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Owen R, Wakefield CJ, Roberts JW. Online corrections can occur within movement imagery: An investigation of the motor-cognitive model. Hum Mov Sci 2024; 95:103222. [PMID: 38696913 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2024.103222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The motor-cognitive model proposes that movement imagery additionally requires conscious monitoring owing to an absence of veridical online sensory feedback. Therefore, it is predicted that there would be a comparatively limited ability for individuals to update or correct movement imagery as they could within execution. To investigate, participants executed and imagined target-directed aiming movements featuring either an unexpected target perturbation (Exp. 1) or removal of visual sensory feedback (Exp. 2). The results of both experiments indicated that the time-course of executed and imagined movements was equally influenced by each of these online visual manipulations. Thus, contrary to some of the tenets of the motor-cognitive model, movement imagery holds the capacity to interpolate online corrections despite the absence of veridical sensory feedback. The further theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Owen
- Liverpool Hope University, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Hope Park, Liverpool L16 9JD, UK
| | - Caroline J Wakefield
- Liverpool Hope University, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Hope Park, Liverpool L16 9JD, UK
| | - James W Roberts
- Liverpool John Moores University, Research Institute of Sport & Exercise Sciences (RISES), Brain & Behaviour Research Group, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 5AF, UK.
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2
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Ansado J, Eynard B, Mirofle N, Mennetrey C, Banchereau J, Sablon M, Lokietek E, Le Vourc'h F, Tissot J, Wrobel J, Martel C, Granon S, Suarez S. Adult norms for the decision-making MindPulse Digital Test. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38354094 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2024.2307413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
We present adult normalized data for MindPulse (MP), a new tool evaluating attentional and executive functioning (AEF) in decision-making. We recruited 722 neurotypical participants (18-80 years), with 149 retested. The MP test includes three tasks: Simple Reaction Time (SRT), Go/No-go, and complex Go/No-go, involving perceptual components, motor responses, and measurements of reaction time (RT) and correctness. We compare responses, evaluating 14 cognitive indices (including new composite indices to describe AEF: Executive Speed and Reaction to Difficulty). We adjust for age/sex effects, introduce a difficulty scale, and consider standard deviations, aberrant times, and Spearman Correlation for speed-accuracy balance. Wilcoxon unpaired rank test is used to assess sex effects, and linear regression is employed to assess the age linear dependency model on the normalized database. The study demonstrated age and sex effects on RTs, in all three subtests, and the ability to correct it for individual results. The test showed excellent validity (Cronbach Alpha for the three subtasks is 92, 87, 95%) and high internal consistency (p < 0.001 for each subtask significantly faster than the more complex subtask) of the MP across the wide age range. Results showed correlation within the three RT parts of the test (p < .001 for each) and the independence of SRT, RD, and ES indices. The Retest effect was lower than intersubject variance, showing consistency over time. This study highlights the MP test's strong validity on a homogeneous, large adult sample. It emphasizes assessing AEF and Reaction to Difficulty dynamically with high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bertrand Eynard
- It's Brain SAS, Orsay, France
- IPHT/DRF/CEA Institut de Physique Théorique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- CRM Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nastasia Mirofle
- Institut des Neurosciences de Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Eline Lokietek
- Centre SSR Marguerite Boucicaut, Chalon sur Saône, France
| | | | | | | | - Claire Martel
- Centre de Santé Universitaire, St Martin d'Hères, France
| | - Sylvie Granon
- Institut des Neurosciences de Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
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3
