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Feng C, Shen X, Li B, Liu X, Jing Y, Huang Q, Patimisco P, Spagnolo V, Dong L, Wu H. Carbon monoxide impurities in hydrogen detected with resonant photoacoustic cell using a mid-IR laser source. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 36:100585. [PMID: 38313583 PMCID: PMC10830886 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
We report on a photoacoustic sensor system based on a differential photoacoustic cell to detect the concentration of CO impurities in hydrogen. A DFB-QCL laser with a central wavelength of 4.61 µm was employed as an exciting source with an optical power of 21 mW. Different concentrations of CO gas mixed with pure hydrogen were injected into the photoacoustic cell to test the linear response of the photoacoustic signal to the CO concentration. The stability of the long-term operation was verified by Allan-Werle deviation analysis. The minimum detection limit (MDL, SNR=1) results 8 ppb at 1 s and reaches a sub-ppb level at 100 s of integration time. Dynamic response of the system is linear and has been tested up to the concentration of 6 ppm. Saturation conditions are expected to be reached for CO concentration larger than 100 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab—Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Xiaowen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Biao Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Sensing and Transmission Technology, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yujing Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab—Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Bari, Italy
- PolySense Innovations Srl, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab—Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Bari, Italy
- PolySense Innovations Srl, Bari, Italy
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab—Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- PolySense Lab—Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Patimisco P, Ardito N, De Toma E, Burghart D, Tigaev V, Belkin MA, Spagnolo V. Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Sensor Based on a Multi-Laser Source for In-Sequence Detection of NO 2, SO 2, and NH 3. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9005. [PMID: 37960706 PMCID: PMC10649992 DOI: 10.3390/s23219005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report on the implementation of a multi-quantum cascade laser (QCL) module as an innovative light source for quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensing. The source is composed of three different QCLs coupled with a dichroitic beam combiner module that provides an overlapping collimated beam output for all three QCLs. The 3λ-QCL QEPAS sensor was tested for detection of NO2, SO2, and NH3 in sequence in a laboratory environment. Sensitivities of 19.99 mV/ppm, 19.39 mV/ppm, and 73.99 mV/ppm were reached for NO2, SO2, and NH3 gas detection, respectively, with ultimate detection limits of 9 ppb, 9.3 ppb, and 2.4 ppb for these three gases, respectively, at an integration time of 100 ms. The detection limits were well below the values of typical natural abundance of NO2, SO2, and NH3 in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab-Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, I-70100 Bari, Italy;
- Polysense Innovations Srl 2, Via Amendola 173, I-70100 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ardito
- PolySense Lab-Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, I-70100 Bari, Italy;
| | - Edoardo De Toma
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany; (E.D.T.); (D.B.); (V.T.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Dominik Burghart
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany; (E.D.T.); (D.B.); (V.T.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Vladislav Tigaev
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany; (E.D.T.); (D.B.); (V.T.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Mikhail A. Belkin
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany; (E.D.T.); (D.B.); (V.T.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab-Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico and University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, I-70100 Bari, Italy;
- Polysense Innovations Srl 2, Via Amendola 173, I-70100 Bari, Italy
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3
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Zifarelli A, De Palo R, Patimisco P, Giglio M, Sampaolo A, Blaser S, Butet J, Landry O, Müller A, Spagnolo V. Multi-gas quartz-enhanced photoacoustic sensor for environmental monitoring exploiting a Vernier effect-based quantum cascade laser. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 28:100401. [PMID: 36105377 PMCID: PMC9465099 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on a gas sensor based on quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) able to detect multiple gas species for environmental monitoring applications, by exploiting a Vernier effect-based quantum cascade laser as the excitation source. The device emission spectrum consists of ten separated emission clusters covering the range from 2100 up to 2250 cm-1. Four clusters were selected to detect the absorption features of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water vapor (H2O), respectively. The sensor was calibrated with certified concentrations of CO, N2O and CO2 in a wet nitrogen matrix. The H2O absorption feature was used to monitor the water vapor within the gas line during the calibration. Minimum detection limits of 6 ppb, 7 ppb, and 70 ppm were achieved for CO, N2O and CO2, respectively, at 100 ms of integration time. As proof of concept, the QEPAS sensor was tested by continuously sampling indoor laboratory air and monitoring the analytes concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zifarelli
