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Farrer MJ. Obituary for Jan O. Aasly (1950-2022). Mov Disord 2022; 37:1783-1784. [PMID: 36004440 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Farrer
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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2
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Aasly JO. Inflammatory Diseases Among Norwegian LRRK2 Mutation Carriers. A 15-Years Follow-Up of a Cohort. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:634666. [PMID: 33584195 PMCID: PMC7876287 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.634666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The first families with LRRK2 related Parkinson’s disease (PD) were presented around 15 years ago and numerous papers have described the characteristics of the LRRK2 phenotype. The prevalence of autosomal dominant PD varies around the world mainly depending on local founder effects. The highest prevalence of LRRK2 G2019S PD in Norway is located to the central part of the country and most families could be traced back to common ancestors. The typical Norwegian LRRK2 phenotype is not different from classical PD and similar to that seen in most other LRRK2 families. The discovery of LRRK2 PD has allowed us to follow-up multi-incident families and to study their phenotype longitudinally. In the Norwegian LRRK2 families there has been a significantly higher incidence of inflammatory diseases like multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis that seen in other PD populations. Recent studies in LRRK2 mechanisms have indicated that this protein may be crucial in initiating disease processes. In this short survey of 100 Norwegian mutation carriers followed through more than 15 years are presented. The prevalence of inflammatory diseases among these cases is highlighted. The role of LRRK2 in the conversion process from carrier status to PD phenotype is still unknown and disease generating mechanisms important for initiating LRRK2 PD are still to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan O Aasly
- Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Muldmaa M, Mencacci NE, Pittman A, Kadastik‐Eerme L, Sikk K, Taba P, Hardy J, Kõks S. Community-based genetic study of Parkinson's disease in Estonia. Acta Neurol Scand 2021; 143:89-95. [PMID: 32740907 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the genetic variability of Estonian Parkinson's disease (PD) patients using an ongoing epidemiological study in combination with a genetic analysis. METHODS This study was a community-based genetic screening study of 189 PD patients, and 158 age- and sex-matched controls screened for potential mutations in 9 PD genes using next-generation sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification method. Different clinimetric scales and questionnaires were used to examine PD patients and assess clinical characteristics and severity of the disease. RESULTS The overall frequency of pathogenic PD-causing variants was 1.1% (2/189), and any rare genetic variant was present in 21.2% (40/189) of the patients and in 8.2% (13/158) of the controls (P < .05). Variants of unknown significance accounted for 10.6% (20/189). Frequency of any GBA variant among PD patients was 10.1% (19/189) and in controls 3.8% (6/158). The frequency of any GBA variant in PD compared to controls was significantly higher (P = .035; OR 2.82; CI 95% 1.05-8.87). Burden of rare variants was not different between patients and controls. Also, a novel GBA pathogenic variant p.E10X was detected. CONCLUSION Among different genetic variants identified in Estonian PD patients, GBA variants are the most common, while an overall pathogenic variant frequency was 1.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Muldmaa
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
- Department of Neurology North Estonia Medical Centre Tallinn Estonia
| | | | - Alan Pittman
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience UCL Institute of Neurology London UK
| | | | - Katrin Sikk
- Department of Neurology North Estonia Medical Centre Tallinn Estonia
| | - Pille Taba
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
- Neurology Clinic Tartu University Hospital Tartu Estonia
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience UCL Institute of Neurology London UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease Reta Lila Weston Laboratories Queen Square Genomics UCL Dementia Research Institute London UK
| | - Sulev Kõks
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics Murdoch University Perth WA Australia
- The Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science Nedlands, Perth WA Australia
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Aasly JO. Long-Term Outcomes of Genetic Parkinson's Disease. J Mov Disord 2020; 13:81-96. [PMID: 32498494 PMCID: PMC7280945 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.19080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects 1–2% of people by the age of 70 years. Age is the most important risk factor, and most cases are sporadic without any known environmental or genetic causes. Since the late 1990s, mutations in the genes SNCA, PRKN, LRRK2, PINK1, DJ-1, VPS35, and GBA have been shown to be important risk factors for PD. In addition, common variants with small effect sizes are now recognized to modulate the risk for PD. Most studies in genetic PD have focused on finding new genes, but few have studied the long-term outcome of patients with the specific genetic PD forms. Patients with known genetic PD have now been followed for more than 20 years, and we see that they may have distinct and different prognoses. New therapeutic possibilities are emerging based on the genetic cause underlying the disease. Future medication may be based on the pathophysiology individualized to the patient’s genetic background. The challenge is to find the biological consequences of different genetic variants. In this review, the clinical patterns and long-term prognoses of the most common genetic PD variants are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan O Aasly