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Pilcher JJ, Grandits JB, Wilkes MJ, Lindsey MM. Time-of-day effects on speed and accuracy performance during simulated shiftwork. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:1529-1545. [PMID: 37982195 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2283572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Performance on tasks involving speed and accuracy fluctuate throughout the 24-h day negatively affecting shift workers and organizations. Two simulated work shifts common in occupational settings were used to assess performance on a vigilance and math task. In study 1, 33 sleep-deprived participants completed a nightshift. In study 2, 32 partially sleep-deprived participants completed a dayshift. These studies found that performance differed between the type of task and the type of simulated shift where performance during the nightshift was worse than during the dayshift. In addition, collapsing speed and accuracy on the math task into inverse efficiency scores provided a unique measure that captured the impact of circadian rhythms during shiftwork. The current study also indicated that participants adopted cognitive strategies including speed-accuracy tradeoff and regulatory foci regarding work motivation (prevention focus and promotion focus) when completing the tasks depending on time-of-day, type of shift, circadian rhythms, and amount of sleep deprivation. This suggests that researchers and organizations should consider cognitive strategies in addition to the physiological components of sleep deprivation and circadian rhythms when investigating and documenting the impact of time-of-day due to different types of shiftwork conditions on performance and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- June J Pilcher
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Margaret J Wilkes
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Monica M Lindsey
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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Kho SK, Keeble DRT, Wong HK, Estudillo AJ. Investigating the role of the fusiform face area and occipital face area using multifocal transcranial direct current stimulation. Neuropsychologia 2023; 189:108663. [PMID: 37611740 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The functional role of the occipital face area (OFA) and the fusiform face area (FFA) in face recognition is inconclusive to date. While some research has shown that the OFA and FFA are involved in early (i.e., featural processing) and late (i.e., holistic processing) stages of face recognition respectively, other research suggests that both regions are involved in both early and late stages of face recognition. Thus, the current study aims to further examine the role of the OFA and the FFA using multifocal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). In Experiment 1, we used computer-generated faces. Thirty-five participants completed whole face and facial features (i.e., eyes, nose, mouth) recognition tasks after OFA and FFA stimulation in a within-subject design. No difference was found in recognition performance after either OFA or FFA stimulation. In Experiment 2 with 60 participants, we used real faces, provided stimulation following a between-subjects design and included a sham control group. Results showed that FFA stimulation led to enhanced efficiency of facial features recognition. Additionally, no effect of OFA stimulation was found for either facial feature or whole face recognition. These results suggest the involvement of FFA in the recognition of facial features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Kei Kho
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, UK; School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Malaysia.
| | | | - Hoo Keat Wong
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Malaysia
| | - Alejandro J Estudillo
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, UK; School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Malaysia.
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5
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Ashton JS, Roberts JW, Wakefield CJ, MacLaren DPM, Marwood S, Malone JJ. Medium chain triglycerides with a C8:C10 ratio of 30:70 enhances cognitive performance and mitigates the cognitive decline associated with prolonged exercise in young and healthy adults. Physiol Behav 2023; 269:114284. [PMID: 37394051 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prolonged exercise has been linked to a decline in cognitive function due to a variety of factors, such as a drop in oxygen in the prefrontal cortex and an increase in stress hormones and neurotransmitters. Medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) may possibly offset this decline as they provide energy for the brain via both direct and indirect pathways, alongside promoting chronic physiological adaptations within the brain. METHODS Participants were divided into two groups; MCT (n = 9) and Placebo (n = 10). The MCT gels contained 6 g of MCT with a C8:C10 ratio of 30:70, whereas the placebo gels contained carbohydrates of similar calorific value to the MCT gels. Participants visited the laboratory on three occasions (familiarisation/fitness test, pre-supplementation, post-supplementation), during which they performed a battery of cognitive tasks assessing domains such as processing speed, working memory, selective attention, decision making and coordination, before and after a prolonged bout of exercise (60 mins at 90% gas exchange threshold (GET). A 2-week supplementation period between visits 2 and 3 involved the ingestion of 2 gels per day. RESULTS Exercise resulted in detriments in most cognitive tasks pre-supplementation for both groups, and post-supplementation for the Placebo group (main effect ps< 0.05). Post-supplementation, the effect of exercise was mediated in the MCT group for all cognitive tasks (main effect ps< 0.05), except for the Digit and Spatial Span Backwards test phases (main effect ps> 0.05). Furthermore, MCT supplementation enhanced before-exercise cognitive performance and in some measures, such as working memory, this was maintained after-exercise (interaction effect ps> 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Chronic MCT supplementation enhanced before-exercise cognitive performance and offset the cognitive decline caused by a prolonged bout of exercise. In some cases, improvements in before-exercise cognitive performance were maintained after-exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake S Ashton
