Comparison of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) Expression among Nasal Polyp and Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Expression of cytokeratin 19 in prostatic adenocarcinoma: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Cytokeratins are intracellular proteins known as diagnostic biomarkers or prognostic factors for certain cancers. Cytokeratin 19 (CK-19) expression has been proven to have prognostic value for some cancers, but its relationship with others, such as prostate cancer (PCa), remains unclear. This systematic review article aimed to examine the relationship between CK-19 expression and prostate adenocarcinoma (PAC).

METHODS

To include the eligible studies that detected CK-19 expression in PAC, published articles since June 2024 were found using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The "prostate cancer" and "cytokeratin 19" keywords and their Mesh term were used for search databases. Data from the included articles were extracted and tabulated. This study was performed using the PRISMA guidelines, and the JBI checklist was used for the quality assessment. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO under the "CRD42023472637" code.

RESULTS

Twenty-one studies were included. Eleven studies used reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to investigate CK-19 expression, four used immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, three used both one-step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) methods, and three used the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technique. CK-19 expression was detected in 301 patients among 619 patients. Additionally, only five out of 80 healthy donors were positive for CK-19 expression.

CONCLUSION

Available evidence indicates a correlation between CK-19 expression and PAC progression, with higher CK-19 levels associated with advanced stages and worse prognosis. The overall evidence suggests that CK-19 could serve as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in PAC.

Expression of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) in Nasal Polyp: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Nasal polyp (NP) is a pathological benign mass that affects the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. This lesion is occasionally associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), which is named chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) indicates abnormal cell proliferation which may help assess the nasopharyngeal lesions and upper airway cancers. This study aimed to examine the PCNA expression in NP tissue. This study was conducted under the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A thorough search using relevant keywords was performed on the electronic database to identify studies examining the PCNA expression in NP. Meta-analysis on pooled single group proportion and means of PCNA expression was conducted by the metamean and metaprop functions in R software (version 4.4.0). Quality assessment was done according to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. Ten articles were included in this study. The PCNA expression in NP was higher than in normal nasal mucosa (NNM), while its expression in NP was lower than in inverted papilloma (IP). The mean percentage of PCNA expression in NP was 15.73% (95%-CI[2.87-28.58]) with considerable heterogeneity (I 2  = 97%[96-98%],p-value < 0.01). Based on a cutoff staining (> 5%), 64% of NP samples were PCNA-positive (95%-CI[42-81%]) with high heterogeneity (I 2  = 76%[47-89%], p-value < 0.01). NP tissue has a relatively high expression of the PCNA oncoprotein based on the immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Although more than half of NP samples were positive for PCNA, still the mean expression of this marker in NP was lower than in IP tissue.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12070-024-05172-y.