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Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Sharma NK, Gadbail A, Gondivkar S, Yuwanati M, Panta P. Preclinical methodologies for studying smokeless tobacco-induced oral carcinogens: A perspective. ORAL ONCOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 7:100073. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2023.100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
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Shaikh SB, Newton C, Tung WC, Sun Y, Li D, Ossip D, Rahman I. Classification, Perception, and Toxicity of Emerging Flavored Oral Nicotine Pouches. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4526. [PMID: 36901533 PMCID: PMC10002198 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral Nicotine Pouches (ONPs) are the new form of nicotine pouches that have become a type of emerging smokeless tobacco product sold by various tobacco companies. These smokeless tobacco products are marketed for usage all over as snus containing tobacco-derived nicotine (natural) or as tobacco-free nicotine (synthetic) as substitutes for other tobacco products. Based on perception and socio-behavioral aspects, ONPs have become popular tobacco products among adolescents/young adults, and over 50% of young adult users of ONP use flavored ONPs, such as menthol/mint, tobacco, dessert/candy, and fruity, which are the most popular flavors. Various new ONP flavors are currently popular locally as well as in the online market. Tobacco, menthol, and fruit-flavored ONPs could motivate cigarette smokers to change to ONPs. METHODS We expanded our knowledge on natural/synthetic ONP flavor wheels to available data on ONPs, describing, in detail, their flavors and brands (US and Europe) in both natural and synthetic ONP categories. We classified over 152 snus and 228 synthetic ONPs into the following flavor categories: "Tobacco", "Menthol/Mint", "Fruity", "Candy/Deserts", "Drink", "Aroma", "Spices", and "Mixed Flavors". RESULTS Based on total numbers, we found the most popular ONP flavors, sold as tobacco and menthol, to be among natural ONPs; among synthetic ONPs, fruity and menthol are the most prominent flavors, with varying concentrations of nicotine and other flavoring chemicals, including coolant WS-23. We also showed possible molecular targets and toxicities, due to exposure to ONPs, activating several signaling cascades such as AKT and NF-kappaB, which might possibly lead to apoptosis and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). CONCLUSIONS Considering the marketing of ONP products with various flavor profiles and with most of these products containing tobacco/menthol/fruit flavor, it is likely to have regulation and a marketing disclaimer on some of these products. Further, it would be logical to determine how the market reacts in terms of compliance and non-compliance with flavor restrictions by the regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadiya Bi Shaikh
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Chad Newton
- College of Professional Studies, Bethel University, McKenzie, TN 38201, USA
| | - Wai Cheung Tung
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Yehao Sun
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Clinical and Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Deborah Ossip
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Shaikh SB, Tung WC, Pang C, Lucas J, Li D, Rahman I. Flavor Classification/Categorization and Differential Toxicity of Oral Nicotine Pouches (ONPs) in Oral Gingival Epithelial Cells and Bronchial Epithelial Cells. TOXICS 2022; 10:660. [PMID: 36355951 PMCID: PMC9696007 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oral nicotine pouches (ONPs) are a modern form of smokeless tobacco products sold by several brands in the U.S., which comprise a significant portion of non-combustible nicotine-containing product (NCNP) sales to date. ONPs are available in various flavors and may contain either tobacco-derived nicotine (TDN) or tobacco-free nicotine (TFN). The growth in popularity of these products has raised concerns that flavored ONPs may cause adverse oral health effects and promote systemic toxic effects due to nicotine and other ONP by-products being absorbed into the circulatory system through oral mucosa. We hypothesized that flavored ONPs are unsafe and likely to cause oral and pulmonary inflammation in oral and respiratory epithelial cells. Before analyzing the effects of ONPs, we first classified ONPs sold in the U.S. based on their flavor and the flavor category to which they belonged using a wheel diagram. Human gingival epithelial cells (HGEP) were treated with flavored ONP extracts of tobacco (original, smooth), menthol (wintergreen and cool cider), and fruit flavor (americana and citrus), each from the TDN and TFN groups. The levels of ONP-induced inflammatory cytokine release (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8) by ELISA, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by CellRox Green, and cytotoxicity by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay in HGEP cells were assessed. Flavored ONP extracts elicited differential toxicities in a dose- and extract-dependent manner in HGEP cells 24 h post-treatment. Both fruit TDN