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Chauveau F, Winkeler A, Chalon S, Boutin H, Becker G. PET imaging of neuroinflammation: any credible alternatives to TSPO yet? Mol Psychiatry 2025; 30:213-228. [PMID: 38997465 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Over the last decades, the role of neuroinflammation in neuropsychiatric conditions has attracted an exponentially growing interest. A key driver for this trend was the ability to image brain inflammation in vivo using PET radioligands targeting the Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO), which is known to be expressed in activated microglia and astrocytes upon inflammatory events as well as constitutively in endothelial cells. TSPO is a mitochondrial protein that is expressed mostly by microglial cells upon activation but is also expressed by astrocytes in some conditions and constitutively by endothelial cells. Therefore, our current understanding of neuroinflammation dynamics is hampered by the lack of alternative targets available for PET imaging. We performed a systematic search and review on radiotracers developed for neuroinflammation PET imaging apart from TSPO. The following targets of interest were identified through literature screening (including previous narrative reviews): P2Y12R, P2X7R, CSF1R, COX (microglial targets), MAO-B, I2BS (astrocytic targets), CB2R & S1PRs (not specific of a single cell type). We determined the level of development and provided a scoping review for each target. Strikingly, astrocytic biomarker MAO-B has progressed in clinical investigations the furthest, while few radiotracers (notably targeting S1P1Rs, CSF1R) are being implemented in clinical investigations. Other targets such as CB2R and P2X7R have proven disappointing in clinical studies (e.g. poor signal, lack of changes in disease conditions, etc.). While astrocytic targets are promising, development of new biomarkers and tracers specific for microglial activation has proven challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Chauveau
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, BIORAN, Groupement Hospitalier Est - CERMEP, 59 boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron, Cedex, France
| | - Alexandra Winkeler
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 place du général Leclerc, 91401, Orsay, France
| | - Sylvie Chalon
- UMR 1253 iBrain, Université de Tours - INSERM, Bâtiment Planiol, UFR de Médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032, Tours, Cedex 01, France
| | - Hervé Boutin
- UMR 1253 iBrain, Université de Tours - INSERM, Bâtiment Planiol, UFR de Médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032, Tours, Cedex 01, France.
| | - Guillaume Becker
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, BIORAN, Groupement Hospitalier Est - CERMEP, 59 boulevard Pinel, 69677, Bron, Cedex, France
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France
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Meyer JH, Braga J. Development and Clinical Application of Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Agents for Monoamine Oxidase B. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:773404. [PMID: 35280341 PMCID: PMC8914088 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.773404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) is a high-density protein in the brain mainly found on outer mitochondrial membranes, primarily in astroglia, but additionally in serotonergic neurons and in the substantia nigra in the midbrain. It is an enzyme that participates in the oxidative metabolism of important monoamines including dopamine, norepinephrine, benzylamine, and phenylethylamine. Elevated MAO-B density may be associated with astrogliosis and inhibiting MAO-B may reduce astrogliosis. MAO-B density is elevated in postmortem sampling of pathology for many neuropsychiatric diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and alcohol use disorder. Initial development of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents focused on analogs of [11C]L-deprenyl, with the most commonly applied being the deuterium substituted [11C]L-deprenyl-D2. This latter radiotracer was modeled with an irreversible trapping compartment reflecting its irreversible binding to MAO-B. Subsequently, [11C]SL25.1188, a reversible binding MAO-B radioligand with outstanding properties including high specific binding and excellent reversibility was developed. [11C]SL25.1188 PET was applied to discover a substantive elevation of MAO-B binding in the prefrontal cortex in major depressive disorder (MDD) with an effect size of more than 1.5. Longer duration of MDD was associated with greater MAO-B binding throughout most gray matter regions in the brain, suggesting progressive astrogliosis. Important applications of [11C]L-deprenyl-D2 PET are detecting a 40% loss in radiotracer accumulation in cigarette smokers, and substantial occupancy of novel therapeutics like EVT301 and sembragiline. Given the number of diseases with elevations of MAO-B density and astrogliosis, and the advance of [11C]SL25.1188, clinical applications of MAO-B imaging are still at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey H. Meyer
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey H. Meyer,
| | - Joeffre Braga
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Dahl K, Bernard-Gauthier V, Nag S, Varnäs K, Narayanaswami V, Mahdi Moein M, Arakawa R, Vasdev N, Halldin C. Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of [18F]FSL25.1188, a reversible PET radioligand for monoamine oxidase-B. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1624-1627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Moriguchi S, Wilson AA, Miler L, Rusjan PM, Vasdev N, Kish SJ, Rajkowska G, Wang J, Bagby M, Mizrahi R, Varughese B, Houle S, Meyer JH. Monoamine Oxidase B Total Distribution Volume in the Prefrontal Cortex of Major Depressive Disorder: An [11C]SL25.1188 Positron Emission Tomography Study. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:634-641. [PMID: 30840042 PMCID: PMC6551845 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) is an important, high-density enzyme in the brain that generates oxidative stress by hydrogen peroxide production, alters mitochondrial function, and metabolizes nonserotonergic monoamines. Recent advances in positron emission tomography radioligand development for MAO-B in humans enable highly quantitative measurement of MAO-B distribution volume (MAO-B VT), an index of MAO-B density. To date, this is the first investigation of MAO-B in the brain of major depressive disorder that evaluates regions beyond the raphe and amygdala. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether MAO-B VT is elevated in the prefrontal cortex in major depressive episodes (MDEs) of major depressive disorder. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This case-control study was performed at a tertiary care psychiatric hospital from April 1, 2014, to August 30, 2018. Twenty patients with MDEs without current psychiatric comorbidities and 20 age-matched controls underwent carbon 11-labeled [11C]SL25.1188 positron emission tomography scanning to measure MAO-B VT. All participants were drug and medication free, nonsmoking, and otherwise healthy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The MAO-B VT in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The second main outcome was to evaluate the association between MAO-B VT in the PFC and duration of major depressive disorder illness. RESULTS Twenty patients with MDEs (mean [SD] age, 34.2 [13.2] years; 11 women) and 20 healthy controls (mean [SD] age, 33.7 [13.1] years; 10 women) were recruited. Patients with MDEs had significantly greater MAO-B VT in the PFC (mean, 26%; analysis of variance, F1,38 = 19.6, P < .001). In individuals with MDEs, duration of illness covaried positively with MAO-B VT in the PFC (analysis of covariance, F1,18 = 15.2, P = .001), as well as most other cortex regions and the thalamus. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Fifty percent (10 of 20) of patients with MDEs had MAO-B VT values in the PFC exceeding those of healthy controls. Greater MAO-B VT is an index of MAO-B overexpression, which may contribute to pathologies of mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated synthesis of neurotoxic products, and increased metabolism of nonserotonergic monoamines. Hence, this study identifies a common pathological marker associated with downstream consequences poorly targeted by the common selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatments. It is also recommended that the highly selective MAO-B inhibitor medications that are compatible for use with other antidepressants and have low risk for hypertensive crisis should be developed or repurposed as adjunctive treatment for MDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Moriguchi
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan A. Wilson
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Miler
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pablo M. Rusjan
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen J. Kish
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grazyna Rajkowska
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Junming Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Michael Bagby
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ben Varughese
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvain Houle
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey H. Meyer
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Narayanaswami V, Dahl K, Bernard-Gauthier V, Josephson L, Cumming P, Vasdev N. Emerging PET Radiotracers and Targets for Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Outlook Beyond TSPO. Mol Imaging 2018; 17:1536012118792317. [PMID: 30203712 PMCID: PMC6134492 DOI: 10.1177/1536012118792317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic and multicellular processes of neuroinflammation are mediated by the nonneuronal cells of the central nervous system, which include astrocytes and the brain's resident macrophages, microglia. Although initiation of an inflammatory response may be beneficial in response to injury of the nervous system, chronic or maladaptive neuroinflammation can have harmful outcomes in many neurological diseases. An acute neuroinflammatory response is protective when activated neuroglia facilitate tissue repair by releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors. On the other hand, chronic neuroglial activation is a major pathological mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases, likely contributing to neuronal dysfunction, injury, and disease progression. Therefore, the development of specific and sensitive probes for positron emission tomography (PET) studies of neuroinflammation is attracting immense scientific and clinical interest. An early phase of this research emphasized PET studies of the prototypical imaging biomarker of glial activation, translocator protein-18 kDa (TSPO), which presents difficulties for quantitation and lacks absolute cellular specificity. Many alternate molecular targets present themselves for PET imaging of neuroinflammation in vivo, including enzymes, intracellular signaling molecules as well as ionotropic, G-protein coupled, and immunoglobulin receptors. We now review the lead structures in radiotracer development for PET studies of neuroinflammation targets for neurodegenerative diseases extending beyond TSPO, including glycogen synthase kinase 3, monoamine oxidase-B, reactive oxygen species, imidazoline-2 binding sites, cyclooxygenase, the phospholipase A2/arachidonic acid pathway, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1, cannabinoid-2 receptor, the chemokine receptor CX3CR1, purinergic receptors: P2X7 and P2Y12, the receptor for advanced glycation end products, Mer tyrosine kinase, and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1. We provide a brief overview of the cellular expression and function of these targets, noting their selectivity for astrocytes and/or microglia, and highlight the classes of PET radiotracers that have been investigated in early-stage preclinical or clinical research studies of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Narayanaswami
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health & Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth Dahl
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health & Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vadim Bernard-Gauthier
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Cumming
- School of Psychology and Counselling and IHBI, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health & Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