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Palo
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
- PolySense Innovations Srl, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Marilena Giglio
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab - Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
- PolySense Innovations Srl, Via Amendola 173, Bari, Italy
| | - Stéphane Blaser
- Alpes Lasers SA, Avenue des Pâquiers 1, 2072 St-Blaise, Switzerland
| | - Jérémy Butet
- Alpes Lasers SA, Avenue des Pâquiers 1, 2072 St-Blaise, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Landry
- Alpes Lasers SA, Avenue des Pâquiers 1, 2072 St-Blaise, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Müller
- Alpes Lasers SA, Avenue des Pâquiers 1, 2072 St-Blaise, Switzerland
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Wu G, Gong Z, Ma J, Li H, Guo M, Chen K, Peng W, Yu Q, Mei L. High-sensitivity miniature dual-resonance photoacoustic sensor based on silicon cantilever beam for trace gas sensing. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 27:100386. [PMID: 36068800 PMCID: PMC9441259 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We report a miniature dual-resonance photoacoustic (PA) sensor, mainly consisting of a small resonant T-type PA cell and an integrated sensor probe based on a silicon cantilever beam. The resonance frequency of the miniature T-type PA cell is matched with the first-order natural frequency of the cantilever beam to achieve double resonance of the acoustic signal. The volume of the designed T-type PA cell is only about 2.26 cubic centimeters. A PA spectroscopy (PAS) system, employing the dual-resonance photoacoustic (PA) sensor as the prober and a high-speed spectrometer as the demodulator, has been implemented for high-sensitivity methane sensing. The sensitivity and the minimum detection limit can reach up to 2.0 pm/ppm and 35.6 parts-per-billion, respectively, with an averaging time of 100 s. The promising performance demonstrated a great potential of employing the reported sensor for high-sensitivity gas sensing in sub cubic centimeter-level spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Wu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhenfeng Gong
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Junsheng Ma
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Haie Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Min Guo
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Qingxu Yu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Mei
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, Liaoning, China
- Corresponding authors.
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5
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Menduni G, Zifarelli A, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Giglio M, Amoroso N, Wu H, Dong L, Bellotti R, Spagnolo V. High-concentration methane and ethane QEPAS detection employing partial least squares regression to filter out energy relaxation dependence on gas matrix composition. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 26:100349. [PMID: 35345809 PMCID: PMC8956809 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensor capable to detect high concentrations of methane (C1) and ethane (C2) is here reported. The hydrocarbons fingerprint region around 3 µm was exploited using an interband cascade laser (ICL). A standard quartz tuning fork (QTF) coupled with two resonator tubes was used to detect the photoacoustic signal generated by the target molecules. Employing dedicated electronic boards to both control the laser source and collect the QTF signal, a shoe-box sized QEPAS sensor was realized. All the generated mixtures were downstream humidified to remove the influence of water vapor on the target gases. Several natural gas-like samples were generated and subsequently diluted 1:10 in N2. In the concentration ranges under investigation (1%-10% for C1 and 0.1%-1% for C2), both linear and nonlinear responses of the sensor were measured and signal variations due to matrix effects were observed. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was employed as a multivariate statistical tool to accurately determine the concentrations of C1 and C2 in the mixtures, compensating the matrix relaxation effects. The achieved results extend the range of C1 and C2 concentrations detectable by QEPAS technique up to the percent scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giansergio Menduni
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro e Politecnico di Bari, Via G. Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Andrea Zifarelli
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro e Politecnico di Bari, Via G. Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro e Politecnico di Bari, Via G. Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy
- PolySense Innovations srl, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro e Politecnico di Bari, Via G. Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy
- PolySense Innovations srl, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Marilena Giglio
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro e Politecnico di Bari, Via G. Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Nicola Amoroso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia—Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via A. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Roberto Bellotti
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro e Politecnico di Bari, Via G. Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy
- PolySense Innovations srl, Via Amendola 173, Bari 70126, Italy
