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Lewis DM, Rieke JG, Almusaylim K, Kanchibhatla A, Blanchette JE, Lewis C. Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency Dosing Guidelines for Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy Vary Widely Across Disease Types. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:615-633. [PMID: 38117426 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08184-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) is the standard treatment for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). However, many individuals are inadequately treated, with gaps in clinical dosing, guidelines, and tools to aid individual titration. METHODS A systematic review identified research and guidelines on PERT dosing recommendations across conditions, systematically reviewing and synthesizing total PERT intake, meal/snack guidelines, and changes over time to provide an up-to-date look at the most common doses used in studies and guidelines. RESULTS This review of 257 articles found wide variability in PERT dosing guidelines within and across conditions. Many patients with EPI are underdosed, with guidelines differing globally and by disease type, and clinician prescribing may also play a role. The most common dosing guidelines focus on starting doses at 40,000-50,000 units of lipase/meal with increases of up to two to three times this amount before pursuing additive therapies. Guidelines and studies typically focus only on fat digestion, and comparison by total daily dose shows underdosing is common. Most PERT studies are on safety and efficacy rather than optimal titration. CONCLUSION The current guidelines for PERT in EPI demonstrate substantial variability in dosing recommendations, both within and across disease types. This variation highlights the need for further research to optimize PERT dosing and improve patient outcomes. Healthcare providers should consider individualizing PERT dosing based on nutritional status and response to therapy, ensuring regular follow-up with patients for dose titrations with consideration that most guidelines are framed as initial doses rather than upper limits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorden G Rieke
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Khaleal Almusaylim
- Diabetes and Metabolic Care Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Anuhya Kanchibhatla
- Department of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Julia E Blanchette
- Diabetes and Metabolic Care Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Claudia Lewis
- Diabetes and Metabolic Care Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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2
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Ramai D, Facciorusso A, Maida M, Capurso G, Chandan S, Spadaccini M, Rossi RE, Hassan C, Repici A, Duggan S, Conwell DL, Hart PA. Prevalence of Osteopathy in Chronic Pancreatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2023; 14:e00623. [PMID: 37477620 PMCID: PMC10461948 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with chronic pancreatitis (CP) are at increased risk for nutritional complications during their clinical course. We appraised the literature to provide updated estimates of the prevalence and predictors of osteoporosis, osteopenia, and osteopathy in CP using a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS Search strategies were developed for major databases from inception through October 2021. Outcomes of interest included rates of osteopenia and osteoporosis based on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans and risk factors. A random-effects model was used for analysis, and results were expressed as pooled cumulative rates along with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS From an initial total of 1,704 identified articles, we ultimately selected 17 studies that involved 1,659 subjects (n = 1,067 men) with CP. The pooled rate of osteopathy was 58% (95% CI: 49%-67%; P < 0.001; I 2 = 91.8%). The pooled rate of osteoporosis was 18% (95% CI: 12%-23%; P < 0.001; I 2 = 86.3%), and the pooled rate of osteopenia was 39% (95% CI: 31%-48%; P < 0.001; I 2 = 91.53%). In the systematic review, factors associated with decreased bone mineral density included smoking, alcohol consumption, older age, female sex, low body mass index, decreased vitamins D and K, and fecal elastase levels. DISCUSSION Patients with CP have high rates of osteopathy when assessed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry imaging. Additional studies with longitudinal follow-up are needed to understand the observed heterogeneity, the cumulative burden of disease, and rate of bone loss in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Ramai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Antonio Facciorusso
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marcello Maida
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, S. Elia-Raimondi Hospital, Caltanissetta, Italy
| | - Gabriele Capurso
- Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Saurabh Chandan
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, CHI Health Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Marco Spadaccini
- Department of Endoscopy, Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Elisa Rossi
- Department of Endoscopy, Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Cesare Hassan
- Department of Endoscopy, Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Repici
- Department of Endoscopy, Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Sinead Duggan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Darwin L. Conwell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Phil A. Hart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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3
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Pediatric-to-Adult Transfer of Care in Patients With Pancreas Disease: Recommendations for Care and Research Opportunities. Am J Gastroenterol 2023; 118:443-451. [PMID: 35862827 PMCID: PMC10147498 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Young adults who have experienced recurrent acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis as children or adolescents are vulnerable to poor follow-up and disease management during the transfer from the pediatric to adult healthcare system. Although formalized transition programs for young adults have been developed and described for other disease conditions, no such program has been described for young adults with pancreatic disease. This document is the first expert opinion outlining the important aspects of a transitional care and transfer program tailored to youth with recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis. We emphasize the unique needs of these patients as they transfer to adult health care and the need for further research. The goal of improved transitional care and transfer is to enhance the services provided to adolescents/young adults with pancreatic disease in both healthcare settings and improve continuity of follow-up care.
