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Kaunitz JD, Mandelkern M, Fowler JS. It's Not What You Take Up, It's What You Keep: How Discoveries from Diverse Disciplines Directed the Development of the FDG PET/CT Scan. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:4620-4632. [PMID: 35908123 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07615-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although imaging glucose metabolism with positron emission tomography combined with X-ray CT (FDG-PET/CT) has become a standard diagnostic modality for the discovery and surveillance of malignant tumors and inflammatory processes, its origins extend back to more than a century of notable discoveries in the fields of inorganic and organic chemistry, nuclear physics, mathematics, biochemistry, solute transport physiology, metabolism, and imaging, accomplished by pioneering and driven investigators, of whom at least ten were recipients of the Nobel Prize. These tangled and diverse roots eventually coalesced into the FDG-PET/CT method, that through its many favorable characteristics inherent in the isotope used (18F), the accurate imaging derived from coincidence detection of positron annihilation radiation combined with computed tomography, and the metabolic trapping of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) in tissues, provides safety, sensitivity, and specificity for tumor and inflammation detection. The authors hope that this article will increase the appreciation among its readers of the insight, creativity, persistence, and drive of the many investigators who made this technique possible. This article is followed by a review of the many applications of FDG-PET/CT to the gastrointestinal tract and hepatobiliary system (Mandelkern in Dig Dis Sci 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Kaunitz
- Medical Service, Greater Los Angeles VAMC, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Mark Mandelkern
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Greater Los Angeles VAMC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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2
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Kang Y, O'Conor KA, Kelleher AC, Ramsey J, Bakhoda A, Eisenberg SM, Zhao W, Stodden T, Pearson TD, Guo M, Brown N, Liow JS, Fowler JS, Kim SW, Volkow ND. Naloxone's dose-dependent displacement of [ 11C]carfentanil and duration of receptor occupancy in the rat brain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6429. [PMID: 35440607 PMCID: PMC9018944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous rise in opioid overdoses in the United States is predominantly driven by very potent synthetic opioids, mostly fentanyl and its derivatives (fentanyls). Although naloxone (NLX) has been shown to effectively reverse overdoses by conventional opioids, there may be a need for higher or repeated doses of NLX to revert overdoses from highly potent fentanyls. Here, we used positron emission tomography (PET) to assess NLX's dose-dependence on both its rate of displacement of [11C]carfentanil ([11C]CFN) binding and its duration of mu opioid receptor (MOR) occupancy in the male rat brain. We showed that clinically relevant doses of intravenously (IV) administered NLX (0.035 mg/kg, Human Equivalent Dose (HED) 0.4 mg; 0.17 mg/kg, HED 2 mg) rapidly displaced the specific binding of [11C]CFN in the thalamus in a dose-dependent manner. Brain MOR occupancy by IV NLX was greater than 90% at 5 min after NLX administration for both doses, but at 27.3 min after 0.035 mg/kg dose and at 85 min after 0.17 mg/kg NLX, only 50% occupancy remained. This indicates that the duration of NLX occupancy at MORs is short-lived. Overall, these results show that clinically relevant doses of IV NLX can promptly displace fentanyls at brain MORs, but repeated or higher NLX doses may be required to prevent re-narcotization following overdoses with long-acting fentanyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeona Kang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1013, USA.,Department of Mathematics, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Kelly A O'Conor
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1013, USA
| | - Andrew C Kelleher
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1013, USA
| | - Joseph Ramsey
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1013, USA
| | - Abolghasem Bakhoda
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1013, USA
| | - Seth M Eisenberg
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1013, USA
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1013, USA
| | - Tyler Stodden
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1013, USA
| | - Torben D Pearson
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1013, USA
| | - Min Guo
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1013, USA
| | - Nina Brown
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1013, USA.,Department of Mathematics, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Jeih-San Liow
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joanna S Fowler
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1013, USA
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1013, USA.
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1013, USA. .,National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1013, USA.
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Guo M, Bakhoda A, Gao ZG, Ramsey JM, Li Y, O’Conor KA, Kelleher AC, Eisenberg SM, Kang Y, Yan X, Javdan C, Fowler JS, Rice KC, Hooker JM, Jacobson KA, Kim SW, Volkow ND. Discovery of Highly Potent Adenosine A 1 Receptor Agonists: Targeting Positron Emission Tomography Probes. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3410-3417. [PMID: 34469110 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptor (AR) radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) have provided knowledge on the in vivo biodistribution of ARs in the central nervous system (CNS), which is of therapeutic interest for various neuropsychiatric disorders. Additionally, radioligands that can image changes in endogenous adenosine levels in different physiological and pathological conditions are still lacking. The binding of known antagonist adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) radiotracer, [11C]MDPX, failed to be inhibited by elevated endogenous adenosine in a rodent PET study. Since most of the known AR PET radiotracers were antagonists, we propose that an A1R agonist radioligand may possess higher sensitivity to measure changes in endogenous adenosine concentration. Herein, we report our latest findings toward the development of a full agonist adenosine A1 radioligand for PET. Based on a 3,5-dicyanopyridine template, 16 new derivatives were designed and synthesized to optimize both binding affinity and functional activity, resulting in two full agonists (compounds 27 and 29) with single-digit nanomolar affinities and good subtype selectivity (A1/A2A selectivity of ∼1000-fold for compound 27 and 29-fold for compound 29). Rapid O-[11C]methylation provided [11C]27 and [11C]29 in high radiochemical yields and radiochemical purity. However, subsequent brain PET imaging in rodents showed poor brain permeability for both radioligands. An in vivo PET study using knockout mice for MDR 1a/a, BCRP, and MRP1 indicated that these compounds might be substrates for brain efflux pumps. In addition, in silico evaluation using multiparameter optimization identified high molecular weight and high polar surface area as the main molecular descriptors responsible for low brain penetration. These results will provide further insight toward development of full agonist adenosine A1 radioligands and also highly potent CNS A1AR drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
| | - Abolghasem Bakhoda
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
| | - Joseph M. Ramsey
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
| | - Yang Li
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
| | - Kelly A. O’Conor
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
| | - Andrew C. Kelleher
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
| | - Seth M. Eisenberg
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
| | - Yeona Kang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
- Department of Mathematics, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Xuefeng Yan
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Cameron Javdan
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
| | - Joanna S. Fowler
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1013, United States
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Alia-Klein N, Preston-Campbell RN, Kim SW, Pareto D, Logan J, Wang GJ, Moeller SJ, Fowler JS, Biegon A. Human Cognitive Ability Is Modulated by Aromatase Availability in the Brain in a Sex-Specific Manner. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:565668. [PMID: 33192252 PMCID: PMC7604391 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.565668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme aromatase catalyzes the final step in estrogen biosynthesis, converting testosterone to estradiol, and is expressed in the brain of all mammals. Estrogens are thought to be important for maintenance of cognitive function in women, whereas testosterone is thought to modulate cognitive abilities in men. Here, we compare differences in cognitive performance in relation to brain aromatase availability in healthy men and women. Twenty-seven healthy participants were administered tests of verbal learning and memory and perceptual/abstract reasoning. In vivo images of brain aromatase availability were acquired in this sample using positron emission tomography (PET) with the validated aromatase radiotracer [11C]vorozole. Regions of interest were placed bilaterally on the amygdala and thalamus where aromatase availability is highest in the human brain. Though cognitive performance and aromatase availability did not differ as a function of sex, higher availability of aromatase in the amygdala was associated with lower cognitive performance in men. No such relationship was found in women; and the corresponding regression slopes were significantly different between the sexes. Thalamic aromatase availability was not significantly correlated with cognitive performance in either sex. These findings suggest that the effects of brain aromatase on cognitive performance are both region- and sex-specific and may explain some of the normal variance seen in verbal and nonverbal cognitive abilities in men and women as well as sex differences in the trajectory of cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Alia-Klein
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Sung Won Kim
- National Institute on Alcohol and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Deborah Pareto
- Neuroradiology Unit, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean Logan
- New York University, Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Scott J. Moeller
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | | | - Anat Biegon
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Anat Biegon,
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Fowler JS, Czernin J. A Conversation Between Joanna Fowler and Johannes Czernin. J Nucl Med 2019; 60:1191-1193. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.233619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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7
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Wang GJ, Wiers CE, Shumay E, Tomasi D, Yuan K, Wong CT, Logan J, Fowler JS, Volkow ND. Expectation effects on brain dopamine responses to methylphenidate in cocaine use disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:93. [PMID: 30770780 PMCID: PMC6377670 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The response to drugs of abuse is affected by expectation, which is modulated in part by dopamine (DA), which encodes for a reward prediction error. Here we assessed the effect of expectation on methylphenidate (MP)-induced striatal DA changes in 23 participants with an active cocaine use disorder (CUD) and 23 healthy controls (HC) using [11C]raclopride and PET both after placebo (PL) and after MP (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.). Brain dopamine D2 and D3 receptor availability (D2R: non-displaceable binding potential (BPND)) was measured under four conditions in randomized order: (1) expecting PL/receiving PL, (2) expecting PL/receiving MP, (3) expecting MP/receiving PL, and (4) expecting MP/receiving MP. Expecting MP increased pulse rate compared to expecting PL. Receiving MP decreased D2R in striatum compared to PL, indicating MP-induced striatal DA release, and this effect was significantly blunted in CUD versus HC consistent with prior findings of decreased striatal dopamine responses both in active and detoxified CUD. There was a group × challenge × expectation effect in caudate and midbrain, with expectation of MP increasing MP-induced DA release in HC but not in CUD, and expectation of PL showing a trend to increase MP-induced DA release in CUD but not in HC. These results are consistent with the role of DA in reward prediction error in the human brain: decreasing DA signaling when rewards are less than expected (blunted DA increases to MP in CUD) and increasing them when greater than expected (for PL in CUD reflecting conditioned responses to injection). Our findings also document disruption of the expectation of drug effects in dopamine signaling in participants with CUD compared to non-addicted individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene-Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1013, USA.