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Chen X, Liu H, Hu M, Yao L, Xu Z, Deng H, Kan R. Frequency-Domain Detection for Frequency-Division Multiplexing QEPAS. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:4030. [PMID: 35684651 PMCID: PMC9185329 DOI: 10.3390/s22114030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To achieve multi-gas measurements of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensors under a frequency-division multiplexing mode with a narrow modulation frequency interval, we report a frequency-domain detection method. A CH4 absorption line at 1653.72 nm and a CO2 absorption line at 2004.02 nm were investigated in this experiment. A modulation frequency interval of as narrow as 0.6 Hz for CH4 and CO2 detection was achieved. Frequency-domain 2f signals were obtained with a resolution of 0.125 Hz using a real-time frequency analyzer. With the multiple linear regressions of the frequency-domain 2f signals of various gas mixtures, small deviations within 2.5% and good linear relationships for gas detection were observed under the frequency-division multiplexing mode. Detection limits of 0.6 ppm for CH4 and 2.9 ppm for CO2 were simultaneously obtained. With the 0.6-Hz interval, the amplitudes of QEPAS signals will increase substantially since the modulation frequencies are closer to the resonant frequency of a QTF. Furthermore, the frequency-domain detection method with a narrow interval can realize precise gas measurements of more species with more lasers operating under the frequency-division multiplexing mode. Additionally, this method, with a narrow interval of modulation frequencies, can also realize frequency-division multiplexing detection for QEPAS sensors under low pressure despite the ultra-narrow bandwidth of the QTF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Jinlin Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211169, China;
- Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (H.L.); (M.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.X.); (H.D.)
| | - Hao Liu
- Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (H.L.); (M.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.X.); (H.D.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mai Hu
- Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (H.L.); (M.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.X.); (H.D.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lu Yao
- Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (H.L.); (M.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.X.); (H.D.)
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (H.L.); (M.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.X.); (H.D.)
| | - Hao Deng
- Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (H.L.); (M.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.X.); (H.D.)
| | - Ruifeng Kan
- Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (H.L.); (M.H.); (L.Y.); (Z.X.); (H.D.)
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Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Giglio M, Zifarelli A, Wu H, Dong L, Spagnolo V. Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy for multi-gas detection: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1202:338894. [PMID: 35341511 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multi-gas detection represents a suitable solution in many applications, such as environmental and atmospheric monitoring, chemical reaction and industrial process control, safety and security, oil&gas and biomedicine. Among optical techniques, Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (QEPAS) has been demonstrated to be a leading-edge technology for addressing multi-gas detection, thanks to the modularity, ruggedness, portability and real time operation of the QEPAS sensors. The detection module consists in a spectrophone, mounted in a vacuum-tight cell and detecting sound waves generated via photoacoustic excitation within the gas sample. As a result, the sound detection is wavelength-independent and the volume of the absorption cell is basically determined by the spectrophone dimensions, typically in the order of few cubic centimeters. In this review paper, the implementation of the QEPAS technique for multi-gas detection will be discussed for three main areas of applications: i) multi-gas trace sensing by exploiting non-interfering absorption features; ii) multi-gas detection dealing with overlapping absorption bands; iii) multi-gas detection in fluctuating backgrounds. The fundamental role of the analysis and statistical tools will be also discussed in detail in relation with the specific applications. This overview on QEPAS technique, highlighting merits and drawbacks, aims at providing ready-to-use guidelines for multi-gas detection in a wide range of applications and operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Sampaolo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China; Polysense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China; Polysense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Marilena Giglio
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China; Polysense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Andrea Zifarelli
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China; Polysense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China; Polysense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126, Italy.
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8
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Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic and Photothermal Spectroscopy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of innovative gas-sensing systems is fundamental in diverse research fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, medicine and environmental science [...]
