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Zhao S, Contadini-Wright C, Chait M. Cross-Modal Interactions Between Auditory Attention and Oculomotor Control. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1286232024. [PMID: 38331581 PMCID: PMC10941240 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1286-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Microsaccades are small, involuntary eye movements that occur during fixation. Their role is debated with recent hypotheses proposing a contribution to automatic scene sampling. Microsaccadic inhibition (MSI) refers to the abrupt suppression of microsaccades, typically evoked within 0.1 s after new stimulus onset. The functional significance and neural underpinnings of MSI are subjects of ongoing research. It has been suggested that MSI is a component of the brain's attentional re-orienting network which facilitates the allocation of attention to new environmental occurrences by reducing disruptions or shifts in gaze that could interfere with processing. The extent to which MSI is reflexive or influenced by top-down mechanisms remains debated. We developed a task that examines the impact of auditory top-down attention on MSI, allowing us to disentangle ocular dynamics from visual sensory processing. Participants (N = 24 and 27; both sexes) listened to two simultaneous streams of tones and were instructed to attend to one stream while detecting specific task "targets." We quantified MSI in response to occasional task-irrelevant events presented in both the attended and unattended streams (frequency steps in Experiment 1, omissions in Experiment 2). The results show that initial stages of MSI are not affected by auditory attention. However, later stages (∼0.25 s postevent onset), affecting the extent and duration of the inhibition, are enhanced for sounds in the attended stream compared to the unattended stream. These findings provide converging evidence for the reflexive nature of early MSI stages and robustly demonstrate the involvement of auditory attention in modulating the later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Zhao
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maria Chait
- Ear Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, United Kingdom
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2
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Cáceres C, Heusser B, Garnham A, Moczko E. The Major Hypotheses of Alzheimer's Disease: Related Nanotechnology-Based Approaches for Its Diagnosis and Treatment. Cells 2023; 12:2669. [PMID: 38067098 PMCID: PMC10705786 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a well-known chronic neurodegenerative disorder that leads to the progressive death of brain cells, resulting in memory loss and the loss of other critical body functions. In March 2019, one of the major pharmaceutical companies and its partners announced that currently, there is no drug to cure AD, and all clinical trials of the new ones have been cancelled, leaving many people without hope. However, despite the clear message and startling reality, the research continued. Finally, in the last two years, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first-ever medications to treat Alzheimer's, aducanumab and lecanemab. Despite researchers' support of this decision, there are serious concerns about their effectiveness and safety. The validation of aducanumab by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services is still pending, and lecanemab was authorized without considering data from the phase III trials. Furthermore, numerous reports suggest that patients have died when undergoing extended treatment. While there is evidence that aducanumab and lecanemab may provide some relief to those suffering from AD, their impact remains a topic of ongoing research and debate within the medical community. The fact is that even though there are considerable efforts regarding pharmacological treatment, no definitive cure for AD has been found yet. Nevertheless, it is strongly believed that modern nanotechnology holds promising solutions and effective clinical strategies for the development of diagnostic tools and treatments for AD. This review summarizes the major hallmarks of AD, its etiological mechanisms, and challenges. It explores existing diagnostic and therapeutic methods and the potential of nanotechnology-based approaches for recognizing and monitoring patients at risk of irreversible neuronal degeneration. Overall, it provides a broad overview for those interested in the evolving areas of clinical neuroscience, AD, and related nanotechnology. With further research and development, nanotechnology-based approaches may offer new solutions and hope for millions of people affected by this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ewa Moczko
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Viña del Mar 2562307, Chile; (C.C.)
