1
|
Zeng W, Cai J, Zhang L, Peng Q. Iron Deposition in Parkinson's Disease: A Mini-Review. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:26. [PMID: 38393383 PMCID: PMC10891198 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Iron deposition is crucial pathological changes observed in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, scientists have actively explored therapeutic approaches targeting iron deposition in PD. However, several clinical studies have failed to yield consistent results. In this review, we provide an overview of iron deposition in PD, from both basic research and clinical perspectives. PD patients exhibit abnormalities in various iron metabolism-related proteins, leading to disruptions in iron distribution, transport, storage, and circulation, ultimately resulting in iron deposition. Excess iron can induce oxidative stress and iron-related cell death, and exacerbate mitochondrial dysfunction, contributing to the progression of PD pathology. Magnetic resonance imaging studies have indicated that the characteristics of iron deposition in the brains of PD patients vary. Iron deposition correlates with the clinical symptoms of PD, and patients with different disease courses and clinical presentations display distinct patterns of iron deposition. These iron deposition patterns may contribute to PD diagnosis. Iron deposition is a promising target for PD treatment. However, further research is required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and their impacts on PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Jin Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Zhangzhou, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qiwei Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hayashi M, Ueda M, Hayashi K, Kawahara E, Azuma SI, Suzuki A, Nakaya Y, Asano R, Sato M, Miura T, Hayashi H, Hayashi K, Kobayashi Y. Case report: Clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion: an autopsy case. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1322302. [PMID: 38239318 PMCID: PMC10794512 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1322302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion is a clinicoradiological syndrome characterized by transient neuropsychiatric symptoms and hyperintensity of the splenium of the corpus callosum on diffusion-weighted MRI. Although intramyelinic edema and inflammatory cell infiltration can be predicted by MRI, the pathology of the splenium of the corpus callosum remains unknown. We encountered a case of clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion and hypoglycemia in a patient who died of sepsis, and an autopsy was performed. The postmortem pathological findings included intramyelinic edema, myelin pallor, loss of fibrous astrocytes, microglial reactions, and minimal lymphocytic infiltration in the parenchyma. Based on these findings, transient demyelination following cytotoxic edema in the splenium of corpus callosum was strongly considered a pathogenesis of "clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion" associated with hypoglycemia, and it could be generalized for the disease associated with the other causes. As cytotoxic edema could be the central pathology of the disease, the recently proposed term cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum may be applicable to this syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maho Hayashi
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Fukui General Hospital, Egami-cho, Fukui, Japan
| | - Midori Ueda
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fukui General Hospital, Egami-cho, Fukui, Japan
| | - Koji Hayashi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fukui General Hospital, Egami-cho, Fukui, Japan
| | - Ei Kawahara
- Department of Pathology, Fukui General Hospital, Egami-cho, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Azuma
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Fukui General Hospital, Egami-cho, Fukui, Japan
| | - Asuka Suzuki
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fukui General Hospital, Egami-cho, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yuka Nakaya
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fukui General Hospital, Egami-cho, Fukui, Japan
| | - Rei Asano
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fukui General Hospital, Egami-cho, Fukui, Japan
| | - Mamiko Sato
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fukui General Hospital, Egami-cho, Fukui, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Miura
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fukui General Hospital, Egami-cho, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hayashi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fukui General Hospital, Egami-cho, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kouji Hayashi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Science, Fukui Health Science University, Egami-cho, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kobayashi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Science, Fukui Health Science University, Egami-cho, Fukui, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Malani SN, Acharya S, Shukla S. Current and Future Developments in Imaging and Treatment of White Matter Disease: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e51030. [PMID: 38264375 PMCID: PMC10804206 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The elderly often suffer from "mild" dementia due to white matter disease, which is another name for repeated brain infarctions. The degeneration of white matter, which links various parts of the brain to the spinal cord, is the root cause of this disorder, which develops with age. Dementia, imbalance, and movement problems are symptoms of this degenerative disease that worsen with age. This research's goal is to study current therapy options and identify methods for early diagnosis of white matter illness. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement for meta-analyses and systematic reviews served as the basis for our literature review. Results from the search in ScienceDirect and Medline/Pubmed led to the finalization of 33 studies. The complex relationship between white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and neurological disorders is the subject of this comprehensive review, which sheds light on the varied terrain of WMH studies by highlighting their consequences and developing evaluation techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar N Malani
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to Be University), Wardha, IND
| | - Sourya Acharya
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to Be University), Wardha, IND
| | - Samarth Shukla
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to Be University), Wardha, IND
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang K, Wu Z, Long J, Li W, Wang X, Hu N, Zhao X, Sun T. White matter changes in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:150. [PMID: 37907554 PMCID: PMC10618166 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the formation of Lewy bodies (LBs). Although PD is primarily considered a gray matter (GM) disease, alterations in white matter (WM) have gained increasing attention in PD research recently. Here we review evidence collected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques which indicate WM abnormalities in PD, and discuss the correlations between WM changes and specific PD symptoms. Then we summarize transcriptome and genome studies showing the changes of oligodendrocyte (OLs)/myelin in PD. We conclude that WM abnormalities caused by the changes of myelin/OLs might be important for PD pathology, which could be potential targets for PD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengqi Wu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Long