| | - Corinde E. Wiers
- 0000 0004 0481 4802grid.420085.bLaboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
| | - Elena Shumay
- 0000 0004 0481 4802grid.420085.bLaboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
| | - Dardo Tomasi
- 0000 0004 0481 4802grid.420085.bLaboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
| | - Kai Yuan
- 0000 0004 0481 4802grid.420085.bLaboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA ,0000 0001 0707 115Xgrid.440736.2School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, 710071 Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Christopher T. Wong
- 0000 0004 0481 4802grid.420085.bLaboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA
| | - Jean Logan
- 0000 0004 1936 8753grid.137628.9Department of Radiology, New York University, New York, NY 11793 USA
| | - Joanna S. Fowler
- 0000 0004 0481 4802grid.420085.bLaboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA ,0000 0001 2188 4229grid.202665.5Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- 0000 0004 0481 4802grid.420085.bLaboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013 USA ,0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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Guo M, Gao ZG, Tyler R, Stodden T, Li Y, Ramsey J, Zhao WJ, Wang GJ, Wiers CE, Fowler JS, Rice KC, Jacobson KA, Kim SW, Volkow ND. Preclinical Evaluation of the First Adenosine A 1 Receptor Partial Agonist Radioligand for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9966-9975. [PMID: 30359014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Central adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) is implicated in pain, sleep, substance use disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, and is an important target for pharmaceutical development. Radiotracers for A1R positron emission tomography (PET) would enable measurement of the dynamic interaction of endogenous adenosine and A1R during the sleep-awake cycle. Although several human A1R PET tracers have been developed, most are xanthine-based antagonists that failed to demonstrate competitive binding against endogenous adenosine. Herein, we explored non-nucleoside (3,5-dicyanopyridine and 5-cyanopyrimidine) templates for developing an agonist A1R PET radiotracer. We synthesized novel analogues, including 2-amino-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-6-(2-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)ethyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (MMPD, 22b), a partial A1R agonist of sub-nanomolar affinity. [11C]22b showed suitable blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and test-retest reproducibility. Regional brain uptake of [11C]22b was consistent with known brain A1R distribution and was blocked significantly by A1R but not A2AR ligands. [11C]22b is the first BBB-permeable A1R partial agonist PET radiotracer with the promise of detecting endogenous adenosine fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-1013 , United States
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry , National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-0810 , United States
| | - Ryan Tyler
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-1013 , United States
| | - Tyler Stodden
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-1013 , United States
| | - Yang Li
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-1013 , United States
| | - Joseph Ramsey
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-1013 , United States
| | - Wen-Jing Zhao
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-1013 , United States
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-1013 , United States
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-1013 , United States
| | - Joanna S Fowler
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-1013 , United States
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section , National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , Rockville , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry , National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-0810 , United States
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-1013 , United States
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-1013 , United States.,National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-1013 , United States
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Xu Y, Cankaya AS, Hoque R, Lee SJ, Shea C, Kersting L, Schueller M, Fowler JS, Szalda D, Alexoff D, Riehl B, Gleede T, Ferrieri RA, Qu W. Synthesis of l
-[4-11
C]Asparagine by Ring-Opening Nucleophilic 11
C-Cyanation Reaction of a Chiral Cyclic Sulfamidate Precursor. Chemistry 2018; 24:6848-6853. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Xu
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Aylin Sibel Cankaya
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
- Institut für Kernchemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Ruma Hoque
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
- Biochemistry Department; Medgar Evers College; Brooklyn NY 11225 USA
| | - So Jeong Lee
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
- Department of Chemistry; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Colleen Shea
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Lena Kersting
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
- Institut für Kernchemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Michael Schueller
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Joanna S. Fowler
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
- Department of Chemistry; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - David Szalda
- Department of Natural Sciences; Baruch College, CUNY; New York NY 10010 USA
| | - David Alexoff
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Barbara Riehl
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
- Institut für Kernchemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Tassilo Gleede
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
- Institut für Kernchemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Richard A. Ferrieri
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Wenchao Qu
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
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Xu Y, Kim SW, Kim D, Alexoff D, Schueller MJ, Fowler JS. A mild, rapid synthesis of freebase [11C]nicotine from [11C]methyl triflate. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 118:62-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Qu W, Robert CAM, Erb M, Hibbard BE, Paven M, Gleede T, Riehl B, Kersting L, Cankaya AS, Kunert AT, Xu Y, Schueller MJ, Shea C, Alexoff D, Lee SJ, Fowler JS, Ferrieri RA. Dynamic Precision Phenotyping Reveals Mechanism of Crop Tolerance to Root Herbivory. Plant Physiol 2016; 172:776-788. [PMID: 27406166 PMCID: PMC5047087 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The western corn rootworm (WCR; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) is a major pest of maize (Zea mays) that is well adapted to most crop management strategies. Breeding for tolerance is a promising alternative to combat WCR but is currently constrained by a lack of physiological understanding and phenotyping tools. We developed dynamic precision phenotyping approaches using 11C with positron emission tomography, root autoradiography, and radiometabolite flux analysis to understand maize tolerance to WCR Our results reveal that WCR attack induces specific patterns of lateral root growth that are associated with a shift in auxin biosynthesis from indole-3-pyruvic acid to indole-3-acetonitrile. WCR attack also increases transport of newly synthesized amino acids to the roots, including the accumulation of Gln. Finally, the regrowth zones of WCR-attacked roots show an increase in Gln turnover, which strongly correlates with the induction of indole-3-acetonitrile-dependent auxin biosynthesis. In summary, our findings identify local changes in the auxin biosynthesis flux network as a promising marker for induced WCR tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Qu
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Christelle A M Robert
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Matthias Erb
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Bruce E Hibbard
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Maxim Paven
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Tassilo Gleede
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Barbara Riehl
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Lena Kersting
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Aylin S Cankaya
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Anna T Kunert
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Youwen Xu
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Michael J Schueller
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Colleen Shea
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - David Alexoff
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - So Jeong Lee
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Joanna S Fowler
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Richard A Ferrieri
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
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Lee SJ, Fowler JS, Alexoff D, Schueller M, Kim D, Nauth A, Weber C, Kim SW, Hooker JM, Ma L, Qu W. An efficient and practical synthesis of [2-(11)C]indole via superfast nucleophilic [(11)C]cyanation and RANEY® Nickel catalyzed reductive cyclization. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:11235-43. [PMID: 26411301 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01654a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A rapid method for the synthesis of carbon-11 radiolabeled indole was developed using a sub-nanomolar quantity of no-carrier-added [(11)C]cyanide as radio-precursor. Based upon a reported synthesis of 2-(2-nitrophenyl)acetonitrile (), a highly reactive substrate 2-nitrobenzyl bromide () was evaluated for nucleophilic [(11)C]cyanation. Additionally, related reaction conditions were explored with the goal of obtaining of highly reactive 2-(2-nitrophenyl)-[1-(11)C]acetonitrile () while inhibiting its rapid conversion to 2,3-bis(2-nitrophenyl)-[1-(11)C]propanenitrile (). Next, a RANEY® Nickel catalyzed reductive cyclization method was utilized for synthesizing the desired [2-(11)C]indole with hydrazinium monoformate as the active reducing agent. Extensive and iterative screening of basicity, temperature and stoichiometry was required to overcome the large stoichiometry bias that favored 2-nitrobenzylbromide () over [(11)C]cyanide, which both caused further alkylation of the desired nitrile and poisoned the RANEY® Nickel catalyst. The result is an efficient two-step, streamlined method to reliably synthesize [2-(11)C]indole with an entire radiochemical yield of 21 ± 2.2% (n = 5, ranging from 18-24%). The radiochemical purity of the final product was >98% and specific activity was 176 ± 24.8 GBq μmol(-1) (n = 5, ranging from 141-204 GBq μmol(-1)). The total radiosynthesis time including product purification by semi-preparative HPLC was 50-55 min from end of cyclotron bombardment.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Jeong Lee
- Biological, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA. and Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Joanna S Fowler
- Biological, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
| | - David Alexoff
- Biological, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
| | - Michael Schueller
- Biological, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Biological, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
| | - Alexander Nauth
- Biological, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA. and Institut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carina Weber
- Biological, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA. and Institut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Biological, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
| | - Jacob M Hooker
- Biological, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA. and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Ling Ma
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Wenchao Qu
- Biological, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
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13
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Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Smith L, Fowler JS, Telang F, Logan J, Tomasi D. Recovery of dopamine transporters with methamphetamine detoxification is not linked to changes in dopamine release. Neuroimage 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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14
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Wang H, Liu L, Lu Y, Pan P, Hooker JM, Fowler JS, Tonge PJ. Radiolabelling and positron emission tomography of PT70, a time-dependent inhibitor of InhA, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl-ACP reductase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4782-4786. [PMID: 26227776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PT70 is a diaryl ether inhibitor of InhA, the enoyl-ACP reductase in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. It has a residence time of 24 min on the target, and also shows antibacterial activity in a mouse model of tuberculosis infection. Due to the interest in studying target tissue pharmacokinetics of PT70, we developed a method to radiolabel PT70 with carbon-11 and have studied its pharmacokinetics in mice and baboons using positron emission tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States
| | - Li Liu
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States
| | - Yang Lu
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States
| | - Pan Pan
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States
| | - Jacob M Hooker
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States
| | - Joanna S Fowler
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, United States
| | - Peter J Tonge
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States.