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - James W Roberts
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Don P M MacLaren
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon Marwood
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
| | - James J Malone
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
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Truong C, Ruffino C, Gaveau J, White O, Hilt PM, Papaxanthis C. Time of day and sleep effects on motor acquisition and consolidation. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2023; 8:30. [PMID: 37658041 PMCID: PMC10474136 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-023-00176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of the time-of-day and sleep on skill acquisition (i.e., skill improvement immediately after a training-session) and consolidation (i.e., skill retention after a time interval including sleep). Three groups were trained at 10 a.m. (G10am), 3 p.m. (G3pm), or 8 p.m. (G8pm) on a finger-tapping task. We recorded the skill (i.e., the ratio between movement duration and accuracy) before and immediately after the training to evaluate acquisition, and after 24 h to measure consolidation. We did not observe any difference in acquisition according to the time of the day. Interestingly, we found a performance improvement 24 h after the evening training (G8pm), while the morning (G10am) and the afternoon (G3pm) groups deteriorated and stabilized their performance, respectively. Furthermore, two control experiments (G8awake and G8sleep) supported the idea that a night of sleep contributes to the skill consolidation of the evening group. These results show a consolidation when the training is carried out in the evening, close to sleep, and forgetting when the training is carried out in the morning, away from sleep. This finding may have an important impact on the planning of training programs in sports, clinical, or experimental domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Truong
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Célia Ruffino
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
- EA4660, C3S Laboratory, C3S Culture Sport Health Society, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UPFR Sports, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Jérémie Gaveau
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Olivier White
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Pauline M Hilt
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Charalambos Papaxanthis
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
- Pôle Recherche et Santé Publique, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, F-21000, Dijon, France
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7
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Hatchi V, Guillot A, Robin N. Revisiting Motor Imagery Guidelines in a Tropical Climate: The Time-of-Day Effect. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20105855. [PMID: 37239581 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Motor imagery (MI) is relevantly used to improve motor performance and promote rehabilitation. As MI ability and vividness can be affected by circadian modulation, it has been proposed that MI should ideally be performed between 2 p.m. and 8 p.m. Whether such a recommendation remains effective in a hot and humid environment, such as a tropical climate, remains unknown. (2) Methods: A total of 35 acclimatized participants completed a MI questionnaire and a mental chronometry test at 7 a.m., 11 a.m., 2 p.m., and 6 p.m. Visual (VI) and kinesthetic imagery (KI) abilities, as well as temporal congruence between actual walking and MI, were collected. Ambient temperature, chronotypes, thermal comfort, affect, and fatigue were also measured. (3) Results: VI scores were higher at 6 p.m. than at 7 a.m., 11 a.m., and 2 p.m., and temporal congruence was higher at 6 p.m. than at 7 a.m. Comfort, thermal sensation, and positive affect scores were higher at 7 a.m. and 6 p.m. (4) Conclusion: Data support greater imagery ability and accuracy when participants perceive the environment as more pleasant and comfortable. MI guidelines typically provided in neutral climates should therefore be adapted to tropical climates, with MI training sessions ideally scheduled in the late afternoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Hatchi
- Laboratory "Adaptation au Climat Tropical, Exercice & Santé" (UPRES EA 3596), Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Pointe-à-Pitre, Campus Fouillole, Université des Antilles, BP 592, CEDEX, 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Aymeric Guillot
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology-EA 7424, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicolas Robin
