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Epelle EI, Macfarlane A, Cusack M, Burns A, Okolie JA, Mackay W, Rateb M, Yaseen M. Ozone application in different industries: A review of recent developments. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2023; 454:140188. [PMID: 36373160 PMCID: PMC9637394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.140188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ozone - a powerful antimicrobial agent, has been extensively applied for decontamination purposes in several industries (including food, water treatment, pharmaceuticals, textiles, healthcare, and the medical sectors). The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to recent developments in the deployment of different ozone-based technologies for the decontamination of surfaces, materials and indoor environments. The pandemic has also highlighted the therapeutic potential of ozone for the treatment of COVID-19 patients, with astonishing results observed. The key objective of this review is to summarize recent advances in the utilisation of ozone for decontamination applications in the above-listed industries while emphasising the impact of key parameters affecting microbial reduction efficiency and ozone stability for prolonged action. We realise that aqueous ozonation has received higher research attention, compared to the gaseous application of ozone. This can be attributed to the fact that water treatment represents one of its earliest applications. Furthermore, the application of gaseous ozone for personal protective equipment (PPE) and medical device disinfection has not received a significant number of contributions compared to other applications. This presents a challenge for which the correct application of ozonation can mitigate. In this review, a critical discussion of these challenges is presented, as well as key knowledge gaps and open research problems/opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel I Epelle
- School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, United Kingdom
- ACS Clothing, 6 Dovecote Road Central Point Logistics Park ML1 4GP, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Macfarlane
- ACS Clothing, 6 Dovecote Road Central Point Logistics Park ML1 4GP, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Cusack
- ACS Clothing, 6 Dovecote Road Central Point Logistics Park ML1 4GP, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Burns
- ACS Clothing, 6 Dovecote Road Central Point Logistics Park ML1 4GP, United Kingdom
| | - Jude A Okolie
- Gallogly College of Engineering, University of Oklahoma, USA
| | - William Mackay
- School of Health & Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, United Kingdom
| | - Mostafa Rateb
- School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Yaseen
- School of Computing, Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, United Kingdom
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Dehghani S, SeyedAlinaghi S, Karimi A, Afroughi F, Abshenas S, Azad K, Tantuoyir MM, Mohammadi P, Ghavam SM, Mojdeganlou H, Dadras O, Nazarian N, Vahedi F, Barzegary A, Mehraeen E. Evaluating the effects of air disinfectants in decontamination of COVID-19 aerosols. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1042. [PMID: 36644313 PMCID: PMC9831143 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Airborne transmission is the most crucial mode of COVID-19 transmission. Therefore, disinfecting the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) aerosols float can have important implications in limiting COVID-19 transmission. Herein, we aimed to review the studies that utilized various disinfectants to decontaminate and inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 aerosols. Methods This study was a review that studied related articles published between December 1, 2019 and August 23, 2022. We searched the online databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, on August 23, 2021. The studies were downloaded into the EndNote software, duplicates were removed, and then the studies were screened based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The screening process involved two steps; first, the studies were screened based on their title and abstract and then their full texts. The included studies were used for the qualitative analysis. Results From 664 retrieved records, only 31 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final qualitative analysis. Various materials like Ozone, H2O2, alcohol, and TiO2 and methods like heating and using Ultraviolet were described in these studies to disinfect places contaminated by COVID-19. It appeared that the efficacy of these disinfectants varies considerably depending on the situation, time, and ultimately their mode of application. Conclusion Following reliable protocols in combination with the proper selection of disinfectant agents for each purpose would serve to achieve desired elimination of the SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Dehghani
- School of medicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran,Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk BehaviorsTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk BehaviorsTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Amirali Karimi
- School of medicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Fatemeh Afroughi
- Pars HospitalIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran,School of medicineIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Shayan Abshenas
- School of medicineKashan University of Medical SciencesKashanIran
| | - Kimia Azad
- School of medicineIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Marcarious M. Tantuoyir