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3
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Lange EB, Fink LK. Eye blinking, musical processing, and subjective states-A methods account. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14350. [PMID: 37381918 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Affective sciences often make use of self-reports to assess subjective states. Seeking a more implicit measure for states and emotions, our study explored spontaneous eye blinking during music listening. However, blinking is understudied in the context of research on subjective states. Therefore, a second goal was to explore different ways of analyzing blink activity recorded from infra-red eye trackers, using two additional data sets from earlier studies differing in blinking and viewing instructions. We first replicate the effect of increased blink rates during music listening in comparison with silence and show that the effect is not related to changes in self-reported valence, arousal, or to specific musical features. Interestingly, but in contrast, felt absorption reduced participants' blinking. The instruction to inhibit blinking did not change results. From a methodological perspective, we make suggestions about how to define blinks from data loss periods recorded by eye trackers and report a data-driven outlier rejection procedure and its efficiency for subject-mean analyses, as well as trial-based analyses. We ran a variety of mixed effects models that differed in how trials without blinking were treated. The main results largely converged across accounts. The broad consistency of results across different experiments, outlier treatments, and statistical models demonstrates the reliability of the reported effects. As recordings of data loss periods come for free when interested in eye movements or pupillometry, we encourage researchers to pay attention to blink activity and contribute to the further understanding of the relation between blinking, subjective states, and cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke B Lange
- Department of Music, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Lauren K Fink
- Department of Music, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt/M, Germany
- Max Planck NYU Center for Language, Music, & Emotion, Frankfurt/M, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Calancie OG, Parr AC, Brien DC, Huang J, Pitigoi IC, Coe BC, Booij L, Khalid-Khan S, Munoz DP. Motor synchronization and impulsivity in pediatric borderline personality disorder with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: an eye-tracking study of saccade, blink and pupil behavior. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1179765. [PMID: 37425020 PMCID: PMC10323365 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1179765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Shifting motor actions from reflexively reacting to an environmental stimulus to predicting it allows for smooth synchronization of behavior with the outside world. This shift relies on the identification of patterns within the stimulus - knowing when a stimulus is predictable and when it is not - and launching motor actions accordingly. Failure to identify predictable stimuli results in movement delays whereas failure to recognize unpredictable stimuli results in early movements with incomplete information that can result in errors. Here we used a metronome task, combined with video-based eye-tracking, to quantify temporal predictive learning and performance to regularly paced visual targets at 5 different interstimulus intervals (ISIs). We compared these results to the random task where the timing of the target was randomized at each target step. We completed these tasks in female pediatric psychiatry patients (age range: 11-18 years) with borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms, with (n = 22) and without (n = 23) a comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis, against controls (n = 35). Compared to controls, BPD and ADHD/BPD cohorts showed no differences in their predictive saccade performance to metronome targets, however, when targets were random ADHD/BPD participants made significantly more anticipatory saccades (i.e., guesses of target arrival). The ADHD/BPD group also significantly increased their blink rate and pupil size when initiating movements to predictable versus unpredictable targets, likely a reflection of increased neural effort for motor synchronization. BPD and ADHD/BPD groups showed increased sympathetic tone evidenced by larger pupil sizes than controls. Together, these results support normal temporal motor prediction in BPD with and without ADHD, reduced response inhibition in BPD with comorbid ADHD, and increased pupil sizes in BPD patients. Further these results emphasize the importance of controlling for comorbid ADHD when querying BPD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G. Calancie
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ashley C. Parr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Don C. Brien
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jeff Huang
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Isabell C. Pitigoi
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C. Coe
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Linda Booij
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Centre and Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarosh Khalid-Khan
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Divison of Child and Youth Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas P. Munoz
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Liu C, Liu H, Tan Z. Choosing optimal means of knowledge visualization based on eye tracking for online education. EDUCATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 2023:1-28. [PMID: 37361846 PMCID: PMC10152425 DOI: 10.1007/s10639-023-11815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In online education, the appropriate choice of means of knowledge visualization can reduce cognitive load and improve cognitive efficiency. However, no universal basis for selection can cause confusion in the pedagogical context. This study used the revised Bloom's taxonomy to combine the types of knowledge with cognitive goals. We used a course on marketing research as an example to summarize the choices for visualizing factual knowledge (FK), conceptual knowledge (CK), procedural knowledge (PK), and metacognitive knowledge (MK) through four experiments. Visualized cognitive stages were used to determine the cognitive efficiencies of visualization