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15
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Shea C, Alexoff DL, Kim D, Hoque R, Schueller MJ, Fowler JS, Qu W. Total cyanide mass measurement with micro-ion selective electrode for determination of specific activity of carbon-11 cyanide. Appl Radiat Isot 2015; 102:48-54. [PMID: 25980658 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this research, we aim to directly measure the specific activity (SA) of the carbon-11 cyanide ([(11)C]CN¯) produced by our in-house built automated [(11)C]HCN production system and to identify the major sources of (12)C-cyanide ((12)CN¯). The [(11)C]CN¯ is produced from [(11)C]CO2, which is generated by the (14)N(p,α)(11)C nuclear reaction using a cyclotron. Direct measurement of cyanide concentrations was accomplished using a relatively inexpensive, and easy to use ion selective electrode (ISE) which offered an appropriate range of sensitivity for detecting mass. Multiple components of the [(11)C]HCN production system were isolated in order to determine their relative contributions to (12)CN¯ mass. It was determined that the system gases were responsible for approximately 30% of the mass, and that the molecular sieve/nickel furnace unit contributed approximately 70% of the mass. Beam on target (33µA for 1 and 10min) did not contribute significantly to the mass. Additionally, we compared the SA of our [(11)C]HCN precursor determined using the ISE to the SA of our current [(11)C]CN¯ derived radiotracers determined by HPLC to assure there was no significant difference between the two methods. These results are the first reported use of an ion selective electrode to determine the SA of no-carrier-added cyanide ion, and clearly show that it is a valuable, inexpensive and readily available tool suitable for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Shea
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 901, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
| | - David L Alexoff
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 555, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 555, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
| | - Ruma Hoque
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 901, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
| | - Michael J Schueller
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 901, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
| | - Joanna S Fowler
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 555, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
| | - Wenchao Qu
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 555, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
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16
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Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Logan J, Alexoff D, Fowler JS, Thanos PK, Wong C, Casado V, Ferre S, Tomasi D. Caffeine increases striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability in the human brain. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e549. [PMID: 25871974 PMCID: PMC4462609 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine, the most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world, is used to promote wakefulness and enhance alertness. Like other wake-promoting drugs (stimulants and modafinil), caffeine enhances dopamine (DA) signaling in the brain, which it does predominantly by antagonizing adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR). However, it is unclear if caffeine, at the doses consumed by humans, increases DA release or whether it modulates the functions of postsynaptic DA receptors through its interaction with adenosine receptors, which modulate them. We used positron emission tomography and [(11)C]raclopride (DA D2/D3 receptor radioligand sensitive to endogenous DA) to assess if caffeine increased DA release in striatum in 20 healthy controls. Caffeine (300 mg p.o.) significantly increased the availability of D2/D3 receptors in putamen and ventral striatum, but not in caudate, when compared with placebo. In addition, caffeine-induced increases in D2/D3 receptor availability in the ventral striatum were associated with caffeine-induced increases in alertness. Our findings indicate that in the human brain, caffeine, at doses typically consumed, increases the availability of DA D2/D3 receptors, which indicates that caffeine does not increase DA in the striatum for this would have decreased D2/D3 receptor availability. Instead, we interpret our findings to reflect an increase in D2/D3 receptor levels in striatum with caffeine (or changes in affinity). The association between increases in D2/D3 receptor availability in ventral striatum and alertness suggests that caffeine might enhance arousal, in part, by upregulating D2/D3 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Volkow
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA,Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Room 5274, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. E-mail:
| | - G-J Wang
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Logan
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - D Alexoff
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - J S Fowler
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - P K Thanos
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - C Wong
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - V Casado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Ferre
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D Tomasi
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Biegon A, Alexoff DL, Kim SW, Logan J, Pareto D, Schlyer D, Wang GJ, Fowler JS. Aromatase imaging with [N-methyl-11C]vorozole PET in healthy men and women. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:580-5. [PMID: 25698781 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.150383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aromatase, the last and obligatory enzyme catalyzing estrogen biosynthesis from androgenic precursors, can be labeled in vivo with (11)C-vorozole. Aromatase inhibitors are widely used in breast cancer and other endocrine conditions. The present study aimed to provide baseline information defining aromatase distribution in healthy men and women, against which its perturbation in pathologic situations can be studied. METHODS (11)C-vorozole (111-296 MBq/subject) was injected intravenously in 13 men and 20 women (age range, 23-67 y). PET data were acquired over a 90-min period. Each subject had 4 scans, 2 per day separated by 2-6 wk, including brain and torso or pelvis scans. Young women were scanned at 2 discrete phases of the menstrual cycle (midcycle and late luteal). Men and postmenopausal women were also scanned after pretreatment with a clinical dose of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole. Time-activity curves were obtained, and standardized uptake values (SUV) were calculated for major organs including brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, muscle, bone, and male and female reproductive organs (penis, testes, uterus, ovaries). Organ and whole-body radiation exposures were calculated using OLINDA software. RESULTS Liver uptake was higher than uptake in any other organ but was not blocked by pretreatment with letrozole. Mean SUVs were higher in men than in women, and brain uptake was blocked by letrozole. Male brain SUVs were also higher than SUVs in any other organ (ranging from 0.48 ± 0.05 in lungs to 1.5 ± 0.13 in kidneys). Mean ovarian SUVs (3.08 ± 0.7) were comparable to brain levels and higher than in any other organ. Furthermore, ovarian SUVs in young women around the time of ovulation (midcycle) were significantly higher than those measured in the late luteal phase, whereas aging and cigarette smoking reduced (11)C-vorozole uptake. CONCLUSION PET with (11)C-vorozole is useful for assessing physiologic changes in estrogen synthesis capacity in the human body. Baseline levels in breasts, lungs, and bones are low, supporting further investigation of this tracer as a new tool for detection of aromatase-overexpressing primary tumors or metastases in these organs and optimization of treatment in cancer and other disorders in which aromatase inhibitors are useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Biegon
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York
| | | | - Sung Won Kim
- National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jean Logan
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Deborah Pareto
- Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Alta Tecnologia, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | | | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joanna S Fowler
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York
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18
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Fowler JS, Logan J, Shumay E, Alia-Klein N, Wang GJ, Volkow ND. Monoamine oxidase: radiotracer chemistry and human studies. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2015; 58:51-64. [PMID: 25678277 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) oxidizes amines from both endogenous and exogenous sources thereby regulating the concentration of neurotransmitter amines such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine as well as many xenobiotics. MAO inhibitor drugs are used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and in depression stimulating the development of radiotracer tools to probe the role of MAO in normal human biology and in disease. Over the past 30 years since the first radiotracers were developed and the first positron emission tomography (PET) images of MAO in humans were carried out, PET studies of brain MAO in healthy volunteers and in patients have identified different variables that have contributed to different MAO levels in brain and in peripheral organs. MAO radiotracers and PET have also been used to study the current and developing MAO inhibitor drugs including the selection of doses for clinical trials. In this article, we describe the following: (1) the development of MAO radiotracers; (2) human studies including the relationship of brain MAO levels to genotype, personality, neurological, and psychiatric disorders; and (3) examples of the use of MAO radiotracers in drug research and development. We will conclude with outstanding needs to improve the radiotracers that are currently used and possible new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S Fowler
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
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Lee S, Alexoff DL, Shea C, Kim D, Schueller M, Fowler JS, Qu W. Tetraethylene glycol promoted two-step, one-pot rapid synthesis of indole-3-[1-11C]acetic acid. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wang H, Lu Y, Liu L, Kim SW, Hooker JM, Fowler JS, Tonge PJ. Radiosynthesis and biological evaluation of a novel enoyl-ACP reductase inhibitor for Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 88:66-73. [PMID: 25217335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of PT119, a potent Staphylococcus aureus enoyl-ACP reductase (saFabI) inhibitor with a Ki value of 0.01 nM and a residence time of 750 min on the enzyme target, has been evaluated in mice. PT119 was found to have promising antibacterial activity in two different S. aureus infection models: it caused a 3 log reduction in the CFU's in a mouse thigh muscle infection model and increased the survival rate from 0% to 50% in a mouse systemic infection model. PT119 was then radiolabeled with carbon-11 to evaluate its biodistribution and PK in both healthy and S. aureus infected mice using positron emission tomography (PET). The biodistribution of [11C]PT119 and/or its labeled metabolites did not differ significantly between the healthy group and the infected group, and PT119 was found to distribute equally between serum and tissue during the ∼1 h of analysis permitted by the carbon-11 half life. This approach provides important data for PK/PD modeling and is the first step in identifying radiotracers that can non-invasively image bacterial infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Yang Lu
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Jacob M Hooker
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Joanna S Fowler
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Peter J Tonge
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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Pareto D, Biegon A, Alexoff D, Carter P, Shea C, Muench L, Xu Y, Fowler JS, Kim SW, Logan J. In vivo imaging of brain aromatase in female baboons: [11C]vorozole kinetics and effect of the menstrual cycle. Mol Imaging 2014; 12. [PMID: 24447618 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2013.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to quantify the brain distribution of the enzyme aromatase in the female baboon with positron emission tomography and the tracer [11C]vorozole using three different quantification methods for estimating the total distribution volume (V(T)): a graphical method, compartment modeling, and a tissue to plasma ratio. The graphical model and the compartment modeling gave similar estimates to the data and similar values (correlation R = .988; p = .0001). [11C]Vorozole shows a rapid uptake by the brain followed by a relatively constant accumulation, suggesting the possibility of using the tissue to plasma ratio as an estimate of V(T). The highest uptake of [11C]vorozole in the baboon brain was measured in the amygdala, followed by the preoptic area and hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cortical areas. Pretreatment studies with vorozole or letrozole showed a generalized decrease in brain accumulation and V(T). The results suggested that the physiologic changes in gonadal hormone levels accompanying the menstrual cycle had a significant effect on brain aromatase V(T).
