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Yip JA, Lee KK. Comedy, consensus, and conflict framework: Comedy as a norm violation can build consensus or escalate conflict in negotiations. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 57:101814. [PMID: 38626690 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we propose that humor violates norms that can build consensus or escalate conflict in negotiations. Drawing on social identity theory, we propose that humor commits norm violations that are more likely to be perceived as benign among ingroup observers in negotiations, but perceived as offensive to outgroup observers in negotiations. We introduce the Comedy, Consensus, and Conflict Framework to shed light on the interpersonal effect of humor on negotiations. When humor is expressed to an ingroup observer, relative to neutral communication, humor is more likely to violate weak norms that govern social group membership resulting in the violation as being perceived as benign, which promotes cooperative behaviors in negotiations such as concessions and collaborative problem-solving. By contrast, when humor is expressed to an outgroup observer, relative to neutral communication, humor is more likely to violate strong norms that define social group membership resulting in the violation as being interpreted as offensive, which triggers competitive behaviors in negotiations such as aggressive offers and hardened positions. Furthermore, we suggest that humor not only generates appraisals of social identity threats, but also affective responses that influence negotiation behavior. Finally, we expand our theoretical model about humor to consider key relational factors that influence norm strength, which motivates whether negotiators appraise norm violations as offensive or benign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Yip
- Georgetown University, McDonough School of Business, USA.
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Zhang Z, Peng Y, Jiang Y, Chen T. The pictorial set of Emotional Social Interactive Scenarios between Chinese Adults (ESISCA): Development and validation. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:2581-2594. [PMID: 37528294 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Affective picture databases with a single facial expression or body posture in one image have been widely applied to investigate emotion. However, to date, there was no standardized database containing the stimuli which involve multiple emotional signals in social interactive scenarios. The current study thus developed a pictorial set comprising 274 images depicting two Chinese adults' interactive scenarios conveying emotions of happiness, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, and neutral. The data of the valence and arousal ratings of the scenes and the emotional categories of the scenes and the faces in the images were provided in the present study. Analyses of the data collected from 70 undergraduate students suggested high reliabilities of the valence and arousal ratings of the scenes and high judgmental agreements in categorizing the scene and facial emotions. The findings suggested that the present dataset is well constructed and could be useful for future studies to investigate the emotion recognition or empathy in social interactions in both healthy and clinical (e.g., ASD) populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yanqin Peng
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yiyao Jiang
- College of Arts and Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Tingji Chen
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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3
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Strifler Y, Diamond GM. Emotional arousal and reflective functioning among parents participating in attachment-based family therapy for LGBTQ+ young adults and their nonaccepting parents. Psychother Res 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38319829 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2024.2309285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parents' rejection of their LGBTQ + young adults can have a negative impact on their young adult's psychological welfare, and on the young adult-parent relationship. Parents' ability to reflect on their child's pain and unmet needs is thought to evoke empathy and compassion, and reduce rejection. Empirical and clinical evidence suggest that parents' level of reflective functioning (RF) is impacted by their level of emotional arousal (EA). This study examined the association between parents' EA and RF within the context of attachment-based family therapy for nonaccepting parents and their LGBTQ+ young adults. METHODS 43 therapy sessions drawn from six different cases were coded for parental RF and EA, based on 30-second segments. This generated a total of 343 observations for analyses. RESULTS Hierarchal linear modeling revealed that parents' level of RF was a function of their concomitant EA, with moderate levels of arousal predicting the highest RF levels. CONCLUSION Moderate EA may facilitate optimal parental reflective functioning. With nonaccepting parents, who typically present for treatment with high levels of maladaptive fear and shame, therapists would do well to assess their level of arousal and, when indicated, employ downregulating interventions before inviting them to reflect on their young adult's experience and needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotam Strifler
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Gary M Diamond
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Huang L, Galinsky AD. SHARP wit: Why receiving sarcasm improves perspective-taking. Curr Opin Psychol 2023; 54:101709. [PMID: 37939568 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite its use of opposing expressions, sarcasm is often used to communicate a speaker's viewpoint. The current analysis explores whether and when sarcasm increases the recipients' understanding. We propose a theoretical model-the SHARP model-that specifies how sarcasm often helps activate perspective-taking. Our model proposes that sarcasm can provide the cognitive readiness and the motivational drive that enable recipients to see the world from the speaker's viewpoint. Building off findings in psychology and sociology, we hypothesize that sarcasm activates two precursors to perspective-taking: deliberate processing and open-mindedness. We also discuss three moderators that can reduce sarcasm's positive effects and even turn them negative. We call on future research to empirically test the SHARP model.