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxin Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Hu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cao Q, Han X, Tang D, Qian H, Yan K, Shi X, Li Y, Zhang J. Diagnostic value of combined magnetic resonance imaging techniques in the evaluation of Parkinson disease. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2023; 13:6503-6516. [PMID: 37869346 PMCID: PMC10585559 DOI: 10.21037/qims-23-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Background The incidence of Parkinson disease (PD) has been increasing each year. The development of new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology can help understand its pathogenesis and identify more effective imaging-based biological indicators. Methods The clinical and MRI imaging data of 40 patients with PD and 40 healthy controls were analyzed. All participants underwent susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (NM-MRI), and T2*mapping sequence examination. The diagnostic value of single and combined multiparameter indicators was analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results Compared with the healthy control group, the PD group showed significant differences in the disappearance of bilateral "swallow tail sign", the distribution volume of melanocytes in the substantia nigra and the smaller volume in the bilateral substantia nigra, the maximum signal of the locus coeruleus and the smaller and average volume in the bilateral substantia nigra, and the values of T2* and R2* in the bilateral substantia nigra (P<0.01). The maximum and smaller value and the average value of the bilateral locus coeruleus signal were negatively correlated with the disease course duration (P<0.05), and the smaller distribution volume of the melanin neurons in the bilateral substantia nigra was negatively correlated with Hoehn and Yahr (H-Y) grade (P<0.05). In the joint diagnosis with multiple indicators, some composite parameters were found to be negatively correlated with H-Y grading (P<0.05), while others were negatively correlated with disease course duration (P<0.05). Joint use of multiple parameter indicators greatly improved diagnostic efficacy [area under the curve (AUC) =0.958]. Conclusions The distribution volume of melanin in substantia nigra and the maximum value of locus coeruleus signal may be the biological imaging indicators for the early diagnosis, severity, and follow-up evaluation of PD. Compared with a single indicator, composite indicators used in combination with multiple techniques have a significantly better diagnostic efficacy for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cao
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou Xinhai Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Han
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongping Tang
- Department of Science and Education, Guangzhou Xinhai Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Qian
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Xinhai Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Yan
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Xinhai Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, China
| | - Yaowei Li
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou Xinhai Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangong Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kano Y, Uchida Y, Kan H, Sakurai K, Kobayashi S, Seko K, Mizutani K, Usami T, Takada K, Matsukawa N. Assessing white matter microstructural changes in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus using voxel-based R2* relaxometry analysis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1251230. [PMID: 37731849 PMCID: PMC10507687 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1251230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background R2* relaxometry and quantitative susceptibility mapping can be combined to distinguish between microstructural changes and iron deposition in white matter. Here, we aimed to explore microstructural changes in the white matter associated with clinical presentations such as cognitive impairment in patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) using R2* relaxometry analysis in combination with quantitative susceptibility mapping. Methods We evaluated 16 patients clinically diagnosed with possible or probable iNPH and 18 matched healthy controls (HC) who were chosen based on similarity in age and sex. R2* and quantitative susceptibility mapping were compared using voxel-wise and atlas-based one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Finally, partial correlation analyses were performed to assess the relationship between R2* and clinical presentations. Results R2* was lower in some white matter regions, including the bilateral superior longitudinal fascicle and sagittal stratum, in the iNPH group compared to the HC group. The voxel-based quantitative susceptibility mapping results did not differ between the groups. The atlas-based group comparisons yielded negative mean susceptibility values in almost all brain regions, indicating no clear paramagnetic iron deposition in the white matter of any subject. R2* and cognitive performance scores between the left superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and right sagittal stratum (SS) were positively correlated. In addition to that, R2* and gait disturbance scores between left SS were negatively correlated. Conclusion Our analysis highlights the microstructural changes without iron deposition in the SLF and SS, and their association with cognitive impairment and gait disturbance in patients with iNPH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Kano
- Department of Neurology, Toyokawa City Hospital, Toyokawa, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuto Uchida
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
- The Russell H. Morgan, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hirohito Kan
- Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keita Sakurai
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Ōbu, Japan
| | - Susumu Kobayashi
- Department of Radiology, Toyokawa City Hospital, Toyokawa, Japan
| | - Kento Seko
- Department of Neurology, Toyokawa City Hospital, Toyokawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Mizutani
- Department of Neurology, Toyokawa City Hospital, Toyokawa, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Usami
- Department of Neurology, Toyokawa City Hospital, Toyokawa, Japan
| | - Koji Takada
- Department of Neurology, Toyokawa City Hospital, Toyokawa, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsukawa
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cao Q, Huang J, Tang D, Qian H, Yan K, Shi X, Li Y, Zhang J. Application value of multiparametric MRI for evaluating iron deposition in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease. Front Neurol 2023; 13:1096966. [PMID: 36686531 PMCID: PMC9846143 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1096966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the application value of multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of iron deposition in the substantia nigra dense zone in Parkinson's disease (PD) and to evaluate the diagnostic value of the correlation among multi-parametric imaging indicators, clinical stage, and disease duration. Materials and methods Thirty-six patients with clinically confirmed PD and 36 healthy controls were enrolled. The disease course was recorded, and PD severity was graded using the Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y) scale. All subjects underwent magnetic sensitivity weighted imaging (SWI), neuromelanin magnetic resonance imaging (NM-MRI), and a T2*mapping sequence. Based on the fusion of the NM-MRI and SWI amplitude maps, phase maps, and T2*MAPPING value maps, NM-MRI was used to delineate the dense zone of the substantia nigra, which was divided into three sub-regions: upper, middle, and lower. In this way, the amplitude, phase, and R2* values of each sub-region and the average value of the sum of the three sub-regions were obtained simultaneously in the SWI amplitude, phase, and T2*MAPPING maps. The multi-parameter imaging indices were compared between the two groups, and the correlation between them and clinical indices was evaluated in the PD group. Results The upper (amplitude, phase value, R2* value), middle, and lower (amplitude) right substantia nigra compact zones were significantly different between the PD and control groups. The upper (phase value, R2* value) and middle (amplitude) areas of the left substantia nigra compact zone were also significantly different between the two groups (all P < 0.05). The mean values (amplitude, phase value, R2* value) of the right substantia nigra densification zone and the mean values (phase value) of the left substantia nigra densification zone were also significantly different (all P < 0.05). Amplitudes in the middle and lower parts of the right substantia nigra dense zone were negatively correlated with the H-Y grade (middle: r = -0.475, P = 0.003; lower: r = -0.331, P = 0.049). Amplitudes of the middle and lower parts of the dense zone of the left substantia nigra were negatively correlated with the H-Y grade (middle: r = -0.342, P = 0.041; lower: r = -0.399, P = 0.016). The average amplitude of the right substantia nigra compact zone was negatively correlated with the H-Y grade (r = -0.367, P = 0.027). The average R2* value of the compact zone of the left substantia nigra was positively correlated with the H-Y grade (r = 0.345, P = 0.040). Conclusion Multiparametric MRI sequence examination has application value in the evaluation of iron deposition in the dense zone of the substantia nigra in PD. Combined with NM-MRI, fusion analysis is beneficial for accurately locating the substantia nigra compact zone and quantitatively analyzing the iron deposition in different sub-regions. Quantitative iron deposition in the middle and lower parts of the substantia nigra dense zone may become an imaging biological indicator for early diagnosis, severity evaluation, and follow-up evaluation of PD and is thus conducive for clinical diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cao
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou Xinhai Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinjin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The PLA 74th Group Army Hospital of Chinese, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongping Tang
- Department of Science and Education Department, Guangzhou Xinhai Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Qian
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Xinhai Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Yan
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Xinhai Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xun Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaowei Li
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou Xinhai Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Yaowei Li ✉
| | - Jiangong Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China,Jiangong Zhang ✉
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Uchida Y, Kan H, Sakurai K, Oishi K, Matsukawa N. Quantitative susceptibility mapping as an imaging biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease: The expectations and limitations. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:938092. [PMID: 35992906 PMCID: PMC9389285 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.938092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and a distressing diagnosis for individuals and caregivers. Researchers and clinical trials have mainly focused on β-amyloid plaques, which are hypothesized to be one of the most important factors for neurodegeneration in AD. Meanwhile, recent clinicopathological and radiological studies have shown closer associations of tau pathology rather than β-amyloid pathology with the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s symptoms. Toward a biological definition of biomarker-based research framework for AD, the 2018 National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer’s Association working group has updated the ATN classification system for stratifying disease status in accordance with relevant pathological biomarker profiles, such as cerebral β-amyloid deposition, hyperphosphorylated tau, and neurodegeneration. In addition, altered iron metabolism has been considered to interact with abnormal proteins related to AD pathology thorough generating oxidative stress, as some prior histochemical and histopathological studies supported this iron-mediated pathomechanism. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) has recently become more popular as a non-invasive magnetic resonance technique to quantify local tissue susceptibility with high spatial resolution, which is sensitive to the presence of iron. The association of cerebral susceptibility values with other pathological biomarkers for AD has been investigated using various QSM techniques; however, direct evidence of these associations remains elusive. In this review, we first briefly describe the principles of QSM. Second, we focus on a large variety of QSM applications, ranging from common applications, such as cerebral iron deposition, to more recent applications, such as the assessment of impaired myelination, quantification of venous oxygen saturation, and measurement of blood– brain barrier function in clinical settings for AD. Third, we mention the relationships among QSM, established biomarkers, and cognitive performance in AD. Finally, we discuss the role of QSM as an imaging biomarker as well as the expectations and limitations of clinically useful diagnostic and therapeutic implications for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Uchida
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Yuto Uchida,
| | - Hirohito Kan
- Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keita Sakurai
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Ōbu, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oishi
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Noriyuki Matsukawa
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
- Noriyuki Matsukawa,
| |
Collapse
|