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Alia-Klein N, Wang GJ, Preston-Campbell RN, Moeller SJ, Parvaz MA, Zhu W, Jayne MC, Wong C, Tomasi D, Goldstein RZ, Fowler JS, Volkow ND. Reactions to media violence: it's in the brain of the beholder. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107260. [PMID: 25208327 PMCID: PMC4160225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Media portraying violence is part of daily exposures. The extent to which violent media exposure impacts brain and behavior has been debated. Yet there is not enough experimental data to inform this debate. We hypothesize that reaction to violent media is critically dependent on personality/trait differences between viewers, where those with the propensity for physical assault will respond to the media differently than controls. The source of the variability, we further hypothesize, is reflected in autonomic response and brain functioning that differentiate those with aggression tendencies from others. To test this hypothesis we pre-selected a group of aggressive individuals and non-aggressive controls from the normal healthy population; we documented brain, blood-pressure, and behavioral responses during resting baseline and while the groups were watching media violence and emotional media that did not portray violence. Positron Emission Tomography was used with [18F]fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) to image brain metabolic activity, a marker of brain function, during rest and during film viewing while blood-pressure and mood ratings were intermittently collected. Results pointed to robust resting baseline differences between groups. Aggressive individuals had lower relative glucose metabolism in the medial orbitofrontal cortex correlating with poor self-control and greater glucose metabolism in other regions of the default-mode network (DMN) where precuneus correlated with negative emotionality. These brain results were similar while watching the violent media, during which aggressive viewers reported being more Inspired and Determined and less Upset and Nervous, and also showed a progressive decline in systolic blood-pressure compared to controls. Furthermore, the blood-pressure and brain activation in orbitofrontal cortex and precuneus were differentially coupled between the groups. These results demonstrate that individual differences in trait aggression strongly couple with brain, behavioral, and autonomic reactivity to media violence which should factor into debates about the impact of media violence on the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Alia-Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebecca N. Preston-Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Scott J. Moeller
- Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Muhammad A. Parvaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wei Zhu
- Applied Mathematics and Statistics, SUNY, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Millard C. Jayne
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chris Wong
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dardo Tomasi
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rita Z. Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joanna S. Fowler
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Volkow ND, Tomasi D, Wang GJ, Logan J, Alexoff DL, Jayne M, Fowler JS, Wong C, Yin P, Du C. Stimulant-induced dopamine increases are markedly blunted in active cocaine abusers. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:1037-43. [PMID: 24912491 PMCID: PMC4827430 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine signaling in nucleus accumbens is essential for cocaine reward. Interestingly, imaging studies have reported blunted dopamine increases in striatum (assessed as reduced binding of [(11)C]raclopride to D2/D3 receptors) in detoxified cocaine abusers. Here, we evaluate whether the blunted dopamine response reflected the effects of detoxification and the lack of cocaine-cues during stimulant exposure. For this purpose we studied 62 participants (43 non-detoxified cocaine abusers and 19 controls) using positron emission tomography and [(11)C]raclopride (radioligand sensitive to endogenous dopamine) to measure dopamine increases induced by intravenous methylphenidate and in 24 of the cocaine abusers, we also compared dopamine increases when methylphenidate was administered concomitantly with a cocaine cue-video versus a neutral-video. In controls, methylphenidate increased dopamine in dorsal (effect size 1.4; P<0.001) and ventral striatum (location of accumbens) (effect size 0.89; P<0.001), but in cocaine abusers methylphenidate's effects did not differ from placebo and were similar whether cocaine-cues were present or not. In cocaine abusers despite the markedly attenuated dopaminergic effects, the methylphenidate-induced changes in ventral striatum were associated with intense drug craving. Our findings are consistent with markedly reduced signaling through D2 receptors during intoxication in active cocaine abusers regardless of cues exposure, which might contribute to compulsive drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- ND Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D Tomasi
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - G-J Wang
- Bioscience Department Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - J Logan
- Bioscience Department Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - DL Alexoff
- Bioscience Department Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - M Jayne
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - JS Fowler
- Bioscience Department Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - C Wong
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - C Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Seo YJ, Kang Y, Muench L, Reid A, Caesar S, Jean L, Wagner F, Holson E, Haggarty SJ, Weiss P, King P, Carter P, Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Hooker JM, Kim SW. Image-guided synthesis reveals potent blood-brain barrier permeable histone deacetylase inhibitors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:588-96. [PMID: 24780082 DOI: 10.1021/cn500021p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that several histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, which are used to study/treat brain diseases, show low blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. In addition to low HDAC potency and selectivity observed, poor brain penetrance may account for the high doses needed to achieve therapeutic efficacy. Here we report the development and evaluation of highly potent and blood-brain barrier permeable HDAC inhibitors for CNS applications based on an image-guided approach involving the parallel synthesis and radiolabeling of a series of compounds based on the benzamide HDAC inhibitor, MS-275 as a template. BBB penetration was optimized by rapid carbon-11 labeling and PET imaging in the baboon model and using the imaging derived data on BBB penetration from each compound to feed back into the design process. A total of 17 compounds were evaluated, revealing molecules with both high binding affinity and BBB permeability. A key element conferring BBB penetration in this benzamide series was a basic benzylic amine. These derivatives exhibited 1-100 nM inhibitory activity against recombinant human HDAC1 and HDAC2. Three of the carbon-11 labeled aminomethyl benzamide derivatives showed high BBB penetration (∼0.015%ID/cc) and regional binding heterogeneity in the brain (high in thalamus and cerebellum). Taken together this approach has afforded a strategy and a predictive model for developing highly potent and BBB permeable HDAC inhibitors for CNS applications and for the discovery of novel candidate molecules for small molecule probes and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Seo
- Biosciences
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea
| | - Yeona Kang
- Biosciences
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Lisa Muench
- Laboratory
of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Alicia Reid
- Physical,
Environmental and Computer Sciences, Medgar Evers College, Brooklyn, New York 11225, United States
| | - Shannon Caesar
- Biosciences
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Logan Jean
- Biosciences
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Florence Wagner
- Stanley Center
for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute
of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Edward Holson
- Stanley Center
for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute
of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Center for
Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Philipp Weiss
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55122, Germany
| | - Payton King
- Biosciences
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Pauline Carter
- Biosciences
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- Laboratory
of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- National Institute
on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Joanna S. Fowler
- Biosciences
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Biosciences
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Laboratory
of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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Logan J, Kim SW, Pareto D, Telang F, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Biegon A. Kinetic Analysis of [11C]Vorozole Binding in the Human Brain with Positron Emission Tomography. Mol Imaging 2014. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2014.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Logan
- From the Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY; National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, MD; Magnetic Resonance Unit Hospital Vall Hebron, Psg Vall Hebron 119–129, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER BBN, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY; and Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Sung Won Kim
- From the Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY; National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, MD; Magnetic Resonance Unit Hospital Vall Hebron, Psg Vall Hebron 119–129, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER BBN, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY; and Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Deborah Pareto
- From the Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY; National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, MD; Magnetic Resonance Unit Hospital Vall Hebron, Psg Vall Hebron 119–129, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER BBN, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY; and Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Frank Telang
- From the Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY; National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, MD; Magnetic Resonance Unit Hospital Vall Hebron, Psg Vall Hebron 119–129, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER BBN, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY; and Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- From the Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY; National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, MD; Magnetic Resonance Unit Hospital Vall Hebron, Psg Vall Hebron 119–129, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER BBN, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY; and Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Joanna S. Fowler
- From the Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY; National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, MD; Magnetic Resonance Unit Hospital Vall Hebron, Psg Vall Hebron 119–129, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER BBN, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY; and Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Anat Biegon
- From the Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY; National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Bethesda, MD; Magnetic Resonance Unit Hospital Vall Hebron, Psg Vall Hebron 119–129, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER BBN, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY; and Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
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Logan J, Kim SW, Pareto D, Telang F, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Biegon A. Kinetic analysis of [11C]vorozole binding in the human brain with positron emission tomography. Mol Imaging 2014; 13:1-12. [PMID: 24824855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Using positron emission tomography, we investigated the kinetics of [11C]vorozole ([11C]VOR), a radiotracer for the enzyme aromatase that catalyzes the last step in estrogen biosynthesis. Six subjects were scanned under baseline conditions followed by retest 2 weeks later. The retest was followed by a blocking study with 2.5 mg of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole. The binding potential (BP(A)ND) was estimated from a Lassen plot using the total tissue distribution volume (VT) for baseline and blocked. for the thalamus was found to be 15 times higher than that for the cerebellum. From the letrozole studies, we found that [11C]VOR exhibits a slow binding compartment (small k4) that has a nonspecific and a blockable component. Because of the sensitivity of VT to variations in k4, a common value was used for the four highest binding regions. We also considered the tissue uptake to plasma ratio for 60 to 90 minutes as an outcome measure. Using the ratio method, the difference between the highest and lowest was 2.4 compared to 3.5 for the VT. The ratio method underestimates the high regions but is less variable and may be more suitable for patient studies. Because of its kinetics and distribution, this tracer is not a candidate for a bolus infusion or reference tissue methods.
