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Sridhar Reddy P, Villikka K, Kashyap B, Dekker H, Schulten EAJM, Mikkonen JJW, Turunen M, Koistinen AP, Bravenboer N, Kullaa AM. Microstructural changes in the irradiated and osteoradionecrotic bone: a SEM study. Ultrastruct Pathol 2024; 48:128-136. [PMID: 38115187 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2023.2295458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Radiation exposure is a major health concern due to bone involvement including mandible, causing deleterious effects on bone metabolism, and healing with an increasing risk of infection and osteoradionecrosis. This study aims to investigate the radiotherapy-induced microstructural changes in the human mandible by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mandibular cortical bone biopsies were obtained from control, irradiated, and patients with osteoradionecrosis (ORN). Bone samples were prepared for light microscopy and SEM. The SEM images were analyzed for the number of osteons, number of Haversian canal (HC), diameter of osteon (D.O), the diameter of HC (D.HC), osteonal wall thickness (O.W.Th), number of osteocytes, and number of osteocytic dendrites. The number of osteons, D.O, D.HC, O.W.Th, the number of osteocytes, and osteocytic dendrites were significantly decreased in both irradiated and ORN compared to controls (p < .05). The number of HCs decreased in irradiated and ORN bone compared to the control group. However, this was statistically not significant. The deleterious effect of radiation continues gradually altering the bone quality, structure, cellularity, and vascularity in the long term (>5 years mean radiation biopsy interval). The underlying microscopic damage in bone increases its susceptibility and contributes further to radiation-induced bone changes or even ORN.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sridhar Reddy
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kaapo Villikka
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Bina Kashyap
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hannah Dekker
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Engelbert A J M Schulten
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jopi J W Mikkonen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Turunen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arja M Kullaa
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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2
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Yilmaz B, Somay E, Topkan E, Kucuk A, Pehlivan B, Selek U. Utility of pre-chemoradiotherapy Pan-Immune-Inflammation-Value for predicting the osteoradionecrosis rates in locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancers. Strahlenther Onkol 2023; 199:910-921. [PMID: 37566126 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-023-02119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this retrospective study was to explore whether pretreatment Pan-Immune-Inflammation-Value (PIV) measurements might predict the risk of mandibular osteoradionecrosis (ORN) in patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer (LA-NPC). METHODS The platelet, monocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts acquired on the first day of CCRT were used to compute pretreatment PIV levels: PIV = (Platelets × Monocytes × Neutrophils) ÷ Lymphocytes. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the association between ORN rates and PIV levels. Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine the probable intergroup correlations. The potential link between the pretreatment PIV levels and the post-treatment ORN rates was determined as the primary objective. RESULTS 21 (10.0%) of 210 eligible patients were diagnosed with ORN. The optimal pre-CCRT PIV cutoff was 833, which separated patients into two PIV groups with divergent ORN prevalence estimates: Group 1: PIV < 833 (N = 153), and Group 2: PIV ≥ 833 (N = 57). The comparison analysis found that the PIV ≥ 833 cohort had significantly higher ORN rates than the PIV < 833 cohort (29.8% vs. 2.6%; P < 0.001). Other characteristics linked to significantly higher ORN rates were the patient's continuing smoking, the use of the Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy technique, the mean mandibular dose of ≥ 58.1 Gy, the number of tooth extractions before CCRT ≥ 4, and the presence of tooth extractions after CCRT. The independent importance of all factors on higher ORN occurrence rates were retained in multivariate analysis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed a strong link between aggravated inflammatory response and ORN genesis, with high pretreatment PIV levels related to significantly higher ORN rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Yilmaz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dental Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Efsun Somay
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erkan Topkan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kucuk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mersin City Hospital, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Berrin Pehlivan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ugur Selek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Kovarik PDE, Patil R, Cvek J, Kelly C, Jackson M, Mackenzie L, West N, Willis N, Kovarik JP, Banks R, Kennedy M, Adams J, Iqbal MS. Extra-mandibular Osteoradionecrosis after the Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2023; 35:e498-e505. [PMID: 37433701 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a serious toxicity of head and neck radiotherapy. It predominantly affects the mandible. Extra-mandibular ORN is rare. The aim of this study was to report the incidence and outcomes of extra-mandibular ORNs from a large institutional database. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 2303 head and neck cancer patients were treated with radical or adjuvant radiotherapy. Of these, extra-mandibular ORN developed in 13 patients (0.5%). RESULTS Maxillary ORNs (n = 8) were a consequence of the treatment of various primaries (oropharynx = 3, sinonasal = 2, maxilla = 2, parotid = 1). The median interval from the end of radiotherapy to the development of ORN was 7.5 months (range 3-42 months). The median radiotherapy dose in the centre of the ORN was 48.5 Gy (range 22-66.5 Gy). Four patients (50%) healed in 7, 14, 20 and 41 months. All temporal bone ORNs (n = 5) developed after treatment to the parotid gland (of a total of 115 patients who received radiotherapy for parotid gland malignancy). The median interval from the end of radiotherapy to the development of ORN was 41 months (range 20-68 months). The median total dose in the centre of the ORN was 63.5 Gy (range 60.2-65.3 Gy). ORN healed in only one patient after 32 months of treatment with repeated debridement and topical betamethasone cream. CONCLUSION Extra-mandibular ORN is a rare late toxicity and this current study provides useful information on its incidence and outcome. The risk of temporal bone ORN should be considered in the treatment of parotid malignancies and patients should be counselled. More research is required to determine the optimal management of extra-mandibular ORN, particularly on the role of the PENTOCLO regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D E Kovarik
- Department of Oncology, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Northumbria Healthcare NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R Patil
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J Cvek
- Department of Oncology, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - C Kelly
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - M Jackson
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - L Mackenzie
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - N West
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - N Willis
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J P Kovarik
- Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - R Banks
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Royal Sunderland Hospital, Sunderland, UK
| | - M Kennedy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Freeman Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J Adams
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Freeman Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - M S Iqbal
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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4
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Topkan E, Kucuk A, Somay E, Yilmaz B, Pehlivan B, Selek U. Review of Osteoradionecrosis of the Jaw: Radiotherapy Modality, Technique, and Dose as Risk Factors. J Clin Med 2023; 12:3025. [PMID: 37109361 PMCID: PMC10143049 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12083025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) or concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is the cornerstone of organ-sparing or adjuvant therapy for nearly all head and neck cancers. Unfortunately, aggressive RT or CCRT can result in severe late toxicities, such as osteoradionecrosis of the jaws (ORNJ). The incidence of ORNJ is currently less than 5-6% due to advances in dental preventive care programs, RT planning systems, and RT techniques. Although numerous patient-, tumor-, and treatment-related factors may influence the incidence rates of ORNJ, RT modality (equipment), technique, and dose-volume-related factors are three of the most influential factors. This is mainly because different RT equipment and techniques have different levels of success at delivering the prescribed dose to the focal volume of the treatment while keeping the "organ at risk" safe. ORNJ risk is ultimately determined by mandibular dose, despite the RT technique and method being known predictors. Regardless of the photon delivery method, the radiobiological effects will be identical if the total dose, dose per fraction, and dose distribution within the tissue remain constant. Therefore, contemporary RT procedures mitigate this risk by reducing mandibular dosages rather than altering the ionizing radiation behavior in irradiated tissues. In light of the paucity of studies that have examined the impact of RT modality, technique, and dose-volume-related parameters, as well as their radiobiological bases, the present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the published literature on these specific issues to establish a common language among related disciplines and provide a more reliable comparison of research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Topkan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty, Baskent University, Adana 01120, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kucuk
- Clinics of Radiation Oncology, Mersin City Education and Research Hospital, Mersin 33160, Turkey
| | - Efsun Somay
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara 06490, Turkey
| | - Busra Yilmaz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Baskent University, Ankara 06490, Turkey
| | - Berrin Pehlivan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul 34349, Turkey
| | - Ugur Selek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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5
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Vascular Analysis of Soft Tissues Around the Bone Lesion in Osteoradionecrosis, Medication-Related Osteonecrosis, and Infectious Osteomyelitis of the Jaw. J Craniofac Surg 2022; 33:e750-e754. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000008697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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6