- Laboratory "Adaptation au Climat Tropical, Exercice & Santé" (UPRES EA 3596), Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Pointe-à-Pitre, Campus Fouillole, Université des Antilles, BP 592, CEDEX, 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
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8
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Temporiti F, Calcagno A, Coelli S, Marino G, Gatti R, Bianchi AM, Galli M. Early sleep after action observation and motor imagery training boosts improvements in manual dexterity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2609. [PMID: 36788349 PMCID: PMC9929332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29820-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The systematic observation and imagination of actions promotes acquisition of motor skills. Furthermore, studies demonstrated that early sleep after practice enhances motor learning through an offline stabilization process. Here, we investigated behavioral effects and neurodynamical correlates of early sleep after action observation and motor imagery training (AO + MI-training) on motor learning in terms of manual dexterity. Forty-five healthy participants were randomized into three groups receiving a 3 week intervention consisting of AO + MI-training immediately before sleeping or AO + MI-training at least 12 h before sleeping or a control stimulation. AO + MI-training implied the observation and motor imagery of transitive manual dexterity tasks, whereas the control stimulation consisted of landscape video-clips observation. Manual dexterity was assessed using functional tests, kinematic and neurophysiological outcomes before and after the training and at 1-month follow-up. AO + MI-training improved manual dexterity, but subjects performing AO + MI-training followed by early sleep had significantly larger improvements than those undergoing the same training at least 12 h before sleeping. Behavioral findings were supported by neurodynamical correlates during motor performance and additional sleep-dependent benefits were also detected at 1 month follow-up. These findings introduce a new approach to enhance the acquisition of new motor skills or facilitate recovery in patients with motor impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Temporiti
- Physiotherapy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Electronic, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico Di Milano, Via Ponzio 34, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Calcagno
- Department of Electronic, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico Di Milano, Via Ponzio 34, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Coelli
- Department of Electronic, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico Di Milano, Via Ponzio 34, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Marino
- Physiotherapy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Gatti
- Physiotherapy Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bianchi
- Department of Electronic, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico Di Milano, Via Ponzio 34, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Galli
- Department of Electronic, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico Di Milano, Via Ponzio 34, Milan, Italy
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9
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Zhou J, Zhong S, Wu W. Hierarchical Motion Learning for Goal-Oriented Movements With Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff of a Musculoskeletal System. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CYBERNETICS 2022; 52:11453-11466. [PMID: 34520384 DOI: 10.1109/tcyb.2021.3109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Generating various goal-oriented movements via the flexible muscle model of the musculoskeletal system as fast and accurately as possible is a pressing problem, which is also the basis of most human adaptive behaviors, such as reaching, catching, interception, and pointing. This article focuses on the adaptive motion generation of fast goal-oriented motion on the musculoskeletal system by implementing the speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) in a hierarchical motion learning framework. First, we introduce Fitts' Law into the modified basal ganglia circuit-inspired iterative decision-making model for achieving dynamic and adaptive decision making. Then, as a time constraint, the decision is decomposed into a series of supervised terms by the proposed striatal FSI-SPN interneuron circuit-inspired velocity modulator to implement the tradeoff smoothly on the musculoskeletal system. Finally, an improved policy gradient algorithm is suggested to generate the muscle excitations of the modulated motion via the proposed muscle co-contraction policy, which promotes general cooperation between flexor and extensor muscles. In experiments, a redundant musculoskeletal arm model is trained to perform the adaptive quick pointing movements. By combining the muscle co-contraction policy with SAT, our algorithm shows the most efficient training and the best performance in the adaptive motion generation among the other three popular reinforcement learning algorithms on the musculoskeletal model.