for different knowledge types. In this stage, eye tracking is used for collecting eye movement indicators to measure cognitive load. The cognitive goals stage is used to get cognitive goals of the means of knowledge visualization. Combining the two stages, we get the conclusions as follows: Teachers and students can mostly benefit from presenting FK and CK points via mind maps. Using mind maps to teach FK online could be indirectly beneficial for improving students' creativity. Concept maps may be chosen for this point if the linked knowledge points are PK and the achievement of the analytical objective is emphasized in the student's knowledge points. The flowchart can be used to display PK, while timelines could be utilized if the PK point is to be presented in a temporal dimension. Teachers should choose the curve area chart to display MK. A pie chart might be chosen and added more instructions. The findings suggest that mind maps are very effective as a means of knowledge visualization in online education. In the meantime, it suggests that overly simplistic graphs increase cognitive load, while it also raises the possibility that redundant information in the text may increase cognitive load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Liu
- School of Management, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Hao Liu
- Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066004 China
| | - Zhanglu Tan
- School of Management, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
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Phung NV, Rong F, Xia WY, Fan Y, Li XY, Wang SA, Li FL. Nervonic acid and its sphingolipids: Biological functions and potential food applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37114919 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2203753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Nervonic acid, a 24-carbon fatty acid with only one double bond at the 9th carbon (C24:1n-9), is abundant in the human brain, liver, and kidney. It not only functions in free form but also serves as a critical component of sphingolipids which participate in many biological processes such as cell membrane formation, apoptosis, and neurotransmission. Recent studies show that nervonic acid supplementation is not only beneficial to human health but also can improve the many medical conditions such as neurological diseases, cancers, diabetes, obesity, and their complications. Nervonic acid and its sphingomyelins serve as a special material for myelination in infants and remyelination patients with multiple sclerosis. Besides, the administration of nervonic acid is reported to reduce motor disorder in mice with Parkinson's disease and limit weight gain. Perturbations of nervonic acid and its sphingolipids might lead to the pathogenesis of many diseases and understanding these mechanisms is critical for investigating potential therapeutic approaches for such diseases. However, available studies about this aspect are limited. In this review, relevant findings about functional mechanisms of nervonic acid have been comprehensively and systematically described, focusing on four interconnected functions: cellular structure, signaling, anti-inflammation, lipid mobilization, and their related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghi Van Phung
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao C1 Refinery Engineering Research Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Fei Rong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wan Yue Xia
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao C1 Refinery Engineering Research Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao C1 Refinery Engineering Research Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Xian Yu Li
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi An Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao C1 Refinery Engineering Research Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Fu Li Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao C1 Refinery Engineering Research Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
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7
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Kreis I, Zhang L, Mittner M, Syla L, Lamm C, Pfuhl G. Aberrant uncertainty processing is linked to psychotic-like experiences, autistic traits, and is reflected in pupil dilation during probabilistic learning. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023:10.3758/s13415-023-01088-2. [PMID: 36977966 PMCID: PMC10390366 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant belief updating due to misestimation of uncertainty and an increased perception of the world as volatile (i.e., unstable) has been found in autism and psychotic disorders. Pupil dilation tracks events that warrant belief updating, likely reflecting the adjustment of neural gain. However, whether subclinical autistic or psychotic symptoms affect this adjustment and how they relate to learning in volatile environments remains to be unraveled. We investigated the relationship between behavioral and pupillometric markers of subjective volatility (i.e., experience of the world as unstable), autistic traits, and psychotic-like experiences in 52 neurotypical adults with a probabilistic reversal learning task. Computational modeling revealed that participants with higher psychotic-like experience scores overestimated volatility in low-volatile task periods. This was not the case for participants scoring high on autistic-like traits, who instead showed a diminished adaptation of choice-switching behavior in response to risk. Pupillometric data indicated that individuals with higher autistic- or psychotic-like trait and experience scores differentiated less between events that warrant belief updating and those that do not when volatility was high. These findings are in line with misestimation of uncertainty accounts of psychosis and autism spectrum disorders and indicate that aberrancies are already present at the subclinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Kreis
- Department of Psychology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Psychology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Mittner
- Department of Psychology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Leonard Syla
- Department of Psychology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Claus Lamm
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Cognitive Science Hub, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerit Pfuhl
