1
|
Frank C, Albertazzi A, Murphy C. The effect of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele and olfactory function on odor identification networks. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3524. [PMID: 38702902 PMCID: PMC11069025 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The combination of apolipoprotein E ε4 (ApoE ε4) status, odor identification, and odor familiarity predicts conversion to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS To further understand olfactory disturbances and AD risk, ApoE ε4 carrier (mean age 76.38 ± 5.21) and ε4 non-carrier (mean age 76.8 ± 3.35) adults were given odor familiarity and identification tests and performed an odor identification task during fMRI scanning. Five task-related functional networks were detected using independent components analysis. Main and interaction effects of mean odor familiarity ratings, odor identification scores, and ε4 status on network activation and task-modulation of network functional connectivity (FC) during correct and incorrect odor identification (hits and misses), controlling for age and sex, were explored using multiple linear regression. RESULTS Findings suggested that sensory-olfactory network activation was positively associated with odor identification scores in ε4 carriers with intact odor familiarity. The FC of sensory-olfactory, multisensory-semantic integration, and occipitoparietal networks was altered in ε4 carriers with poorer odor familiarity and identification. In ε4 carriers with poorer familiarity, connectivity between superior frontal areas and the sensory-olfactory network was negatively associated with odor identification scores. CONCLUSIONS The results contribute to the clarification of the neurocognitive structure of odor identification processing and suggest that poorer odor familiarity and identification in ε4 carriers may signal multi-network dysfunction. Odor familiarity and identification assessment in ε4 carriers may contribute to the predictive value of risk for MCI and AD due to the breakdown of sensory-cognitive network integration. Additional research on olfactory processing in those at risk for AD is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conner Frank
- SDSU/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical PsychologySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Abigail Albertazzi
- Department of PsychologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Claire Murphy
- Department of PsychologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Borghei A, Kelly R, Pearce JJ, Stoub TR, Sani S. Structural Connectivity of the Human Piriform Cortex: an Exploratory Study. Neurosurgery 2024; 94:856-863. [PMID: 37955443 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The piriform cortex (PC) is part of the primary olfactory network in humans. Recent findings suggest that it plays a role in pathophysiology of epilepsy. Therefore, studying its connectivity can further our understanding of seizure propagation in epilepsy. We aimed to explore the structural connectivity of PC using high-quality human connectome project data coupled with segmentation of PC on anatomic MRI. METHODS Twenty subjects were randomly selected from the human connectome project database, and PC was traced on each hemisphere. Probabilistic whole-brain tractography was then used to visualize PC connectivity. RESULTS The strongest connectivity was noted between PC and ipsilateral insula in both hemispheres. Specifically, the posterior long gyrus of each insula was predominantly connected to PC. This was followed by connections between PC and basal ganglia as well as orbital frontal cortices. CONCLUSION The PC has the strongest connectivity with the insula bilaterally. Specifically, the posterior long gyri of insula have the strongest connectivity. This finding may provide additional insight for localizing and treating temporo-insular epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Borghei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Ryan Kelly
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - John J Pearce
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Travis R Stoub
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Sepehr Sani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago , Illinois , USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Georgiopoulos C, Buechner MA, Falkenburger B, Engström M, Hummel T, Haehner A. Differential connectivity of the posterior piriform cortex in Parkinson's disease and postviral olfactory dysfunction: an fMRI study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6256. [PMID: 38491209 PMCID: PMC10943068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56996-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is a common feature of both postviral upper respiratory tract infections (PV) and idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). Our aim was to investigate potential differences in the connectivity of the posterior piriform cortex, a major component of the olfactory cortex, between PV and PD patients. Fifteen healthy controls (median age 66 years, 9 men), 15 PV (median age 63 years, 7 men) and 14 PD patients (median age 70 years, 9 men) were examined with task-based olfactory fMRI, including two odors: peach and fish. fMRI data were analyzed with the co-activation pattern (CAP) toolbox, which allows a dynamic temporal assessment of posterior piriform cortex (PPC) connectivity. CAP analysis revealed 2 distinct brain networks interacting with the PPC. The first network included regions related to emotion recognition and attention, such as the anterior cingulate and the middle frontal gyri. The occurrences of this network were significantly fewer in PD patients compared to healthy controls (p = 0.023), with no significant differences among PV patients and the other groups. The second network revealed a dissociation between the olfactory cortex (piriform and entorhinal cortices), the anterior cingulate gyrus and the middle frontal gyri. This second network was significantly more active during the latter part of the stimulation, across all groups, possibly due to habituation. Our study shows how the PPC interacts with areas that regulate higher order processing and how this network is substantially affected in PD. Our findings also suggest that olfactory habituation is independent of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Georgiopoulos
- Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Medical Faculty, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology and Odontology, Skånes Universitetssjukhus, Entrégatan 7, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
| | | | | | - Maria Engström
- Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gu Y, Zhang J, Zhao X, Nie W, Xu X, Liu M, Zhang X. Olfactory dysfunction and its related molecular mechanisms in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:583-590. [PMID: 37721288 PMCID: PMC10581567 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.380875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in olfactory function are considered to be early biomarkers of Parkinson's disease. Olfactory dysfunction is one of the earliest non-motor features of Parkinson's disease, appearing in about 90% of patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease, and can often predate the diagnosis by years. Therefore, olfactory dysfunction should be considered a reliable marker of the disease. However, the mechanisms responsible for olfactory dysfunction are currently unknown. In this article, we clearly explain the pathology and medical definition of olfactory function as a biomarker for early-stage Parkinson's disease. On the basis of the findings of clinical olfactory function tests and animal model experiments as well as neurotransmitter expression levels, we further characterize the relationship between olfactory dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction in the pathology of early-stage Parkinson's disease. The findings highlighted in this review suggest that olfactory dysfunction is an important biomarker for preclinical-stage Parkinson's disease. Therefore, therapeutic drugs targeting non-motor symptoms such as olfactory dysfunction in the early stage of Parkinson's disease may prevent or delay dopaminergic neurodegeneration and reduce motor symptoms, highlighting the potential of identifying effective targets for treating Parkinson's disease by inhibiting the deterioration of olfactory dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Gu
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiaying Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinru Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenyuan Nie
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaole Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingxuan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu D, Lu J, Wei L, Yao M, Yang H, Lv P, Wang H, Zhu Y, Zhu Z, Zhang X, Chen J, Yang QX, Zhang B. Olfactory deficit: a potential functional marker across the Alzheimer's disease continuum. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1309482. [PMID: 38435057 PMCID: PMC10907997 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1309482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent form of dementia that affects an estimated 32 million individuals globally. Identifying early indicators is vital for screening at-risk populations and implementing timely interventions. At present, there is an urgent need for early and sensitive biomarkers to screen individuals at risk of AD. Among all sensory biomarkers, olfaction is currently one of the most promising indicators for AD. Olfactory dysfunction signifies a decline in the ability to detect, identify, or remember odors. Within the spectrum of AD, impairment in olfactory identification precedes detectable cognitive impairments, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and even the stage of subjective cognitive decline (SCD), by several years. Olfactory impairment is closely linked to the clinical symptoms and neuropathological biomarkers of AD, accompanied by significant structural and functional abnormalities in the brain. Olfactory behavior examination can subjectively evaluate the abilities of olfactory identification, threshold, and discrimination. Olfactory functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can provide a relatively objective assessment of olfactory capabilities, with the potential to become a promising tool for exploring the neural mechanisms of olfactory damage in AD. Here, we provide a timely review of recent literature on the characteristics, neuropathology, and examination of olfactory dysfunction in the AD continuum. We focus on the early changes in olfactory indicators detected by behavioral and fMRI assessments and discuss the potential of these techniques in MCI and preclinical AD. Despite the challenges and limitations of existing research, olfactory dysfunction has demonstrated its value in assessing neurodegenerative diseases and may serve as an early indicator of AD in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Liu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangpeng Wei
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Yao
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiquan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pin Lv
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoyao Wang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajing Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengyang Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiu Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing X. Yang
- Department of Radiology, Center for NMR Research, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brand G, Bontempi C, Jacquot L. Impact of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on olfaction in Parkinson's disease: Clinical features and functional hypotheses. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:947-954. [PMID: 37301657 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical therapy typically applied in Parkinson's disease (PD). The efficacity of DBS on the control of motor symptoms in PD is well grounded while the efficacity on non-motor symptoms is more controversial, especially on olfactory disorders (ODs). The present review shows that DBS does not improve hyposmia but can affect positively identification/discrimination scores in PD. The functional hypotheses suggest complex mechanisms in terms of cerebral connectivity and neurogenesis process which could act indirectly on the olfactory bulb and olfactory pathways related to specific cognitive olfactory tasks. The functional hypotheses also suggest complex mechanisms of cholinergic neurotransmitter interactions involved in these pathways. Finally, the impact of DBS on general cognitive functions in PD could also be beneficial to identification/discrimination tasks in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Brand
- Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France.