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Reddy Padala S, Saikia D, Mikkonen JJW, Uurasjärvi E, Dekker H, Schulten EAJM, Bravenboer N, Koistinen A, Chauhan A, Singh SP, Kullaa AM. Irradiation Induced Biochemical Changes in Human Mandibular Bone: A Raman Spectroscopic Study. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 76:1165-1173. [PMID: 35684992 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221109244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the biochemical changes in irradiated human mandible after radiotherapy of cancer patients is critical for oral rehabilitation. The underlying mechanism for radiation-associated changes in the bone at the molecular level could lead to implant failure and osteoradionecrosis. The study aimed to assess the chemical composition and bone quality in irradiated human mandibular bone using Raman spectroscopy. A total of 33 bone biopsies from 16 control and 17 irradiated patients were included to quantify different biochemical parameters from the Raman spectra. The differences in bone mineral and matrix band intensities between control and irradiated groups were analyzed using unpaired Student's t-test with statistical significance at p < 0.05. Findings suggest that the intensity of the phosphate band is significantly decreased and the carbonate band is significantly increased in the irradiated group. Further, the mineral crystallinity and carbonate to phosphate ratio are increased. The mineral to matrix ratio is decreased in the irradiated group. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on the local radiation dose and biopsy time interval of irradiated samples did not show any specific classification between irradiation sub-groups. Irradiation disrupted the interaction and bonding between the organic matrix and hydroxyapatite minerals affecting the bone biochemical properties. However, the normal clinical appearance of irradiated bone would have been accompanied by underlying biochemical and microscopical changes which might result in radiation-induced delayed complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimple Saikia
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Bio-Engineering, 477529Indian Institute of Technology, Dharwad, India
| | - Jopi J W Mikkonen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Hannah Dekker
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, The Netherlands
| | - Engelbert A J M Schulten
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Bone Quality, 4501Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arto Koistinen
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Amrita Chauhan
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Bio-Engineering, 477529Indian Institute of Technology, Dharwad, India
| | - Surya P Singh
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Bio-Engineering, 477529Indian Institute of Technology, Dharwad, India
| | - Arja M Kullaa
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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7
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Li Y, Lu Y, Qiu B, Ze Y, Li P, Du Y, Gong P, Lin J, Yao Y. Copper-containing titanium alloys promote angiogenesis in irradiated bone through releasing copper ions and regulating immune microenvironment. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 139:213010. [PMID: 35882157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Poor vascularization was demonstrated as a factor inhibiting bone regeneration in patients receiving radiotherapy. Various copper-containing materials have been reported to increase angiogenesis, therefore might improve bone formation. In this study, a Ti6Al4V-1.5Cu alloy was prepared using selective laser melting (SLM) technology. The immunomodulatory and pro-angiogenic effects of the Ti6Al4V-1.5Cu alloys were examined. In vitro, Ti6Al4V-1.5Cu stimulated vascular formation by restraining inflammatory factors and provoking angiogenic factors in non-irradiated and irradiated macrophages. In vivo, the angiogenic effects of the Ti6Al4V-1.5Cu alloy were confirmed using an irradiated rat femur defect model. Moreover, we found that the biological effects of the Ti6Al4V-1.5Cu alloy were partially due to the release of copper ions and associated with PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. In conclusion, this study indicated the potential of the Ti6Al4V-1.5Cu alloy to promote angiogenesis by releasing copper ions and inhibiting inflammation in normal and irradiated tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanjin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Bingrun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiting Ze
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peiran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinxin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Yang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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8
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Tadokoro Y, Hasegawa T, Takeda D, Murakami A, Yatagai N, Iwata E, Saito I, Kusumoto J, Akashi M. Factors Associated with Treatment Outcomes and Pathological Features in Patients with Osteoradionecrosis: A Retrospective Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116565. [PMID: 35682149 PMCID: PMC9180928 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
A standard treatment for osteoradionecrosis (ORN) has not yet been established because of the diversity. Therefore, identifying the risk factors for a poor prognosis is essential. This study retrospectively investigated the factors associated with the prognosis of ORN in 68 patients. Relevant clinical data of all patients were obtained. Of the patients, 16 who underwent extensive surgery underwent histopathological analysis. The necrotic changes of the anterior and posterior margins in the cortical and cancellous bones were investigated. Multivariate analyses showed statistically significant associations between poor prognosis in patients with ORN and high radiation dose (hazard ratio [HR] 1.15), orocutaneous fistula (HR 2.93), and absence of sequestration (HR 2.49). Histopathological analysis showed a viable anterior margin of the middle portion of the cortical bone for all recovered cases; in contrast, most cases (75%) with a poor prognosis showed necrotic changes. The anterior margin of the cancellous bone was viable and resilient to high irradiation, regardless of the prognosis. These results suggest that patients with orocutaneous fistula should receive early surgical intervention, even if the affected area is limited or asymptomatic. In extensive surgery, a sufficient safety margin of necrotic bone, particularly in the anterior region, is required to improve the prognosis.