- Department of Psychology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Lin X, Li XX, Dong R, Wang B, Bi YL. Habitual tea consumption and postoperative delirium after total hip/knee arthroplasty in elderly patients: The PNDABLE study. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2612. [PMID: 35555872 PMCID: PMC9226797 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify the effects of habitual tea consumption on postoperative delirium (POD) in elderly patients undergoing total hip/knee arthroplasty. PATIENTS AND METHODS A prospective cohort study was carried out at Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University between June 2020 and June 2021. A total of 332 patients aged 65-85 years undergoing total hip/knee arthroplasty under combined spinal and epidural anesthesia were enrolled from the Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorder and Biomarker Lifestyle (PNDABLE) study in the final analysis, consisting of 168 patients with habitual tea consumption and 164 patients with infrequent tea consumption. The primary endpoint was the effects of habitual tea consumption on POD and the incidence of POD, which was assessed by the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) twice daily during the first 7 postoperative days, and POD severity was measured by the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS). The secondary endpoints were the concentrations of caffeine and tea polyphenols in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which were detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS POD occurred in 61 of 332 patients (18.37%), among whom 19 had habitual tea consumption (5.72%) and 42 had infrequent tea consumption (12.65%). Habitual tea consumption (odds ratio [OR] = 0.370, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.205-0.670, P = .001) was significantly associated with POD in the logistic analysis, and then after adjusting for age and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status (OR = 0.353, 95% CI: 0.190-0.655, P = .001). Furthermore, caffeine in T0 plasma (OR = 0.834, 95% CI: 0.752-0.924, P = .001), T1 plasma (OR = 0.818, 95% CI: 0.738-0.908, P < .001), and CSF (OR = 0.899, 95% CI: 0.820-0.984, P = .022) and tea polyphenols in T0 plasma (OR = 0.541, 95% CI: 0.416-0.704, P < .001), T1 plasma (OR = 0.477, 95% CI: 0.359-0.633, P < .001), and CSF (OR = 0.526, 95% CI: 0.397-0.696, P < .001) were associated with POD after adjusting for age and ASA physical status. CONCLUSION Habitual tea consumption may be associated with a lower incidence of POD in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan-Lin Bi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Kreis I, Zhang L, Moritz S, Pfuhl G. Spared performance but increased uncertainty in schizophrenia: Evidence from a probabilistic decision-making task. Schizophr Res 2022; 243:414-423. [PMID: 34272122 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant attribution of salience to in fact little informative events might explain the emergence of positive symptoms in schizophrenia and has been linked to belief uncertainty. Uncertainty is thought to be encoded by neuromodulators, including norepinephrine. However, norepinephrinergic encoding of uncertainty, measured as task-related pupil dilation, has rarely been explored in schizophrenia. Here, we addressed this question by comparing individuals with a disorder from the schizophrenia spectrum to a non-psychiatric control group on behavioral and pupillometric measures in a probabilistic prediction task, where different levels of uncertainty were introduced. Behaviorally, patients performed similar to controls, but their belief uncertainty was higher, particularly when instability of the task environment was high, suggesting an increased sensitivity to this instability. Furthermore, while pupil dilation scaled positively with uncertainty, this was less the case for patients, suggesting aberrant neuromodulatory regulation of neural gain, which may hinder the reduction of uncertainty in the long run. Together, the findings point to abnormal uncertainty processing and norepinephrinergic signaling in schizophrenia, potentially informing future development of both psychopharmacological therapies and psychotherapeutic approaches that deal with the processing of uncertain information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Kreis
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Steffen Moritz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerit Pfuhl
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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10
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Sun W, Tang P, Liang Y, Li J, Feng J, Zhang N, Lu D, He J, Chen X. The anterior cingulate cortex directly enhances auditory cortical responses in air-puffing-facilitated flight behavior. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110506. [PMID: 35263590 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For survival, animals encode prominent events in complex environments, which modulates their defense behavior. Here, we design a paradigm that assesses how a mild aversive cue (i.e., mild air puff) interacts with sound-evoked flight behavior in mice. We find that air puffing facilitates sound-evoked flight behavior by enhancing the auditory responses of auditory cortical neurons. We then find that the anterior part of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) encodes the valence of air puffing and modulates the auditory cortex through anatomical examination, physiological recordings, and optogenetic/chemogenetic manipulations. Activating ACC projections to the auditory cortex simulates the facilitating effect of air puffing, whereas inhibiting the ACC or its projections to the auditory cortex neutralizes this facilitating effect. These findings show that the ACC regulates sound-evoked flight behavior by potentiating neuronal responses in the auditory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China; Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Peng Tang
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China; Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Ye Liang
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China; Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Jingyu Feng
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China; Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Danyi Lu
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Jufang He
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518507, P.R. China.
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, 0000 Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518507, P.R. China.