| | - C Bontempi
- Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
| | - L Jacquot
- Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pini L, Salvalaggio A, Wennberg AM, Dimakou A, Matteoli M, Corbetta M. The pollutome-connectome axis: a putative mechanism to explain pollution effects on neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 86:101867. [PMID: 36720351 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The study of pollutant effects is extremely important to address the epochal challenges we are facing, where world populations are increasingly moving from rural to urban centers, revolutionizing our world into an urban world. These transformations will exacerbate pollution, thus highlighting the necessity to unravel its effect on human health. Epidemiological studies have reported that pollution increases the risk of neurological diseases, with growing evidence on the risk of neurodegenerative disorders. Air pollution and water pollutants are the main chemicals driving this risk. These chemicals can promote inflammation, acting in synergy with genotype vulnerability. However, the biological underpinnings of this association are unknown. In this review, we focus on the link between pollution and brain network connectivity at the macro-scale level. We provide an updated overview of epidemiological findings and studies investigating brain network changes associated with pollution exposure, and discuss the mechanistic insights of pollution-induced brain changes through neural networks. We explain, in detail, the pollutome-connectome axis that might provide the functional substrate for pollution-induced processes leading to cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. We describe this model within the framework of two pollutants, air pollution, a widely recognized threat, and polyfluoroalkyl substances, a large class of synthetic chemicals which are currently emerging as new neurotoxic source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pini
- Department of Neuroscience and Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padova, Italy.
| | | | - Alexandra M Wennberg
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anastasia Dimakou
- Department of Neuroscience and Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Neuro Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milano, Italy; CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Corbetta
- Department of Neuroscience and Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang F, Tan J, Huang Y, Xiao R, Wang X, Han Y. Altered Language-Related Effective Connectivity in Patients with Benign Childhood Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020590. [PMID: 36836947 PMCID: PMC9960797 DOI: 10.3390/life13020590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) is one of the most common childhood epilepsy syndromes and may be associated with language deficits. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected from a total of 78 children: 52 patients with BECTS (28 drug-naïve and 24 medicated) and 26 healthy controls (HC). Granger causality analysis (GCA) was used to investigate alterations in effective connectivity (EC) between the language network core node (Broca's area) and the whole brain. EC from Broca's area to the left Heschl's gyrus (HG), right putamen, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was significantly increased, while EC from the bilateral putamen and left ACC to Broca's area was significantly decreased in BECTS. Moreover, altered EC of Broca's area to the right putamen was significantly positively correlated with verbal IQ (VIQ), while altered EC of Broca's area to the ACC showed significantly negative correlations with the frequency of seizures. Altered EC from the left putamen to Broca's area was also significantly negatively correlated with performance IQ (PIQ) and full-scale IQ (FSIQ) in the drug-naïve group. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between the EC of Broca's area to the left HG and the number of seizures, as well as between the EC of Broca's area to the right putamen and the age at onset in the medicated group. These findings suggest abnormal causal effects on the language network related to Broca's area in children with BECTS. Longitudinal investigation of language network development and further follow-up may be needed to illuminate the changes in organization and rebalancing over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, China
| | - Juan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637503, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637503, China
| | - Ruhui Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637503, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637503, China
| | - Yanbing Han
