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Shan L, Linssen S, Harteman Z, den Dekker F, Shuker L, Balesar R, Breesuwsma N, Anink J, Zhou J, Lammers GJ, Swaab DF, Fronczek R. Activated Wake Systems in Narcolepsy Type 1. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:762-771. [PMID: 37395722 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is assumed to be caused solely by a lack of hypocretin (orexin) neurotransmission. Recently, however, we found an 88% reduction in corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-positive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). We assessed the remaining CRH neurons in NT1 to determine whether they co-express vasopressin (AVP) to reflect upregulation. We also systematically assessed other wake-systems, since current NT1 treatments target histamine, dopamine, and norepinephrine pathways. METHODS In postmortem tissue of people with NT1 and matched controls, we immunohistochemically stained and quantified neuronal populations expressing: CRH and AVP in the PVN, and CRH in the Barrington nucleus; the key neuronal histamine-synthesizing enzyme, histidine decarboxylase (HDC) in the hypothalamic tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN); the rate-limited-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), for dopamine in the mid-brain and for norepinephrine in the locus coeruleus (LC). RESULTS In NT1, there was: a 234% increase in the percentage of CRH cells co-expressing AVP, while there was an unchanged integrated optical density of CRH staining in the Barrington nucleus; a 36% increased number of histamine neurons expressing HDC, while the number of typical human TMN neuronal profiles was unchanged; a tendency toward an increased density of TH-positive neurons in the substantia nigra compacta; while the density of TH-positive LC neurons was unchanged. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest an upregulation of activity by histamine neurons and remaining CRH neurons in NT1. This may explain earlier reports of normal basal plasma cortisol levels but lower levels after dexamethasone suppression. Alternatively, CRH neurons co-expressing AVP neurons are less vulnerable. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:762-771.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shan
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Leiden, The Netherlands, and Sleep Wake Centre SEIN, Heemstede, The Netherlands
- Department Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan Linssen
- Department Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zoe Harteman
- Department Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fleur den Dekker
- Department Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lamis Shuker
- Department Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rawien Balesar
- Department Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Breesuwsma
- Department Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Anink
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jingru Zhou
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Leiden, The Netherlands, and Sleep Wake Centre SEIN, Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan Lammers
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Leiden, The Netherlands, and Sleep Wake Centre SEIN, Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Department Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Fronczek
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Leiden, The Netherlands, and Sleep Wake Centre SEIN, Heemstede, The Netherlands
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2
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Hofer AS, Scheuber MI, Sartori AM, Good N, Stalder SA, Hammer N, Fricke K, Schalbetter SM, Engmann AK, Weber RZ, Rust R, Schneider MP, Russi N, Favre G, Schwab ME. Stimulation of the cuneiform nucleus enables training and boosts recovery after spinal cord injury. Brain 2022; 145:3681-3697. [PMID: 35583160 PMCID: PMC9586551 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe spinal cord injuries result in permanent paraparesis in spite of the frequent sparing of small portions of white matter. Spared fibre tracts are often incapable of maintaining and modulating the activity of lower spinal motor centres. Effects of rehabilitative training thus remain limited. Here, we activated spared descending brainstem fibres by electrical deep brain stimulation of the cuneiform nucleus of the mesencephalic locomotor region, the main control centre for locomotion in the brainstem, in adult female Lewis rats. We show that deep brain stimulation of the cuneiform nucleus enhances the weak remaining motor drive in highly paraparetic rats with severe, incomplete spinal cord injuries and enables high-intensity locomotor training. Stimulation of the cuneiform nucleus during rehabilitative aquatraining after subchronic (n = 8 stimulated versus n = 7 unstimulated versus n = 7 untrained rats) and chronic (n = 14 stimulated versus n = 9 unstimulated versus n = 9 untrained rats) spinal cord injury re-established substantial locomotion and improved long-term recovery of motor function. We additionally identified a safety window of stimulation parameters ensuring context-specific locomotor control in intact rats (n = 18) and illustrate the importance of timing of treatment initiation after spinal cord injury (n = 14). This study highlights stimulation of the cuneiform nucleus as a highly promising therapeutic strategy to enhance motor recovery after subchronic and chronic incomplete spinal cord injury with direct clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Sophie Hofer
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Myriam I Scheuber
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea M Sartori
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Good
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie A Stalder
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Hammer
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kai Fricke
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sina M Schalbetter
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne K Engmann
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Z Weber
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruslan Rust
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc P Schneider
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Russi
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giacomin Favre
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin E Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Efficacy of Deep Brain Stimulation on the Improvement of the Bladder Functions in Traumatic Brain Injured Rats. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110850. [PMID: 33198259 PMCID: PMC7698168 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are a prime public health challenge with a high incidence of mortality, and also reflect severe economic impacts. One of their severe symptoms is bladder dysfunction. Conventional therapeutic methods are not effective in managing bladder dysfunction. Henceforth, a research endeavor was attempted to explore a new therapeutic approach for bladder dysfunction through deep brain stimulation (DBS) procedures in a TBI animal model. Methods: TBI in this animal model was induced by the weight-drop method. All rats with an induced TBI were housed for 4 weeks to allow severe bladder dysfunction to develop. Subsequently, an initial urodynamic measurement, the simultaneous recording of cystometric (CMG) and external urethral sphincter electromyography (EUS-EMG) activity was conducted to evaluate bladder function. Further, standard DBS procedures with varying electrical stimulation parameters were executed in the target area of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg). Simultaneously, urodynamic measurements were re-established to compare the effects of DBS interventions on bladder functions. Results: From the variable combinations of electrical stimulation, DBS at 50 Hz and 2.0 V, significantly reverted the voiding efficiency from 39% to 69% in TBI rats. Furthermore, MRI studies revealed the precise localization of the DBS electrode in the target area. Conclusions: The results we obtained showed an insightful understanding of PPTg-DBS and its therapeutic applications in alleviating bladder dysfunction in rats with a TBI. Hence, the present study suggests that PPTg-DBS is an effective therapeutic strategy for treating bladder dysfunction.