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Pan H, Chen Z, Jospe K, Gao Q, Sheng J, Gao Z, Perry A. Mood congruency affects physiological synchrony but not empathic accuracy in a naturalistic empathy task. Biol Psychol 2023; 184:108720. [PMID: 37952694 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Empathy is a crucial aspect of our daily lives, as it enhances our wellbeing and is a proxy for prosocial behavior. It encompasses two related but partially distinct components: cognitive and affective empathy. Both are susceptible to context, biases and an individual's physiological state. Few studies have explored the effects of a person's mood on these empathy components, and results are mixed. The current study takes advantage of an ecological, naturalistic empathy task - the empathic accuracy (EA) task - in combination with physiological measurements to examine and differentiate between the effects of one's mood on both empathy components. Participants were induced with positive or negative mood and presented videos of targets narrating autobiographical negative stories, selected from a Chinese empathy dataset that we developed (now publicly available). The stories were conveyed in audio-only, visual-only and full-video formats. Participants rated the target's emotional state while watching or listening to their stories, and physiological measures were taken throughout the process. Importantly, similar measures were taken from the targets when they narrated the stories, allowing a comparison between participants' and targets' measures. We found that in audio-only and visual-only conditions, participants whose moods were congruent with the target showed higher physiological synchrony than those with incongruent mood, implying a mood-congruency effect on affective empathy. However, there was no mood effect on empathic accuracy (reflecting cognitive empathy), suggesting a different influence of mood on the two empathy components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxi Pan
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Zhiyun Chen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Karine Jospe
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, China.
| | - Jinyou Sheng
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Zaifeng Gao
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, China.
| | - Anat Perry
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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McCartney J, Franczak J, Gonzalez K, Hall AT, Hochwarter WA, Jordan SL, Wikhamn W, Khan AK, Babalola MT. Supervisor off-work boundary infringements: Perspective-taking as a resource for after-hours intrusions. WORK AND STRESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/02678373.2023.2176945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob McCartney
- Haile College of Business, Department of Management, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Jennifer Franczak
- Graziadio Business School, Department of Organization Theory and Management, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, USA
| | - Katerina Gonzalez
- Sawyer Business School, Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Suffolk University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angela T. Hall
- School of Human Resources and Labor Relations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Wayne A. Hochwarter
- College of Business, Department of Management, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Samantha L. Jordan
- G. Brint Ryan College of Business, Department of Management, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Wajda Wikhamn
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | - Abdul Karim Khan
- College of Business and Economics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mayowa T. Babalola
- College of Business and Law, Department of Management, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
In this review, we identify emerging trends in negotiation scholarship that embrace complexity, finding moderators of effects that were initially described as monolithic, examining the nuances of social interaction, and studying negotiation as it occurs in the real world. We also identify areas in which research is lacking and call for scholarship that offers practical advice. All told, the existing research highlights negotiation as an exciting context for examining human behavior, characterized by features such as strong emotions, an intriguing blend of cooperation and competition, the presence of fundamental issues such as power and group identity, and outcomes that deeply affect the trajectory of people's personal and professional lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J Boothby
- Department of Operations, Information and Decisions, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
| | - Gus Cooney
- Department of Operations, Information and Decisions, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
| | - Maurice E Schweitzer
- Department of Operations, Information and Decisions, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
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Larsson J, Bjureberg J, Hesser H. Anger profiles among individuals seeking treatment for maladaptive anger: Associations with emotion regulation. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023. [PMID: 36607221 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Individuals who experience problems with anger represent a heterogeneous group. Identifying clinically relevant subtypes of anger may advance treatment research. In the current study, latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted to explore if distinct subtypes of anger could be identified within a sample of individuals seeking treatment for maladaptive anger (N = 538; 55.4% females; mean age = 39.78, SD = 12.28). Furthermore, the utility of the empirical classification was examined based on differences in usage of emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, mindful emotion awareness and relaxation) across subtypes. Four anger profiles were identified in the best-fitted LPA model: Low Anger (n = 153, 28.4%), Anger In (n = 91, 16.9%), Moderate Anger (n = 193, 35.9%) and High Anger (n = 101, 35.5%). Results from the multinominal regression revealed that the use of emotion regulation differed across all profiles. Participants from the High Anger and Anger In profiles exhibited distinct patterns of dysfunctional emotion regulation. The results add to the increasing amount of evidence demonstrating a link between emotion regulation strategies and maladaptive anger. Clinical implications on how to tailor treatments for individuals with maladaptive anger are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Larsson