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Eek T, Lundin F, Larsson M, Hamilton P, Georgiopoulos C. Neural suppression in odor recognition memory. Chem Senses 2023; 48:7008795. [PMID: 36715106 PMCID: PMC9940621 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the neural basis of lower- and higher-order olfactory functions such as odor memory, compared with other sensory systems. The aim of this study was to explore neural networks and correlates associated with 3 functions: passive smelling (PS), odor encoding (OE), and in particular odor recognition memory (ORM). Twenty-six healthy participants were examined using functional magnetic resonance imaging conducted across 3 sessions, one for each function. Independent component analysis revealed a difference between sessions where a distinct ORM component incorporating hippocampus and posterior cingulate showed delayed triggering dissociated from odor stimulation and recognition. By contrasting Hit for ORM (target odors correctly recognized as old) and a combination of PS and detected odors from OE, we found significantly lower activations in amygdala, piriform cortex, insula, thalamus, and the inferior parietal lobule. Region of interest analysis including anterior insula, posterior cingulate gyrus, dentate gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, amygdala, and piriform cortex demonstrated that Hit were associated with lower activations compared with other memory responses. In summary, our findings suggest that successful recognition of familiar odors (odor familiarity) is associated with neural suppression in the abovementioned regions of interest. Additionally, network including the hippocampus and posterior cingulate is engaged in a postrecognition process. This process may be related to incidental encoding of less familiar and more novel odors (odor novelty) and should be subject for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Eek
- Corresponding author: Department of Neurology, Linköping University Hospital, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Fredrik Lundin
- Department of Neurology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria Larsson
- Gösta Ekman Laboratories, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Hamilton
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Charalampos Georgiopoulos
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Radiology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Medical Faculty, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dhinesh Kumar M, Karthikeyan M, Sharma N, Raju V, Vatsalarani J, Kalivendi SV, Karunakaran C. Molecular imprinting synthetic receptor based sensor for determination of Parkinson's disease biomarker DJ-1. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
11
|
Fan W, Li H, Li H, Li Y, Wang J, Jia X, Yang Q. Association between Functional Connectivity of Entorhinal Cortex and Olfactory Performance in Parkinson’s Disease. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12080963. [PMID: 35892404 PMCID: PMC9331656 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12080963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the association between the functional connectivity (FC) of the olfactory cortex and olfactory performance in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Eighty-two early PD patients and twenty-one healthy controls underwent structural and resting-state functional MRI scans, as well as neuropsychological assessments from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative database. A whole brain voxel-wise regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the FC of the entorhinal cortex (EC-FC) and olfactory performance. Then, a one-way ANCOVA, based on the regions of interest, was performed with SPSS to investigate the group differences and correlation analysis that were used to analyze the relationships between the FC and neuropsychological assessments. In addition, regression models were used to evaluate the risk factors for the decreased olfactory function. A significantly negative correlation was observed between the olfactory performance and the left EC-FC in the right dorsal cingulate gyrus (dCC) in patients. The PD patients with anosmia exhibited significantly higher FC values than the PD patients with normal olfaction or the PD patients with mild to moderate microsomia. Except for the olfactory performance, no significant correlation was detected between the neuropsychological assessments and the FC values. A linear regression analysis revealed that the increased FC and Geriatric Depression Scale are independently associated with lower the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test scores. The current findings enhanced the understanding of olfactory dysfunction-related pathophysiological mechanisms in early PD and suggested that the left EC-FC in the right dCC may be a potential neuroimaging biomarker for olfactory performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Fan
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing 100095, China;
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; (H.L.); (H.L.); (X.J.)
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; (H.L.); (H.L.); (X.J.)
| | - Haoyuan Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; (H.L.); (H.L.); (X.J.)
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Clinical Lab, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China;
| | - Xiuqin Jia
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; (H.L.); (H.L.); (X.J.)
- Key Lab of Medical Engineering for Cardiovascular Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; (H.L.); (H.L.); (X.J.)