and TFN extracts resulted in the greatest cytotoxicity. Tobacco- and fruit-flavored, but not menthol-flavored, ONPs resulted in increased ROS production 4 h post-treatment. Flavored ONPs led to differential cytokine release (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8) which varied by flavor (menthol, tobacco, or fruit) and nicotine (TDN vs. TFN) 24 h post-treatment. Menthol-flavored ONPs led to the most significant TNF-α release; fruit TFN resulted in the most significant IL-6 release; and fruit TDN and tobacco TFN led to the highest release of IL-8. Subsequently, human bronchial epithelial cells (16-HBE and BEAS-2B) were also treated with flavored ONP extracts, and similar assays were evaluated. Here, the lowest concentration treatments displayed increased cytotoxicity. The most striking response was observed among cells treated with spearmint and tobacco flavored ONPs. Our data suggest that flavored ONPs are unsafe and likely to cause systemic and local toxicological responses during chronic usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadiya Bi Shaikh
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Wai Cheung Tung
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Cortney Pang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Joseph Lucas
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Zhao C, Yang Y, Cui X, Shan Y, Xue J, Jiang D, Sun J, Li N, Li Z, Yang A. Self-Powered Electrical Impulse Chemotherapy for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:2060. [PMID: 35329513 PMCID: PMC8954269 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common oral cancer of the head and neck, which causes tremendous physical and mental pain to people. Traditional chemotherapy usually results in drug resistance and side effects, affecting the therapy process. In this study, a self-powered electrical impulse chemotherapy (EIC) method based on a portable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) was established for OSCC therapy. A common chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (DOX), was used in the experiment. The TENG designed with zigzag structure had a small size of 6 cm × 6 cm, which could controllably generate the fixed output of 200 V, 400 V and 600 V. The electrical impulses generated by the TENG increased the cell endocytosis of DOX remarkably. Besides, a simply and ingeniously designed microneedle electrode increased the intensity of electric field (EF) between two adjacent microneedle tips compared with the most used planar interdigital electrode at the same height, which was more suitable for three-dimensional (3D) cells or tissues. Based on the TENG, microneedle electrode and DOX, the self-powered EIC system demonstrated a maximal apoptotic cell ratio of 22.47% and a minimum relative 3D multicellular tumor sphere (MCTS) volume of 160% with the drug dosage of 1 μg mL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochao Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; (C.Z.); (J.S.); (N.L.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); (J.X.); (D.J.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yuan Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); (J.X.); (D.J.); (Z.L.)
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Xi Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); (J.X.); (D.J.); (Z.L.)
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Yizhu Shan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); (J.X.); (D.J.); (Z.L.)
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Jiangtao Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); (J.X.); (D.J.); (Z.L.)
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dongjie Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); (J.X.); (D.J.); (Z.L.)
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Jinyan Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; (C.Z.); (J.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Na Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; (C.Z.); (J.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Zhou Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); (J.X.); (D.J.); (Z.L.)
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Anping Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; (C.Z.); (J.S.); (N.L.)
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Panta P, Dhopathi SR, Reddy P. What is the impact of charcoal on human health and oral carcinogenesis? Oral Oncol 2022; 124:105514. [PMID: 34479821 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Panta
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, MNR Dental College and Hospital, Narsapur Road, Sangareddy 502294, Telangana, India.
| | - Sravya Reddy Dhopathi
- Department of Periodontics, MNR Dental College and Hospital, Narsapur Road, Sangareddy 502294, Telangana, India
| | - Prashanthi Reddy
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Government College of Dentistry, Sardar Patel Marg, Indore 452001, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Invasive oral squamous cell carcinoma of maxillary alveolus in a Nicobari tribal woman after 17 years of tobacco cessation - A case report. Oral Oncol 2021; 123:105601. [PMID: 34768208 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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