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Seo YJ, Muench L, Reid A, Chen J, Kang Y, Hooker JM, Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Kim SW. Radionuclide labeling and evaluation of candidate radioligands for PET imaging of histone deacetylase in the brain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6700-5. [PMID: 24210501 PMCID: PMC4007514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) regulate gene expression by inducing conformational changes in chromatin. Ever since the discovery of a naturally occurring HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA) stimulated the recent development of suberoylanilide (SAHA, Zolinza®), HDAC has become an important molecular target for drug development. This has created the need to develop specific in vivo radioligands to study epigenetic regulation and HDAC engagement for drug development for diseases including cancer and psychiatric disorders. 6-([(18)F]Fluoroacetamido)-1-hexanoicanilide ([(18)F]FAHA) was recently developed as a HDAC substrate and shows moderate blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and specific signal (by metabolic trapping/or deacetylation) but rapid metabolism. Here, we report the radiosynthesis of two carbon-11 labeled candidate radiotracers (substrate- and inhibitor-based radioligand) for HDAC and their evaluation in non-human primate brain. PET studies showed very low brain uptake and rapid metabolism of both labeled compounds but revealed a surprising enhancement of brain penetration by F for H substitution when comparing one of these to [(18)F]FAHA. Further structural refinement is needed for the development of brain-penetrant, metabolically stable HDAC radiotracers and to understand the role of fluorine substitution on brain penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Seo
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea
| | - Lisa Muench
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Alicia Reid
- Department of Physical, Environmental and Computer Sciences, Medgar Evers College, The City University of New York 1650 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Jinzhu Chen
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Yeona Kang
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Upton, NY 11973, USA
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, 6001 Executive Blvd, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Joanna S. Fowler
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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Kim SW, Hooker JM, Otto N, Win K, Muench L, Shea C, Carter P, King P, Reid AE, Volkow ND, Fowler JS. Whole-body pharmacokinetics of HDAC inhibitor drugs, butyric acid, valproic acid and 4-phenylbutyric acid measured with carbon-11 labeled analogs by PET. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:912-8. [PMID: 23906667 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acids, n-butyric acid (BA), 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA) and valproic acid (VPA, 2-propylpentanoic acid) have been used for many years in the treatment of a variety of CNS and peripheral organ diseases including cancer. New information that these drugs alter epigenetic processes through their inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) has renewed interest in their biodistribution and pharmacokinetics and the relationship of these properties to their therapeutic and side effect profiles. In order to determine the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of these drugs in primates, we synthesized their carbon-11 labeled analogues and performed dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) in six female baboons over 90 min. The carbon-11 labeled carboxylic acids were prepared by using (11)CO2 and the appropriate Grignard reagents. [(11)C]BA was metabolized rapidly (only 20% of the total carbon-11 in plasma was parent compound at 5 min post injection) whereas for VPA and PBA 98% and 85% of the radioactivity were the unmetabolized compound at 30 min after their administration respectively. The brain uptake of all three carboxylic acids was very low (<0.006%ID/cc, BA>VPA>PBA), which is consistent with the need for very high doses for therapeutic efficacy. Most of the radioactivity was excreted through the kidneys and accumulated in the bladder. However, the organ biodistribution between the drugs differed. [(11)C]BA showed relatively high uptake in spleen and pancreas whereas [(11)C]PBA showed high uptake in liver and heart. Notably, [(11)C]VPA showed exceptionally high heart uptake possibly due to its involvement in lipid metabolism. The unique biodistribution of each of these drugs may be of relevance in understanding their therapeutic and side effect profile including their teratogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Kim
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Upton, NY, USA.
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Volkow ND, Tomasi D, Wang GJ, Telang F, Fowler JS, Goldstein RZ, Klein N, Wong C, Swanson JM, Shumay E. Association between dopamine D4 receptor polymorphism and age related changes in brain glucose metabolism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63492. [PMID: 23717434 PMCID: PMC3661541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with reductions in brain glucose metabolism in some cortical and subcortical regions, but the rate of decrease varies significantly between individuals, likely reflecting genetic and environmental factors and their interactions. Here we test the hypothesis that the variant of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene (VNTR in exon 3), which has been associated with novelty seeking and sensitivity to environmental stimuli (negative and positive) including the beneficial effects of physical activity on longevity, influence the effects of aging on the human brain. We used positron emission tomography (PET) and [(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose ((18)FDG) to measure brain glucose metabolism (marker of brain function) under baseline conditions (no stimulation) in 82 healthy individuals (age range 22-55 years). We determined their DRD4 genotype and found an interaction with age: individuals who did not carry the 7-repeat allele (7R-, n = 53) had a significant (p<0.0001) negative association between age and relative glucose metabolism (normalized to whole brain glucose metabolism) in frontal (r = -0.52), temporal (r = -0.51) and striatal regions (r = -0.47, p<0.001); such that older individuals had lower metabolism than younger ones. In contrast, for carriers of the 7R allele (7R+ n = 29), these correlations with age were not significant and they only showed a positive association with cerebellar glucose metabolism (r = +0.55; p = 0.002). Regression slopes of regional brain glucose metabolism with age differed significantly between the 7R+ and 7R- groups in cerebellum, inferior temporal cortex and striatum. These results provide evidence that the DRD4 genotype might modulate the associations between regional brain glucose metabolism and age and that the carriers of the 7R allele appear to be less sensitive to the effects of age on brain glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Wigal T, Kollins SH, Newcorn JH, Telang F, Logan J, Jayne M, Wong CT, Han H, Fowler JS, Zhu W, Swanson JM. Long-term stimulant treatment affects brain dopamine transporter level in patients with attention deficit hyperactive disorder. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63023. [PMID: 23696790 PMCID: PMC3655054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Brain dopamine dysfunction in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) could explain why stimulant medications, which increase dopamine signaling, are therapeutically beneficial. However while the acute increases in dopamine induced by stimulant medications have been associated with symptom improvement in ADHD the chronic effects have not been investigated. Method We used positron emission tomography and [11C]cocaine (dopamine transporter radioligand) to measure dopamine transporter availability in the brains of 18 never-medicated adult ADHD subjects prior to and after 12 months of treatment with methylphenidate and in 11 controls who were also scanned twice at 12 months interval but without stimulant medication. Dopamine transporter availability was quantified as non-displaceable binding potential using a kinetic model for reversible ligands. Results Twelve months of methylphenidate treatment increased striatal dopamine transporter availability in ADHD (caudate, putamen and ventral striatum: +24%, p<0.01); whereas there were no changes in control subjects retested at 12-month interval. Comparisons between controls and ADHD participants revealed no significant difference in dopamine transporter availability prior to treatment but showed higher dopamine transporter availability in ADHD participants than control after long-term treatment (caudate: p<0.007; putamen: p<0.005). Conclusion Upregulation of dopamine transporter availability during long-term treatment with methylphenidate may decrease treatment efficacy and exacerbate symptoms while not under the effects of the medication. Our findings also suggest that the discrepancies in the literature regarding dopamine transporter availability in ADHD participants (some studies reporting increases, other no changes and other decreases) may reflect, in part, differences in treatment histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene-Jack Wang
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
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Biegon A, Alia-Klein N, Fowler JS. Potential contribution of aromatase inhibition to the effects of nicotine and related compounds on the brain. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:185. [PMID: 23133418 PMCID: PMC3490106 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking continues to be a major public health problem, and while smoking rates in men have shown some decrease over the last few decades, smoking rates among girls and young women are increasing. Practically all of the important aspects of cigarette smoking and many effects of nicotine are sexually dimorphic (reviewed by Pogun and Yararbas, 2009). Women become addicted more easily than men, while finding it harder to quit. Nicotine replacement appears to be less effective in women. This may be linked to the observation that women are more sensitive than men to non-nicotine cues or ingredients in cigarettes. The reasons for these sex differences are mostly unknown. Several lines of evidence suggest that many of the reported sex differences related to cigarette smoking may stem from the inhibitory effects of nicotine and other tobacco alkaloids on estrogen synthesis via the enzyme aromatase (cyp19a gene product). Aromatase is the last enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis, catalyzing the conversion of androgens to estrogens. This review provides a summary of experimental evidence supporting brain aromatase as a potential mediator and/or modulator of nicotine actions in the brain, contributing to sex differences in smoking behavior. Additional research on the interaction between tobacco smoke, nicotine, and aromatase may help devise new, sex specific methods for prevention and treatment of smoking addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Biegon
- Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, NY, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Gifford
- Medical Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
| | | | - Joanna S. Fowler
- Medical Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
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Shumay E, Logan J, Volkow ND, Fowler JS. Evidence that the methylation state of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene predicts brain activity of MAO A enzyme in healthy men. Epigenetics 2012; 7:1151-60. [PMID: 22948232 DOI: 10.4161/epi.21976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brain function is mediated by biochemical processes, many of which can be visualized and quantified by positron emission tomography (PET). PET brain imaging of monoamine oxidase A (MAO A)-an enzyme metabolizing neurotransmitters-revealed that MAO A levels vary widely between healthy men and this variability was not explained by the common MAOA genotype (VNTR genotype), suggesting that environmental factors, through epigenetic modifications, may mediate it. Here, we analyzed MAOA methylation in white blood cells (by bisulphite conversion of genomic DNA and subsequent sequencing of cloned DNA products) and measured brain MAO A levels (using PET and [(11)C]clorgyline, a radiotracer with specificity for MAO A) in 34 healthy non-smoking male volunteers. We found significant interindividual differences in methylation status and methylation patterns of the core MAOA promoter. The VNTR genotype did not influence the methylation status of the gene or brain MAO A activity. In contrast, we found a robust association of the regional and CpG site-specific methylation of the core MAOA promoter with brain MAO A levels. These results suggest that the methylation status of the MAOA promoter (detected in white blood cells) can reliably predict the brain endophenotype. Therefore, the status of MAOA methylation observed in healthy males merits consideration as a variable contributing to interindividual differences in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Shumay
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Medical Department, Upton, NY, USA.