- Key Lab of Medical Engineering for Cardiovascular Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100020, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Farruggia MC, Pellegrino R, Scheinost D. Functional Connectivity of the Chemosenses: A Review. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:865929. [PMID: 35813269 PMCID: PMC9257046 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.865929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional connectivity approaches have long been used in cognitive neuroscience to establish pathways of communication between and among brain regions. However, the use of these analyses to better understand how the brain processes chemosensory information remains nascent. In this review, we conduct a literature search of all functional connectivity papers of olfaction, gustation, and chemesthesis, with 103 articles discovered in total. These publications largely use approaches of seed-based functional connectivity and psychophysiological interactions, as well as effective connectivity approaches such as Granger Causality, Dynamic Causal Modeling, and Structural Equation Modeling. Regardless of modality, studies largely focus on elucidating neural correlates of stimulus qualities such as identity, pleasantness, and intensity, with task-based paradigms most frequently implemented. We call for further "model free" or data-driven approaches in predictive modeling to craft brain-behavior relationships that are free from a priori hypotheses and not solely based on potentially irreproducible literature. Moreover, we note a relative dearth of resting-state literature, which could be used to better understand chemosensory networks with less influence from motion artifacts induced via gustatory or olfactory paradigms. Finally, we note a lack of genomics data, which could clarify individual and heritable differences in chemosensory perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Farruggia
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States,*Correspondence: Michael C. Farruggia,
| | | | - Dustin Scheinost
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States,Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT, United States,Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang Y, Wei H, Du S, Yan H, Li X, Wu Y, Zhu J, Wang Y, Cai Z, Wang N. Functional Covariance Connectivity of Gray and White Matter in Olfactory-Related Brain Regions in Parkinson’s Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:853061. [PMID: 35310108 PMCID: PMC8930839 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.853061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Before the onset of motor symptoms, Parkinson’s disease (PD) involves dysfunction of the anterior olfactory nucleus and olfactory bulb, causing olfactory disturbance, commonly resulting in hyposmia in the early stages of PD. Accumulating evidence has shown that blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals in white matter are altered by olfactory disorders and related stimuli, and the signal changes in brain white matter pathways show a certain degree of specificity, which can reflect changes of early olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. In this study, we apply the functional covariance connectivity (FCC) method to decode FCC of gray and white matter in olfactory-related brain regions in Parkinson’s disease. Our results show that the dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior entorhinal cortex and fronto-orbital cortices in the gray matter have abnormal connectivity with the posterior corona radiata and superior corona radiata in white matter in patients with Parkinson’s hyposmia. The functional covariance connection strength (FCS) of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and white matter, and the covariance connection strength of the left superior corona radiata and gray matter function have potential diagnostic value. These results demonstrate that alterations in FCC of gray and white matter in olfactory-related brain regions can reflect the change of olfactory function in the early stages of Parkinson’s disease, indicating that it could be a potential neuroimaging marker for early diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shouyun Du
- Department of Neurology, Guanyun People’s Hospital, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hongjie Yan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yijie Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianbing Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zenglin Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zenglin Cai,
| | - Nizhuan Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Nizhuan Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alonso CCG, Silva FG, Costa LOP, Freitas SMSF. Smell tests can discriminate Parkinson's disease patients from healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 211:107024. [PMID: 34823156 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory impairment is common in Parkinson's disease (PD). The authors aimed to identify the clinical tests used to assess olfactory function and examine their ability to distinguish PD with different disease duration from healthy individuals with physiological aging. METHODS Cross-sectional studies published until May 2020 that assessed the olfaction of individuals with PD using search terms related to PD, olfactory function, and assessment were searched on PubMed, PsycInfo, Cinahl, and Web of Science databases. RESULTS Twelve smell tests were identified from the reviewed studies (n = 125) that assessed 8776 individuals with PD. Data of 6593 individuals with PD and 8731 healthy individuals were included in the meta-analyses. Individuals with PD presented worse performance than healthy individuals, regardless of the smell test used. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) was used by most studies (n = 2310 individuals with PD) and presented smaller heterogeneity. When the studies were subclassified according to the years of PD duration, there were no significant differences. CONCLUSION All smell tests were able to discriminate the olfactory function of PD from that of healthy individuals, although the UPSIT was widely used. The abnormal olfaction was not related to the disease duration. Systematic review protocol registration (PROSPERO/2020-CRD42020160878).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cintia C G Alonso
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G Silva