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9
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Luo P, Harrist J, Menduni G, Mesdour R, StMichel N, Sampaolo A. Simultaneous Detection of Methane, Ethane, and Propane by QEPAS Sensors for On-Site Hydrocarbon Characterization and Production Monitoring. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:3395-3406. [PMID: 35128249 PMCID: PMC8811888 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Natural gas is sampled and produced throughout the lifespan of a petroleum field. Gas composition and isotope data are critical inputs in the exploration and field development, such as gas show identification, petroleum system analysis, fluid characterization, and production monitoring. On-site gas analysis is usually conducted within a mud gas unit, which is operationally unavailable after drilling. Gas samples need to be taken from the field and shipped back to the laboratory for gas chromatography and isotope-ratio mass spectrometry analyses. Results are usually without sufficient resolution to fully characterize the heterogeneity and dynamics of fluids within the reservoir and the production system. In addition, it often takes a considerable time to obtain the results using the traditional method. A novel QEPAS (quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy) sensor system was developed to move gas composition analyses to field for quasi-real-time characterization and monitoring. With respect to previously reported QEPAS prototypes for trace gas detection, the new system realized measuring concentrations of methane (C1), ethane (C2), and propane (C3) in gas phase within the percentage range that is typically encountered in natural gas samples from oil and gas fields. A gas mixing enclosure was used to dilute the natural gas-like mixtures in nitrogen gas (N2) to avoid the saturation of QEPAS signals. An iterative analysis based on multilinear regression of QEPAS spectra was developed to filter out the influence of gas matrix variation from multiple hydrocarbon components. The advance in simultaneous measuring hydrocarbon gases and expanded linearity range of QEPAS, with previously reported detection of H2S, CO2, and gas isotopes (12CO2/13CO2, 13CH4/12CH4), opens a way to use the advanced sensing technology for in situ and real-time gas detection and chemical analysis in the oil industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Luo
- EXPEC
Advanced Research Center, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan Harrist
- Houston
Research Center, Aramco Americas, Houston, Texas 77084, United States
| | | | - Rabah Mesdour
- Unconventional
Reservoir Engineering Department, Saudi
Aramco, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nathan StMichel
- Houston
Research Center, Aramco Americas, Houston, Texas 77084, United States
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- Polysense
Lab, University and Politecnico of Bari, Bari 70126, Italy
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10
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Barik P, Pradhan M. Selectivity in trace gas sensing: recent developments, challenges, and future perspectives. Analyst 2022; 147:1024-1054. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an02070f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Selectivity is one of the most crucial figures of merit in trace gas sensing, and thus a comprehensive assessment is necessary to have a clear picture of sensitivity, selectivity, and their interrelations in terms of quantitative and qualitative views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puspendu Barik
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata – 700106, India
| | - Manik Pradhan
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata – 700106, India
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata – 700106, India
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11
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Cao Y, Wang R, Peng J, Liu K, Chen W, Wang G, Gao X. Humidity enhanced N 2O photoacoustic sensor with a 4.53 μm quantum cascade laser and Kalman filter. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 24:100303. [PMID: 34540587 PMCID: PMC8441064 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A high-sensitivity N2O photoacoustic sensor using a 4.53 μm quantum cascade laser was developed. Sharply enhancement of photoacoustic signal of N2O with the increasing of humidity was investigated experimentally. Finally, 2.3 % water vapor was added to the analyzed sample to improve the vibrational-translational (V-T) relaxation rate of N2O molecule transition, and therefore enhance the N2O photoacoustic signal. High performance with a minimum detection limit of 28 ppbv in 1 s and a measurement precision of 34 ppbv have been achieved, respectively. Kalman adaptive filtering was used to remove the shot-to-shot variability related to the real-time noise in the measurement data and further improve the measurement precision. Without sacrificing the time resolution of the system, the Kalman adaptive filtering improves the measurement precision of the system by 2.3 times. The ability of the N2O photoacoustic sensor was demonstrated by continuous measurement of atmospheric N2O concentration for a period of 7 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cao
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Weidong Chen
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l’Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, 189A, Av. Maurice Schumann, Dunkerque, 59140, France
| | - Guishi Wang
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Xiaoming Gao
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
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12
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Rossi J, Uotila J, Sharma S, Laurila T, Teissier R, Baranov A, Ikonen E, Vainio M. Photoacoustic characteristics of carbon-based infrared absorbers. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 23:100265. [PMID: 34094850 PMCID: PMC8167147 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental comparison of photoacoustic responsivities of common highly absorbing carbon-based materials. The comparison was carried out with parameters relevant for photoacoustic power detectors and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy: we covered a broad wavelength range from the visible red to far infrared (633 nm to 25 μm) and the regime of low acoustic frequencies (< 1 kHz). The investigated materials include a candle soot-based coating, a black paint coating and two different carbon nanotube coatings. Of these, the low-cost soot absorber produced clearly the highest photoacoustic response over the entire measurement range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Rossi