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10
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Truong C, Hilt PM, Bouguila F, Bove M, Lebon F, Papaxanthis C, Ruffino C. Time-of-day effects on skill acquisition and consolidation after physical and mental practices. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5933. [PMID: 35396365 PMCID: PMC8993858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-of-day influences both physical and mental performances. Its impact on motor learning is, however, not well established yet. Here, using a finger tapping-task, we investigated the time-of-day effect on skill acquisition (i.e., immediately after a physical or mental practice session) and consolidation (i.e., 24 h later). Two groups (one physical and one mental) were trained in the morning (10 a.m.) and two others (one physical and one mental) in the afternoon (3 p.m.). We found an enhancement of motor skill following both types of practice, whatever the time of the day, with a better acquisition for the physical than the mental group. Interestingly, there was a better consolidation for both groups when the training session was scheduled in the afternoon. Overall, our results indicate that the time-of-day positively influences motor skill consolidation and thus must be considered to optimize training protocols in sport and clinical domains to potentiate motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Truong
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Pauline M Hilt
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Fatma Bouguila
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Marco Bove
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Genoa, Italy
| | - Florent Lebon
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Charalambos Papaxanthis
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000, Dijon, France
- Pôle Recherche et Santé Publique, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Célia Ruffino
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, 21000, Dijon, France
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11
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Lubczyk T, Lukács G, Ansorge U. Speed versus accuracy instructions in the response time concealed information test. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2022; 7:3. [PMID: 35006396 PMCID: PMC8748592 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-021-00352-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The response time concealed information test (RT-CIT) can reveal that a person recognizes a relevant item (probe) among other, irrelevant items, based on slower responding to the probe compared to the irrelevant items. Thereby, if this person is concealing knowledge about the relevance of this item (e.g., recognizing it as a murder weapon), this deception can be unveiled. In the present paper, we examined the impact of a speed versus accuracy instruction: Examinees (N = 235) were either presented with instructions emphasizing a focus on speed, with instructions emphasizing a focus on accuracy, or with no particular speed or accuracy instructions at all. We found that although participants responded to the probe and the irrelevants marginally faster when they had received instructions emphasizing speed, there was no significant difference between RTs of the different experimental groups and crucially no significant difference between the probe-irrelevant RT differences either. This means that such instructions are unlikely to benefit the RT-CIT, but it also suggests that related deliberate manipulation (focusing on speed on or accuracy) is unlikely to decrease the efficiency of the RT-CIT-contributing further evidence to the RT-CIT's resistance to faking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Lubczyk
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gáspár Lukács
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Philosophy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychology, Aoyama Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ulrich Ansorge
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Cognitive Science Hub, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform Mediatized Lifeworlds, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Roberts JW, Elliott D, Burkitt JJ. Optimization in Manual Aiming: Relating Inherent Variability and Target Size, and Its Influence on Tendency. J Mot Behav 2021; 54:503-514. [PMID: 34906031 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2021.2016574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
For manual aiming, the optimized submovement model predicts a tendency toward target-center of primary movement endpoints (probabilistic strategy), while the minimization model predicts target undershooting ("play-it-safe" strategy). The spatial variability of primary movement endpoints directed toward a cross-hair (400-500 ms) (Session 1) were scaled by a multiplicative factor (x1 - 4) to form circular targets of different sizes (Session 2). In recognition of both models, it was predicted that the more that inherent variability exceeded the target size, the greater the tendency to shift from target-center aiming to target undershooting. The central tendency of primary movement endpoints was not influenced by the targets, while it neared target-center. These findings concur with a probabilistic strategy, although we speculate on factors that might otherwise foster a "play-it-safe" strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Roberts
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Psychology, Action and Learning of Movement (PALM) Laboratory, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Digby Elliott
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James J Burkitt
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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13