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo O P Costa
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra M S F Freitas
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jiramongkolchai P, Jones MS, Peterson A, Lee JJ, Liebendorfer A, Klatt-Cromwell CN, Schneider JS, Drescher AJ, Ogden MA, Brunworth JD, Kallogjeri D, Kukuljan S, Peelle JE, Piccirillo JF. Association of Olfactory Training With Neural Connectivity in Adults With Postviral Olfactory Dysfunction. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 147:502-509. [PMID: 33734298 PMCID: PMC7974830 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2021.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Importance Viral upper respiratory tract infections are a major cause of olfactory loss. Olfactory training (OT) is a promising intervention for smell restoration; however, a mechanistic understanding of the changes in neural plasticity induced by OT is absent. Objective To evaluate functional brain connectivity in adults with postviral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD) before and after OT using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study, conducted from September 1, 2017, to November 30, 2019, recruited adults with clinically diagnosed or self-reported PVOD of 3 months or longer. Baseline olfaction was measured using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and the Sniffin' Sticks test. Analysis was performed between December 1, 2020, and July 1, 2020. Interventions Participants completed 12 weeks of OT using 4 essential oils: rose, eucalyptus, lemon, and clove. The resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging measurements were obtained before and after intervention. Main Outcome and Measures The primary outcome measure was the change in functional brain connectivity before and after OT. Secondary outcome measures included changes in UPSIT and Sniffin' Sticks test scores, as well as patient-reported changes in treatment response as measured by subjective changes in smell and quality-of-life measures. Results A total of 16 participants with PVOD (11 female [69%] and 14 White [88%]; mean [SD] age, 60.0 [10.5] years; median duration of smell loss, 12 months [range, 3-240 months]) and 20 control participants (15 [75%] female; 17 [85%] White; mean [SD] age, 55.0 [9.2] years; median UPSIT score, 37 [range, 34-39]) completed the study. At baseline, participants had increased connectivity within the visual cortex when compared with normosmic control participants, a connection that subsequently decreased after OT. Furthermore, 4 other network connectivity values were observed to change after OT, including an increase in connectivity between the left parietal occipital junction, a region of interest associated with olfactory processing, and the cerebellum. Conclusions and Relevance The use of OT is associated with connectivity changes within the visual cortex. This case-control cohort study suggests that there is a visual connection to smell that has not been previously explored with OT and that further studies examining the efficacy of a bimodal visual and OT program are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawina Jiramongkolchai
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael S. Jones
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrew Peterson
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jake J. Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Adam Liebendorfer
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Cristine N. Klatt-Cromwell
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - John S. Schneider
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrew J. Drescher
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - M. Allison Ogden
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Joseph D. Brunworth
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, St Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Dorina Kallogjeri
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Statistics Editor, JAMA Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery
| | - Sara Kukuljan
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jonathan E. Peelle
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jay F. Piccirillo
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Editor, JAMA Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang S, Zhang Y, Lei J, Guo S. Investigation of sensorimotor dysfunction in Parkinson disease by resting-state fMRI. Neurosci Lett 2020; 742:135512. [PMID: 33221477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Functional MRI has played a fundamental role in Parkinson's disease(PD) study. In this paper, we performed an independent component analysis (ICA) based on functional networks to reveal the intricate variations on the morphology and functional properties of brain. Our analysis aims at discovering the differences between PD patients with sensorimotor function impairment and normal controls(NC), thus helping to understand the coordination neurological function degeneration in PD objectively. METHOD We investigated the blood oxygen level dependent(BOLD) functional MRI obtained at a 3.0 T MRI scanner. 30 PD patients and 28 NC subjects underwent the scan in resting state. The signals of sensory and motor coordinative control areas in the sensorimotor, insula and cerebellum networks acquired by ICA(Independent Component Analysis)were applied to analyze the functional alterations. Specifically, intra-network analysis was performed with signals in local networks, and inter-network analysis was conducted by functional network connectivity (FNC) with signals across different networks. Two sample T test was carried out to detect the significant (p < 0.05, FDR p < 0.05) functional abnormality in PD patients. CONCLUSION We identified an obvious increase in bilateral posterior insula, but decrease in bilateral cerebellum hemisphere, supplementary motor area(SMA) and precentral gyrus paracentral lobule of left postcentral gyrus. Besides, we found a significantly increased connection between independent component (IC) 13 which was located in right postcentral gyrus and cerebellum. Decreased connections were detected between sensory and motor cortex in sensorimotor network and between cerebellum and insula network by FNC analysis in PD patients as well. DISCUSSION Parkinson's disease derives from the degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra, and results in decreased secretion of inhibitory neurotransmitter. The significant differences between PD and NC groups in our research maybe explain the clinical manifestations of prominent bradykinesia and multiple extrapyramidal symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiwen Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China; Intelligent Imaging Medical Engineering Research Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China; Accurate Image Collaborative Innovation International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China; Intelligent Imaging Medical Engineering Research Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China; Accurate Image Collaborative Innovation International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Junqiang Lei