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11
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Kreis I, Moritz S, Pfuhl G. Objective Versus Subjective Effort in Schizophrenia. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1469. [PMID: 32742265 PMCID: PMC7365134 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Performance on cognitive tasks is often impaired in individuals with schizophrenia (SCZ), possibly resulting from either cognitive deficits (e.g., limited working memory capacity) or diminished mental effort or both. Investment of mental effort itself can be affected by cognitive resources, task load, and motivational factors and has thus proven difficult to measure. Pupil dilation during task performance has been proposed as an objective measure, but it remains unclear to what extent this converges with self-reports of perceived task demands, motivation, and invested effort. The current study tried to elucidate this question. Methods A visual version of the digit span task was administered in a sample of 29 individuals with a diagnosis from the SCZ spectrum and 30 individuals without any psychiatric disorder. Pupil size was recorded during the task, whereas self-reported invested effort and task demand were measured afterward. Results No group difference was found for working memory capacity, but individuals with SCZ showed diminished trial-by-trial recall accuracy, showed reduced pupil dilation across all task load conditions, and reported higher perceived task demands. Conclusion Results indicate reduced effort investment in patients with SCZ, but it remains unclear to what extent this alone could explain the lower recall performance. The lack of a direct link between objective and subjective measures of effort further suggests that both may assess different facets of effort. This has important implications for clinical and research settings that rely on the reliability of neuropsychological test results when assessing cognitive capacity in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Kreis
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Steffen Moritz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerit Pfuhl
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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12
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Giller F, Mückschel M, Ziemssen T, Beste C. A possible role of the norepinephrine system during sequential cognitive flexibility – Evidence from EEG and pupil diameter data. Cortex 2020; 128:22-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Mückschel M, Ziemssen T, Beste C. Properties of lower level processing modulate the actions of the norepinephrine system during response inhibition. Biol Psychol 2020; 152:107862. [PMID: 32032625 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We ask whether actions of the norepinephrine (NE) system during response inhibition are affected by properties of lower level sensory stimulus processing. We used a somato-sensory Go/Nogo task and combined ERP recordings with pupil diameter recordings as an index of NE system activity. The Go/Nogo task was designed to achieve processing of tactile stimuli predominantly over primary somatosensory (SI) and secondary somatosensory (SII) areas. The data show that response inhibition was better when stimuli were processed via SII, compared to SI areas. This was reflected by variations in the Nogo-N2/P3 associated with anterior cingulate structures. Correlations with the pupil diameter data, indicting modulations of the NE system during inhibitory control processes, were only evident when SI sensory areas were involved. These dissociable modulatory effects were associated with activations in the superior frontal gyrus. Actions of the NE system during response inhibition are modulated by properties of lower level processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Mückschel
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany; MS Centre Dresden, Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- MS Centre Dresden, Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany.
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Laux RC, Corazza ST. IMPROVEMENT OF REACTION TIME AFTER A WORKPLACE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTERVENTION. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220192506191493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Work activities have been occupying an increasing amount of time in the daily lives of the population, making individuals less physically active. A job market strategy is to invest in physical exercise programs in the actual workplace to improve the physical and cognitive aspects of these employees. Objective To verify the effects of a workplace physical exercise program on the simple and choice reaction times of public university employees. Methods Twenty-six physically inactive male and female subjects with a mean age of 29.62 ± 6.47 years underwent a program consisting of thirty-six sessions with physical exercises in the workplace, held three times a week over twelve weeks. Simple reaction time (SRT) and choice reaction time (CRT) were assessed before and after the intervention, using the Vienna Test System®, and the results were presented in: I) reaction time, II) movement time; and (III) response time. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted using the statistical program SPSS® (version 21.0 for Windows), with a significance level of 5%. Results When observing the SRT and CRT variables before and after the experiment, we noticed an improvement in reaction time, movement time and response time in the experimental group but not in the control group. Conclusion The workplace physical exercise program was able to reduce the SRT and CRT of the experimental group. Level of evidence I; randomized clinical trial.