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4
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Kothari D, Ketwaroo G, Sheth SG. Building a Quality Practice in Chronic Pancreatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2023; 57:265-268. [PMID: 36598825 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a fibroinflammatory disorder that results in irreversible scarring to pancreatic parenchyma and presents with a myriad of symptoms including abdominal pain, nausea, weight loss, steatorrhea, and diabetes. Furthermore, patients with CP often have comorbid chemical dependencies to alcohol and tobacco, which can further complicate the management of CP. Recent literature proposes guidelines on how best to care for patients with CP and establishes requirements for centers of excellence. Here, we review the available data on endoscopic therapies, pain management, chemical dependency, and nutrition for patients with CP and propose quality metrics that may be used to establish a quality practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan Kothari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Duke University School of Medicine
- Division of Gastroenterology, Durham Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Gyanprakash Ketwaroo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor University School of Medicine
- Division of Gastroenterology, DeBakey Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sheth G Sheth
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Hart PA, Yadav D, Li L, Appana S, Fisher W, Fogel E, Forsmark CE, Park WG, Pandol S, Topazian MD, Van Den Eden SK, Vege SS, Bradley D, Serrano J, Conwell DL. High Prevalence of Osteopathy in Chronic Pancreatitis: A Cross-sectional Analysis From the PROCEED Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:2005-2013. [PMID: 34571258 PMCID: PMC8942866 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is associated with osteopathy (osteoporosis or osteopenia). However, existing literature is mostly limited to retrospective or administrative studies that have not clearly defined the prevalence and risk factors. Our aim was to identify patient- and disease-related associations with osteopathy in a prospective cohort study of CP. METHODS We studied 282 subjects with definitive CP enrolled in the PROCEED study who had a baseline dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan. Osteopenia and osteoporosis were defined using the lowest T-scores. Clinical data were collected using standardized case report forms. Comparisons were performed with a multivariate logistic regression model with forward selection to identify risk factors for osteopathy. RESULTS The majority of subjects had osteopathy on DXA scan (56.0%; 17.0% osteoporosis; 39.0% osteopenia). Subjects with osteopathy had a higher prevalence of traumatic (40.0% vs 26.4%; P = .02) and spontaneous fractures (3.9% vs 0; P = .04). On multivariate analysis, older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.29 per 5 years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15-1.45), female sex (OR, 3.08; 95% CI, 1.75-5.43), white race (OR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.20-6.01), and underweight body mass index category (OR, 7.40; 95% CI, 1.56-34.99) were associated with higher probability of osteopathy. There were no significant associations between osteopathy and other patient and disease-related features of CP. CONCLUSION In the largest study of patients with CP who underwent DXA screening, the majority had osteopathy. There are overlapping risk factors with osteopathy in the general population, but the high prevalence in men and younger women supports the need for future investigations into the mechanisms of bone loss in CP. CLINICALTRIALS gov number, NCT03099850.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil A Hart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dhiraj Yadav
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Savi Appana
- Department of Biostatistics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - William Fisher
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Evan Fogel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Chris E Forsmark
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Walter G Park
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Stephen Pandol
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark D Topazian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Santhi Swaroop Vege
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David Bradley
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jose Serrano
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Darwin L Conwell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
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6
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Madril P, Golian P, Nahikian-Nelms M, Hinton A, Hart PA, Roberts KM. Identification of Malnutrition Risk Using Malnutrition Screening Tool in an Ambulatory Pancreas Clinic. Pancreas 2022; 51:94-99. [PMID: 35195601 PMCID: PMC8887787 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this project was to assess malnutrition risk in a well-defined cohort of pancreatic diseases. METHODS We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional study of 401 subjects with available malnutrition screening tool scores who received care at a single outpatient pancreas clinic during a 6-month study period. Univariate analyses were performed to compare demographic, anthropometric, symptoms/diseases, and risk for malnutrition characteristics across 3 strata of diseases: acute pancreatitis (n = 141), chronic pancreatitis (n = 193), and other pancreatic diagnoses (n = 67). RESULTS A total of 18% of subjects were identified as at risk for malnutrition, including 25% who reported involuntary weight loss and/or decreased appetite. Subjects categorized as at risk for malnutrition were more likely to have gastrointestinal symptoms. Although the nutrition consultation rates were higher in subjects at risk for malnutrition (P = 0.03), 66% did not receive a clearly indicated dietary evaluation or management recommendations. One fifth of all patients in an ambulatory pancreas clinic are identified as at risk for malnutrition using a simple, validated tool. CONCLUSIONS The majority of patients at increased risk for nutritional complications did not receive nutritional recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Madril
- From the School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University
| | - Paige Golian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | | | - Alice Hinton
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Philip A Hart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - Kristen M Roberts
