effects of which were described in recent years, should be more taken into account more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Yildiran
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melahat Sedanur Macit
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Gizem Özata Uyar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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21
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Zhang J, Chen SR, Chen H, Pan HL. RE1-silencing transcription factor controls the acute-to-chronic neuropathic pain transition and Chrm2 receptor gene expression in primary sensory neurons. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19078-19091. [PMID: 30327427 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is associated with persistent changes in gene expression in primary sensory neurons, but the underlying epigenetic mechanisms that cause these changes remain unclear. The muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChRs), particularly the M2 subtype (encoded by the cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2 (Chrm2) gene), are critically involved in the regulation of spinal nociceptive transmission. However, little is known about how Chrm2 expression is transcriptionally regulated. Here we show that nerve injury persistently increased the expression of RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST, also known as neuron-restrictive silencing factor [NRSF]), a gene-silencing transcription factor, in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Remarkably, nerve injury-induced chronic but not acute pain hypersensitivity was attenuated in mice with Rest knockout in DRG neurons. Also, siRNA-mediated Rest knockdown reversed nerve injury-induced chronic pain hypersensitivity in rats. Nerve injury persistently reduced Chrm2 expression in the DRG and diminished the analgesic effect of muscarine. The RE1 binding site on the Chrm2 promoter is required for REST-mediated Chrm2 repression, and nerve injury increased the enrichment of REST in the Chrm2 promoter in the DRG. Furthermore, Rest knockdown or genetic ablation in DRG neurons normalized Chrm2 expression and augmented muscarine's analgesic effect on neuropathic pain and fully reversed the nerve injury-induced reduction in the inhibitory effect of muscarine on glutamatergic input to spinal dorsal horn neurons. Our findings indicate that nerve injury-induced REST up-regulation in DRG neurons plays an important role in the acute-to-chronic pain transition and is essential for the transcriptional repression of Chrm2 in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Zhang
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Shao-Rui Chen
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Hong Chen
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Hui-Lin Pan
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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22
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Sanna MD, Galeotti N. The HDAC1/c-JUN complex is essential in the promotion of nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain through JNK signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 825:99-106. [PMID: 29477655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) interfere with the epigenetic process of histone acetylation and are known to have analgesic properties in models of chronic inflammatory pain. Administration of a selective HDAC1 inhibitor (LG325) in SNI-subjected mice significantly attenuated behavior related to injury-induced pain. Understanding the HDAC1 pathway in epigenetic regulation of pathological pain is of great medical relevance. Spared nerve injury (SNI) mice showed a significant increase in the HDAC1 protein levels within spinal cord in coincidence with the nociceptive phenotype at 1 and 3 weeks after nerve injury. No variation in HDAC3, DNMT3a, AcH3, MBD3 and MeCP2 levels was detected. Increased expression of HDAC1 is accompanied by activation of the JNK-c-Jun signaling pathway. A robust spinal JNK-1 overphosphorylation was observed post nerve-injury along with a selective JNK-dependent increase in p-c-Jun and HDAC1 protein levels. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed the presence of a heterodimeric complex between HDAC1 and c-Jun in SNI mice indicating that these transcription factors can act together to regulate transcription through heterodimerization. Stimulation of c-Jun phosphorylation was prevented by the selective HDAC1 inhibitor LG325. We found that HDAC1 was associated with c-Jun in nuclei of spinal dorsal horn astrocytes expressing JNK. On the other hand, the presence of HDAC1 and c-Jun interaction was not detected in control mice. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the anti-nociceptive activity of HDAC inhibitors. Taken together, these data support a role for histone deacetylase in the emergence of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Domenica Sanna
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Galeotti
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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23
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Wang X, Shen X, Xu Y, Xu S, Xia F, Zhu B, Liu Y, Wang W, Wu H, Wang F. The etiological changes of acetylation in peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic hypersensitivity. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918798408. [PMID: 30105933 PMCID: PMC6144590 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918798408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a common chronic pain condition with mechanisms far clearly
been elucidated. Mounting preclinical and clinical studies have shown
neuropathic pain is highly associated with histone acetylation modification,
which follows expression regulation of various pain-related molecules such as
mGluR1/5, glutamate aspartate transporter, glutamate transporter-1, GAD65,
Nav1.8, Kv4.3, μ-opioid receptor, brain-derived neurotrophic
factor, and certain chemokines. As two types of pivotal enzymes involved in
histone acetylation, histone deacetylases induce histone deacetylation to
silence gene expression; in contrast, histone acetyl transferases facilitate
histone acetylation to potentiate gene transcription. Accordingly, upregulation
or blockade of acetylation may be a promising intervention direction for
neuropathic pain treatment. In fact, numerous animal studies have suggested
various histone deacetylase inhibitors, Sirt (class III histone deacetylases)
activators, and histone acetyl transferases inhibitors are effective in
neuropathic pain treatment via targeting specific epigenetic sites. In this
review, we summarize the characteristics of the molecules and mechanisms of