- Photonics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Sucheta Sharma
- Metrology Research Institute, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Toni Laurila
- Metrology Research Institute, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Roland Teissier
- IES, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexei Baranov
- IES, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Erkki Ikonen
- Metrology Research Institute, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- VTT MIKES, Espoo, Finland
| | - Markku Vainio
- Photonics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Sampaolo A, Yu C, Wei T, Zifarelli A, Giglio M, Patimisco P, Zhu H, Zhu H, He L, Wu H, Dong L, Xu G, Spagnolo V. H 2S quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy sensor employing a liquid-nitrogen-cooled THz quantum cascade laser operating in pulsed mode. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 21:100219. [PMID: 33437615 PMCID: PMC7786112 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report on a quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensor for hydrogen sulfide (H2S) detection, exploiting a liquid-nitrogen-cooled THz quantum cascade laser (QCL) operating in pulsed mode. The spectrophone was designed to accommodate a THz QCL beam and consisted of a custom quartz tuning fork with a large prong spacing, coupled with acoustic resonator tubes. The targeted rotational transition falls at 2.87 THz (95.626 cm-1), with a line-strength of 5.53 ∙ 10-20 cm/mol. A THz QCL peak power of 150 mW was measured at a heat sink temperature of 81 K, pulse width of 1 μs and repetition rate of 15.8 kHz. A QEPAS record sensitivity for H2S detection in the THz range of 360 part-per-billion in volume was achieved at a gas pressure of 60 Torr and 10 s integration time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Sampaolo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126 Italy
| | - Chenren Yu
- Key Laboratory of Infrared Imaging Materials and Detectors, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Tingting Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Andrea Zifarelli
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126 Italy
| | - Marilena Giglio
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126 Italy
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126 Italy
| | - Huan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Infrared Imaging Materials and Detectors, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Haiqing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Infrared Imaging Materials and Detectors, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Li He
- Key Laboratory of Infrared Imaging Materials and Detectors, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Hongpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Gangyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Infrared Imaging Materials and Detectors, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70126 Italy
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14
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Cao Y, Liu Q, Wang R, Liu K, Chen W, Wang G, Gao X. Development of a 443 nm diode laser-based differential photoacoustic spectrometer for simultaneous measurements of aerosol absorption and NO 2. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 21:100229. [PMID: 33365231 PMCID: PMC7749428 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of ambient aerosol and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is important as they are major pollutants from the burning of fossil fuel and biomass. In the present work, a differential photoacoustic spectrometer (D-PAS) was developed for simultaneous, online measurements of aerosol optical absorption and NO2 concentration. A novel photoacoustic resonator was designed and employed in the D-PAS for controlling a large flow rate, improving response time, and keeping the flow noise at a low level. The detection limits of 1.0 Mm-1 and 0.87 ppb for aerosol absorption and NO2 concentration measurements were achieved with a lock-in amplifier time constant of 1 s. The D-PAS accuracy was demonstrated by performing a long-time, continuous measurement of aerosol, and NO2 in ambient air. The measured results of NO2 are consistent with the NOx analyzer and environmental monitoring station results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230031, China
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Corresponding authors at: Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Weidong Chen
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l’Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, 189A, Av. Maurice Schumann, Dunkerque 59140, France
| | - Guishi Wang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaoming Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230031, China
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Corresponding authors at: Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
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15
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Menduni G, Sgobba F, Russo SD, Ranieri AC, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Giglio M, Passaro VM, Csutak S, Assante D, Ranieri E, Geoffrion E, Spagnolo V. Fiber-Coupled Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy System for Methane and Ethane Monitoring in the Near-Infrared Spectral Range. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235607. [PMID: 33260601 PMCID: PMC7729494 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a fiber-coupled, quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) near-IR sensor for sequential detection of methane (CH4 or C1) and ethane (C2H6 or C2) in air. With the aim of developing a lightweight, compact, low-power-consumption sensor suitable for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)-empowered environmental monitoring, an all-fiber configuration was designed and realized. Two laser diodes emitting at 1653.7 nm and 1684 nm for CH4 and C2H6 detection, respectively, were fiber-combined and fiber-coupled to the collimator port of the acoustic detection module. No cross talk between methane and ethane QEPAS signal was observed, and the related peak signals were well resolved. The QEPAS sensor was calibrated using gas samples generated from certified concentrations of 1% CH4 in N2 and 1% C2H6 in N2. At a lock-in integration time of 100 ms, minimum detection limits of 0.76 ppm and 34 ppm for methane and ethane were achieved, respectively. The relaxation rate of CH4 in standard air has been investigated considering the effects of H2O, N2 and O2 molecules. No influence on the CH4 QEPAS signal is expected when the water vapor concentration level present in air varies in the range 0.6–3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giansergio Menduni