- Department of Neurology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Hustad E, Aasly JO. Clinical and Imaging Markers of Prodromal Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:395. [PMID: 32457695 PMCID: PMC7225301 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) relies on the clinical effects of dopamine deficiency, including bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor, usually manifesting asymmetrically. Misdiagnosis is common, due to overlap of symptoms with other neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy, and only autopsy can definitively confirm the disease. Motor deficits generally appear when 50–60% of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra are already lost, limiting the effectiveness of potential neuroprotective therapies. Today, we consider PD to be not just a movement disorder, but rather a complex syndrome non-motor symptoms (NMS) including disorders of sleep-wake cycle regulation, cognitive impairment, disorders of mood and affect, autonomic dysfunction, sensory symptoms and pain. Symptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers share non-motor features with individuals with sporadic PD, including hyposmia, constipation, impaired color discrimination, depression, and sleep disturbance. Following the assumption that the pre-symptomatic gene mutation carriers will eventually exhibit clinical symptoms, their neuroimaging results can be extended to the pre-symptomatic stage of PD. The long latent phase of PD, termed prodromal-PD, represents an opportunity for early recognition of incipient PD. Early recognition could allow initiation of possible neuroprotective therapies at a stage when therapies might be most effective. The number of markers with the sufficient level of evidence to be included in the MDS research criteria for prodromal PD have increased during the last 10 years. Here, we review the approach to prodromal PD, with an emphasis on clinical and imaging markers and report results from our neuroimaging study, a retrospective evaluation of a cohort of 39 participants who underwent DAT-SPECT scan as part of their follow up. The study was carried out to see if it was possible to detect subclinical signs in the preclinical (neurodegenerative processes have commenced, but there are no evident symptoms or signs) and prodromal (symptoms and signs are present, but are yet insufficient to define disease) stages of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldbjørg Hustad
- Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan O Aasly
- Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (INB), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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6
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Majbour NK, Aasly JO, Hustad E, Thomas MA, Vaikath NN, Elkum N, van de Berg WDJ, Tokuda T, Mollenhauer B, Berendse HW, El-Agnaf OMA. CSF total and oligomeric α-Synuclein along with TNF-α as risk biomarkers for Parkinson's disease: a study in LRRK2 mutation carriers. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:15. [PMID: 32375873 PMCID: PMC7201744 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Asymptomatic carriers of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene mutations constitute an ideal population for discovering prodromal biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease (PD). In this study, we aim to identify CSF candidate risk biomarkers of PD in individuals with LRRK2 mutation carriers. Methods We measured the levels of CSF total- (t-), oligomeric (o-) and phosphorylated S129 (pS129-) α-syn, total-tau (tTau), phosphorylated threonine 181 tau (pTau), amyloid-beta 40 (Aβ-40), amyloid-beta-42 (Aβ-42) and 40 inflammatory chemokines in symptomatic (n = 23) and asymptomatic (n = 51) LRRK2 mutation carriers, subjects with a clinical diagnosis of PD (n = 60) and age-matched healthy controls (n = 34). General linear models corrected for age and gender were performed to assess differences in CSF biomarkers between the groups. Markers that varied significantly between the groups were then analyzed using backward-elimination logistic regression analysis to identify an ideal biomarkers panel of prodromal PD. Results Discriminant function analysis revealed low levels of CSF t-α-syn, high levels of CSF o-α-syn and TNF-α best discriminated asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers from both symptomatic PD and healthy controls. Assessing the discriminative power using receiver operating curve analysis, an area under the curve > 0.80 was generated. Conclusions The current study suggests that CSF t-, o-α-syn and TNF-α are candidate risk biomarkers for the detection of PD at the prodromal stage. Our findings also highlight the dynamic interrelationships between CSF proteins and the importance of using a biomarkers’ panel approach for an accurate and timely diagnosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour K Majbour
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jan O Aasly
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology, St. Olav's Hospital, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eldbjørg Hustad
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology, St. Olav's Hospital, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mercy A Thomas
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nishant N Vaikath
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar
| | - Naser Elkum
- Clinical Epidemiology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Takahiko Tokuda
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute for Geriatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-0841, Japan
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Klinikstraße, Kassel, and University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Neurology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henk W Berendse
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, location VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Omar M A El-Agnaf
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar.