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Wang GJ, Smith L, Volkow ND, Telang F, Logan J, Tomasi D, Wong CT, Hoffman W, Jayne M, Alia-Klein N, Thanos P, Fowler JS. Decreased dopamine activity predicts relapse in methamphetamine abusers. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:918-25. [PMID: 21747399 PMCID: PMC3261322 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies in methamphetamine (METH) abusers showed that the decreases in brain dopamine (DA) function might recover with protracted detoxification. However, the extent to which striatal DA function in METH predicts recovery has not been evaluated. Here we assessed whether striatal DA activity in METH abusers is associated with clinical outcomes. Brain DA D2 receptor (D2R) availability was measured with positron emission tomography and [(11)C]raclopride in 16 METH abusers, both after placebo and after challenge with 60 mg oral methylphenidate (MPH) (to measure DA release) to assess whether it predicted clinical outcomes. For this purpose, METH abusers were tested within 6 months of last METH use and then followed up for 9 months of abstinence. In parallel, 15 healthy controls were tested. METH abusers had lower D2R availability in caudate than in controls. Both METH abusers and controls showed decreased striatal D2R availability after MPH and these decreases were smaller in METH than in controls in left putamen. The six METH abusers who relapsed during the follow-up period had lower D2R availability in dorsal striatum than in controls, and had no D2R changes after MPH challenge. The 10 METH abusers who completed detoxification did not differ from controls neither in striatal D2R availability nor in MPH-induced striatal DA changes. These results provide preliminary evidence that low striatal DA function in METH abusers is associated with a greater likelihood of relapse during treatment. Detection of the extent of DA dysfunction may be helpful in predicting therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- GJ Wang
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - L Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angles, CA
| | - ND Volkow
- National institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD,Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Upton, NY
| | - F Telang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Upton, NY
| | - J Logan
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY
| | - D Tomasi
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Upton, NY
| | - CT Wong
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Upton, NY
| | - W Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, OR
| | - M Jayne
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Upton, NY
| | - N Alia-Klein
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY
| | - P Thanos
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Upton, NY
| | - JS Fowler
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
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Volkow ND, Kim SW, Wang GJ, Alexoff D, Logan J, Muench L, Shea C, Telang F, Fowler JS, Wong C, Benveniste H, Tomasi D. Acute alcohol intoxication decreases glucose metabolism but increases acetate uptake in the human brain. Neuroimage 2012; 64:277-83. [PMID: 22947541 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol intoxication results in marked reductions in brain glucose metabolism, which we hypothesized reflect not just its GABAergic enhancing effects but also the metabolism of acetate as an alternative brain energy source. To test this hypothesis we separately assessed the effects of alcohol intoxication on brain glucose and acetate metabolism using Positron Emission Tomography (PET). We found that alcohol intoxication significantly decreased whole brain glucose metabolism (measured with FDG) with the largest decrements in cerebellum and occipital cortex and the smallest in the thalamus. In contrast, alcohol intoxication caused a significant increase in [1-(11)C]acetate brain uptake (measured as standard uptake value, SUV), with the largest increases occurring in the cerebellum and the smallest in the thalamus. In heavy alcohol drinkers [1-(11)C]acetate brain uptake during alcohol challenge tended to be higher than in occasional drinkers (p<0.06) and the increases in [1-(11)C]acetate uptake in cerebellum with alcohol were positively associated with the reported amount of alcohol consumed (r=0.66, p<0.01). Our findings corroborate a reduction of brain glucose metabolism during intoxication and document an increase in brain acetate uptake. The opposite changes observed between regional brain metabolic decrements and regional increases in [1-(11)C]acetate uptake support the hypothesis that during alcohol intoxication the brain may rely on acetate as an alternative brain energy source and provides preliminary evidence that heavy alcohol exposures may facilitate the use of acetate as an energy substrate. These findings raise the question of the potential therapeutic benefits that increasing plasma acetate concentration (i.e. ketogenic diets) may have in alcoholics undergoing alcohol detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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36
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Kinsella K, Schlyer DJ, Fowler JS, Martinez RJ, Sobecky PA. Evaluation of positron emission tomography as a method to visualize subsurface microbial processes. J Hazard Mater 2012; 213-214:498-501. [PMID: 22377376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) provides spatiotemporal monitoring in a nondestructive manner and has higher sensitivity and resolution relative to other tomographic methods. Therefore, this technology was evaluated for its application to monitor in situ subsurface bacterial activity. To date, however, it has not been used to monitor or image soil microbial processes. In this study, PET imaging was applied as a "proof-of-principle" method to assess the feasibility of visualizing a radiotracer labeled subsurface bacterial strain (Rahnella sp. Y9602), previously isolated from uranium contaminated soils and shown to promote uranium phosphate precipitation. Soil columns packed with acid-purified simulated mineral soils were seeded with 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose ((18)FDG) labeled Rahnella sp. Y9602. The applicability of [(18)F]fluoride ion as a tracer for measuring hydraulic conductivity and (18)FDG as a tracer to identify subsurface metabolically active bacteria was successful in our soil column studies. Our findings indicate that positron-emitting isotopes can be utilized for studies aimed at elucidating subsurface microbiology and geochemical processes important in contaminant remediation.