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9
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Padala SR, Kashyap B, Dekker H, Mikkonen JJW, Palander A, Bravenboer N, Kullaa AM. Irradiation affects the structural, cellular and molecular components of jawbones. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:136-147. [PMID: 34855558 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2013568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Emerging evidence shows that changes in the bone and its microenvironment following radiotherapy are associated with either an inhibition or a state of low bone formation. Ionizing radiation is damaging to the jawbone as it increases the complication rate due to the development of hypovascular, hypocellular, and hypoxic tissue. This review summarizes and correlates the current knowledge on the effects of irradiation on the bone with an emphasis on jawbone, as these have been a less extensively studied area. CONCLUSIONS The stringent regulation of bone formation and bone resorption can be influenced by radiation, causing detrimental effects at structural, cellular, vascular, and molecular levels. It is also associated with a high risk of damage to surrounding healthy tissues and an increased risk of fracture. Technological advances and research on animal models as well as a few human bone tissue studies have provided novel insights into the ways in which bone can be affected by high, low and sublethal dose of radiation. The influence of radiation on bone metabolism, cellular properties, vascularity, collagen, and other factors like inflammation, reactive oxygen species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Reddy Padala
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Bina Kashyap
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hannah Dekker
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jopi J W Mikkonen
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anni Palander
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arja M Kullaa
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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10
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Amler AK, Schlauch D, Tüzüner S, Thomas A, Neckel N, Tinhofer I, Heiland M, Lauster R, Kloke L, Stromberger C, Nahles S. Pilot investigation on the dose-dependent impact of irradiation on primary human alveolar osteoblasts in vitro. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19833. [PMID: 34615948 PMCID: PMC8494843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma can lead to long-term complications like osteoradionecrosis, resulting in severe impairment of the jawbone. Current standard procedures require a 6-month wait after irradiation before dental reconstruction can begin. A comprehensive characterization of the irradiation-induced molecular and functional changes in bone cells could allow the development of novel strategies for an earlier successful dental reconstruction in patients treated by radiotherapy. The impact of ionizing radiation on the bone-forming alveolar osteoblasts remains however elusive, as previous studies have relied on animal-based models and fetal or animal-derived cell lines. This study presents the first in vitro data obtained from primary human alveolar osteoblasts. Primary human alveolar osteoblasts were isolated from healthy donors and expanded. After X-ray irradiation with 2, 6 and 10 Gy, cells were cultivated under osteogenic conditions and analyzed regarding their proliferation, mineralization, and expression of marker genes and proteins. Proliferation of osteoblasts decreased in a dose-dependent manner. While cells recovered from irradiation with 2 Gy, application of 6 and 10 Gy doses not only led to a permanent impairment of proliferation, but also resulted in altered cell morphology and a disturbed structure of the extracellular matrix as demonstrated by immunostaining of collagen I and fibronectin. Following irradiation with any of the examined doses, a decrease of marker gene expression levels was observed for most of the investigated genes, revealing interindividual differences. Primary human alveolar osteoblasts presented a considerably changed phenotype after irradiation, depending on the dose administered. Mechanisms for these findings need to be further investigated. This could facilitate improved patient care by re-evaluating current standard procedures and investigating faster and safer reconstruction concepts, thus improving quality of life and social integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Klara Amler
- Cellbricks GmbH, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Domenic Schlauch
- Cellbricks GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Selin Tüzüner
- Cellbricks GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Thomas
- Cellbricks GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Neckel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingeborg Tinhofer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Heiland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Lauster
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Carmen Stromberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Nahles