- School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Johan Bjureberg
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hugo Hesser
- School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Yip JA, Lee KK. Emotions and ethics: How emotions sensitize perceptions of the consequences for self and others to motivate unethical behavior. Curr Opin Psychol 2022; 48:101464. [PMID: 36244308 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we suggest that emotions differentiated by cognitive appraisals may promote self-concern or other-concern that alter the utilitarian calculus of weighing the harm and benefits associated with moral decision-making. We introduce the Emotions and Ethics Framework to elucidate the intrapsychic effect of emotion on deception. When emotions promote self-concern, individuals are more likely engage in selfish deception. By contrast, when emotions promote other-concern, individuals are more likely to exhibit honesty. Furthermore, we extrapolate our theoretical model to consider how felt emotions influence different types of deception: selfish lies, prosocial lies, spiteful lies, and pareto lies. Finally, we theorize about the interpersonal effect of emotional expressions on deception, suggesting that the ethical consequences of emotion contagion and reverse-appraisal processes are distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Yip
- McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University, USA.
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10
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Authoritarian Leaders Share Conspiracy Theories to Attack Opponents, Galvanize Followers, Shift Blame, and Undermine Democratic Institutions. Curr Opin Psychol 2022; 46:101388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gingerich A, Sebok-Syer SS, Lingard L, Watling CJ. The shift from disbelieving underperformance to recognising failure: A tipping point model. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 56:395-406. [PMID: 34668213 DOI: 10.1111/medu.14681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Coming face to face with a trainee who needs to be failed is a stern test for many supervisors. In response, supervisors have been encouraged to report evidence of failure through numerous assessment redesigns. And yet, there are lingering signs that some remain reluctant to engage in assessment processes that could alter a trainee's progression in the programme. Failure is highly consequential for all involved and, although rare, requires explicit study. Recent work identified a phase of disbelief that preceded identification of underperformance. What remains unknown is how supervisors come to recognise that a trainee needs to be failed. METHODS Following constructivist grounded theory methodology, 42 physicians and surgeons in British Columbia, Canada shared their experiences supervising trainees who profoundly underperformed, required extensive remediation or were dismissed from the programme. We identified recurring themes using an iterative, constant comparative process. RESULTS The shift from disbelieving underperformance to recognising failure involves three patterns: accumulation of significant incidents, discovery of an egregious error after negligible deficits or illumination of an overlooked deficit when pointed out by someone else. Recognising failure was accompanied by anger, certainty and a sense of duty to prevent harm. CONCLUSION Coming to the point of recognising that a trainee needs to fail is akin to the psychological process of a tipping point where people first realise that noise is signal and cross a threshold where the pattern is no longer an anomaly. The co-occurrence of anger raises the possibility for emotions to be a driver of, and not only a barrier to, recognising failure. This warrants caution because tipping points, and anger, can impede detection of improvement. Our findings point towards possibilities for supporting earlier identification of underperformance and overcoming reluctance to report failure along with countermeasures to compensate for difficulties in detecting improvement once failure has been verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gingerich
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Lorelei Lingard
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Centre for Education Research & Innovation, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher J Watling
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Centre for Education Research & Innovation, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Shahrajabian MH. Powerful Stress Relieving Medicinal Plants for Anger, Anxiety, Depression, and Stress During Global Pandemic. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2022; 16:284-310. [PMID: 35319401 DOI: 10.2174/1872208316666220321102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Consideration and improvement for anxiety and depression are important during a global pandemic. Appropriate healthcare can be obtained by paying more attention to traditional medicinal sciences. The adverse effects of stress with various symptoms can be managed by introducing plants that boost mental health. The most relevant psychological reactions in the general population related to the global pandemic are pervasive anxiety, frustration and boredom, specific and uncontrolled fear, disabling loneliness, significant lifestyle changes, and psychiatric conditions. Ginseng, chamomile, passionflower, herbal tea, lavender, saffron, kava, rose, cardamom, Chinese date, and some chief formula like yokukansan, Dan-zhi-xiao-yao-san, so-ochim-tang-gamiband, and saikokaryukotsuboreito are notable herbal treatments for mental health problems. The most common medicinal plants that have been used in Iran for the cure of stress and anxiety are Viper's-buglosses, Dracocephalum, valerian, chamomile, common hop, hawthorns, and lavender. Medicinal plants and herbs can be used for the treatment and alleviation of the negative effects of stress, anger, and depression during the global pandemic.