neuropathy-related acetylation, as well as the acetylation upregulation and
blockade for neuropathic pain therapy. Finally, we will discuss the current drug
advances focusing on neuropathy-related acetylation along with the underlying
treatment mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shen
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingli Xu
- 2 Nursing Center, Operating Room, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiqin Xu
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Xia
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bei Zhu
- 3 Department of Nursing Science, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yusheng Liu
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,3 Department of Nursing Science, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fuzhou Wang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,4 Group of Neuropharmacology and Neurophysiology, Division of Neuroscience, The Bonoi Academy of Science and Education, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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24
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Zemel BM, Ritter DM, Covarrubias M, Muqeem T. A-Type K V Channels in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons: Diversity, Function, and Dysfunction. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:253. [PMID: 30127716 PMCID: PMC6088260 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A-type voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are major regulators of neuronal excitability that have been mainly characterized in the central nervous system. By contrast, there is a paucity of knowledge about the molecular physiology of these Kv channels in the peripheral nervous system, including highly specialized and heterogenous dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Although all A-type Kv channels display pore-forming subunits with similar structural properties and fast inactivation, their voltage-, and time-dependent properties and modulation are significantly different. These differences ultimately determine distinct physiological roles of diverse A-type Kv channels, and how their dysfunction might contribute to neurological disorders. The importance of A-type Kv channels in DRG neurons is highlighted by recent studies that have linked their dysfunction to persistent pain sensitization. Here, we review the molecular neurophysiology of A-type Kv channels with an emphasis on those that have been identified and investigated in DRG nociceptors (Kv1.4, Kv3.4, and Kv4s). Also, we discuss evidence implicating these Kv channels in neuropathic pain resulting from injury, and present a perspective of outstanding challenges that must be tackled in order to discover novel treatments for intractable pain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Zemel
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - David M. Ritter
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Manuel Covarrubias
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson College of Life Sciences at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tanziyah Muqeem
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson College of Life Sciences at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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25
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Penas C, Navarro X. Epigenetic Modifications Associated to Neuroinflammation and Neuropathic Pain After Neural Trauma. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:158. [PMID: 29930500 PMCID: PMC5999732 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that epigenetic alterations lie behind the induction and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain is usually a chronic condition caused by a lesion, or pathological change, within the nervous system. Neuropathic pain appears frequently after nerve and spinal cord injuries or diseases, producing a debilitation of the patient and a decrease of the quality of life. At the cellular level, neuropathic pain is the result of neuronal plasticity shaped by an increase in the sensitivity and excitability of sensory neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system. One of the mechanisms thought to contribute to hyperexcitability and therefore to the ontogeny of neuropathic pain is the altered expression, trafficking, and functioning of receptors and ion channels expressed by primary sensory neurons. Besides, neuronal and glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, together with blood borne macrophages, play a critical role in the induction and maintenance of neuropathic pain by releasing powerful neuromodulators such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which enhance neuronal excitability. Altered gene expression of neuronal receptors, ion channels, and pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, have been associated to epigenetic adaptations of the injured tissue. Within this review, we discuss the involvement of these epigenetic changes, including histone modifications, DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and alteration of chromatin modifiers, that have been shown to trigger modification of nociception after neural lesions. In particular, the function on these processes of EZH2, JMJD3, MeCP2, several histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyl transferases (HATs), G9a, DNMT, REST and diverse non-coding RNAs, are described. Despite the effort on developing new therapies, current treatments have only produced limited relief of this pain in a portion of patients. Thus, the present review aims to contribute to find novel targets for chronic neuropathic pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Penas
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain is the result of neuroplastic and neuroinflammatory changes from trauma or diseases that damage the somatosensory system. Cancer-related neuropathic pain is caused by treatment, cancer, or paraneoplastic reactions to cancer. Approximately 30% of patients with cancer have neuropathic pain, mostly mixed nociceptive and neuropathic pain. History, physical examination, quantitative sensory testing, skin punch biopsies, and functional MRIs help to divide pain into phenotypes that may facilitate analgesic choices. Guidelines for treating cancer-related neuropathic pain are not consistent and are highly dependent on trials in patients without cancer. Combinations of analgesics are promising, whereas evidence for cannabinoids is meager.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellar P Davis
- Department of Palliative Care, Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822, USA.