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Warø BJ, Aasly JO. Exploring cancer in LRRK2 mutation carriers and idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00858. [PMID: 29568677 PMCID: PMC5853627 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the risk of non-skin cancer in LRRK2 mutation carriers and individuals with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD), explore the age at which LRRK2 mutation carriers have cancer compared to iPD subjects, and clarify whether certain cancers are more closely associated with the LRRK2 mutation than iPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Demographic data and cancer outcomes from 830 iPD patients and 103 LRRK2 mutation carriers (27 with PD) were retrospectively collected. Oncologic data were obtained from the Cancer Registry of Norway and included cancer type and age at cancer. All study participants were of Norwegian ethnicity. RESULTS LRRK2 mutation carriers have increased risk of non-skin cancer compared with iPD subjects (OR 2.09; 95% CI 1.16-3.77; p = .015). A significant association was found between the mutation and breast cancer in women (OR 4.58; 95% CI 1.45-14.51; p = .010). No other associations between harboring a LRRK2 mutation and specific cancer types were uncovered. CONCLUSION LRRK2 mutation carriers have an increased risk of non-skin cancer compared with iPD subjects, which was mainly driven by the association between harboring the mutation and breast cancer in women. The increased risk is likely independent of ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørg Johanne Warø
- Department of Neuroscience Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway.,Department of Neurology St. Olav's Hospital Trondheim Norway
| | - Jan O Aasly
- Department of Neuroscience Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway.,Department of Neurology St. Olav's Hospital Trondheim Norway
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Gustavsson EK, Trinh J, McKenzie M, Bortnick S, Petersen MS, Farrer MJ, Aasly JO. Genetic Identification in Early Onset Parkinsonism among Norwegian Patients. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2017; 4:499-508. [PMID: 30363439 PMCID: PMC6174458 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An initial diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is challenging, especially in patients who have early onset and atypical disease. A genetic etiology for parkinsonism, when established, ends that diagnostic odyssey and may inform prognosis and therapy. The objective of this study was to elucidate the genetic etiology of parkinsonism in patients with early onset disease (age at onset <45 years). METHODS Whole-exome sequencing, copy number variability, and short tandem repeat analyses were performed. The analyses were focused on genes previously implicated in parkinsonism and dystonia in patients with early onset parkinsonism. Genotype-phenotype correlations were assessed using regression models. RESULTS The patient cohort was characterized by early onset, slowly progressive parkinsonism with a mean age at onset of 39.2 ± 5.0 years (n = 108). By 10 years of disease duration, the mean Hoehn & Yahr stage was 2.6 ± 0.8, the mean Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, part III (motor part) score was 24.9 ± 12.1 (n = 83), and 30 patients were cognitively impaired at the last examination (Montreal Cognitive Assessment score ≤ 26). Ten patients with typical early onset PD harbored homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) (n = 4), parkin (PRKN) (n = 3), or the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) c.6055 G to A transition (n = 3). In addition, 5 patients with more atypical disease were compound heterozygotes for the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) (n = 3) 1 was heterozygous for solute carrier family 2, member 1 (SLC2A1) and another carried a novel ataxin 2 (ATXN2) exon 1 duplication. In most patients, the cumulative mutational burden did not appear to contribute to age at onset or progression. CONCLUSION In this clinical series, 15 patients (14%) carried mutations that were linked to monogenic parkinsonism. GBA carriers were most likely to suffer an earlier cognitive demise. Nevertheless, the etiology for most patients with early onset PD remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil K. Gustavsson
- Center for Applied NeurogeneticsDjavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain HealthDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of NeuroscienceNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Department of NeurologySt. Olav's HospitalTrondheimNorway
| | - Joanne Trinh
- Center for Applied NeurogeneticsDjavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain HealthDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Marna McKenzie