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Lin X, Chen Y, Zhang P, Chen G, Zhou Y, Yu X. The potential mechanism of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in older people. Exp Gerontol 2019; 130:110791. [PMID: 31765741 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common disorder following surgery, which seriously threatens the quality of patients' life, especially the older people. Accumulating attention has been paid to POCD worldwide in pace with the popularization of anesthesia/surgery. The development of medical humanities and rehabilitation medicine sets higher demands on accurate diagnosis and safe treatment system of POCD. Although the research on POCD is in full swing, underlying pathogenesis is still inconclusive due to these conflicting results and controversial evidence. Generally, POCD is closely related to neuropsychiatric diseases such as dementia, depression and Alzheimer's disease in molecular pathways. Researchers have come up with various hypotheses to reveal the mechanisms of POCD, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy disorder, impaired synaptic function, lacking neurotrophic support, etc. Recent work focused on molecular mechanism of POCD in older people has been thoroughly reviewed and summed up here, concerning the changes of peripheral circulation, pathological pathways of central nervous system (CNS), the microbiota-gut-brain axis and the related brain regions. Accordingly, this article provides a better perspective to understand the development situation of POCD in older people, which is conductive to uncover the pathological mechanism and exploit reasonable treatment strategy of POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyi Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Yeru Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Piao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China.
| | - Youfa Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
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16
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Pertermann M, Mückschel M, Adelhöfer N, Ziemssen T, Beste C. On the interrelation of 1/ f neural noise and norepinephrine system activity during motor response inhibition. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:1633-1643. [PMID: 30811254 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00701.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that there is a close interrelation between the degree of noise in neural circuits and the activity of the norepinephrine (NE) system, yet the precise nexus between these aspects is far from being understood during human information processing and cognitive control in particular. We examine this nexus during response inhibition in n = 47 healthy participants. Using high-density EEG recordings, we estimate neural noise by calculating "1/f noise" of those data and integrate these EEG parameters with pupil diameter data as an established indirect index of NE system activity. We show that neural noise is reduced when cognitive control processes to inhibit a prepotent/automated response are exerted. These neural noise variations were confined to the theta frequency band, which has also been shown to play a central role during response inhibition and cognitive control. There were strong positive correlations between the 1/f neural noise parameter and the pupil diameter data within the first 250 ms after the Nogo stimulus presentation at centro-parietal electrode sites. No such correlations were evident during automated responding on Go trials. Source localization analyses using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography show that inferior parietal areas are activated in this time period in Nogo trials. The data suggest an interrelation of NE system activity and neural noise within early stages of information processing associated with inferior parietal areas when cognitive control processes are required. The data provide the first direct evidence for the nexus between NE system activity and the modulation of neural noise during inhibitory control in humans. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study showing that there is a nexus between norepinephrine system activity and the modulation of neural noise or scale-free neural activity during inhibitory control in humans. It does so by integrating pupil diameter data with analysis of EEG neural noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Pertermann
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden , Germany
| | - Moritz Mückschel
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden , Germany.,MS Centre Dresden, Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden , Germany
| | - Nico Adelhöfer
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden , Germany
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- MS Centre Dresden, Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden , Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden , Germany.,Faculty of Psychology, School of Science, TU Dresden, Dresden , Germany
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17
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Adelhöfer N, Mückschel M, Teufert B, Ziemssen T, Beste C. Anodal tDCS affects neuromodulatory effects of the norepinephrine system on superior frontal theta activity during response inhibition. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1291-1300. [PMID: 30701308 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Medial and superior frontal theta oscillations are important for response inhibition. The norepinephrine (NE) system has been shown to modulate these oscillations possibly via gain control mechanisms, which depend on the modulation of neuron membrane potentials. Because the latter are also modulated by tDCS, the interrelation of tDCS and NE effects on superior frontal theta band activity needs investigation. We test the hypothesis that anodal tDCS affects modulatory effects of the NE system on theta band activity during inhibitory control in superior frontal regions. Using EEG beamforming, theta band activity in the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) was integrated (correlated) with the pupil diameter data as an indirect index of NE activity. In a within-subject design, healthy participants completed a response inhibition task in two sessions in which they received 2 mA anodal tDCS over the vertex, or sham stimulation. There were no behavioral effects of anodal tDCS. Yet, tDCS affected correlations between SFG theta band activity time course and the pupil diameter time course. Correlations were evident after sham stimulation (r = .701; p < .004), but absent after anodal tDCS. The observed power of this dissociation was above 95%. The data suggest that anodal tDCS may eliminate neuromodulatory effects, likely of the NE system, on theta band activity during response inhibition in a structure of the response inhibition network. The NE system and tDCS seem to target similar mechanisms important for cognitive control in the prefrontal cortex. The results provide a hint why tDCS often fails to induce overt behavioral effects and shows that neurobiological systems, which may exert similar effects as tDCS on neural processes should closely be monitored in tDCS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Adelhöfer