The logic of total synthesis transformed a stagnant state of medicinal and synthetic organic chemistry when there was a paucity of methods and reagents to synthesize drug molecules and/or natural products. Molecular imaging by positron emission tomography (PET) is now experiencing a renaissance in the way radiopharmaceuticals for molecular imaging are synthesized, however, a paradigm shift is desperately needed in the discovery pipeline to accelerate in vivo imaging studies. A significant challenge in radiochemistry is the limited choice of labeled reagents (or building blocks) available for the synthesis of novel radiopharmaceuticals with the most commonly used short-lived radionuclides carbon-11 (11C; half-life ~20 minutes) and fluorine-18 (18F; half-life ~2 hours). In fact, most drugs cannot be labeled with 11C or 18F due to a lack of efficient and diverse radiosynthetic methods. In general, routine radiopharmaceutical production relies on the incorporation of the isotope at the last or penultimate step of synthesis, ideally within one half-life of the radionuclide, to maximize radiochemical yields and specific activities thereby reducing losses due to radioactive decay. Reliance on radiochemistry conducted within the constraints of an automated synthesis unit ("box") has stifled the exploration of multi-step reactions with short-lived radionuclides. Radiopharmaceutical synthesis can be transformed by considering logic of total synthesis to develop novel approaches for 11C- and 18F-radiolabeling complex molecules via retrosynthetic analysis and multi-step reactions. As a result of such exploration, new methods, reagents and radiopharmaceuticals for in vivo imaging studies are discovered. A new avenue to develop radiotracers that were previously unattainable due to the lack of efficient radiosynthetic methods is necessary to work towards our ultimate, albeit impossible goal - the concept we term total radiosynthesis - to radiolabel virtually any molecule. As with the vast majority of drugs, most radiotracers also fail, therefore expeditious evaluation of tracers in preclinical models prior to optimization or derivatization of the lead molecules/drugs is necessary. Furthermore the exact position of the 11C and 18F radionuclide in tracers is often critical for metabolic considerations, and flexible methodologies to introduce the radiolabel are needed. Using the principles of total synthesis our laboratory and others have shown that multi-step radiochemical reactions are indeed suitable for preclinical and even clinical use. As the goal of total synthesis is to be concise, we have also simplified the syntheses of radiopharmaceuticals. We are presently developing new strategies via [11C]CO2 fixation which has enabled library radiosynthesis as well as labeling non-activated arenes using [18F]fluoride via iodonium ylides. Both of which have proven to be suitable for human PET imaging. We concurrently utilize state-of-the-art automation technologies including microfluidic flow chemistry and rapid purification strategies for radiopharmaceutical production. In this account we highlight how total radiosynthesis has impacted our radiochemistry program, with prominent examples from others, focusing on its impact towards preclinical and clinical research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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Fowler JS, Logan J, Shumay E, Alia-Klein N, Wang GJ, Volkow ND. Monoamine oxidase: radiotracer chemistry and human studies. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2015; 58:51-64. [PMID: 25678277 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) oxidizes amines from both endogenous and exogenous sources thereby regulating the concentration of neurotransmitter amines such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine as well as many xenobiotics. MAO inhibitor drugs are used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and in depression stimulating the development of radiotracer tools to probe the role of MAO in normal human biology and in disease. Over the past 30 years since the first radiotracers were developed and the first positron emission tomography (PET) images of MAO in humans were carried out, PET studies of brain MAO in healthy volunteers and in patients have identified different variables that have contributed to different MAO levels in brain and in peripheral organs. MAO radiotracers and PET have also been used to study the current and developing MAO inhibitor drugs including the selection of doses for clinical trials. In this article, we describe the following: (1) the development of MAO radiotracers; (2) human studies including the relationship of brain MAO levels to genotype, personality, neurological, and psychiatric disorders; and (3) examples of the use of MAO radiotracers in drug research and development. We will conclude with outstanding needs to improve the radiotracers that are currently used and possible new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S Fowler
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
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Hicks JW, Sadovski O, Parkes J, Houle S, Hay BA, Carter RL, Wilson AA, Vasdev N. Radiosynthesis and ex vivo evaluation of [18F]-(S)-3-(6-(3-fluoropropoxy)benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-5-(methoxymethyl)oxazolidin-2-one for imaging MAO-B with PET. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:288-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kersemans K, Van Laeken N, De Vos F. Radiochemistry devoted to the production of monoamine oxidase (MAO-A and MAO-B) ligands for brain imaging with positron emission tomography. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 56:78-88. [PMID: 24285313 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) belongs to a family of flavin-containing integral enzymes that are present in the outer mitochondrial membrane in neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system. These enzymes catalyze the oxidative deamination of various neurotransmitters, biogenic amines, and xenobiotics, thereby influencing their availability and physiological activity in brain and body. Over the past decades, many potential positron emission tomography tracers have been put forward to visualize MAO in the brain with varying success, and recent publications on the topic illustrate the continuing interest in the field. The present review gives an overview of the compounds that have been put forward as possible MAO tracers in the brain and focuses on the radiochemical procedures that have been developed to produce them up till now. Relevant radioligands are grouped by the main radiochemical strategies that have been employed to synthesize them, and some interesting details and findings that are crucial to the radiosyntheses are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kersemans
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Gent University, Gent, Belgium