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27
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Notartomaso S, Mascio G, Bernabucci M, Zappulla C, Scarselli P, Cannella M, Imbriglio T, Gradini R, Battaglia G, Bruno V, Nicoletti F. Analgesia induced by the epigenetic drug, L-acetylcarnitine, outlasts the end of treatment in mouse models of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 2017; 13:1744806917697009. [PMID: 28326943 PMCID: PMC5407675 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917697009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background L-acetylcarnitine, a drug marketed for the treatment of chronic pain, causes analgesia by epigenetically up-regulating type-2 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu2) receptors in the spinal cord. Because the epigenetic mechanisms are typically long-lasting, we hypothesized that analgesia could outlast the duration of L-acetylcarnitine treatment in models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Results A seven-day treatment with L-acetylcarnitine (100 mg/kg, once a day, i.p.) produced an antiallodynic effect in the complete Freund adjuvant mouse model of chronic inflammatory pain. L-Acetylcarnitine-induced analgesia persisted for at least 14 days after drug withdrawal. In contrast, the analgesic effect of pregabalin, amitryptiline, ceftriaxone, and N-acetylcysteine disappeared seven days after drug withdrawal. L-acetylcarnitine treatment enhanced mGlu2/3 receptor protein levels in the dorsal region of the spinal cord. This effect also persisted for two weeks after drug withdrawal and was associated with increased levels of acetylated histone H3 bound to the Grm2 gene promoter in the dorsal root ganglia. A long-lasting analgesic effect of L-acetylcarnitine was also observed in mice subjected to chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. In these animals, a 14-day treatment with pregabalin, amitryptiline, tramadol, or L-acetylcarnitine produced a significant antiallodynic effect, with pregabalin displaying the greatest efficacy. In mice treated with pregabalin, tramadol or L-acetylcarnitine the analgesic effect was still visible 15 days after the end of drug treatment. However, only in mice treated with L-acetylcarnitine analgesia persisted 37 days after drug withdrawal. This effect was associated with an increase in mGlu2/3 receptor protein levels in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord. Conclusions Our findings suggest that L-acetylcarnitine has the unique property to cause a long-lasting analgesic effect that might reduce relapses in patients suffering from chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Gradini
- 1 I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,2 Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Bruno
- 1 I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,3 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- 1 I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,3 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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28
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K + Channel Modulatory Subunits KChIP and DPP Participate in Kv4-Mediated Mechanical Pain Control. J Neurosci 2017; 37:4391-4404. [PMID: 28330877 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1619-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The K+ channel pore-forming subunit Kv4.3 is expressed in a subset of nonpeptidergic nociceptors within the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and knockdown of Kv4.3 selectively induces mechanical hypersensitivity, a major symptom of neuropathic pain. K+ channel modulatory subunits KChIP1, KChIP2, and DPP10 are coexpressed in Kv4.3+ DRG neurons, but whether they participate in Kv4.3-mediated pain control is unknown. Here, we show the existence of a Kv4.3/KChIP1/KChIP2/DPP10 complex (abbreviated as the Kv4 complex) in the endoplasmic reticulum and cell surface of DRG neurons. After intrathecal injection of a gene-specific antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to knock down the expression of each component in the Kv4 complex, mechanical hypersensitivity develops in the hindlimbs of rats in parallel with a reduction in all components in the lumbar DRGs. Electrophysiological data further indicate that the excitability of nonpeptidergic nociceptors is enhanced. The expression of all Kv4 complex components in DRG neurons is downregulated following spinal nerve ligation (SNL). To rescue Kv4 complex downregulation, cDNA constructs encoding Kv4.3, KChIP1, and DPP10 were transfected into the injured DRGs (defined as DRGs with injured spinal nerves) of living SNL rats. SNL-evoked mechanical hypersensitivity was attenuated, accompanied by a partial recovery of Kv4.3, KChIP1, and DPP10 surface levels in the injured DRGs. By showing an interdependent regulation among components in the Kv4 complex, this study demonstrates that K+ channel modulatory subunits KChIP1, KChIP2, and DPP10 participate in Kv4.3-mediated mechanical pain control. Thus, these modulatory subunits could be potential drug targets for neuropathic pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuropathic pain, a type of moderate to severe chronic pain resulting from nerve injury or disorder, affects 6.9%-10% of the global population. However, less than half of patients report satisfactory pain relief from current treatments. K+ channels, which act to reduce nociceptor activity, have been suggested to be novel drug targets for neuropathic pain. This study is the first to show that K+ channel modulatory subunits KChIP1, KChIP2, and DPP10 are potential drug targets for neuropathic pain because they form a channel complex with the K+ channel pore-forming subunit Kv4.3 in a subset of nociceptors to selectively inhibit mechanical hypersensitivity, a major symptom of neuropathic pain.