- School of medicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran,Biomedical Engineering UnitUniversity of Ghana Medical Center (UGMC)AccraGhana
| | - Parsa Mohammadi
- School of medicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Ghavam
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk BehaviorsTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Hengameh Mojdeganlou
- Department of PathologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Omid Dadras
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk BehaviorsTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran,Department of Global Public Health and Primary CareUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Farzin Vahedi
- School of medicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Esmaeil Mehraeen
- Department of Health Information TechnologyKhalkhal University of Medical SciencesKhalkhalIran
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Jafari-Oori M, Vahedian-azimi A, Ghorbanzadeh K, Sepahvand E, Dehi M, Ebadi A, Izadi M. Efficacy of ozone adjuvant therapy in COVID-19 patients: A meta-analysis study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1037749. [PMID: 36438064 PMCID: PMC9685165 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1037749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Using ozone therapy to manage COVID-19 patients has been accompanied by conflicting results in prior studies. Therefore, we aimed to widely assess the effects of ozone as adjuvant therapy in COVID-19 patients. Methods PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, ProQuest, Springer, and Sage journals were searched systematically until April 2022. Mortality rate, ICU admission, hospital-length stay, negative PCR, pulmonary, renal, and hepatic functions, as well as inflammatory and blood systems were pooled to compare the efficacy of ozone as adjacent therapy (OZ) and standard treatment (ST). Analyses were run with the random/fixed models, sub-group analysis, funnel plot, and sensitivity analysis using comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) software version 2.0. Results The results of four randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and four case-control studies with a total of 371 COVID-19 positive patients were analyzed. The OZ group patients had a shorter length of hospital stay (P > 0.05), lower ICU admissions (P > 0.05), and lower mortality rates (P < 0.05) than the ST group cases. After treatment, 41% more COVID-19 patients had negative PCR tests than the ST group (P < 0.05). Serum creatinine and urea levels were not modified in either group (P > 0.05). Moreover, except for albumin serum levels, which decreased significantly in the OZ group, serum bilirubin, ALT, and AST were not modified in either group (P > 0.05). Both arms did not show a decrease in C-reactive protein blood levels (P > 0.05), but the OZ group showed a significant modification in LDH serum levels (P < 0.05). Unlike the d-dimer and WBC serum levels (P > 0.05), platelet levels were increased in the OZ group (P < 0.05). No negative side effects were demonstrated in either group. Conclusion Ozone therapy was effective significantly on PCR test and LDH serum levels, as well as mortality based on overall estimation. Concerning the length of hospital stay and ICU admissions, although the results were insignificant, their effect sizes were notable clinically. More RCT studies are needed to show the efficacy of ozone therapy on other studied variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Jafari-Oori
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Faculty of Nursing, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Vahedian-azimi
- Trauma Research Center, Nursing Faculty, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kobra Ghorbanzadeh
- Department of Nursing, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | - Elham Sepahvand
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Poledokhtar School of Nursing, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran
| | - Manijeh Dehi
- Department of Nursing, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Abbas Ebadi
- Faculty of Nursing, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mortaza Izadi
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Cimolai N. Disinfection and decontamination in the context of SARS-CoV-2-specific data. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4654-4668. [PMID: 35758523 PMCID: PMC9350315 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Given the high transmissibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as witnessed early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, concerns arose with the existing methods for virus disinfection and decontamination. The need for SARS-CoV-2-specific data stimulated considerable research in this regard. Overall, SARS-CoV-2 is practically and equally susceptible to approaches for disinfection and decontamination that have been previously found for other human or animal coronaviruses. The latter have included techniques utilizing temperature modulation, pH extremes, irradiation, and chemical treatments. These physicochemical methods are a necessary adjunct to other prevention strategies, given the environmental and patient surface ubiquity of the virus. Classic studies of disinfection have also allowed for extrapolation to the eradication of the virus on human mucosal surfaces by some chemical means. Despite considerable laboratory study, practical field assessments are generally lacking and need to be encouraged to confirm the correlation of interventions with viral eradication and infection prevention. Transparency in the constitution and use of any method or chemical is also essential to furthering practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of MedicineThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineChildren's and Women's Health Centre of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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Baek KH, Jang D, Kim T, Park JY, Kim D, Ryoo S, Lee S. Instant inactivation of aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 by dielectric filter discharge. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268049. [PMID: 35587941 PMCID: PMC9119459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the instant inactivation effect of dielectric filter discharge (DFD) on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) aerosols. The filter consisted of one layer of ZrO2 beads covered by aluminum mesh electrodes; this porous structure of DFD part generates filter-type surface discharge and reactive oxygen species. In a closed cylindrical chamber, DFD treated air flow containing SARS-CoV-2 aerosols, primarily composed of particle diameters of ≤ 1 μm. A polypropylene melt-blown filter collected the treated bioaerosols for inactivation analysis. Plaque and polymerase chain reaction assays showed that the aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 that passed through the filter were more than 99.84% inactivated with degradation of SARS-CoV-2 genes (ORF1ab and E). However, ozone exposure without DFD passage was not found to be effective for bioaerosol inactivation in plaque assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Ho Baek
- Department of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Jang
- Clinical Research Centre, Masan National Tuberculosis Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Clinical Research Centre, Masan National Tuberculosis Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Park
- Department of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dojoon Kim
- Purunbit, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungweon Ryoo
- Clinical Research Centre, Masan National Tuberculosis Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghun Lee
- Department of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Aerosol transmission has been officially recognized by the world health authority resulting from its overwhelming experimental and epidemiological evidences. Despite substantial progress, few additional actions were taken to prevent aerosol transmission, and many key scientific questions still await urgent investigations. The grand challenge, the effective control of aerosol transmission of COVID-19, remains unsolved. A better understanding of the viral shedding into the air has been developed, but its temporal pattern is largely unknown. Sampling tools, as one of the critical elements for studying SARS-CoV-2 aerosol, are not readily available around the world. Many of them are less capable of preserving the viability of SARS-CoV-2, thus offering no clues about viral aerosol infectivity. As evidenced, the viability of SARS-CoV-2 is also directly impacted by temperature, humidity, sunlight, and air pollutants. For SARS-CoV-2 aerosol detection, liquid samplers, together with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), are currently used in certain enclosed or semi-enclosed environments. Sensitive and rapid COVID-19 screening technologies are in great need. Among others, the breath-borne-based method emerges with global attention due to its advantages in sample collection and early disease detection. To collectively confront these challenges, scientists from different fields around the world need to fight together for the welfare of mankind. This review summarized the current understanding of the aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and identified the key knowledge gaps with a to-do list. This review also serves as a call for efforts to develop technologies to better protect the people in a forthcoming reopening world.
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Nicolò MS, Rizzo MG, Palermo N, Gugliandolo C, Cuzzocrea S, Guglielmino SPP. Evaluation of Betacoronavirus OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 Elimination by Zefero Air Sanitizer Device in a Novel Laboratory Recirculation System. Pathogens 2022; 11:221. [PMID: 35215162 PMCID: PMC8877762 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoor air sanitizers contrast airborne diseases and particularly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The commercial air sanitizer Zefero (Cf7 S.r.l., San Giovanni La Punta, Italy) works alternatively using a set of integrated disinfecting technologies (namely Photocatalysis/UV mode) or by generating ozone (Ozone mode). Here we evaluated the virucidal efficacy of Zefero setup modes against human Betacoronavirus OC43 and SARS-CoV-2. For this purpose, we designed a laboratory test system in which each virus, as aerosol, was treated with Photocatalysis/UV or Ozone mode and returned into a recirculation plexiglass chamber. Aerosol samples were collected after different times of exposure, corresponding to different volumes of air treated. The viral RNA concentration was determined by qRT-PCR. In Photocatalysis/UV mode, viral RNA of OC43 or SARS-CoV-2 was not detected after 120 or 90 min treatment, respectively, whereas in Ozone mode, viruses were eliminated after 30 or 45 min, respectively. Our results indicated that the integrated technologies used in the air sanitizer Zefero are effective in eliminating both viruses. As a reliable experimental system, the recirculation chamber developed in this study represents a suitable apparatus for effectively comparing the disinfection capacity of different air sanitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Salvatore P. P. Guglielmino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.S.N.); (M.G.R.); (N.P.); (C.G.); (S.C.)
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