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China; Intelligent Imaging Medical Engineering Research Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China; Accurate Image Collaborative Innovation International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Shunlin Guo
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China; Intelligent Imaging Medical Engineering Research Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China; Accurate Image Collaborative Innovation International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Influence of three different anesthesia protocols on aged rat brain: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 134:344-352. [PMID: 33074843 PMCID: PMC7846452 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) is a promising method for the study of brain function. Typically, rs-fMRI is performed on anesthetized animals. Although different functional connectivity (FC) in various anesthetics on whole brain have been studied, few studies have focused on different FC in the aged brain. Here, we measured FC under three commonly used anesthesia methods and analyzed data to determine if the FC in whole brain analysis were similar among groups. Methods Twenty-four male aged Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8 in each group). Anesthesia was performed under either isoflurane (ISO), combined ISO + dexmedetomidine (DEX) or α-chloralose (AC) according to the groups. Data of rs-fMRI was analyzed by FC in a voxel-wise way. Differences in the FC maps between the groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and post hoc two-sample t tests. Results Compared with ISO + DEX anesthesia, ISO anesthesia caused increased FC in posterior brain and decreased FC in the middle brain of the aged rat. AC anesthesia caused global suppression as no increase in FC was observed. Conclusion ISO could be used as a substitute for ISO + DEX in rat default mode network studies if the left temporal association cortex is not considered important.
Collapse
|
18
|
Chase BA, Markopoulou K. Olfactory Dysfunction in Familial and Sporadic Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:447. [PMID: 32547477 PMCID: PMC7273509 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This minireview discusses our current understanding of the olfactory dysfunction that is frequently observed in sporadic and familial forms of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonian syndromes. We review the salient characteristics of olfactory dysfunction in these conditions, discussing its prevalence and characteristics, how neuronal processes and circuits are altered in Parkinson's disease, and what is assessed by clinically used measures of olfactory function. We highlight how studies of monogenic Parkinson's disease and investigations in ethnically diverse populations have contributed to understanding the mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction. Furthermore, we discuss how imaging and system-level approaches have been used to understand the pathogenesis of olfactory dysfunction. We discuss the challenging, remaining gaps in understanding the basis of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegeneration. We propose that insights could be obtained by following longitudinal cohorts with familial forms of Parkinson's disease using a combination of approaches: a multifaceted longitudinal assessment of olfactory function during disease progression is essential to identify not only how dysfunction arises, but also to address its relationship to motor and non-motor Parkinson's disease symptoms. An assessment of cohorts having monogenic forms of Parkinson's disease, available within the Genetic Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease (GEoPD), as well as other international consortia, will have heuristic value in addressing the complexity of olfactory dysfunction in the context of the neurodegenerative process. This will inform our understanding of Parkinson's disease as a multisystem disorder and facilitate the more effective use of olfactory dysfunction assessment in identifying prodromal Parkinson's disease and understanding disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Chase
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Katerina Markopoulou
- Department of Neurology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rudas J, Martínez D, Castellanos G, Demertzi A, Martial C, Carriére M, Aubinet C, Soddu A, Laureys S, Gómez F. Time-Delay Latency of Resting-State Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent Signal Related to the Level of Consciousness in Patients with Severe Consciousness Impairment. Brain Connect 2020; 10:83-94. [DOI: 10.1089/brain.2019.0716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rudas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Darwin Martínez
- Department of Computer Science, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Computer Science, Universidad Central de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gabriel Castellanos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Athena Demertzi
- Physiology of Cognition Research Lab, GIGA-Consciousness, GIGA Institute, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Martial
- Coma Science Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Manon Carriére
- Coma Science Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Charlène Aubinet
- Coma Science Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Andrea Soddu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario
| | - Steven Laureys
- Coma Science Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Francisco Gómez
- Department of Mathematics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|