- From the School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University
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7
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Li C, Cui L, Zhang L, Yang L, Zhuo Y, Cui J, Cui N, Zhang S. Saikosaponin D Attenuates Pancreatic Injury Through Suppressing the Apoptosis of Acinar Cell via Modulation of the MAPK Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:735079. [PMID: 34744719 PMCID: PMC8566544 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.735079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive fibro-inflammatory syndrome. The damage of acinar cells is the main cause of inflammation and the activation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), which can thereby possibly further aggravate the apoptosis of more acinar cells. Saikosaponind (SSd), a major active ingredient derived from Chinese medicinal herb bupleurum falcatum, which exerted multiple pharmacological effects. However, it is not clear whether SSd protects pancreatic injury of CP via regulating the apoptosis of pancreatic acinar cells. This study systematically investigated the effect of SSd on pancreatic injury of CP in vivo and in vitro. The results revealed that SSd attenuate pancreatic damage, decrease the apoptosis and suppress the phosphorylation level of MAPK family proteins (JNK1/2, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK) significantly in the pancreas of CP rats. In addition, SSd markedly reduced the apoptosis and inflammation of pancreatic acinar AR42J cells induced by cerulein, a drug induced CP, or Conditioned Medium from PSCs (PSCs-CM) or the combination of PSCs-CM and cerulein. Moreover, SSd significantly inhibited the activated phosphorylation of JNK1/2, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK induced by cerulein or the combination of PSCs-CM and cerulein in AR42J cells. Furthermore, SSd treatment markedly decreased the protein levels of p-JNK and p-p38 MAPK caused by PSCs-CM alone. In conclusion, SSd ameliorated pancreatic injury, suppressed AR42J inflammation and apoptosis induced by cerulein, interrupted the effect of PSCs-CM on AR42J cells inflammation and apoptosis, possibly through MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lihua Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lanqiu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhuo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jialin Cui
- The Clinical Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Naiqiang Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shukun Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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8
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Pagano N, Ricci C, Ingaldi C, Sadalla S, Fabbri A, Alberici L, Impellizeri G, Pallio S, Zagari RM, De Leo A, Cescon M, Casadei R. Performance of EUS-FNB in solid pancreatic masses: a lesson from 463 consecutive procedures and a practical nomogram. Updates Surg 2021; 74:945-952. [PMID: 34714535 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-021-01198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The study's main goal was the diagnostic adequacy of pancreatic endoscopic ultrasonographic (EUS) fine-needle biopsy (FNB) and associated predictive factors. The secondary objective was to define the diagnostic accuracy of EUS-FNB in the diagnosis of pancreatic masses and pancreatic malignancies. None of the studies reported the diagnostic adequacy and accuracy of EUS. We retrospectively identified patients with solid pancreatic lesions that underwent EUS-FNB between 2013, and 2018. We calculated diagnostic adequacy and related factors. Using definitive histology on the surgically resected specimen as the gold standard, we calculated diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of EUS-FNB. We identified a total of 463 procedures. Diagnostic specimens were adequate in 436 procedures (94.1%), while 27 biopsies provided insufficient samples (5.9%). The multivariate analysis showed that lesion size and needle caliper were the only factors influencing diagnostic adequacy. The use of a biopsy needle (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.30-0.1.63, P 0.400) did not improve sample adequacy. We calculated sensitivity (100%), specificity (93.2%), diagnostic accuracy (93.2%), positive predictive value (97.1%), and negative predictive value (100%) using resected specimen as the gold standard. We found no significant complications. EUS-FNB is a reliable technique for the histological characterization of solid pancreatic masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Pagano
- Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria Di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Ricci
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria Di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy. .,Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Carlo Ingaldi
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria Di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sinan Sadalla
- Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria Di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria Di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Alberici
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria Di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Impellizeri
- Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria Di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Socrate Pallio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rocco Maurizio Zagari
- Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria Di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio De Leo
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria Di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Specialistic, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Cescon
- Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria Di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Casadei
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria Di Bologna, via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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9