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29
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Thompson R, Chan C. Signal transduction of the physical environment in the neural differentiation of stem cells. TECHNOLOGY 2016; 4:1-8. [PMID: 27785459 PMCID: PMC5077250 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547816400070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Neural differentiation is largely dependent on extracellular signals within the cell microenvironment. These extracellular signals are mainly in the form of soluble factors that activate intracellular signaling cascades that drive changes in the cell nucleus. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the physical microenvironment provides signals that can also influence lineage commitment and very low modulus surfaces has been repeatedly demonstrated to promote neurogenesis. The molecular mechanisms governing mechano-induced neural differentiation are still largely uncharacterized; however, a growing body of evidence indicates that physical stimuli can regulate known signaling cascades and transcription factors involved in neural differentiation. Understanding how the physical environment affects neural differentiation at the molecular level will enable research and design of materials that will eventually enhance neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation, homogeneity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Thompson
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Christina Chan
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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30
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Abstract
Over the past decade, since epigenetic mechanisms were first implicated in memory formation and synaptic plasticity, dynamic DNA methylation reactions have been identified as integral to long-term memory formation, maintenance, and recall. This review incorporates various new findings that DNA methylation mechanisms are important regulators of non-Hebbian plasticity mechanisms, suggesting that these epigenetic mechanisms are a fundamental link between synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity. Because the field of neuroepigenetics is so young and the biochemical tools necessary to probe gene-specific questions are just now being developed and used, this review also speculates about the direction and potential of therapeutics that target epigenetic mechanisms in the central nervous system and the unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties that epigenetic therapies may possess. Mapping the dynamics of the epigenome in response to experiential learning, even a single epigenetic mark in isolation, remains a significant technical and bioinformatic hurdle facing the field, but will be necessary to identify changes to the methylome that govern memory-associated gene expression and effectively drug the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kennedy
- a Department of Neurobiology , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - J David Sweatt
- a Department of Neurobiology , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
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31
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Carnosic acid attenuates neuropathic pain in rat through the activation of spinal sirtuin1 and down-regulation of p66shc expression. Neurochem Int 2016; 93:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aberrations in the epigenetic landscape have previously been associated with human diseases such as cancer and schizophrenia, and drugs that target epigenetic processes are currently used as therapeutic agents. This article will review the evidence obtained from animal studies indicating that epigenetic processes might regulate long-term pain states and then discuss the possibility that targeting epigenetic mechanisms might be useful for the management of chronic pain. RECENT FINDINGS Recent animal studies have reported injury-induced changes in epigenetic processes in the central nervous system. The picture that has emerged is that of very complex epigenetic programs that depend on the injury. However, some studies have reported the successful use of nonspecific epigenetic tools to improve the hypersensitivity that develops in animal models of long-term pain states. SUMMARY The field of epigenetics and pain is rapidly emerging but further investigation is needed to fully comprehend the contribution of epigenetic processes to chronic pain states. Although therapeutic approaches targeting these mechanisms might seem worthwhile, we cannot assert that currently available global tools such as histone deacetylase inhibitors can be used successfully for the long-term treatment of chronic pain states.
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Conner LB, Alvarez P, Bogen O, Levine JD. Role of Kv4.3 in Vibration-Induced Muscle Pain in the Rat. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2015; 17:444-50. [PMID: 26721612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We hypothesized that changes in the expression of voltage-gated potassium channel (Kv) 4.3 contribute to the mechanical hyperalgesia induced by vibration injury, in a rodent model for hand-arm vibration syndrome in humans. Here we show that the exposure of the gastrocnemius muscle to vibration injury induces muscle hyperalgesia that is accompanied by a significant downregulation of Kv4.3 in affected sensory nerve fibers in dorsal root ganglia. We additionally show that the intrathecal administration of antisense oligonucleotides for Kv4.3 messenger RNA itself induces muscle hyperalgesia in the rat. Our results suggest that attenuation in the expression of Kv4.3 may contribute to neuropathic pain in people affected by hand-arm vibration syndrome. PERSPECTIVE Our findings establish Kv4.3 as a potential molecular target for the treatment of hand-arm vibration syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B Conner
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Pedro Alvarez
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Oliver Bogen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jon D Levine
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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34
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Willis DE, Wang M, Brown E, Fones L, Cave JW. Selective repression of gene expression in neuropathic pain by the neuron-restrictive silencing factor/repressor element-1 silencing transcription (NRSF/REST). Neurosci Lett 2015; 625:20-5. [PMID: 26679228 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain often develops following nerve injury as a result of maladaptive changes that occur in the injured nerve and along the nociceptive pathways of the peripheral and central nervous systems. Multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms likely account for these changes; however, the exact nature of these mechanisms remain largely unknown. A growing number of studies suggest that alteration in gene expression is an important step in the progression from acute to chronic pain states and epigenetic regulation has been proposed to drive this change in gene expression. In this review, we discuss recent evidence that the DNA-binding protein neuron-restrictive silencing factor/repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (NRSF/REST) is an important component in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain through its role as a transcriptional regulator for a select subset of genes that it normally represses during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianna E Willis
- Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Ave., White Plains, NY 10605, United States; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, NY, NY 10065, United States
| | - Meng Wang
- Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Ave., White Plains, NY 10605, United States
| | - Elizabeth Brown
- Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Ave., White Plains, NY 10605, United States
| | - Lilah Fones
- Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Ave., White Plains, NY 10605, United States
| | - John W Cave
- Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Ave., White Plains, NY 10605, United States; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, NY, NY 10065, United States.