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Moritz Mückschel
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, MS Centre Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Benjamin Teufert
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, MS Centre Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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18
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Meng D, Li X, Bauer M, Taylor JP, Auer DP. Altered Nucleus Basalis Connectivity Predicts Treatment Response in Mild Cognitive Impairment. Radiology 2018; 289:775-785. [PMID: 30204076 PMCID: PMC6283326 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2018180092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To determine whether functional connectivity (FC) mapping of nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) cholinergic network (hereafter, NBM FC) could provide a biomarker of central cholinergic deficits with predictive potential for response to cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI) treatment. Materials and Methods The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) was approved by the institutional review boards of all participating sites. All participants and their representatives gave written informed consent prior to data collection. NBM FC was examined in 33 healthy control participants, 102 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 33 patients with AD by using resting-state functional MRI data from the ADNI database. NBM FC was compared between groups before and after 6 months of ChEI treatment in MCI. Associations between baseline NBM FC and baseline cognitive performance as well as cognitive outcomes after treatment were investigated. Results Compared with the healthy control group, NBM FC was decreased in patients with untreated MCI and increased in patients with AD treated with ChEI (corrected P ˂ .05). Global cognition (Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale score) was associated with NBM FC (r = -0.349; P ˂ .001). NBM FC was higher 6 months after ChEI compared with before ChEI in treated MCI (corrected P ˂ .05), but did not change at 6 months in patients with untreated MCI (corrected P ˂ .05). Baseline NBM FC in MCI strongly predicted cognitive outcomes 6 months after ChEI (R2 = 0.458; P = .001). Conclusion Functional dissociation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert from a cortical network may explain the cognitive deficits in dementia and allow for the selection of individuals who are more likely to respond to cholinesterase inhibitors at early disease stages. © RSNA, 2018 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewen Meng
- From the Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine
(D.M., X.L., D.P.A.), and School of Psychology (M.B.), University of Nottingham,
Nottingham, England; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queen’s
Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby Rd, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England
(D.M., X.L., D.P.A.); and Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University,
Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, England (J.P.T.)
| | - Xingfeng Li
- From the Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine
(D.M., X.L., D.P.A.), and School of Psychology (M.B.), University of Nottingham,
Nottingham, England; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queen’s
Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby Rd, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England
(D.M., X.L., D.P.A.); and Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University,
Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, England (J.P.T.)
| | - Markus Bauer
- From the Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine
(D.M., X.L., D.P.A.), and School of Psychology (M.B.), University of Nottingham,
Nottingham, England; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queen’s
Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby Rd, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England
(D.M., X.L., D.P.A.); and Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University,
Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, England (J.P.T.)
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- From the Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine
(D.M., X.L., D.P.A.), and School of Psychology (M.B.), University of Nottingham,
Nottingham, England; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queen’s
Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby Rd, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England
(D.M., X.L., D.P.A.); and Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University,
Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, England (J.P.T.)
| | - Dorothee P. Auer
- From the Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine
(D.M., X.L., D.P.A.), and School of Psychology (M.B.), University of Nottingham,
Nottingham, England; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queen’s
Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby Rd, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England
(D.M., X.L., D.P.A.); and Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University,
Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, England (J.P.T.)
| | - For the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
- From the Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine
(D.M., X.L., D.P.A.), and School of Psychology (M.B.), University of Nottingham,
Nottingham, England; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queen’s
Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby Rd, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England
(D.M., X.L., D.P.A.); and Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University,
Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, England (J.P.T.)