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Mao XT, Deng SJ, Kang RL, Wang YC, Li ZS, Zou WB, Liao Z. Homozygosity of short VNTR lengths in the CEL gene may confer susceptibility to idiopathic chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2021; 21:1311-1316. [PMID: 34507899 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The carboxyl-ester lipase (CEL) gene contains a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) region. It remains unclear whether the number of repeats in the CEL VNTR is related to the risk of pancreatic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CEL VNTR length is associated with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis (ICP), alcoholic chronic pancreatitis (ACP), or pancreatic cancer in a cohort of Chinese patients. METHODS CEL VNTRs were genotyped in patients diagnosed with ICP (n = 771), ACP (n = 222), or pancreatic cancer (n = 263), and in healthy controls (n = 927). CEL VNTR lengths were determined using a screening method combining PCR and DNA fragment analysis. RESULTS Overall, the CEL VNTR lengths ranged from 5 to 22 repeats, with the 16-repeat allele ('normal' size, N) accounting for 73.82% of all observed alleles. The VNTR allele frequencies and genotype distributions were not significantly different between healthy controls and patients with ACP or pancreatic cancer. For the ICP group, allele frequencies did not differ significantly from the controls, while the frequency of the SS genotype (homozygosity for 5-15 repeats) was significantly higher in the patients (4.67%) than in the controls (1.94%) (p = 0.0014; OR = 2.47; 95% CI = 1.39-4.39). CONCLUSIONS There were no associations between the CEL VNTR length and ACP or pancreatic cancer. However, homozygosity for short VNTR lengths may confer susceptibility to ICP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tong Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun-Jiang Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yuan-Chen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Shen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Bin Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhuan Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Vonderau JS, Williams BM, DeCherney S, Jones MS, McKnight L, Hanson M, Hanson H, Desai CS. Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring for evaluation of hypoglycemia pre- and post-operatively for patients undergoing Total Pancreatectomy with Autologous Islet Cell Transplant. Clin Transplant 2021; 35:e14450. [PMID: 34358370 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Total pancreatectomy with autologous islet transplant (TPAIT) is indicated for patients with chronic pancreatitis to improve quality of life while reducing complications from hypoglycemia. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was used to assess overall islet function and the incidence of hypoglycemia pre- and post-operatively. METHODS Nineteen patients who underwent TPAIT at a single center from 2018 to 2020 were included. Pre-operatively, patients were defined by diabetic status. HbA1c, stimulated C-peptide, and CGM were used to characterize glycemic function. RESULTS Pre-operatively, three patients had diabetes, and 16 patients did not have diabetes. Eight out of 16 non-diabetic patients were insulin independent (50%). Of six non-diabetic patients with > 10% hypoglycemia on pre-operative CGM, 33% were insulin-independent post-operatively (P = .3). Of non-diabetic patients with ≥ 80% time in the euglycemic range, 62% were insulin-independent post-operatively (P = .2). For patients without diabetes, the median percent time in hypoglycemic range was reduced from 8% to 1% (P = .001). Delta C-peptide had a positive correlation with islet yield (P = .03). DISCUSSION Conventional evaluation of TPAIT patients assesses primarily beta cell function. As pancreatogenic diabetes is concerning principally for the risk of hypoglycemia, assessment of alpha cell function can improve the quality of care. CGM better captures islet function and increases the identification of hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Vonderau
- Division of Abdominal Transplant, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brittney M Williams
- Division of Abdominal Transplant, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen DeCherney
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Morgan S Jones
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lauren McKnight
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marilyn Hanson
- Division of Abdominal Transplant, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Harlan Hanson
- Division of Abdominal Transplant, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chirag S Desai
- Division of Abdominal Transplant, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is a clinical entity that results from the progressive inflammation and irreversible fibrosis of the pancreas resulting from the cumulative injury sustained by the pancreas over time. It is an illness with variable presentations that can severely impact quality of life, while its long-term complications such as exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), diabetes mellitus, and risk of pancreatic cancer can become life threatening. The diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis can be challenging as despite the recent advancements in imaging technology, the radiographic findings do not become prominent until late stages of disease. Thus, the physicians' clinical acumen in obtaining thorough history taking focusing on risk factors, clinical symptoms, in addition to high-quality imaging, often guide to the accurate diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopy also plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and management of chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is believed to be the most sensitive modality for diagnosing chronic pancreatitis. Despite efforts, however, natural history studies have demonstrated that 61% of individuals with chronic pancreatitis will require at least one endoscopic intervention, while 31% will require a surgical procedure as part of their management strategy. Recent advancements in genomic studies have furthered our understanding of the genetic polymorphisms that are associated with the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis. Genetic testing offers the potential to reveal treatable pancreatitis-related disorders, and can inform decision making with regard to radical therapies for persistent or severe disease such as total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT). The management of patients suffering from chronic pancreatitis often requires a multi-disciplinary approach, addressing pertinent symptoms as well as the sequelae of chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Abdominal pain is the prevailing symptom and most common complication of chronic pancreatitis, and impairs quality of life. Although heavily dependent on a wide range of analgesia, endoscopic treatment such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and surgical intervention can offer long-lasting relief of symptoms. For EPI, treatment with pancreatic enzyme supplements offers marginal-to-moderate relief. The most feared complication of chronic pancreatitis-the development of pancreatic cancer-has no known prevention measure to date.