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
- Photonics Research Group, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell’Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Sgobba
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Stefano Dello Russo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Ada Cristina Ranieri
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
- Faculty of Engineering, Uninettuno University, 00186 Rome, Italy;
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Marilena Giglio
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Vittorio M.N. Passaro
- Photonics Research Group, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell’Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Sebastian Csutak
- Independent Consultant, 16300 Park Row Dr, Houston, TX 77084, USA;
| | - Dario Assante
- Faculty of Engineering, Uninettuno University, 00186 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ezio Ranieri
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Eric Geoffrion
- Thorlabs Canada ULC, 361 Boulevard Montpellier, Saint-Laurent, QC H4N 2G6, Canada;
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab, Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, University and Politecnico of Bari, CNR-IFN, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (F.S.); (S.D.R.); (A.C.R.); (A.S.); (P.P.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-080-544-2373
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16
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Zheng H, Liu Y, Lin H, Kan R, Dong L, Zhu W, Fang J, Yu J, Tittel FK, Chen Z. Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy exploiting a fast and wideband electro-mechanical light modulator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:27966-27973. [PMID: 32988078 DOI: 10.1364/oe.400100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) gas sensor exploiting a fast and wideband electro-mechanical light modulator was developed. The modulator was designed based on the electro-mechanical effect of a commercial quartz tuning fork (QTF). The laser beam was directed on the edge surface of the QTF prongs. The configuration of the laser beam and the QTF was optimized in detail in order to achieve a modulation efficiency of ∼100%. The L-band single wavelength laser diode and a C-band tunable continuous wave laser were used to verify the performance of the developed QTF modulator, respectively, realizing a QEPAS sensor based on amplitude modulation (AM). As proof of concept, the AM-based QEPAS sensor demonstrated a detection limit of 45 ppm for H2O and 50 ppm for CO2 with a 1 s integration time respectively.
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17
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Christensen JB, Høgstedt L, Friis SMM, Lai JY, Chou MH, Balslev-Harder D, Petersen JC, Lassen M. Intrinsic Spectral Resolution Limitations of QEPAS Sensors for Fast and Broad Wavelength Tuning. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4725. [PMID: 32825631 PMCID: PMC7506663 DOI: 10.3390/s20174725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic sensing is a promising method for low-concentration trace-gas monitoring due to the resonant signal enhancement provided by a high-Q quartz tuning fork. However, quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) is associated with a relatively slow acoustic decay, which results in a reduced spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio as the wavelength tuning rate is increased. In this work, we investigate the influence of wavelength scan rate on the spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio of QEPAS sensors. We demonstrate the acquisition of photoacoustic spectra from 3.1 μm to 3.6 μm using a tunable mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator. The spectra are attained using wavelength scan rates differing by more than two orders of magnitude (from 0.3 nm s-1 to 96 nm s-1). With this variation in scan rate, the spectral resolution is found to change from 2.5 cm-1 to 9 cm-1. The investigated gas samples are methane (in nitrogen) and a gas mixture consisting of methane, water, and ethanol. For the gas mixture, the reduced spectral resolution at fast scan rates significantly complicates the quantification of constituent gas concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jui-Yu Lai
- HC Photonics, 4F, No. 2, Technology Rd. V, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Chou
- HC Photonics, 4F, No. 2, Technology Rd. V, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan
| | | | - Jan C Petersen
- Danish Fundamental Metrology, Kogle Allé 5, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Mikael Lassen
- Danish Fundamental Metrology, Kogle Allé 5, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
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18
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Partial Least-Squares Regression as a Tool to Retrieve Gas Concentrations in Mixtures Detected Using Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11035-11043. [PMID: 32674566 PMCID: PMC8009469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We
report on a statistical tool based on partial least-squares
regression (PLSR) able to retrieve single-component concentrations
in a multiple-gas mixture characterized by spectrally overlapping
absorption features. Absorption spectra of mixtures of CO–N2O and mixtures of C2H2–CH4–N2O, both diluted in N2, were
detected in the mid-IR range by exploiting quartz-enhanced photoacoustic
spectroscopy (QEPAS) and using two quantum cascade lasers as light
sources. Single-gas reference spectra of each target molecule were
acquired and used as PLSR-based algorithm training data set. The concentration
range explored in the analysis varies from a few parts-per-million
(ppm) to thousands of ppm. Within this concentration range, the influence
of the gas matrix on nonradiative relaxation processes can be neglected.