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35
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Nutter T, Johnson R, Cooper B. A delayed chronic pain like condition with decreased Kv channel activity in a rat model of Gulf War Illness pain syndrome. Neurotoxicology 2015; 51:67-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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36
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Laumet G, Garriga J, Chen SR, Zhang Y, Li DP, Smith TM, Dong Y, Jelinek J, Cesaroni M, Issa JP, Pan HL. G9a is essential for epigenetic silencing of K(+) channel genes in acute-to-chronic pain transition. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:1746-55. [PMID: 26551542 PMCID: PMC4661086 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating clinical problem and difficult to treat. Nerve injury causes a long-lasting reduction in K+ channel expression in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), but little is known about the epigenetic mechanisms involved. Here we show that nerve injury increased H3K9me2 occupancy at Kcna4, Kcnd2, Kcnq2 and Kcnma1 promoters but did not affect DNA methylation levels of these genes in DRGs. Nerve injury increased activity of G9a, histone deacetylases and EZH2, but only G9a inhibition consistently restored K+ channel expression. Selective G9a knockout in DRG neurons completely blocked K+ channel silencing and chronic pain development after nerve injury. Remarkably, RNA sequencing analysis revealed that G9a inhibition not only reactivated 40 of 42 silenced K+ channel genes but also normalized 638 genes down- or up-regulated by nerve injury. Thus G9a plays a dominant role in transcriptional repression of K+ channels and in acute-to-chronic pain transition after nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffroy Laumet
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Judit Garriga
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shao-Rui Chen
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - De-Pei Li
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Trevor M Smith
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yingchun Dong
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jaroslav Jelinek
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matteo Cesaroni
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Issa
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hui-Lin Pan
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Abstract
• Individual variability in pain perception and differences in the efficacy of analgesic drugs are complex phenomena and are partly genetically predetermined. • Analgesics act in various ways on the peripheral and central pain pathways and are regarded as one of the most valuable but equally dangerous groups of medications. • While pharmacokinetic properties of drugs, metabolism in particular, have been scrutinised by genotype–phenotype correlation studies, the clinical significance of inherited variants in genes governing pharmacodynamics of analgesics remains largely unexplored (apart from the µ-opioid receptor). • Lack of replication of the findings from one study to another makes meaningful personalised analgesic regime still a distant future. • This narrative review will focus on findings related to pharmacogenetics of commonly used analgesic medications and highlight authors’ views on future clinical implications of pharmacogenetics in the context of pharmacological treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Cregg
- UCL Centre for Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, London, UK ; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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38
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Shudo Y, Shimojo M, Fukunaga M, Ito S. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide is regulated by alternative splicing of transcriptional repressor REST/NRSF in nerve injury. Life Sci 2015; 143:174-81. [PMID: 26518165 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The pathophysiological mechanism for neuropathic pain (NP), one of the most common types of intractable pain, remains largely unknown. We previously reported that pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is required for the development of spinal sensitization and induction of NP. Previous in vitro studies suggest that PACAP transcription unit has two RE1-like elements and that the transcriptional repressor REST controls expression of PACAP gene. However the regulation of PACAP gene through its RE1 sites in vivo has not been studied. We have analyzed the functional role of PACAP gene RE1 element following nerve injury. MAIN METHODS An L5-spinal nerve transection (L5-SNT) in mice was used as a model of spinal injury. DRGs after the L5-SNT were studied. KEY FINDINGS PACAP mRNA increased in the DRG following spinal nerve injury. REST4, an alternatively spliced isoform of REST was shown to be regulated by the splicing activator (nSR100) and nSR100 itself also increased. Overexpression of either REST4 or nSR100 in vitro increased PACAP expression, while overexpression of REST repressed PACAP mRNA production. Reporter gene analysis showed that a novel RE1 previously predicted by in silico analysis was indeed functional. ChIP analysis showed that REST bound significantly to this RE1 in the DRG of naïve mice, while REST binding to this RE1 was decreased following spinal nerve injury. The expression of REST was decreased by nSR100-dependent alternative splicing of the REST gene, leading to derepression of PACAP. SIGNIFICANCE PACAP expression in the DRG following spinal nerve injury is controlled through a novel RE1 by REST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Shudo
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahito Shimojo
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Mikihiko Fukunaga
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji Ito
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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39
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Liang L, Lutz BM, Bekker A, Tao YX. Epigenetic regulation of chronic pain. Epigenomics 2015; 7:235-45. [PMID: 25942533 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain arising from peripheral inflammation and tissue or nerve injury is a common clinical symptom. Although intensive research on the neurobiological mechanisms of chronic pain has been carried out during previous decades, this disorder is still poorly managed by current drugs such as opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Inflammation, tissue injury and/or nerve injury-induced changes in gene expression in sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglion, spinal cord dorsal horn and pain-associated brain regions are thought to participate in chronic pain genesis; however, how these changes occur is still elusive. Epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation and covalent histone modifications control gene expression. Recent studies have shown that peripheral noxious stimulation changes DNA methylation and histone modifications and that these changes may be related to the induction of pain hypersensitivity under chronic pain conditions. This review summarizes the current knowledge and progress in epigenetic research in chronic pain and discusses the potential role of epigenetic modifications as therapeutic antinociceptive targets in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 185 S. Orange Avenue, MSB F-548, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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40