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12
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Mann R, Boregowda U, Vyas N, Gajendran M, Umapathy CP, Sayana H, Echavarria J, Patel S, Saligram S. Current advances in the management of chronic pancreatitis. Dis Mon 2021; 67:101225. [PMID: 34176572 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2021.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is characterized by irreversible destruction of pancreatic parenchyma and its ductal system resulting from longstanding inflammation, leading to fibrosis and scarring due to genetic, environmental, and other risk factors. The diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis is made based on a combination of clinical features and characteristic findings on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Abdominal pain is the most common symptom of chronic pancreatitis. The main aim of treatment is to relieve symptoms, prevent disease progression, and manage complications related to chronic pancreatitis. Patients who do not respond to medical treatment or not a candidate for surgical treatment are usually managed with endoscopic therapies. Endoscopic therapies help with symptoms such as abdominal pain and jaundice by decompression of pancreatic and biliary ducts. This review summarizes the risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, endoscopic treatment of chronic pancreatitis, and complications. We have also reviewed recent advances in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound-guided therapies for pancreatic duct obstruction due to stones, strictures, pancreatic divisum, and biliary strictures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupinder Mann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Agnes Medical Center, 1303 E Herndon Ave, Fresno, CA 93720, USA
| | - Umesha Boregowda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bassett Healthcare Network, Columbia Bassett Medical School, 1 Atwell Road, Cooperstown, NY 13326, USA
| | - Neil Vyas
- Department of Gastroenterology and Advanced endoscopy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Mahesh Gajendran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, 2000B Transmountain Road, El Paso, TX 79911, USA
| | - Chandra Prakash Umapathy
- Department of Gastroenterology and Advanced endoscopy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Hari Sayana
- Department of Gastroenterology and Advanced endoscopy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Juan Echavarria
- Department of Gastroenterology and Advanced endoscopy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Sandeep Patel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Advanced endoscopy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Shreyas Saligram
- Department of Gastroenterology and Advanced endoscopy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Children with acute recurrent and chronic pancreatitis experience severe abdominal pain that may be intermittent or chronic. Pain is often debilitating, causing interference with academic, social, family, and extracurricular activities that are important to youth. Disruption of these routines and the unpredictability of pain flares place children with pancreatitis at increased risk for development of anxious or depressive symptoms. Pediatric psychologists trained in cognitive-behavioral treatment are well suited to intervene on functional disability and mood disturbance, as well as teach coping skills. In an era where there is movement away from opioids, nonpharmacological strategies have an important place for pain management. In fact, positive outcomes following for children with other recurrent abdominal pain syndromes have been reported for this evidence-based intervention. In addition to pain management, pediatric psychologists can address other co-occurring behavioral and emotional problems in children with pancreatitis, such as needle phobia and poor adherence to the prescribed medical regimen.
