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Xu Y, Bai Z, Lan T, Fu C, Cheng P. CD44 and its implication in neoplastic diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e554. [PMID: 38783892 PMCID: PMC11112461 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
CD44, a nonkinase single span transmembrane glycoprotein, is a major cell surface receptor for many other extracellular matrix components as well as classic markers of cancer stem cells and immune cells. Through alternative splicing of CD44 gene, CD44 is divided into two isoforms, the standard isoform of CD44 (CD44s) and the variant isoform of CD44 (CD44v). Different isoforms of CD44 participate in regulating various signaling pathways, modulating cancer proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance, with its aberrant expression and dysregulation contributing to tumor initiation and progression. However, CD44s and CD44v play overlapping or contradictory roles in tumor initiation and progression, which is not fully understood. Herein, we discuss the present understanding of the functional and structural roles of CD44 in the pathogenic mechanism of multiple cancers. The regulation functions of CD44 in cancers-associated signaling pathways is summarized. Moreover, we provide an overview of the anticancer therapeutic strategies that targeting CD44 and preclinical and clinical trials evaluating the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and drug-related toxicity about CD44-targeted therapies. This review provides up-to-date information about the roles of CD44 in neoplastic diseases, which may open new perspectives in the field of cancer treatment through targeting CD44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Xu
- Department of BiotherapyLaboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ziyi Bai
- Department of BiotherapyLaboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Tianxia Lan
- Department of BiotherapyLaboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Chenying Fu
- Laboratory of Aging and Geriatric Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ping Cheng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Cai Z, Xin Z, Wang H, Wang C, Liu X. Extracellular Vesicle-Contained Thrombospondin 1 Retards Age-Related Degenerative Tendinopathy by Rejuvenating Tendon Stem/Progenitor Cell Senescence. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400598. [PMID: 38778750 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Advanced age is a major risk factor for age-related degenerative tendinopathy. During aging, tendon stem/progenitor cell (TSPC) function declines owing to the transition from a normal quiescent state to a senescent state. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from young stem cells are reported to possess anti-aging functions. However, it remains unclear whether EVs from young TSPCs (TSPC-EVs) can rejuvenate senescent TSPCs to delay age-related degeneration. Here, this study finds that TSPC-EVs can mitigate the aging phenotypes of senescent TSPCs and maintain their tenogenic capacity. In vitro studies reveal that TSPC-EVs can reinstall autophagy in senescent TSPCs to alleviate cellular senescence, and that the re-establishment of autophagy is mediated by the PI3K/AKT pathway. Mechanistically, this study finds that thrombospondin 1, a negative regulator of the PI3K/AKT pathway, is enriched in TSPC-EVs and can be transported to senescent TSPCs. Moreover, in vivo studies show that the local delivery of TSPC-EVs can rejuvenate senescent TSPCs and promote their tenogenic differentiation, thereby rescuing tendon regeneration in aged rats. Taken together, TSPC-EVs as a novel cell-free approach have promising therapeutic potential for aging-related degenerative tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuochang Cai
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyi Xin
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Haoyuan Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Chongyang Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
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Chen SY, Fang CY, Su BH, Chen HM, Huang SC, Wu PT, Shiau AL, Wu CL. Early Growth Response Protein 1 Exacerbates Murine Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Transcriptional Activation of Matrix Metalloproteinase 12. Biomedicines 2024; 12:780. [PMID: 38672136 PMCID: PMC11047900 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory condition affecting the colon and small intestine, with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis being the major types. Individuals with long-term IBD are at an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. Early growth response protein 1 (Egr1) is a nuclear protein that functions as a transcriptional regulator. Egr1 is known to control the expression of numerous genes and play a role in cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. While IBD has been associated with severe inflammation, the precise mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of Egr1 in the development of IBD. High levels of Egr1 expression were observed in a mouse model of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), as determined by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Chronic DSS treatment showed that Egr1 knockout (KO) mice exhibited resistance to the development of IBD, as determined by changes in their body weight and disease scores. Additionally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and IHC staining demonstrated decreased expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, as well as matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP12). Putative Egr1 binding sites were identified within the MMP12 promoter region. Through reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis, it was shown that Egr1 binds to the MMP12 promoter and regulates MMP12 expression. In conclusion, we found that Egr1 plays a role in the inflammation process of IBD through transcriptionally activating MMP12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yao Chen
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 717302, Taiwan;
| | - Chuan-Yin Fang
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600566, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hwa Su
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ming Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chi Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ting Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Li Shiau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Liang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600566, Taiwan