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Liu B, Zhao H, Lu Q. Effect of leader mindfulness on hindrance stress in nurses: The social mindfulness information processing path. J Adv Nurs 2021; 77:4414-4426. [PMID: 34227698 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to explore the influence of leader mindfulness on hindrance stress in nurses. Based on the social mindfulness framework, the mediating effects of nurses' perceptions of their leaders' perspective taking and empathic concern and how they are moderated by mindfulness of nurses were investigated. DESIGN A time-lagged cross-sectional survey was conducted. METHODS The convenience sampling method was adopted. Data were collected at three time points from January to September 2020. A total of 393 paired datasets of nurses and their leaders were collected from 28 Chinese 3A grade hospitals. SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0 were used for data analysis and hypotheses testing. RESULTS (1) Leader mindfulness significantly reduced nurse hindrance stress. (2) Both nurses' perceptions of their leaders' perspective taking and empathic concern mediated the relationship between leader mindfulness and nurse hindrance stress. Empathic concern was more effective than perspective taking in the process of leader mindfulness for reducing nurse hindrance stress. Nurses' perceptions of their leaders' perspective taking completely mediated the relationship between empathic concern and nurse hindrance stress. (3) Nurse mindfulness moderated the relationship between leader mindfulness and nurses' perceptions of their leaders' empathic concern but had no significant effect on the relationship between leader mindfulness and nurses' perceptions of their leaders' perspective taking. CONCLUSION Leader mindfulness was an important interpersonal factor for reducing nurse hindrance stress. Nurses' perceptions of their leaders' perspective taking and empathic concern were pivotal mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of leader mindfulness. Nurse mindfulness is a situational factor that contributes to the effectiveness of leader mindfulness. IMPACT Hospitals can benefit from mindfulness interventions by improving the mindfulness of leaders and nurses. Nurse managers are encouraged to promote social mindfulness, which will enable perspective taking and empathic concern by nurses and thus reduce hindrance stress on nurses during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beini Liu
- School of Business, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Haizhu Zhao
- School of Finance, Guangdong University of Finance & Economics, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Lu
- School of E-Business and Logistics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Fernandes CR, Yu S, Howell TM, Wood Brooks A, Kilduff GJ, Pettit NC. What is your status portfolio? Higher status variance across groups increases interpersonal helping but decreases intrapersonal well-being. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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False polarization: Cognitive mechanisms and potential solutions. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 43:1-6. [PMID: 34256246 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although political polarization in the United States is real, intense, and increasing, partisans consistently overestimate its magnitude. This 'false polarization' is insidious because it reinforces actual polarization and inhibits compromise. We review empirical research on false polarization and the related phenomenon of negative meta-perceptions, and we propose three cognitive and affective processes that likely contribute to these phenomena: categorical thinking, oversimplification, and emotional amplification. Finally, we review several interventions that have shown promise in mitigating these biases.