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The Transcription Repressor REST in Adult Neurons: Physiology, Pathology, and Diseases. eNeuro 2015; 2:eN-REV-0010-15. [PMID: 26465007 PMCID: PMC4596026 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0010-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
REST [RE1-silencing transcription factor (also called neuron-restrictive silencer factor)] is known to repress thousands of possible target genes, many of which are neuron specific. To date, REST repression has been investigated mostly in stem cells and differentiating neurons. Current evidence demonstrates its importance in adult neurons as well. Low levels of REST, which are acquired during differentiation, govern the expression of specific neuronal phenotypes. REST-dependent genes encode important targets, including transcription factors, transmitter release proteins, voltage-dependent and receptor channels, and signaling proteins. Additional neuronal properties depend on miRNAs expressed reciprocally to REST and on specific splicing factors. In adult neurons, REST levels are not always low. Increases occur during aging in healthy humans. Moreover, extensive evidence demonstrates that prolonged stimulation with various agents induces REST increases, which are associated with the repression of neuron-specific genes with appropriate, intermediate REST binding affinity. Whether neuronal increases in REST are protective or detrimental remains a subject of debate. Examples of CA1 hippocampal neuron protection upon depolarization, and of neurodegeneration upon glutamate treatment and hypoxia have been reported. REST participation in psychiatric and neurological diseases has been shown, especially in Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease, as well as epilepsy. Distinct, complex roles of the repressor in these different diseases have emerged. In conclusion, REST is certainly very important in a large number of conditions. We suggest that the conflicting results reported for the role of REST in physiology, pathology, and disease depend on its complex, direct, and indirect actions on many gene targets and on the diverse approaches used during the investigations.
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41
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Abstract
The RE1 Silencing Transcription Factor (REST) acts as a governor of the mature neuronal phenotype by repressing a large consortium of neuronal genes in non-neuronal cells. In the developing nervous system, REST is present in progenitors and downregulated at terminal differentiation to promote acquisition of mature neuronal phenotypes. Paradoxically, REST is still detected in some regions of the adult nervous system, but how REST levels are regulated, and whether REST can still repress neuronal genes, is not known. Here, we report that homeostatic levels of REST are maintained in mature peripheral neurons by a constitutive post-transcriptional mechanism. Specifically, using a three-hybrid genetic screen, we identify the RNA binding protein, ZFP36L2, associated previously only with female fertility and hematopoiesis, and show that it regulates REST mRNA stability. Dorsal root ganglia in Zfp36l2 knock-out mice, or wild-type ganglia expressing ZFP36L2 shRNA, show higher steady-state levels of Rest mRNA and protein, and extend thin and disintegrating axons. This phenotype is due, at least in part, to abnormally elevated REST levels in the ganglia because the axonal phenotype is attenuated by acute knockdown of REST in Zfp36l2 KO DRG explants. The higher REST levels result in lower levels of target genes, indicating that REST can still fine-tune gene expression through repression. Thus, REST levels are titrated in mature peripheral neurons, in part through a ZFP36L2-mediated post-transcriptional mechanism, with consequences for axonal integrity.
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42
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Bai G, Ren K, Dubner R. Epigenetic regulation of persistent pain. Transl Res 2015; 165:177-99. [PMID: 24948399 PMCID: PMC4247805 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Persistent or chronic pain is tightly associated with various environmental changes and linked to abnormal gene expression within cells processing nociceptive signaling. Epigenetic regulation governs gene expression in response to environmental cues. Recent animal model and clinical studies indicate that epigenetic regulation plays an important role in the development or maintenance of persistent pain and possibly the transition of acute pain to chronic pain, thus shedding light in a direction for development of new therapeutics for persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Bai
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Ke Ren
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ronald Dubner
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
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43
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Géranton SM, Tochiki KK. Regulation of Gene Expression and Pain States by Epigenetic Mechanisms. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 131:147-83. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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44
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Matsuba S, Niwa S, Muraki K, Kanatsuka S, Nakazono Y, Hatano N, Fujii M, Zhan P, Suzuki T, Ohya S. Downregulation of Ca2+-activated Cl- channel TMEM16A by the inhibition of histone deacetylase in TMEM16A-expressing cancer cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:510-8. [PMID: 25232193 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.217315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channel transmembrane proteins with unknown function 16 A (TMEM16A; also known as anoctamin 1 or discovered on gastrointestinal stromal tumor 1) plays an important role in facilitating the cell growth and metastasis of TMEM16A-expressing cancer cells. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACi) are useful agents for cancer therapy, but it remains unclear whether ion channels are epigenetically regulated by them. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and whole-cell patch-clamp assays, we found a significant decrease in TMEM16A expression and its functional activity was induced by the vorinostat, a pan-HDACi in TMEM16A-expressing human cancer cell lines, the prostatic cancer cell line PC-3, and the breast cancer cell line YMB-1. TMEM16A downregulation was not induced by the chemotherapy drug paclitaxel in either cell type. Pharmacologic blockade of HDAC3 by 1 μM T247 [N-(2-aminophenyl)-4-[1-(2-thiophen-3-ylethyl)-1H-[1],[2],[3]triazol-4-yl]benzamide], a HDAC3-selective HDACi, elicited a large decrease in TMEM16A expression and functional activity in both cell types, and pharmacologic blockade of HDAC2 by AATB [4-(acetylamino)-N-[2-amino-5-(2-thienyl)phenyl]-benzamide; 300 nM] elicited partial inhibition of TMEM16A expression (∼40%) in both. Pharmacologic blockade of HDAC1 or HDAC6 did not elicit any significant change in TMEM16A expression, respectively. In addition, inhibition of HDAC3 induced by small interfering RNA elicited a large decrease in TMEM16A transcripts in both cell types. Taken together, in malignancies with a frequent gene amplification of TMEM16A, HDAC3 inhibition may exert suppressive effects on cancer cell viability via downregulation of TMEM16A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayo Matsuba
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., S.N., S.K., Y.N., M.F., S.O.); Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan (K.M., N.H.); and Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (P.Z., T.S.)