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Vidal L, Lopez-Garzon M, Venegas V, Vila I, Domínguez D, Rodas G, Marotta M. A Novel Tendon Injury Model, Induced by Collagenase Administration Combined with a Thermo-Responsive Hydrogel in Rats, Reproduces the Pathogenesis of Human Degenerative Tendinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1868. [PMID: 38339145 PMCID: PMC10855568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Patellar tendinopathy is a common clinical problem, but its underlying pathophysiology remains poorly understood, primarily due to the absence of a representative experimental model. The most widely used method to generate such a model is collagenase injection, although this method possesses limitations. We developed an optimized rat model of patellar tendinopathy via the ultrasound-guided injection of collagenase mixed with a thermo-responsive Pluronic hydrogel into the patellar tendon of sixty male Wistar rats. All analyses were carried out at 3, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days post-injury. We confirmed that our rat model reproduced the pathophysiology observed in human patients through analyses of ultrasonography, histology, immunofluorescence, and biomechanical parameters. Tendons that were injured by the injection of the collagenase-Pluronic mixture exhibited a significant increase in the cross-sectional area (p < 0.01), a high degree of tissue disorganization and hypercellularity, significantly strong neovascularization (p < 0.01), important changes in the levels of types I and III collagen expression, and the organization and presence of intra-tendinous calcifications. Decreases in the maximum rupture force and stiffness were also observed. These results demonstrate that our model replicates the key features observed in human patellar tendinopathy. Collagenase is evenly distributed, as the Pluronic hydrogel prevents its leakage and thus, damage to surrounding tissues. Therefore, this model is valuable for testing new treatments for patellar tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vidal
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Lopez-Garzon
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanesa Venegas
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ingrid Vila
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Domínguez
- Medical Department of Futbol Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence) and Barça Innovation, 08970 Sant Joan Despí, Spain
| | - Gil Rodas
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Medical Department of Futbol Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence) and Barça Innovation, 08970 Sant Joan Despí, Spain
- Sports Medicine Unit, Hospital Clínic and Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Marotta
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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Hsu CC, Chen SY, Ko PY, Kwan FC, Su WR, Jou IM, Wu PT. MicroRNA-146a gene transfer ameliorates senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotypes in tendinopathic tenocytes. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:2702-2714. [PMID: 38309291 PMCID: PMC10911367 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tendinopathy is influenced by multiple factors, including chronic inflammation and aging. Senescent cells exhibit characteristics such as the secretion of matrix-degrading enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines, collectively known as senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASPs). Many of these SASP cytokines and enzymes are implicated in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) blocks senescence by targeting interleukin-1β (IL-1β) receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4) and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), thus inhibiting NF-κB activity. The aims of this study were to (1) investigate miR-146a expression in tendinopathic tendons and (2) evaluate the role of miR-146a in countering senescence and SASPs in tendinopathic tenocytes. METHODS MiR-146a expression was assessed in human long head biceps (LHB) and rat tendinopathic tendons by in situ hybridization. MiR-146a over-expression in rat primary tendinopathic tenocytes was achieved by lentiviral vector-mediated precursor miR-146a transfer (LVmiR-146a). Expression of various senescence-related markers was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. MiR-146a expression showed a negative correlation with the severity of tendinopathy in human and rat tendinopathic tendons (p<0.001). RESULTS Tendinopathic tenocyte transfectants overexpressing miR-146a exhibited downregulation of various senescence and SASP markers, as well as the target molecules IRAK-4 and TRAF6, and the inflammatory mediator phospho-NF-κB. Additionally, these cells showed enhanced nuclear staining of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) compared to LVmiR-scramble-transduced controls in response to IL-1β stimulation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that miR-146a expression is negatively correlated with the progression of tendinopathy. Moreover, its overexpression protects tendinopathic tenocytes from SASPs and senescence through the IRAK-4/TRAF6/NF-kB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Chia Hsu
- Department of Orthopaedics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yao Chen
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Ko
- Department of Orthopaedics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fa-Chuan Kwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ren Su
- Department of Orthopaedics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Ming Jou
- Department of Orthopaedics, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- GEG Orthopedic Clinic, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ting Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Jin S, Wang Y, Wu X, Li Z, Zhu L, Niu Y, Zhou Y, Liu Y. Young Exosome Bio-Nanoparticles Restore Aging-Impaired Tendon Stem/Progenitor Cell Function and Reparative Capacity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211602. [PMID: 36779444 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Aging impairs tendon stem/progenitor cell function and tendon homeostasis, however, effective treatments for aging-induced tendon diseases are lacking. Exosomes are naturally derived nanoparticles that contain bioactive molecules, and therefore, have attracted great interest in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this study, it is shown that young exosomes secreted by stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED-Exos) possess abundant anti-aging signals. These young bio-nanoparticles can alleviate the aging phenotypes of aged tendon stem/progenitor cells (AT-SCs) and maintain their tenogenic capacity. Mechanistically, SHED-Exos modulate histone methylation and inhibit nuclear factor-κB to reverse AT-SC aging. In a naturally aging mouse model, systemic administration of SHED-Exo bio-nanoparticles retards tendon degeneration. Interestingly, local delivery of SHED-Exos-loaded microspheres confers anti-aging phenotypes, including reduced senescent cells and decreased ectopic bone formation, thereby functionally and structurally rescuing endogenous tendon regeneration and repair capacity in aged rats. Overall, SHED-Exos, as natural bioactive nanoparticles, have promising translational and therapeutic potential for aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Jin