- Center for Applied NeurogeneticsDjavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain HealthDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Stephanie Bortnick
- Center for Applied NeurogeneticsDjavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain HealthDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Maria Skaalum Petersen
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public HealthThe Faroese Hospital SystemTorshavnFaroe Islands
| | - Matthew J. Farrer
- Center for Applied NeurogeneticsDjavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain HealthDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Jan O. Aasly
- Department of NeuroscienceNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Department of NeurologySt. Olav's HospitalTrondheimNorway
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Kasten M, Marras C, Klein C. Nonmotor Signs in Genetic Forms of Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 133:129-178. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Aasly JO, Johansen KK, Brønstad G, Warø BJ, Majbour NK, Varghese S, Alzahmi F, Paleologou KE, Amer DAM, Al-Hayani A, El-Agnaf OMA. Elevated levels of cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein oligomers in healthy asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:248. [PMID: 25309429 PMCID: PMC4174885 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene are the most common cause of autosomal dominant Parkinson’s disease (PD). To assess the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of α-synuclein oligomers in symptomatic and asymptomatic leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutation carriers, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to investigate total and oligomeric forms of α-synuclein in CSF samples. The CSF samples were collected from 33 Norwegian individuals with leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutations: 13 patients were clinically diagnosed with PD and 20 patients were healthy, asymptomatic leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutation carriers. We also included 35 patients with sporadic PD (sPD) and 42 age-matched healthy controls. Levels of CSF α-synuclein oligomers were significantly elevated in healthy asymptomatic individuals carrying leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutations (n = 20; P < 0.0079) and in sPD group (n = 35; P < 0.003) relative to healthy controls. Increased α-synuclein oligomers in asymptomatic leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutation carriers showed a sensitivity of 63.0% and a specificity of 74.0%, with an area under the curve of 0.66, and a sensitivity of 65.0% and a specificity of 83.0%, with an area under the curve of 0.74 for sPD cases. An inverse correlation between CSF levels of α- synuclein oligomers and disease severity and duration was observed. Our study suggests that quantification of α-synuclein oligomers in CSF has potential value as a tool for PD diagnosis and presymptomatic screening of high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan O Aasly
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim, Norway ; Department of Neurology, St. Olav's Hospital, University Hospital of Trondheim Trondheim, Norway
| | - Krisztina K Johansen
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gunnar Brønstad
- Department of Neurology, St. Olav's Hospital, University Hospital of Trondheim Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørg J Warø
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim, Norway ; Department of Neurology, St. Olav's Hospital, University Hospital of Trondheim Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nour K Majbour
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shiji Varghese
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatimah Alzahmi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Katerina E Paleologou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Dena A M Amer
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdulmonem Al-Hayani
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar M A El-Agnaf
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University Al Ain, United Arab Emirates ; Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Hentati F, Trinh J, Thompson C, Nosova E, Farrer MJ, Aasly JO. LRRK2 parkinsonism in Tunisia and Norway: a comparative analysis of disease penetrance. Neurology 2014; 83:568-9. [PMID: 25008396 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Faycel Hentati
- From Institut National Mongi Ben Hamida de Neurologie (F.H.), La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia; the University of British Columbia (J.T., C.T., E.N., M.J.F.), Vancouver; and St. Olav's Hospital (J.O.A.), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Joanne Trinh