Exploiting the ability of PLSR to deal with correlated data, these
spectra were used to generate new simulated spectra, i.e., linear
combinations of the reference ones. A Gaussian noise distribution
was added to the created data set, simulating the real QEPAS signal
fluctuations around the peak value. Compared with standard multilinear
regression, PLSR predicted gas concentrations with a calibration error
up to 5 times better, even with absorption features with spectral
overlap greater than 97%.
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19
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Zheng H, Liu Y, Lin H, Kan R, Patimisco P, Sampaolo A, Giglio M, Zhu W, Yu J, Tittel FK, Spagnolo V, Chen Z. Sub-ppb-level CH 4 detection by exploiting a low-noise differential photoacoustic resonator with a room-temperature interband cascade laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:19446-19456. [PMID: 32672221 DOI: 10.1364/oe.391322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An ultra-highly sensitive and robust CH4 sensor is reported based on a 3.3 µm interband cascade laser (ICL) and a low-noise differential photoacoustic (PAS) cell. The ICL emission wavelength targeted a fundamental absorption line of CH4 at 2988.795 cm-1 with an intensity of 1.08 × 10-19 cm/molecule. The double-pass and differential design of the PAS cell effectively enhanced the PAS signal amplitude and decreased its background noise. The wavelength modulation depth, operating pressure and V-T relaxation promotion were optimized to maximize the sensor detection limit. With an integration time of 90 s, a detection limit of 0.6 ppb was achieved. No additional water or air laser cooling were required and thereby allowing the realization of a compact and robust CH4 sensor.
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20
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Latif I, Toda M, Ono T. Hermetically Packaged Microsensor for Quality Factor-Enhanced Photoacoustic Biosensing. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2020; 18:100189. [PMID: 32477865 PMCID: PMC7248651 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of photoacoustics (PA) being a convenient non-invasive analysis tool is widespread in various biomedical fields. Despite significant advances in traditional PA cell systems, detection platforms capable of providing high signal-to-noise ratios and steady operation are yet to be developed for practical micro/nano biosensing applications. Microfabricated transducers offer orders of magnitude higher quality factors and greatly enhanced performance in extremely miniature dimensions that is unattainable with large-scale PA cells. In this work we exploit these attractive attributes of microfabrication technology and describe the first implementation of a vacuum-packaged microscale resonator in photoacoustic biosensing. Steady operation of this functional approach is demonstrated by detecting the minuscule PA signals from the variations of trace amounts of glucose in gelatin-based synthetic tissues. These results demonstrate the potential of the novel approach to broad photoacoustic applications, spanning from micro-biosensing modules to the analysis of solid and liquid analytes of interest in condense mediums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Latif
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Masaya Toda
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Takahito Ono
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan
- Micro System Integration Center, Tohoku University, Japan
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21
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Elefante A, Menduni G, Rossmadl H, Mackowiak V, Giglio M, Sampaolo A, Patimisco P, Passaro VMN, Spagnolo V. Environmental Monitoring of Methane with Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Exploiting an Electronic Hygrometer to Compensate the H 2O Influence on the Sensor Signal. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20102935. [PMID: 32455887 PMCID: PMC7285253 DOI: 10.3390/s20102935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A dual-gas sensor based on the combination of a quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensor and an electronic hygrometer was realized for the simultaneous detection of methane (CH4) and water vapor (H2O) in air. The QEPAS sensor employed an interband cascade laser operating at 3.34 μm capable of targeting a CH4 absorption line at 2988.8 cm−1 and a water line at 2988.6 cm−1. Water vapor was measured with both the electronic hygrometer and the QEPAS sensor for comparison. The measurement accuracy provided by the hygrometer enabled the adjustment of methane QEPAS signal with respect to the water vapor concentration to retrieve the actual CH4 concentration. The sensor was tested by performing prolonged measurements of CH4 and H2O over 60 h to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach for environmental monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Elefante
- PolySense Lab-Physics Department, University and Polytechnic of Bari, CNR-IFN, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.E.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (A.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Giansergio Menduni
- PolySense Lab-Physics Department, University and Polytechnic of Bari, CNR-IFN, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.E.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (A.S.); (P.P.)