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolan Wu
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zixin Li
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Lisha Zhu
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Niu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Laboratory of Biomimetic Nanomaterials, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
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Yan B, Wang C, Chakravorty S, Zhang Z, Kadadi SD, Zhuang Y, Sirit I, Hu Y, Jung M, Sahoo SS, Wang L, Shao K, Anderson NL, Trujillo‐Ochoa JL, Briggs SD, Liu X, Olson MR, Afzali B, Zhao B, Kazemian M. A comprehensive single cell data analysis of lymphoblastoid cells reveals the role of super-enhancers in maintaining EBV latency. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28362. [PMID: 36453088 PMCID: PMC10027397 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We probed the lifecycle of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) on a cell-by-cell basis using single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from nine publicly available lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). While the majority of LCLs comprised cells containing EBV in the latent phase, two other clusters of cells were clearly evident and were distinguished by distinct expression of host and viral genes. Notably, both were high expressors of EBV LMP1/BNLF2 and BZLF1 compared to another cluster that expressed neither gene. The two novel clusters differed from each other in their expression of EBV lytic genes, including glycoprotein gene GP350. The first cluster, comprising GP350- LMP1hi cells, expressed high levels of HIF1A and was transcriptionally regulated by HIF1-α. Treatment of LCLs with Pevonedistat, a drug that enhances HIF1-α signaling, markedly induced this cluster. The second cluster, containing GP350+ LMP1hi cells, expressed EBV lytic genes. Host genes that are controlled by super-enhancers (SEs), such as transcription factors MYC and IRF4, had the lowest expression in this cluster. Functionally, the expression of genes regulated by MYC and IRF4 in GP350+ LMP1hi cells were lower compared to other cells. Indeed, induction of EBV lytic reactivation in EBV+ AKATA reduced the expression of these SE-regulated genes. Furthermore, CRISPR-mediated perturbation of the MYC or IRF4 SEs in LCLs induced the lytic EBV gene expression, suggesting that host SEs and/or SE target genes are required for maintenance of EBV latency. Collectively, our study revealed EBV-associated heterogeneity among LCLs that may have functional consequence on host and viral biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Yan
- Department of BiochemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Zonghao Zhang
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Simran D. Kadadi
- Department of Computer SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Yuxin Zhuang
- Department of BiochemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Isabella Sirit
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Minwoo Jung
- Department of Computer SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | | | - Luopin Wang
- Department of Computer SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Kunming Shao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Nicole L. Anderson
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Jorge L. Trujillo‐Ochoa
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases BranchNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Scott D. Briggs
- Department of BiochemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of BiochemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Matthew R. Olson
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases BranchNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Department of BiochemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Department of Computer SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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Cross-Linked Hyaluronate and Corticosteroid Combination Ameliorate the Rat Experimental Tendinopathy through Anti-Senescent and -Apoptotic Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179760. [PMID: 36077161 PMCID: PMC9456262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of cross-linked hyaluronate (cHA) and corticosteroid showed more rapid pain or functional improvement in knee osteoarthritis and adhesive capsulitis. However, rare evidence of this combination in treating tendinopathy has been reported. We hypothesized that the specific formulations of cHA and dexamethasone (DEX) conferred amelioration of tendinopathy via anti-apoptosis and anti-senescence. In this controlled laboratory study, primary tenocytes from the human tendinopathic long head of biceps were treated with three cHA formulations (cHA:linealized HA = 80:20, 50:50, and 20:80) + DEX with or without IL-1β stimulation. Cell viability, inflammatory cytokines, tendon-related proliferation markers, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), senescent markers, and apoptosis were examined. The in vivo therapeutic effects of the selected cHA + DEX combinations were evaluated in a collagenase-induced rat patellar tendinopathy model. The expression levels of inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, MMP-1, and MMP-3 were significantly reduced in all cHA + DEX-treated tenocytes (p < 0.05, all). The cHA (50:50) + DEX and cHA (20:80) + DEX combinations protected tenocytes from cytotoxicity, senescence, and apoptosis induced by DEX in either IL-1β stimulation or none. Furthermore, the two combinations significantly improved the rat experimental tendinopathy by reducing ultrasound feature scores and histological scores as well as the levels of apoptosis, senescence, and senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (p < 0.05, all). We identified two specific cHA formulations (cHA (50:50) and cHA (20:80)) + DEX that could ameliorate tendinopathy through anti-senescence and -apoptosis without cytotoxicity. This study provides a possible approach to treating tendinopathy using the combination of two well-known agents.
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