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Logan J, Kim SW, Pareto D, Telang F, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Biegon A. Kinetic Analysis of [11C]Vorozole Binding in the Human Brain with Positron Emission Tomography. Mol Imaging 2014. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2014.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Logan
- From the Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY; National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, MD; Magnetic Resonance Unit Hospital Vall Hebron, Psg Vall Hebron 119–129, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER BBN, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY; and Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Sung Won Kim
- From the Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY; National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, MD; Magnetic Resonance Unit Hospital Vall Hebron, Psg Vall Hebron 119–129, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER BBN, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY; and Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Deborah Pareto
- From the Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY; National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, MD; Magnetic Resonance Unit Hospital Vall Hebron, Psg Vall Hebron 119–129, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER BBN, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY; and Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Frank Telang
- From the Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY; National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, MD; Magnetic Resonance Unit Hospital Vall Hebron, Psg Vall Hebron 119–129, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER BBN, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY; and Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- From the Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY; National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, MD; Magnetic Resonance Unit Hospital Vall Hebron, Psg Vall Hebron 119–129, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER BBN, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY; and Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Joanna S. Fowler
- From the Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY; National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, MD; Magnetic Resonance Unit Hospital Vall Hebron, Psg Vall Hebron 119–129, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER BBN, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY; and Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Anat Biegon
- From the Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY; National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, MD; Magnetic Resonance Unit Hospital Vall Hebron, Psg Vall Hebron 119–129, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER BBN, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY; and Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
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Monoamine oxidase A and B substrates: probing the pathway for drug development. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:697-717. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-discovery and -development efforts focused on the MAOs have increased at an accelerated rate over the past decade. Since the first crystal structure of human MAO-B was solved in 2002, over 40 additional structures have been reported and have helped define new, or confirm speculative, binding modes of inhibitors. The detailed mechanism of the MAO-catalyzed oxidation of amine substrates has not been fully elucidated, but its significance is central in the development of new mechanism-based inactivators. Novel fungal MAO-N variants derived from directed evolution strategies are enabling the production of new chiral amine products. Robust assays have been established for measuring MAO status in tissue and cells, while improved MAO radioligands are being deployed for PET imaging studies. This review will attempt to highlight the more recent and salient aspects of MAO research in drug discovery and development, with emphasis on substrates 'probing the pathway'.
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Holland JP, Liang SH, Rotstein BH, Collier TL, Stephenson NA, Greguric I, Vasdev N. Alternative approaches for PET radiotracer development in Alzheimer's disease: imaging beyond plaque. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 57:323-31. [PMID: 24327420 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias show increasing clinical prevalence, yet our understanding of the etiology and pathobiology of disease-related neurodegeneration remains limited. In this regard, noninvasive imaging with radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) presents a unique tool for quantifying spatial and temporal changes in characteristic biological markers of brain disease and for assessing potential drug efficacy. PET radiotracers targeting different protein markers are being developed to address questions pertaining to the molecular and/or genetic heterogeneity of AD and related dementias. For example, radiotracers including [(11) C]-PiB and [(18) F]-AV-45 (Florbetapir) are being used to measure the density of Aβ-plaques in AD patients and to interrogate the biological mechanisms of disease initiation and progression. Our focus is on the development of novel PET imaging agents, targeting proteins beyond Aβ-plaques, which can be used to investigate the broader mechanism of AD pathogenesis. Here, we present the chemical basis of various radiotracers which show promise in preclinical or clinical studies for use in evaluating the phenotypic or biochemical characteristics of AD. Radiotracers for PET imaging neuroinflammation, metal ion association with Aβ-plaques, tau protein, cholinergic and cannabinoid receptors, and enzymes including glycogen-synthase kinase-3β and monoamine oxidase B amongst others, and their connection to AD are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Holland
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., White 427, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA; Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Kirrawee, New South Wales, 2232, Australia
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Hicks JW, Lough AJ, Wilson AA, Vasdev N. ( E)-2-(2-Methylcyclohexylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2011; 67:o3005. [PMID: 22220022 PMCID: PMC3247404 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811042486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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