| | - Satomi Niwa
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., S.N., S.K., Y.N., M.F., S.O.); Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan (K.M., N.H.); and Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (P.Z., T.S.)
| | - Katsuhiko Muraki
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., S.N., S.K., Y.N., M.F., S.O.); Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan (K.M., N.H.); and Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (P.Z., T.S.)
| | - Saki Kanatsuka
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., S.N., S.K., Y.N., M.F., S.O.); Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan (K.M., N.H.); and Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (P.Z., T.S.)
| | - Yurika Nakazono
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., S.N., S.K., Y.N., M.F., S.O.); Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan (K.M., N.H.); and Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (P.Z., T.S.)
| | - Noriyuki Hatano
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., S.N., S.K., Y.N., M.F., S.O.); Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan (K.M., N.H.); and Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (P.Z., T.S.)
| | - Masanori Fujii
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., S.N., S.K., Y.N., M.F., S.O.); Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan (K.M., N.H.); and Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (P.Z., T.S.)
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., S.N., S.K., Y.N., M.F., S.O.); Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan (K.M., N.H.); and Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (P.Z., T.S.)
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., S.N., S.K., Y.N., M.F., S.O.); Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan (K.M., N.H.); and Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (P.Z., T.S.)
| | - Susumu Ohya
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan (S.M., S.N., S.K., Y.N., M.F., S.O.); Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan (K.M., N.H.); and Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (P.Z., T.S.)
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45
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Matsushita Y, Araki K, Omotuyi OI, Mukae T, Ueda H. HDAC inhibitors restore C-fibre sensitivity in experimental neuropathic pain model. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:991-8. [PMID: 24032674 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypoesthesia is a clinical feature of neuropathic pain. The feature is partly explained by the evidence of epigenetic repression of Nav 1.8 sodium channel in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We investigated the possibility of trichostatin A (TSA), valproic acid (VPA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) to reverse the unique C-fibre sensitivity observed following partial ligation of sciatic nerve in mice. KEY RESULTS Nerve injury-induced down-regulation of DRG Nav 1.8 sodium channel and C-fibre-related hypoesthesia were reversed by TSA, VPA and SAHA treatments, which inhibit histone deacetylase (HDAC), and increase histone acetylation at the regulatory sequence of Nav 1.8. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, these studies provide the evidence that hypoesthesia and underlying down-regulation of Nav 1.8, negative symptoms observed in nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain models are regulated by an epigenetic chromatin remodelling through HDAC-related machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Matsushita
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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46
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Pollema-Mays SL, Centeno MV, Apkarian AV, Martina M. Expression of DNA methyltransferases in adult dorsal root ganglia is cell-type specific and up regulated in a rodent model of neuropathic pain. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:217. [PMID: 25152711 PMCID: PMC4126486 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is associated with hyperexcitability and intrinsic firing of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. These phenotypical changes can be long lasting, potentially spanning the entire life of animal models, and depend on altered expression of numerous proteins, including many ion channels. Yet, how DRGs maintain long-term changes in protein expression in neuropathic conditions remains unclear. DNA methylation is a well-known mechanism of epigenetic control of gene expression and is achieved by the action of three enzymes: DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1, 3a, and 3b, which have been studied primarily during development. We first performed immunohistochemical analysis to assess whether these enzymes are expressed in adult rat DRGs (L4–5) and found that DNMT1 is expressed in both glia and neurons, DNMT3a is preferentially expressed in glia and DNMT3b is preferentially expressed in neurons. A rat model of neuropathic pain was then used to determine whether nerve injury may induce epigenetic changes in DRGs at multiple time points after pain onset. Real-time RT PCR analysis revealed robust and time-dependent changes in DNMT transcript expression in ipsilateral DRGs from spared nerve injury (SNI) but not sham rats. Interestingly, DNMT3b transcript showed a robust upregulation that appeared already 1 week after surgery and persisted at 4 weeks (our endpoint); in contrast, DNMT1 and DNMT3a transcripts showed only moderate upregulation that was transient and did not appear until the second week. We suggest that DNMT regulation in adult DRGs may be a contributor to the pain phenotype and merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Pollema-Mays
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria V Centeno
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A V Apkarian
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marco Martina
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA
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47