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Walter U, Fernández-Torre JL, Kirschstein T, Laureys S. When is “brainstem death” brain death? The case for ancillary testing in primary infratentorial brain lesion. Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 129:2451-2465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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5
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Chen SC, Chu PY, Hsieh TH, Li YT, Peng CW. Feasibility of deep brain stimulation for controlling the lower urinary tract functions: An animal study. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:2438-2449. [PMID: 29096218 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.09.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and compare the potential of four DBS targets in rats for regulating bladder activity: the periaqueductal gray (PAG), locus coeruleus (LC), rostral pontine reticular nucleus (PnO), and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg). METHODS A bipolar stimulating electrode was implanted. The effects of DBS on the inhibition and activation of micturition reflexes were investigated by using isovolumetric intravesical pressure recordings. RESULTS PAG DBS at 2-2.5 V, PnO DBS at 2-2.5 V, and PPTg DBS at 1.75-2.5 V nearly completely inhibited reflexive isovolumetric bladder contractions. By contrast, LC DBS at 1.75 and 2 V slightly augmented reflexive isovolumetric bladder contractions in rats. DBSs on PnO and PPTg at higher intensities (2.5-5 V) demonstrated a higher success rate and larger contraction area evocation in activating bladder contractions in a partially filled bladder. DBS targeting the PPTg was most efficient in suppressing reflexive isovolumetric bladder contractions. CONCLUSION PPTg DBS demonstrated stable results and high potency for controlling bladder contractions. PPTg might be a promising DBS target for developing new neuromodulatory approaches for the treatment of bladder dysfunctions. SIGNIFICANCE DBS could be a potential approach to manage bladder function under various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ching Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Li
- Instrument Technology Research Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Peng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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6
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Verstegen AMJ, Vanderhorst V, Gray PA, Zeidel ML, Geerling JC. Barrington's nucleus: Neuroanatomic landscape of the mouse "pontine micturition center". J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:2287-2309. [PMID: 28340519 PMCID: PMC5832452 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Barrington's nucleus (Bar) is thought to contain neurons that trigger voiding and thereby function as the "pontine micturition center." Lacking detailed information on this region in mice, we examined gene and protein markers to characterize Bar and the neurons surrounding it. Like rats and cats, mice have an ovoid core of medium-sized Bar neurons located medial to the locus coeruleus (LC). Bar neurons express a GFP reporter for Vglut2, develop from a Math1/Atoh1 lineage, and exhibit immunoreactivity for NeuN. Many neurons in and around this core cluster express a reporter for corticotrophin-releasing hormone (BarCRH ). Axons from BarCRH neurons project to the lumbosacral spinal cord and ramify extensively in two regions: the dorsal gray commissural and intermediolateral nuclei. BarCRH neurons have unexpectedly long dendrites, which may receive synaptic input from the cerebral cortex and other brain regions beyond the core afferents identified previously. Finally, at least five populations of neurons surround Bar: rostral-dorsomedial cholinergic neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus; lateral noradrenergic neurons in the LC; medial GABAergic neurons in the pontine central gray; ventromedial, small GABAergic neurons that express FoxP2; and dorsolateral glutamatergic neurons that express FoxP2 in the pLC and form a wedge dividing Bar from the dorsal LC. We discuss the implications of this new information for interpreting existing data and future experiments targeting BarCRH neurons and their synaptic afferents to study micturition and other pelvic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. J. Verstegen
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine & Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Veronique Vanderhorst
- Department of Medicine & Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul A. Gray
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
- Indigo Ag, Inc., Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Mark L. Zeidel
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine & Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joel C. Geerling
- Department of Medicine & Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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7
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Identification of a Group of GABAergic Neurons in the Dorsomedial Area of the Locus Coeruleus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146470. [PMID: 26785258 PMCID: PMC4718449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine (NE) system in the brainstem plays a critical role in a variety of behaviors is an important target of pharmacological intervention to several neurological disorders. Although GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of LC neurons, the modulation of LC neuronal firing activity by local GABAergic interneurons remains poorly understood with respect to their precise location, intrinsic membrane properties and synaptic modulation. Here, we took an optogenetic approach to address these questions. Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) in a tandem with the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) was expressed in GABAergic neurons under the control of glutamic acid decarboxylase 2 (GAD2) promoter. Immediately dorsomedial to the LC nucleus, a group of GABAergic neurons was observed. They had small soma and were densely packed in a small area, which we named the dorsomedial LC or dmLC nucleus. These GABAergic neurons showed fast firing activity, strong inward rectification and spike frequency adaptation. Lateral inhibition among these GABAergic neurons was observed. Optostimulation of the dmLC area drastically inhibited LC neuronal firing frequency, expanded the spike intervals, and reset their pacemaking activity. Analysis of the light evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) indicated that they were monosynaptic. Such light evoked IPSCs were not seen in slices where this group of GABAergic neurons was absent. Thus, an isolated group of GABAergic neurons is demonstrated in the LC area, whose location, somatic morphology and intrinsic membrane properties are clearly distinguishable from adjacent LC neurons. They interact with each and may inhibit LC neurons as well as a part of local neuronal circuitry in the LC.
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8
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Blanco L, Ros CM, Tarragón E, Fernández-Villalba E, Herrero MT. Functional role of Barrington's nucleus in the micturition reflex: relevance in the surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2014; 266:150-61. [PMID: 24568730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The pontine micturition center or Barrington's nucleus (BN) - besides regulating micturition - co-regulates the activity of other pelvic viscera such as the colon and genitals. At present, this issue is gaining particular importance due to: (i) recent findings of α-synuclein in BN, (ii) known urinary dysfunction in parkinsonian patients (part of the so-called non-motor symptoms), other patients with dementia and as in very old individuals; and (iii) its proximity to the pedunculopontine nucleus, a surgical target in deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease (PD). The structural and functional organization of the micturition reflex comprises a coordinating action of somatic motor activity with both divisions of the autonomic nervous system, modulated by trunk encephalic and cortical centers that involve the BN as locus coeruleus and periaqueductal gray matter, among other trunk encephalic structures. The involvement of dopaminergic activity (physiologic inhibition of the micturition reflex mediated by dopaminergic D1 activity) that diminishes in Parkinsonism and leads to overactivity of the micturition reflex is also well known. In this review, the integrating role of the BN in the context of vesical and gastrointestinal behavior is revisited, and the principal morpho-functional findings that associate dysfunction with the urinary disorders that appear during the pre-motor stages of PD are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Blanco
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain; International Center of Neurological Restoration, Department of Experimental Neurophysiology, Avenue 25 #15805, 11300 Havana, Cuba
| | - C M Ros
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain; Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University Jaime I, Campus del Riu Sec, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - E Tarragón
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University Jaime I, Campus del Riu Sec, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - E Fernández-Villalba
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - M T Herrero
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain; Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University Jaime I, Campus del Riu Sec, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain.
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9
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Karas PJ, Mikell CB, Christian E, Liker MA, Sheth SA. Deep brain stimulation: a mechanistic and clinical update. Neurosurg Focus 2013; 35:E1. [DOI: 10.3171/2013.9.focus13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS), the practice of placing electrodes deep into the brain to stimulate subcortical structures with electrical current, has been increasing as a neurosurgical procedure over the past 15 years. Originally a treatment for essential tremor, DBS is now used and under investigation across a wide spectrum of neurological and psychiatric disorders. In addition to applying electrical stimulation for clinical symptomatic relief, the electrodes implanted can also be used to record local electrical activity in the brain, making DBS a useful research tool. Human single-neuron recordings and local field potentials are now often recorded intraoperatively as electrodes are implanted. Thus, the increasing scope of DBS clinical applications is being matched by an increase in investigational use, leading to a rapidly evolving understanding of cortical and subcortical neurocircuitry. In this review, the authors discuss recent innovations in the clinical use of DBS, both in approved indications as well as in indications under investigation. Deep brain stimulation as an investigational tool is also reviewed, paying special attention to evolving models of basal ganglia and cortical function in health and disease. Finally, the authors look to the future across several indications, highlighting gaps in knowledge and possible future directions of DBS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Karas
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Neurological Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Charles B. Mikell
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Neurological Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Eisha Christian
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Keck Hospital of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark A. Liker
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Keck Hospital of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sameer A. Sheth
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Neurological Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
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