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Suarez S, Eynard B, Granon S. A Dissociation of Attention, Executive Function and Reaction to Difficulty: Development of the MindPulse Test, a Novel Digital Neuropsychological Test for Precise Quantification of Perceptual-Motor Decision-Making Processes. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:650219. [PMID: 34349614 PMCID: PMC8326915 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.650219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, neuropsychological testing has assessed processing speed and precision, closely related to the ability to perform high-order cognitive tasks. An individual making a decision under time pressure must constantly rebalance its speed to action in order to account for possible errors. A deficit in processing speed appears to be afrequent disorder caused by cerebral damage — but it can be hard to pinpoint the exact cause of the slowdown. It is therefore important to separate the perceptual-motor component of processing speed from the decision-time component. We present a technique to isolate Reaction Times (RTs): a short digital test to assess the decision-making abilities of individuals by gauging their ability to balance between speed and precision. Our hypothesis is that some subjects willaccelerate, and others slow down in the face of the difficulty. This pilot study, conducted on 83 neurotypical adult volunteers, used images stimuli. The test was designed to measure RTs and correctness. After learning release gesture, the subjects were presented with three tasks: a simple Reaction Time task, a Go/No-Go, and a complex Go/No-Go with 2 simultaneous Choices. All three tasks have in common a perceptual component and a motor response. By measuring the 3 reference points requiring attentional and executive processing, while progressively increasing the conceptual complexity of the task, we were able to compare the processing times for different tasks — thus calculating the deceleration specific to the reaction time linked to difficulty. We defined the difficulty coefficient of a task as being the ratio of the group average time of this task minus the base time/average time of the unit task minus the base time. We found that RTs can be broken down into three elementary, uncorrelated components: Reaction Time, Executive Speed, and Reaction to Difficulty (RD). We hypothesized that RD reflects how the subject reacts to difficulty by accelerating (RD < 0) or decelerating (RD > 0). Thus we provide here a first proof of concept: the ability to measure four axes of the speed-precision trade-off inherent in a subject’s fundamental decision making: perceptual-motor speed, executive speed, subject accuracy, and reaction to difficulty.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bertrand Eynard
- IHES, Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, Bures-sur-Yvette, France.,IPHT/DRF/CEA Institut de Physique Théorique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sylvie Granon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Jacquet T, Poulin-Charronnat B, Bard P, Lepers R. Persistence of Mental Fatigue on Motor Control. Front Psychol 2021; 11:588253. [PMID: 33488457 PMCID: PMC7820710 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.588253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of mental fatigue on both cognitive and physical performance are well described in the literature, but the recovery aspects of mental fatigue have been less investigated. The present study aimed to fill this gap by examining the persistence of mental fatigue on behavior and electrophysiological mechanisms. Fifteen participants performed an arm-pointing task consisting of reaching a target as fast as possible, before carrying out a 32-min cognitively demanding task [Time Load Dual Back (TLDB) task], and immediately, 10 and 20 min after completion of the TLDB task. During the experiment, electroencephalography was continuously recorded. The significant increase in mental fatigue feeling after the TLDB task was followed by a decrease during the 20 min of recovery without returning to premeasurement values. Brain oscillations recorded at rest during the recovery period showed an increase in both theta and alpha power over time, suggesting a persistence of mental fatigue. Arm-pointing movement duration increased gradually over time during the recovery period, indicating that behavioral performance remained impaired 20 min after the end of the cognitively demanding task. To conclude, subjective measurements indicated a partial recovery of mental fatigue following a cognitively demanding task, whereas electrophysiological and behavioral markers suggested that the effects of mental fatigue persisted for at least 20 min. While the subjective evaluation of mental fatigue is a very practical way to attest the presence of mental fatigue, electrophysiological and behavioral measures seem more relevant to evaluate the time course of mental fatigue effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jacquet
- LEAD - CNRS UMR5022, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Patrick Bard
- LEAD - CNRS UMR5022, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR 1093 CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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Roberts JW, Wood G, Wakefield CJ. Examining the equivalence between imagery and execution within the spatial domain - Does motor imagery account for signal-dependent noise? Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:2983-2992. [PMID: 33084933 PMCID: PMC7644523 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05939-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Motor imagery is suggested to be functionally equivalent to physical execution as they each utilise a common neural representation. The present study examined whether motor imagery correspondingly reflects the spatial characteristics of physically executed movements, including the signal-dependent noise that typically manifests in more variable end locations (as indicated by effective target width; We). Participants executed or imagined a single, upper-limb target-directed aim in the horizontal medio-lateral direction. The start and end of the imagined movements were indexed by the lifting and lowering of the limb over the home position, respectively. Following each imagined movement, participants had to additionally estimate their imagined end location relative to the target. All the movements had to be completed at a pre-specified criterion time (400 ms, 600 ms, 800 ms). The results indicated that the We increased following a decrease in movement time for execution, but not imagery. Moreover, the total error of imagined movements was greater than the actual error of executed movements. While motor imagery may comprise a neural representation that also contributes to the execution of movements, it is unable to closely reflect the random sources of variability. This limitation of motor imagery may be attributed to the comparatively limited efferent motor signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Roberts
- Psychology, Action and Learning of Movement (PALM) Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Hope Park, Liverpool, L16 9JD, UK. .,Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Tom Reilly Building, Liverpool, L3 5AF, UK.