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Fowler JS, Logan J, Macgregor RR, Shea C, Ding YS, Gimi R, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Schlyer D, Ferrieri R, Gatley SJ, Alexoff D, Arnett CD. Species differences in [11C]clorgyline binding in brain. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580440177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Shumay E, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Logan J, Alia-Klein N, Goldstein RZ, Maloney T, Wong C, Volkow ND. Repeat variation in the human PER2 gene as a new genetic marker associated with cocaine addiction and brain dopamine D2 receptor availability. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2:e86. [PMID: 22832851 PMCID: PMC3309530 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Low dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) levels in the striatum are consistently reported in cocaine abusers; inter-individual variations in the degree of the decrease suggest a modulating effect of genetic makeup on vulnerability to addiction. The PER2 (Period 2) gene belongs to the clock genes family of circadian regulators; circadian oscillations of PER2 expression in the striatum was modulated by dopamine through D2Rs. Aberrant periodicity of PER2 contributes to the incidence and severity of various brain disorders, including drug addiction. Here we report a newly identified variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the human PER2 gene (VNTR in the third intron). We found significant differences in the VNTR alleles prevalence across ethnic groups so that the major allele (4 repeats (4R)) is over-represented in non-African population (4R homozygosity is 88%), but not in African Americans (homozygosity 51%). We also detected a biased PER2 genotype distribution among healthy controls and cocaine-addicted individuals. In African Americans, the proportion of 4R/three repeat (3R) carriers in healthy controls is much lower than that in cocaine abusers (23% vs 39%, P=0.004), whereas among non-Africans most 3R/4R heterozygotes are healthy controls (10.5% vs 2.5%, P=0.04). Analysis of striatal D2R availability measured with positron emission tomography and [(11)C]raclopride revealed higher levels of D2R in carriers of 4R/4R genotype (P<0.01). Taken together, these results provide preliminary evidence for the role of the PER2 gene in regulating striatal D2R availability in the human brain and in vulnerability for cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Shumay
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Medical Department, Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
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Logan J, Carruthers NI, Letavic MA, Sands S, Jiang X, Shea C, Muench L, Xu Y, Carter P, King P, Fowler JS. Blockade of the brain histamine H3 receptor by JNJ-39220675: preclinical PET studies with [¹¹C]GSK189254 in anesthetized baboon. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 223:447-55. [PMID: 22614669 PMCID: PMC3456925 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The preclinical characterization of a series of aryloxypyridine amides has identified JNJ-39220675 ((4-cyclobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)(6-(4-fluorophenoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methanone) as a high-affinity histamine H(3) receptor antagonist and a candidate for further drug development particularly in the treatment of alcohol-related behaviors. OBJECTIVE This study measured brain histamine H(3) receptor blockade by JNJ-39220675 (1 mg/kg) in the female baboon. METHODS Positron emission tomography imaging and [(11)C]GSK189254, a reversible high-affinity radiotracer with specificity for the histamine H(3) receptor, was used to measure histamine H(3) receptor availability at baseline and after i.v. and oral administration of JNJ-39220675 (1 mg/kg) in the anesthetized baboon. Histamine H(3) receptor availability was estimated as the total distribution volume (V (T)) in brain regions. The sensitivity of [(11)C]GSK189254 binding to injected mass and carryover effects was determined. RESULTS JNJ-39220675 produces robust (ca. 90 %) blockade of [(11)C]GSK189254 binding after i.v. and oral administration. After oral administration of JNJ-39220675 (1 mg/kg), the fractional receptor occupancy was >0.9 at 90 min with a slight increase from 90 to 240 min. Similar to prior studies in humans, V (T) was highly sensitive to the mass of GSK189254 with ED(50) estimated to be 0.16 μg/kg. CONCLUSIONS The robust blockade of binding of [(11)C]GSK189254 by JNJ-39220675 demonstrates that this compound readily penetrates the blood-brain barrier and occupies the histamine H(3) receptor after oral administration at low plasma concentrations (∼1 ng/cc) supporting further drug development for alcohol addiction and other disorders. This study corroborates prior reports of the high sensitivity of [(11)C]GSK189254 to injected mass at doses >0.1 μg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Logan
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
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Abstract
Both drug addiction and obesity can be defined as disorders in which the saliency value of one type of reward (drugs and food, respectively) becomes abnormally enhanced relative to, and at the expense of others. This model is consistent with the fact that both drugs and food have powerful reinforcing effects-partly mediated by dopamine increases in the limbic system-that, under certain circumstances or in vulnerable individuals, could overwhelm the brain's homeostatic control mechanisms. Such parallels have generated significant interest in understanding the shared vulnerabilities and trajectories between addiction and obesity. Now, brain imaging discoveries have started to uncover common features between these two conditions and to delineate some of the overlapping brain circuits whose dysfunctions may explain stereotypic and related behavioral deficits in human subjects. These results suggest that both obese and drug-addicted individuals suffer from impairments in dopaminergic pathways that regulate neuronal systems associated not only with reward sensitivity and incentive motivation, but also with conditioning (memory/learning), impulse control (behavioural inhibition), stress reactivity, and interoceptive awareness. Here, we integrate findings predominantly derived from positron emission tomography that shed light on the role of dopamine in drug addiction and in obesity, and propose an updated working model to help identify treatment strategies that may benefit both of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, 6001 Executive Boulevard 6001, Room 5274, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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Best M, Gifford AN, Kim SW, Babst B, Piel M, Rösch F, Fowler JS. Rapid radiosynthesis of [11C] and [14C]azelaic, suberic, and sebacic acids for in vivo mechanistic studies of systemic acquired resistance in plants. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew N. Gifford
- Medical Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton; NY; 11973; USA
| | - Sung Won Kim
- National Institute on Alcohol and Alcoholism; NIH; Bethesda; MD; 20892; USA
| | - Ben Babst
- Medical Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton; NY; 11973; USA
| | - Markus Piel
- Institut für Kernchemie; Johannes-Gutenberg Universitaet; 55128; Mainz; Germany
| | - Frank Rösch
- Institut für Kernchemie; Johannes-Gutenberg Universitaet; 55128; Mainz; Germany
| | - Joanna S. Fowler
- Medical Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton; NY; 11973; USA
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Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Newcorn JH, Kollins SH, Wigal TL, Telang F, Fowler JS, Goldstein RZ, Klein N, Logan J, Wong C, Swanson JM. Motivation deficit in ADHD is associated with dysfunction of the dopamine reward pathway. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:1147-54. [PMID: 20856250 PMCID: PMC3010326 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is typically characterized as a disorder of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity but there is increasing evidence of deficits in motivation. Using positron emission tomography (PET), we showed decreased function in the brain dopamine reward pathway in adults with ADHD, which, we hypothesized, could underlie the motivation deficits in this disorder. To evaluate this hypothesis, we performed secondary analyses to assess the correlation between the PET measures of dopamine D2/D3 receptor and dopamine transporter availability (obtained with [(11)C]raclopride and [(11)C]cocaine, respectively) in the dopamine reward pathway (midbrain and nucleus accumbens) and a surrogate measure of trait motivation (assessed using the Achievement scale on the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire or MPQ) in 45 ADHD participants and 41 controls. The Achievement scale was lower in ADHD participants than in controls (11±5 vs 14±3, P<0.001) and was significantly correlated with D2/D3 receptors (accumbens: r=0.39, P<0.008; midbrain: r=0.41, P<0.005) and transporters (accumbens: r=0.35, P<0.02) in ADHD participants, but not in controls. ADHD participants also had lower values in the Constraint factor and higher values in the Negative Emotionality factor of the MPQ but did not differ in the Positive Emotionality factor-and none of these were correlated with the dopamine measures. In ADHD participants, scores in the Achievement scale were also negatively correlated with symptoms of inattention (CAARS A, E and SWAN I). These findings provide evidence that disruption of the dopamine reward pathway is associated with motivation deficits in ADHD adults, which may contribute to attention deficits and supports the use of therapeutic interventions to enhance motivation in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora D. Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD 20892,Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Medical and Chemistry Departments, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973,Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029
| | - Jeffrey H. Newcorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029
| | - Scott H. Kollins
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701
| | - Tim L. Wigal
- Child Development Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612
| | - Frank Telang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Joanna S. Fowler
- Medical and Chemistry Departments, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973,Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029
| | - Rita Z. Goldstein
- Medical and Chemistry Departments, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
| | - Nelly Klein
- Medical and Chemistry Departments, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
| | - Jean Logan
- Medical and Chemistry Departments, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
| | - Christopher Wong
- Medical and Chemistry Departments, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
| | - James M. Swanson
- Child Development Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612
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Riss PJ, Hooker JM, Shea C, Xu Y, Carter P, Warner D, Ferrari V, Kim SW, Aigbirhio FI, Fowler JS, Roesch F. Characterisation of [¹¹C]PR04.MZ in Papio anubis baboon: a selective high-affinity radioligand for quantitative imaging of the dopamine transporter. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:679-82. [PMID: 22082561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
N-(4-fluorobut-2-yn-1-yl)-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4'-tolyl)nortropane (PR04.MZ, 1) is a PET radioligand for the non-invasive exploration of the function of the cerebral dopamine transporter (DAT). A reliable automated process for routine production of the carbon-11 labelled analogue [(11)C]PR04.MZ ([(11)C]-1) has been developed using GMP compliant equipment. An adult female Papio anubis baboon was studied using a test-retest protocol with [(11)C]-1 in order to assess test-retest reliability, metabolism and CNS distribution profile of the tracer in non-human primates. Blood sampling was performed throughout the studies for determination of the free fraction in plasma (f(P)), plasma input functions and metabolic degradation of the radiotracer [(11)C]-1. Time-activity curves were derived for the putamen, the caudate nucleus, the ventral striatum, the midbrain and the cerebellum. Distribution volumes (V(T)) and non-displaceable binding potentials (BP(ND)) for various brain regions and the blood were obtained from kinetic modelling. [(11)C]-1 shows promising results as a selective marker of the presynaptic dopamine transporter. With the reliable visualisation of the extra-striatal dopaminergic neurons and no indication on labelled metabolites, the tracer provides excellent potential for translation into man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Riss
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Abstract
A major challenge in understanding substance-use disorders lies in uncovering why some individuals become addicted when exposed to drugs, whereas others do not. Although genetic, developmental, and environmental factors are recognized as major contributors to a person's risk of becoming addicted, the neurobiological processes that underlie this vulnerability are still poorly understood. Imaging studies suggest that individual variations in key dopamine-modulated brain circuits, including circuits involved in reward, memory, executive function, and motivation, contribute to some of the differences in addiction vulnerability. A better understanding of the main circuits affected by chronic drug use and the influence of social stressors, developmental trajectories, and genetic background on these circuits is bound to lead to a better understanding of addiction and to more effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of substance-use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Wang GJ, Geliebter A, Volkow ND, Telang FW, Logan J, Jayne MC, Galanti K, Selig PA, Han H, Zhu W, Wong CT, Fowler JS. Enhanced striatal dopamine release during food stimulation in binge eating disorder. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:1601-8. [PMID: 21350434 PMCID: PMC3144277 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Subjects with binge eating disorder (BED) regularly consume large amounts of food in short time periods. The neurobiology of BED is poorly understood. Brain dopamine, which regulates motivation for food intake, is likely to be involved. We assessed the involvement of brain dopamine in the motivation for food consumption in binge eaters. Positron emission tomography (PET) scans with [(11)C]raclopride were done in 10 obese BED and 8 obese subjects without BED. Changes in extracellular dopamine in the striatum in response to food stimulation in food-deprived subjects were evaluated after placebo and after oral methylphenidate (MPH), a drug that blocks the dopamine reuptake transporter and thus amplifies dopamine signals. Neither the neutral stimuli (with or without MPH) nor the food stimuli when given with placebo increased extracellular dopamine. The food stimuli when given with MPH significantly increased dopamine in the caudate and putamen in the binge eaters but not in the nonbinge eaters. Dopamine increases in the caudate were significantly correlated with the binge eating scores but not with BMI. These results identify dopamine neurotransmission in the caudate as being of relevance to the neurobiology of BED. The lack of correlation between BMI and dopamine changes suggests that dopamine release per se does not predict BMI within a group of obese individuals but that it predicts binge eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene-Jack Wang
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA.