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Padala SR, Asikainen P, Ruotsalainen T, Mikkonen JJ, Silvast TS, Koistinen AP, Schulten EAJM, Ten Bruggenkate CM, Kullaa AM. Effects of irradiation in the mandibular bone loaded with dental implants. An experimental study with a canine model. Ultrastruct Pathol 2021; 45:276-285. [PMID: 34423726 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2021.1962467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy may compromise the quality of bone around dental implants, and its ability to regenerate, remodel, and revascularize. This study aimed to describe the irradiation effect on the bone microstructure of the mandible using dental implants in a canine model. Five beagle dogs were exposed to 40 Gy fractionated radiation. In total, 20 dental implants were inserted, two in the irradiated and two in the non-irradiated side. The mandible bone blocks were subjected to 3D micro-computed tomography (µCT) imaging, later evaluated histomorphometrically by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Alterations in irradiated bone were observed under µCT imaging showing an increased anisotropy, porosity, and pore volume. Bone surface-to-bone volume decreased. The bone to implant contact index was significantly reduced in the irradiated bone (75.6% ± 5.8%) as compared to the non-irradiated bone (85.1% ± 6.8%). In the irradiated mandible, osteocytes with their filopodial processes, the bone beneath the periosteum, and subperiosteal veins showed structural differences but were not significant, whereas the diameter of Haversian canals were smaller statistical significant as compared to the control side. The study highlights that radiation dosage of fractioned 40 Gy causes alterations in the alveolar bone microstructure with compatible osseointegration and clinically stable dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Reddy Padala
- Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Timo Ruotsalainen
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jopi Jw Mikkonen
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,SIB Labs, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomo S Silvast
- SIB Labs, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto P Koistinen
- SIB Labs, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Engelbert A J M Schulten
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/ Oral Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris M Ten Bruggenkate
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/ Oral Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arja M Kullaa
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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12
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Sweeny L, Mayland E, Swendseid BP, Curry JM, Kejner AE, Thomas CM, Kain JJ, Cannady SB, Tasche K, Rosenthal EL, DiLeo M, Luginbuhl AJ, Theeuwen H, Sarwary JR, Petrisor D, Wax MK. Microvascular Reconstruction of Osteonecrosis: Assessment of Long-term Quality of Life. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 165:636-646. [PMID: 33618563 DOI: 10.1177/0194599821990682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Review long-term clinical and quality-of-life outcomes following free flap reconstruction for osteonecrosis. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective multi-institutional review. SETTING Tertiary care centers. METHODS Patients included those undergoing free flap reconstructions for osteonecrosis of the head and neck (N = 232). Data included demographics, defect, donor site, radiation history, perioperative management, diet status, recurrence rates, and long-term quality-of-life outcomes. Quality-of-life outcomes were measured using the University of Washington Quality of Life (UW-QOL) survey. RESULTS Overall flap success rate was 91% (n = 212). Relative to preoperative diet, 15% reported improved diet function at 3 months following reconstruction and 26% at 5 years. Osteonecrosis recurred in 14% of patients (32/232); median time to onset was 11 months. Cancer recurrence occurred in 13% of patients (29/232); median time to onset was 34 months. Results from the UW-QOL questionnaire were as follows: no pain (45%), minor or no change in appearance (69%), return to baseline endurance level (37%), no limitations in recreation (40%), no changes in swallowing following reconstruction (28%), minor or no limitations in mastication (29%), minor or no speech difficulties (93%), no changes in shoulder function (84%), normal taste function (19%), normal saliva production (27%), generally excellent mood (44%), and no or minimal anxiety about cancer (94%). CONCLUSION The majority of patients maintained or had advancement in diet following reconstruction, with low rates of osteonecrosis or cancer recurrence and above-average scores on UW-QOL survey suggesting good return of function and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Sweeny
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center-New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Erica Mayland
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center-New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Brian P Swendseid
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph M Curry
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexandra E Kejner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Carissa M Thomas