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19
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Veksler VD, Buchler N, Hoffman BE, Cassenti DN, Sample C, Sugrim S. Simulations in Cyber-Security: A Review of Cognitive Modeling of Network Attackers, Defenders, and Users. Front Psychol 2018; 9:691. [PMID: 29867661 PMCID: PMC5967149 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational models of cognitive processes may be employed in cyber-security tools, experiments, and simulations to address human agency and effective decision-making in keeping computational networks secure. Cognitive modeling can addresses multi-disciplinary cyber-security challenges requiring cross-cutting approaches over the human and computational sciences such as the following: (a) adversarial reasoning and behavioral game theory to predict attacker subjective utilities and decision likelihood distributions, (b) human factors of cyber tools to address human system integration challenges, estimation of defender cognitive states, and opportunities for automation, (c) dynamic simulations involving attacker, defender, and user models to enhance studies of cyber epidemiology and cyber hygiene, and (d) training effectiveness research and training scenarios to address human cyber-security performance, maturation of cyber-security skill sets, and effective decision-making. Models may be initially constructed at the group-level based on mean tendencies of each subject's subgroup, based on known statistics such as specific skill proficiencies, demographic characteristics, and cultural factors. For more precise and accurate predictions, cognitive models may be fine-tuned to each individual attacker, defender, or user profile, and updated over time (based on recorded behavior) via techniques such as model tracing and dynamic parameter fitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav D Veksler
- DCS Corporation, Human Research and Engineering Directorate, United States Army Research Laboratory, Alexandria, VA, United States
| | - Norbou Buchler
- Human Research and Engineering Directorate, United States Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, United States
| | - Blaine E Hoffman
- Human Research and Engineering Directorate, United States Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, United States
| | - Daniel N Cassenti
- Human Research and Engineering Directorate, United States Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, United States
| | - Char Sample
- ICS International, United States Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, United States
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20
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Dippel G, Mückschel M, Ziemssen T, Beste C. Demands on response inhibition processes determine modulations of theta band activity in superior frontal areas and correlations with pupillometry – Implications for the norepinephrine system during inhibitory control. Neuroimage 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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21
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Medications influencing central cholinergic pathways affect fixation stability, saccadic response time and associated eye movement dynamics during a temporally-cued visual reaction time task. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:671-680. [PMID: 27988806 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Anticholinergic medications largely exert their effects due to actions on the muscarinic receptor, which mediates the functions of acetylcholine in the peripheral and central nervous systems. In the central nervous system, acetylcholine plays an important role in the modulation of movement. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of over-the-counter medications with varying degrees of central anticholinergic properties on fixation stability, saccadic response time and the dynamics associated with this eye movement during a temporally-cued visual reaction time task, in order to establish the significance of central cholinergic pathways in influencing eye movements during reaction time tasks. METHODS Twenty-two participants were recruited into the placebo-controlled, human double-blind, four-way crossover investigation. Eye tracking technology recorded eye movements while participants reacted to visual stimuli following temporally informative and uninformative cues. The task was performed pre-ingestion as well as 0.5 and 2 h post-ingestion of promethazine hydrochloride (strong centrally acting anticholinergic), hyoscine hydrobromide (moderate centrally acting anticholinergic), hyoscine butylbromide (anticholinergic devoid of central properties) and a placebo. RESULTS Promethazine decreased fixation stability during the reaction time task. In addition, promethazine was the only drug to increase saccadic response time during temporally informative and uninformative cued trials, whereby effects on response time were more pronounced following temporally informative cues. Promethazine also decreased saccadic amplitude and increased saccadic duration during the temporally-cued reaction time task. CONCLUSION Collectively, the results of the study highlight the significant role that central cholinergic pathways play in the control of eye movements during tasks that involve stimulus identification and motor responses following temporal cues.
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Naicker P, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Grant GD, Kavanagh JJ. Anticholinergic activity in the nervous system: Consequences for visuomotor function. Physiol Behav 2016; 170:6-11. [PMID: 27965143 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine is present in the peripheral and central nervous system, where it is involved in a number of fundamental physiological and biochemical processes. In particular, interaction with muscarinic receptors can cause adverse effects such as dry mouth, drowsiness, mydriasis and cognitive dysfunction. Despite the knowledge that exists regarding these common side-effects, little is known about how anticholinergic medications influence central motor processes and fine motor control in healthy individuals. This paper reviews critical visuomotor processes that operate in healthy individuals, and how controlling these motor processes are influenced by medications that interfere with central cholinergic neurotransmission. An overview of receptor function and neurotransmitter interaction following the ingestion or administration of anticholinergics is provided, before exploring how visuomotor performance is affected by anticholinergic medications. In particular, this review will focus on the effects that anticholinergic medications have on fixation stability, saccadic eye movements, smooth pursuit eye movements, and general pupil dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preshanta Naicker
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gary D Grant
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin J Kavanagh
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
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