| | - Greg Wood
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Caroline J Wakefield
- Psychology, Action and Learning of Movement (PALM) Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Hope Park, Liverpool, L16 9JD, UK
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Guillot A, Debarnot U. Benefits of Motor Imagery for Human Space Flight: A Brief Review of Current Knowledge and Future Applications. Front Physiol 2019; 10:396. [PMID: 31031635 PMCID: PMC6470189 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) is arguably one of the most remarkable capacities of the human mind. There is now strong experimental evidence that MI contributes to substantial improvements in motor learning and performance. The therapeutic benefits of MI in promoting motor recovery among patients with motor impairments have also been reported. Despite promising theoretical and experimental findings, the utility of MI in adapting to unusual conditions, such as weightlessness during space flight, has received far less attention. In this review, we consider how, why, where, and when MI might be used by astronauts, and further evaluate the optimum MI content. Practically, we suggest that MI might be performed before, during, and after exposure to microgravity, respectively, to prepare for the rapid changes in gravitational forces after launch and to reduce the adverse effects of weightlessness exposition. Moreover, MI has potential role in facilitating re-adaptation when returning to Earth after long exposure to microgravity. Suggestions for further research include a focus on the multi-sensory aspects of MI, the requirement to use temporal characteristics as a measurement tool, and to account for the knowledge-base or metacognitive processes underlying optimal MI implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Guillot
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology-EA 7424, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Ursula Debarnot
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology-EA 7424, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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Task specificity and the timing of discrete aiming movements. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 64:240-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ghisletta P, Joly-Burra E, Aichele S, Lindenberger U, Schmiedek F. Age Differences in Day-To-Day Speed-Accuracy Tradeoffs: Results from the COGITO Study. MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH 2018; 53:842-852. [PMID: 29683724 DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2018.1463194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We examined adult age differences in day-to-day adjustments in speed-accuracy tradeoffs (SAT) on a figural comparison task. Data came from the COGITO study, with over 100 younger and 100 older adults, assessed for over 100 days. Participants were given explicit feedback about their completion time and accuracy each day after task completion. We applied a multivariate vector auto-regressive model of order 1 to the daily mean reaction time (RT) and daily accuracy scores together, within each age group. We expected that participants adjusted their SAT if the two cross-regressive parameters from RT (or accuracy) on day t-1 of accuracy (or RT) on day t were sizable and negative. We found that: (a) the temporal dependencies of both accuracy and RT were quite strong in both age groups; (b) younger adults showed an effect of their accuracy on day t-1 on their RT on day t, a pattern that was in accordance with adjustments of their SAT; (c) older adults did not appear to adjust their SAT; (d) these effects were partly associated with reliable individual differences within each age group. We discuss possible explanations for older adults' reluctance to recalibrate speed and accuracy on a day-to-day basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ghisletta
- a Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences , University of Geneva
- b Universities of Lausanne and of Geneva
| | - Emilie Joly-Burra
- a Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences , University of Geneva
| | | | - Ulman Lindenberger
- c Center for Lifespan Psychology , Max Planck Institute for Human Development
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