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Joshua J Kain
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Steve B Cannady
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kendall Tasche
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eben L Rosenthal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Michael DiLeo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center-New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Adam J Luginbuhl
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Juliana R Sarwary
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Daniel Petrisor
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Mark K Wax
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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13
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Frankart AJ, Frankart MJ, Cervenka B, Tang AL, Krishnan DG, Takiar V. Osteoradionecrosis: Exposing the Evidence Not the Bone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 109:1206-1218. [PMID: 33412258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoradionecrosis is a relatively rare but potentially morbid and costly complication of radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. Multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment are essential. Despite evidence guiding individual aspects of care for osteoradionecrosis, there is a lack of broad consensus on the overall diagnosis and management of this condition. This study comprehensively reviews the literature, with a focus on the past 10 years, to guide evaluation and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Frankart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Brian Cervenka
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alice L Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Deepak G Krishnan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Vinita Takiar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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14
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Patel V, Di Silvio L, Kwok J, Burns M, Henley Smith R, Thavaraj S, Veschini L. The impact of intensity-modulated radiation treatment on dento-alveolar microvasculature in pharyngeal cancer implant patients. J Oral Rehabil 2020; 47:1411-1421. [PMID: 32841377 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dental rehabilitation post-radiotherapy often requires the consideration of dental implants. However, these are tentatively prescribed due to the concern of hypovascularisation and possible osteoradionecrosis. Hence, the current study assessed the microvasculature of the dento-alveolar bone at implant sites taking into consideration the exact radiotherapy dose received to the region. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bone cores were taken from nine patients during implant treatment and compared to nine control patients. Specimens were stained using CD31 and digitalised using a high-resolution scanner for qualitative and quantitative assessment of the microvasculature. Monaco® treatment planning system was used to volume the implant site providing mean dose (Dmean ) and maximum dose (Dmax ). RESULTS A total of 23 bone cores were retrieved for analysis. The cohort had a Dmean of 38.4 Gy (59.6-24.3 Gy). Qualitative analysis identified a clear reduction in the miniscule terminal capillaries and high incidence of obliterated lumens with increasing radiotherapy. Microvasculature density of irradiated patients was markedly reduced (P = .0034) compared to the control group with an inverse correlation to RT doses (P < .0001). Specifically, doses up to 30 Gy appear to preserve sufficient vascularisation (~77% in comparison with control) and tissue architecture. By contrast, exposure to higher doses 40%-61% of the micro-vessels were lost. CONCLUSION Intensity-modulated radiotherapy doses above 30 Gy identified reduction in microvasculature which is a lower threshold than previously accepted. In pharyngeal cancer patients' doses to the jaw bones often exceed this threshold. Coupled with favourable survival in certain oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal cancer, dental rehabilitation via implants provides a significant clinical challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Patel
- Oral Surgery Department, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lucy Di Silvio
- King's College London, Centre for Clinical, Oral & Translational Science, Guys Dental Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jerry Kwok
- Oral Surgery Department, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Megan Burns
- Oral Surgery Department, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rhonda Henley Smith
- King's Health Partners Head and Neck Cancer Biobank, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Selvam Thavaraj
- Department of Head and Neck pathology, King's College London, Centre for Clinical, Oral & Translational Science, Guys Hospital, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Veschini
- Academic Centre of Reconstructive Science, King's College London, Centre for Clinical, Oral & Translational Science, Guys Dental Hospital, London, UK
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