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Levine LJ, Murphy G, Lench HC, Greene CM, Loftus EF, Tinti C, Schmidt S, Muzzulini B, Grady RH, Stark SM, Stark CEL. Remembering facts versus feelings in the wake of political events. Cogn Emot 2021; 35:936-955. [PMID: 33829942 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2021.1910496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Amid rising political polarisation, inaccurate memory for facts and exaggerated memories of grievances can drive individuals and groups further apart. We assessed whether people with more accurate memories of the facts concerning political events were less susceptible to bias when remembering how events made them feel. Study 1 assessed participants' memories concerning the 2016 U.S. presidential election (N = 571), and included 33 individuals with Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (HSAM). Study 2 assessed participants' memories concerning the 2018 referendum on abortion in Ireland (N = 733). Participants rated how happy, angry, and scared they felt days after these events. Six months later, they recalled their feelings and factual information. In both studies, participants overestimated how angry they had felt but underestimated happiness and fear. Adjusting for importance, no association was found between the accuracy of memory for facts and feelings. Accuracy in remembering facts was predicted by media exposure. Accuracy in remembering feelings was predicted by consistency over time in feelings and appraisals about past events. HSAM participants in Study 1 remembered election-related facts better than others, but not their feelings. Thus, having a good grasp of the facts did not protect against bias in remembering feelings about political events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Levine
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gillian Murphy
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Heather C Lench
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ciara M Greene
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth F Loftus
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Carla Tinti
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Shauna M Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Craig E L Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Liu B, Zhang Z, Lu Q. Influence of Leader Mindfulness on the Emotional Exhaustion of University Teachers: Resources Crossover Effect. Front Psychol 2021; 12:597208. [PMID: 33732180 PMCID: PMC7959755 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.597208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study combined conservation of resources theory with the job demands-resources model to explore the influence of leader mindfulness on the emotional exhaustion of university teachers Using a time-lagged research design, 388 paired data sets were gathered. Multiple regression and bootstrapping were used to test each hypothesis. The results showed that first, leader mindfulness significantly reduces the emotional exhaustion of university teachers. Second, the results showed that workplace telepressure partially mediates the relationship between leader mindfulness and the emotional exhaustion of university teachers. Third, university teacher mindfulness positively moderates the relationship between leader mindfulness and workplace telepressure. Finally, the results of this study indicate that self-efficacy in managing negative emotions negatively moderates the relationship between workplace telepressure and the emotional exhaustion of university teachers. This study empirically examined the interpersonal influence of leader mindfulness and the initial resources effect of university teacher mindfulness and self-efficacy in managing negative emotions from the bilateral perspective of leaders and university teachers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beini Liu
- School of Business, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Zehui Zhang
- School of Business, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- School of E-Business and Logistics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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19
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Yip JA, Levine EE, Brooks AW, Schweitzer ME. Worry at work: How organizational culture promotes anxiety. RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riob.2020.100124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gaertig C, Barasch A, Levine EE, Schweitzer ME. When does anger boost status? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Fasbender U, Burmeister A, Wang M. Motivated to be socially mindful: Explaining age differences in the effect of employees’ contact quality with coworkers on their coworker support. PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/peps.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Fasbender
- Work and Organizational PsychologyJustus‐Liebig‐University Giessen Giessen Germany
| | - Anne Burmeister
- Rotterdam School of ManagementErasmus University Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mo Wang
- Department of Management, Warrington College of BusinessUniversity of Florida Gainesville Florida
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Lee KK. An indirect debiasing method: Priming a target attribute reduces judgmental biases in likelihood estimations. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212609. [PMID: 30845187 PMCID: PMC6405187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the underlying psychological process that leads to a bias is crucial for developing remedies to correct or reduce the bias. As one of the psychological processes that underlie judgmental biases, attribute substitution provides an explanation as to why people rely on heuristics and commit judgmental biases. Attribute substitution occurs when people make a judgment that requires the use of a target attribute, but make the judgment using a heuristic attribute that comes more readily to mind. This substitution inevitably introduces systematic errors because these two attributes are different. The current work explores an indirect debiasing method-the priming of a target attribute. Across three experiments, we demonstrate that priming a target attribute in prior tasks reduces judgmental biases in likelihood estimations: ratio-bias and base-rate neglect. However, this outcome only occurs when participants have enough cognitive resources. When they experience cognitive load, the priming of the target attribute does not reduce their judgmental biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Kiyeon Lee
- Department of Marketing, McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
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