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14
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Ahmed A, Deep A, Kothari DJ, Sheth SG. Bone disease in chronic pancreatitis. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:1574-1579. [PMID: 32432135 PMCID: PMC7211537 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i9.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone disease (osteopenia or osteoporosis) is a highly prevalent condition in society and presents a tremendous, preventable public health burden. Screening procedures, such as, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans, have allowed early identification and intervention to improve bone health, and reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures, which carry significant morbidity and mortality. The association of bone disease has been recognized in several diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in established guidelines for screening in patients with malabsorptive disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease and celiac disease. Increasingly, the risk of bone disease has been recognized in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP), who share similar risk factors as patients with other high gastrointestinal disorders. As a result, there have been a number of studies examining the prevalence and risks of bone disease and fractures in patients with CP. This review aims to summarize the recent literature and current recommendations related to bone disease in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Ahmed
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Aman Deep
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Darshan J Kothari
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Sunil G Sheth
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, United States
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15
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Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is characterized by progressive, irreversible morphologic and functional changes that are most commonly attributed to environmental insults, particularly when there is a genetic or anatomic predisposition. Heavy alcohol use and cigarette smoking are the most common environmental risk factors, but both may be absent. Antecedent episodes of acute pancreatitis occur in about half of patients. Abdominal pain is the most common symptom and requires a tailored approach depending on the anatomic changes in the pancreas. Other clinical manifestations include diabetes mellitus, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, metabolic bone disease, pancreatic cancer, and anatomic complications. Current disease management is centered on risk factor reduction and screening for and treating disease complications. There are no current therapies to delay or retard disease progression, but there are ongoing efforts to more fully understand the natural history of chronic pancreatitis and underlying mechanisms of disease. These studies are expected to provide insights that will transform our approach to disease management and provide increased hope to patients.
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16
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Classification of Complication Clusters Might Vary in Different Populations With Chronic Pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2019; 114:1351-1352. [PMID: 31386633 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Acute Pancreatitis Task Force on Quality: Development of Quality Indicators for Acute Pancreatitis Management. Am J Gastroenterol 2019; 114:1322-1342. [PMID: 31205135 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Detailed recommendations and guidelines for acute pancreatitis (AP) management currently exist. However, quality indicators (QIs) are required to measure performance in health care. The goal of the Acute Pancreatitis Task Force on Quality was to formally develop QIs for the management of patients with known or suspected AP using a modified version of the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Methodology. METHODS A multidisciplinary expert panel composed of physicians (gastroenterologists, hospitalists, and surgeons) who are acknowledged leaders in their specialties and who represent geographic and practice setting diversity was convened. A literature review was conducted, and a list of proposed QIs was developed. In 3 rounds, panelists reviewed literature, modified QIs, and rated them on the basis of scientific evidence, bias, interpretability, validity, necessity, and proposed performance targets. RESULTS Supporting literature and a list of 71 proposed QIs across 10 AP domains (Diagnosis, Etiology, Initial Assessment and Risk Stratification, etc.) were sent to the expert panel to review and independently rate in round 1 (95% of panelists participated). Based on a round 2 face-to-face discussion of QIs (75% participation), 41 QIs were classified as valid. During round 3 (90% participation), panelists rated the 41 valid QIs for necessity and proposed performance thresholds. The final classification determined that 40 QIs were both valid and necessary. DISCUSSION Hospitals and providers managing patients with known or suspected AP should ensure that patients receive high-quality care and desired outcomes according to current evidence-based best practices. This physician-led initiative formally developed 40 QIs and performance threshold targets for AP management. Validated QIs provide a dependable quantitative framework for health systems to monitor the quality of care provided to patients with known or suspected AP.
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18
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Peterson KJ, Serrano OK, Flanagan S, Chinnakotla S. Vascular reconstruction technique of a perforated portal vein during a pediatric total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplant. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:2342-2346. [PMID: 29790286 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary pancreatitis (HP) is a progressive disease that can manifest in childhood with debilitating, relapsing pain. A total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplant (TPIAT) is a surgical option to relieve chronic pain while preserving the available β-cell mass. The clinical course of HP is fraught with pancreatitis-related sequelae that can both necessitate and complicate a TPIAT. We describe a child with HP who developed a pancreatic pseudocyst-portal vein (PV) fistula. Active hemorrhage of the perforated PV into the pseudocyst and PV thrombosis complicated the planned TPIAT procedure and, preoperatively, required urgent image-guided stenting. During the TPIAT procedure, the endovascular stent was found to be protruding through the PV into the pseudocyst. Using the autologous splenic vein from the TPIAT specimen, we performed a vascular reconstruction of the perforated PV. This case underscores the need for evaluation of children with HP by a multidisciplinary pancreatic TPIAT care team to best prepare for the potential ramifications of pancreatitis-related complications. It also illustrates a useful vascular reconstruction technique for PV complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent J Peterson
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Oscar K Serrano
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Siobhan Flanagan
- Department of Interventional Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Srinath Chinnakotla
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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