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Reid AE, Kim SW, Seiner B, Fowler FW, Hooker J, Ferrieri R, Babst B, Fowler JS. Radiosynthesis of C-11 labeled auxin (3-indolyl[1-11C]acetic acid) and its derivatives from gramine. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Alia-Klein N, Parvaz MA, Woicik PA, Konova AB, Maloney T, Shumay E, Wang R, Telang F, Biegon A, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Tomasi D, Volkow ND, Goldstein RZ. Gene x disease interaction on orbitofrontal gray matter in cocaine addiction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 68:283-94. [PMID: 21383264 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Long-term cocaine use has been associated with structural deficits in brain regions having dopamine-receptive neurons. However, the concomitant use of other drugs and common genetic variability in monoamine regulation present additional structural variability. OBJECTIVE To examine variations in gray matter volume (GMV) as a function of lifetime drug use and the genotype of the monoamine oxidase A gene, MAOA, in men with cocaine use disorders (CUD) and healthy male controls. DESIGN Cross-sectional comparison. SETTING Clinical Research Center at Brookhaven National Laboratory. PATIENTS Forty individuals with CUD and 42 controls who underwent magnetic resonance imaging to assess GMV and were genotyped for the MAOA polymorphism (categorized as high- and low-repeat alleles). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The impact of cocaine addiction on GMV, tested by (1) comparing the CUD group with controls, (2) testing diagnosis × MAOA interactions, and (3) correlating GMV with lifetime cocaine, alcohol, and cigarette smoking, and testing their unique contribution to GMV beyond other factors. RESULTS (1) Individuals with CUD had reductions in GMV in the orbitofrontal, dorsolateral prefrontal, and temporal cortex and the hippocampus compared with controls. (2) The orbitofrontal cortex reductions were uniquely driven by CUD with low- MAOA genotype and by lifetime cocaine use. (3) The GMV in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus was driven by lifetime alcohol use beyond the genotype and other pertinent variables. CONCLUSIONS Long-term cocaine users with the low-repeat MAOA allele have enhanced sensitivity to gray matter loss, specifically in the orbitofrontal cortex, indicating that this genotype may exacerbate the deleterious effects of cocaine in the brain. In addition, long-term alcohol use is a major contributor to gray matter loss in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, and is likely to further impair executive function and learning in cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Alia-Klein
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA.
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Gifford AN, Kuschel S, Shea C, Fowler JS. Polymer-supported organotin reagent for prosthetic group labeling of biological macromolecules with radioiodine. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:406-12. [PMID: 21309585 DOI: 10.1021/bc1004203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the use of poly-mer-bound precursor for generating a radiolabeled prosthetic group to be used for conjugate labeling of biological macromolecules. For the approach, a trialkyltin chloride in which the tin was bound to a hydrophilic PEG-based resin support via one of the alkyl groups was synthesized. This resin was then used to prepare a resin-bound trialkyltin benzoic acid, which in some cases was further derivatized on-resin by converting it to a succinimidyl ester. Exposure of the resin-bound compounds to electrophilic radioiodine (¹²⁵I) in either an aqueous or methanol solvent liberated either free radiolabeled [¹²⁵I]iodobenzoic acid or its succinimidyl ester without co-release of the resin-bound precursors. Radiochemical yield was between 35% and 75%, depending on the solvent system and precursor. As example applications for the released compounds, the amine-reactive N-succinimidyl-[¹²⁵I]iodobenzoate prosthetic group was used for conjugate radiolabeling of a peptide, tomato plant systemin, and two proteins, albumin and IgG antibody. These results demonstrate that resin-bound organotin precursors in which the compound to be labeled is tethered to the support via the tin group to be substituted can be used to produce radioiodine-labeled aromatic prosthetic groups in good specific activity without the need for HPLC purification. This solid-phase approach is potentially adaptable to kit-formulation for performing conjugate radiolabeling of biological macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Gifford
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
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Volkow ND, Tomasi D, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Telang F, Goldstein RZ, Alia-Klein N, Wong C. Reduced metabolism in brain "control networks" following cocaine-cues exposure in female cocaine abusers. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16573. [PMID: 21373180 PMCID: PMC3043072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Gender differences in vulnerability for cocaine addiction have been reported.
Though the mechanisms are not understood, here we hypothesize that gender
differences in reactivity to conditioned-cues, which contributes to relapse,
are involved. Method To test this we compared brain metabolism (using PET and 18FDG)
between female (n = 10) and male
(n = 16) active cocaine abusers when they watched a
neutral video (nature scenes) versus a cocaine-cues video. Results Self-reports of craving increased with the cocaine-cue video but responses
did not differ between genders. In contrast, changes in whole brain
metabolism with cocaine-cues differed by gender (p<0.05); females
significantly decreased metabolism (−8.6%±10) whereas
males tended to increase it (+5.5%±18). SPM analysis
(Cocaine-cues vs Neutral) in females revealed decreases in frontal,
cingulate and parietal cortices, thalamus and midbrain (p<0.001) whereas
males showed increases in right inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44/45) (only at
p<0.005). The gender-cue interaction showed greater decrements with
Cocaine-cues in females than males (p<0.001) in frontal (BA 8, 9, 10),
anterior cingulate (BA 24, 32), posterior cingulate (BA 23, 31), inferior
parietal (BA 40) and thalamus (dorsomedial nucleus). Conclusions Females showed greater brain reactivity to cocaine-cues than males but no
differences in craving, suggesting that there may be gender differences in
response to cues that are not linked with craving but could affect
subsequent drug use. Specifically deactivation of brain regions from
“control networks” (prefrontal, cingulate, inferior parietal,
thalamus) in females could increase their vulnerability to relapse since it
would interfere with executive function (cognitive inhibition). This
highlights the importance of gender tailored interventions for cocaine
addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
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Abstract
CONTEXT The dramatic increase in use of cellular telephones has generated concern about possible negative effects of radiofrequency signals delivered to the brain. However, whether acute cell phone exposure affects the human brain is unclear. OBJECTIVE To evaluate if acute cell phone exposure affects brain glucose metabolism, a marker of brain activity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized crossover study conducted between January 1 and December 31, 2009, at a single US laboratory among 47 healthy participants recruited from the community. Cell phones were placed on the left and right ears and positron emission tomography with ((18)F)fluorodeoxyglucose injection was used to measure brain glucose metabolism twice, once with the right cell phone activated (sound muted) for 50 minutes ("on" condition) and once with both cell phones deactivated ("off" condition). Statistical parametric mapping was used to compare metabolism between on and off conditions using paired t tests, and Pearson linear correlations were used to verify the association of metabolism and estimated amplitude of radiofrequency-modulated electromagnetic waves emitted by the cell phone. Clusters with at least 1000 voxels (volume >8 cm(3)) and P < .05 (corrected for multiple comparisons) were considered significant. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Brain glucose metabolism computed as absolute metabolism (μmol/100 g per minute) and as normalized metabolism (region/whole brain). RESULTS Whole-brain metabolism did not differ between on and off conditions. In contrast, metabolism in the region closest to the antenna (orbitofrontal cortex and temporal pole) was significantly higher for on than off conditions (35.7 vs 33.3 μmol/100 g per minute; mean difference, 2.4 [95% confidence interval, 0.67-4.2]; P = .004). The increases were significantly correlated with the estimated electromagnetic field amplitudes both for absolute metabolism (R = 0.95, P < .001) and normalized metabolism (R = 0.89; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS In healthy participants and compared with no exposure, 50-minute cell phone exposure was associated with increased brain glucose metabolism in the region closest to the antenna. This finding is of unknown clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, 6001 Executive Blvd, Room 5274, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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