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Wang F, Stefano GB, Kream RM. Epigenetic modification of DRG neuronal gene expression subsequent to nerve injury: etiological contribution to complex regional pain syndromes (Part II). Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:1188-200. [PMID: 25027291 PMCID: PMC4106931 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cumulating evidence indicated that nerve injury-associated cellular and molecular changes play an essential role in contributing to the development of pathological pain, and more recent findings implicated the critical role of epigenetic mechanisms in pain-related sensitization in the DRG subsequent to nerve injury. In this part of the dyad review (Part II), we reviewed and paid special attention on the etiological contribution of DGR gene expression modulated by epigenetic mechanisms of CRPS. As essential effectors to different molecular activation, we first discussed the activation of various signaling pathways that subsequently from nerve injury, and in further illustrated the fundamental and functional underpinnings of nerve injury-induced pain, in which we argued for the potential epigenetic mechanisms in response to sensitizing stimuli or injury. Therefore, understanding the specific mediating factors that influence individual epigenetic differences contributing to pain sensitivity and responsiveness to analgesics possesses crucial clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhou Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (mainland)
| | - George B Stefano
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, China (mainland)
| | - Richard M Kream
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, China (mainland)
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48
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Spinal SIRT1 activation attenuates neuropathic pain in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100938. [PMID: 24959710 PMCID: PMC4069177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal histone acetylation occurs during neuropathic pain through an epigenetic mechanism. Silent information regulator 1 (sir2 or SIRT1), a NAD-dependent deacetylase, plays complex systemic roles in a variety of processes through deacetylating acetylated histone and other specific substrates. But the role of SIRT1 in neuropathic pain is not well established yet. The present study was intended to detect SIRT1 content and activity, nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in the spinal cord using immunoblotting or mass spectroscopy over time in mice following chronic constriction injury (CCI) or sham surgery. In addition, the effect of intrathecal injection of NAD or resveratrol on thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia was evaluated in CCI mice. Finally, we investigated whether SIRT1 inhibitor EX-527 could reverse the anti-nociceptive effect of NAD or resveratrol. It was found that spinal SIRT1 expression, deacetylase activity and NAD/NAM decreased significantly 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after CCI surgery as compared with sham group. In addition, daily intrathecal injection of 5 µl 800 mM NAD 1 h before and 1 day after CCI surgery or single intrathecal injection of 5 µl 90 mM resveratrol 1 h before CCI surgery produced a transient inhibitory effect on thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in CCI mice. Finally, an intrathecal injection of 5 µl 1.2 mM EX-527 1 h before NAD or resveratrol administration reversed the anti-nociceptive effect of NAD or resveratrol. These data indicate that the reduction in SIRT1 deacetylase activity may be a factor contributing to the development of neuropathic pain in CCI mice. Our findings suggest that the enhancement of spinal NAD/NAM and/or SIRT1 activity may be a potentially promising strategy for the prevention or treatment of neuropathic pain.
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49
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Kapur BM, Lala PK, Shaw JLV. Pharmacogenetics of chronic pain management. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:1169-87. [PMID: 24912048 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The experience of chronic pain is one of the commonest reasons individuals seek medical attention, making the management of chronic pain a major issue in clinical practice. Drug metabolism and responses are affected by many factors, with genetic variations offering only a partial explanation of an individual's response. There is a paucity of evidence for the benefits of pharmacogenetic testing in the context of pain management. DESIGN AND METHODS We reviewed the literature between 2000 and 2013, and references cited therein, using various keywords related to pain management, pharmacology and pharmacogenetics. RESULTS Opioids continue to be the mainstay of chronic pain management. Several non-opioid based therapies, such as treatment with cannabinoids, gene therapy and epigenetic-based approaches are now available for these patients. Adjuvant therapies with antidepressants, benzodiazepines or anticonvulsants can also be useful in managing pain. Currently, laboratory monitoring of pain management patients, if performed, is largely through urine drug measurements. CONCLUSIONS Drug half-life calculations can be used as functional markers of the cumulative effect of pharmacogenetics and drug-drug interactions. Assessment of half-life and therapeutic effects may be more useful than genetic testing in preventing adverse drug reactions to pain medications, while ensuring effective analgesia. Definitive, mass spectrometry-based methods, capable of measuring parent drug and metabolite levels, are the most useful assays for this purpose. Urine drug measurements do not necessarily correlate with serum drug concentrations or therapeutic effects. Therefore, they are limited in their use in monitoring efficacy and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan M Kapur
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Canada; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Prateek K Lala
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Julie L V Shaw
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
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50
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He X, Ou P, Wu K, Huang C, Wang Y, Yu Z, Guo Q. Resveratrol attenuates morphine antinociceptive tolerance via SIRT1 regulation in the rat spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 2014; 566:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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