- From Institut National Mongi Ben Hamida de Neurologie (F.H.), La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia; the University of British Columbia (J.T., C.T., E.N., M.J.F.), Vancouver; and St. Olav's Hospital (J.O.A.), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christina Thompson
- From Institut National Mongi Ben Hamida de Neurologie (F.H.), La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia; the University of British Columbia (J.T., C.T., E.N., M.J.F.), Vancouver; and St. Olav's Hospital (J.O.A.), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ekaterina Nosova
- From Institut National Mongi Ben Hamida de Neurologie (F.H.), La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia; the University of British Columbia (J.T., C.T., E.N., M.J.F.), Vancouver; and St. Olav's Hospital (J.O.A.), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Matthew J Farrer
- From Institut National Mongi Ben Hamida de Neurologie (F.H.), La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia; the University of British Columbia (J.T., C.T., E.N., M.J.F.), Vancouver; and St. Olav's Hospital (J.O.A.), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Jan O Aasly
- From Institut National Mongi Ben Hamida de Neurologie (F.H.), La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia; the University of British Columbia (J.T., C.T., E.N., M.J.F.), Vancouver; and St. Olav's Hospital (J.O.A.), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Abstract
A number of gene variants or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been shown to modulate the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). These variants are identified from genetic association studies of familial PD and candidate genes, and from genome wide association studies (GWAS). These include REP1 dinucleotide repeat polymorphism within the promoter region of the SNCA gene, and SNPs within the vicinity of SNCA and LRRK2 genes. A number of exonic variants of LRRK2 (G2385R, R1628P, S1647T, M1646T, A419V, R1398H, N551K, Y2189C) have been shown to influence PD risk in various ethnic populations. Numerous GWAS linked loci including BST1 (bone marrow stromal cell antigen 1), PARK16 (parkinson disease 16 susceptibility), GAK (cyclin G associated kinase), and HLA (human leukocyte antigen) have also been identified. The genetic variants have differential effect on PD risk in Eastern and Western populations. Knowing the basis behind ethnic-specific variances would further our understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms and help planning of genetic testing programmes.
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Mutations in Leucine-rich-repeat-kinase 2 (LRRK2), the causative gene for PARK8 type PD with autosomal dominant inheritance, are the most prevalent genetic causes of both familial and sporadic PD. Animal models are critical tools in the attempt to understand the mechanisms of LRRK2-mediated pathogenesis. We have generated human Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) mediated transgenic mouse models expressing mutant LRRK2 that robustly recapitulate the behavioral, neurochemical and pathological features of PD. These mice develop an age-dependent decrease in motor activity that is progressive and responds to treatment with levodopa. Pathologically, the most salient phenotype is early axonopathy of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, accompanied by hyperphosphorylated tau. The mice also exhibit a consistent dopamine transmission deficit in both acute brain slices and live freely moving animals. Here we will discuss LRRK2 mouse models from several laboratories, their commonalities and differences, and offer scientific insights drawn from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xu
- Department of Neurology and Friedman Brain Institute, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10029, USA
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14
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Abstract
Recently, several genes for parkinsonism have been identified. Among them, familial Parkinson's disease (PD) could be assigned for PARK disorders. PARK disorders consist of three different inherited modes such as autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant modes and susceptible genes. Some of them manifest not only typical parkinsonism, but also dystonia, pyramidal sign, and mental dysfunctions. While the monogenic forms of PARK disorders have been reviewed extensively, it is not easy to do differential diagnosis of PARK disorders due to the additional features except for typical parkinsonism. In this presentation, we focus on two different scenarios of patients with autosomal dominant parkinsonism: (1) parkinsonism with mutations in one of the PARK genes; (2) parkinsonism with mutations other than PARK genes or yet other genes where parkinsonism is a well recognized, concomitant, or even an isolated feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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