- Photonics Research Group, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Hubert Rossmadl
- Thorlabs GmbH, Münchner Weg 1, 85232 Bergkirchen, Germany; (H.R.); (V.M.)
| | - Verena Mackowiak
- Thorlabs GmbH, Münchner Weg 1, 85232 Bergkirchen, Germany; (H.R.); (V.M.)
| | - Marilena Giglio
- PolySense Lab-Physics Department, University and Polytechnic of Bari, CNR-IFN, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.E.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (A.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- PolySense Lab-Physics Department, University and Polytechnic of Bari, CNR-IFN, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.E.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (A.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Pietro Patimisco
- PolySense Lab-Physics Department, University and Polytechnic of Bari, CNR-IFN, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.E.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (A.S.); (P.P.)
| | - Vittorio M. N. Passaro
- Photonics Research Group, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Spagnolo
- PolySense Lab-Physics Department, University and Polytechnic of Bari, CNR-IFN, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.E.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (A.S.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Front-End Amplifiers for Tuning Forks in Quartz Enhanced PhotoAcoustic Spectroscopy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10082947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A study of the front-end electronics for quartz tuning forks (QTFs) employed as optoacoustic transducers in quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensing is reported. Voltage amplifier-based electronics is proposed as an alternative to the transimpedance amplifier commonly employed in QEPAS experiments. The possibility to use differential input/output configurations with respect to a single-ended configuration has also been investigated. Four different architectures have been realized and tested: a single-ended transimpedance amplifier, a differential output transimpedance amplifier, a differential input voltage amplifier and a fully differential voltage amplifier. All of these amplifiers were implemented in a QEPAS sensor operating in the mid-IR spectral range. Water vapor in ambient air has been selected as the target gas species for the amplifiers testing and validation. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measured for the different configurations has been used to compare the performances of the proposed architectures. We demonstrated that the fully differential voltage amplifier allows for a nearly doubled SNR with respect to the typically used single-ended transimpedance amplifier.
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Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Detection of Ethane in the Near-IR Exploiting a Highly Performant Spectrophone. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper the performances of two spectrophones for quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS)-based ethane gas sensing were tested and compared. Each spectrophone contains a quartz tuning fork (QTF) acoustically coupled with a pair of micro-resonator tubes and having a fundamental mode resonance frequency of 32.7 kHz (standard QTF) and 12.4 kHz (custom QTF), respectively. The spectrophones were implemented into a QEPAS acoustic detection module (ADM) together with a preamplifier having a gain bandwidth optimized for the respective QTF resonance frequency. Each ADM was tested for ethane QEPAS sensing, employing a custom pigtailed laser diode emitting at ~1684 nm as the exciting light source. By flowing 1% ethane at atmospheric pressure, a signal-to-noise ratio of 453.2 was measured by implementing the 12.4 kHz QTF-based ADM, ~3.3 times greater than the value obtained using a standard QTF. The minimum ethane concentration detectable using a 100 ms lock-in integration time achieving the 12.4 kHz custom QTF was 22 ppm.
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