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LRRK2 signaling in neurodegeneration: two decades of progress. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:859-872. [PMID: 34897411 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a complex GTPase/kinase orchestrating cytoskeletal dynamics and multiple steps of the endolysosomal pathway through interaction with a host of partners and phosphorylation of a subset of Rab GTPases. Mutations in LRRK2 cause late-onset Parkinson's disease (PD) and common variants in the locus containing LRRK2 have been associated with sporadic PD, progressive supranuclear palsy as well as a number of inflammatory diseases. This review encompasses the major discoveries in the field of LRRK2 pathobiology, from the initial gene cloning to the latest progress in LRRK2 inhibition as a promising therapeutic approach to fight neurodegeneration.
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Menozzi E, Macnaughtan J, Schapira AHV. LRRK2 Parkinsonism: Does the Response to Gut Bacteria Mitigate the Neurological Picture? Mov Disord 2020; 36:71-75. [PMID: 33107648 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Menozzi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jane Macnaughtan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Rideout HJ, Chartier-Harlin MC, Fell MJ, Hirst WD, Huntwork-Rodriguez S, Leyns CEG, Mabrouk OS, Taymans JM. The Current State-of-the Art of LRRK2-Based Biomarker Assay Development in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:865. [PMID: 33013290 PMCID: PMC7461933 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is mounting that LRRK2 function, particularly its kinase activity, is elevated in multiple forms of Parkinson's disease, both idiopathic as well as familial forms linked to mutations in the LRRK2 gene. However, sensitive quantitative markers of LRRK2 activation in clinical samples remain at the early stages of development. There are several measures of LRRK2 activity that could potentially be used in longitudinal studies of disease progression, as inclusion/exclusion criteria for clinical trials, to predict response to therapy, or as markers of target engagement. Among these are levels of LRRK2, phosphorylation of LRRK2 itself, either by other kinases or via auto-phosphorylation, its in vitro kinase activity, or phosphorylation of downstream substrates. This is advantageous on many levels, in that multiple indices of elevated kinase activity clearly strengthen the rationale for targeting this kinase with novel therapeutic candidates, and provide alternate markers of activation in certain tissues or biofluids for which specific measures are not detectable. However, this can also complicate interpretation of findings from different studies using disparate measures. In this review we discuss the current state of LRRK2-focused biomarkers, the advantages and disadvantages of the current pallet of outcome measures, the gaps that need to be addressed, and the priorities that the field has defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardy J. Rideout
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
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Vilas D, Gelpi E, Aldecoa I, Grau O, Rodriguez-Diehl R, Jaumà S, Martí MJ, Tolosa E. Lack of central and peripheral nervous system synuclein pathology in R1441G LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019; 90:832-833. [PMID: 30054313 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-318473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Vilas
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobank-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iban Aldecoa
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobank-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Pathology Department, Biomedical Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Grau
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberta Rodriguez-Diehl
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobank-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology and LIM 22, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Serge Jaumà
- Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Martí
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduard Tolosa
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain .,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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Chiang HL, Lin CH. Altered Gut Microbiome and Intestinal Pathology in Parkinson's Disease. J Mov Disord 2019; 12:67-83. [PMID: 31158941 PMCID: PMC6547039 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.18067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder arising from an interplay between genetic and environmental risk factors. Studies have suggested that the pathological hallmarks of intraneuronal α-synuclein aggregations may start from the olfactory bulb and the enteric nervous system of the gut and later propagate to the brain via the olfactory tract and the vagus nerve. This hypothesis correlates well with clinical symptoms, such as constipation, that may develop up to 20 years before the onset of PD motor symptoms. Recent interest in the gut-brain axis has led to vigorous research into the gastrointestinal pathology and gut microbiota changes in patients with PD. In this review, we provide current clinical and pathological evidence of gut involvement in PD by summarizing the changes in gut microbiota composition and gut inflammation associated with its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Lin Chiang
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chen J, Chen Y, Pu J. Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 in Parkinson's Disease: Updated from Pathogenesis to Potential Therapeutic Target. Eur Neurol 2018; 79:256-265. [PMID: 29705795 DOI: 10.1159/000488938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. The pathogenesis of PD is not fully understood but is likely caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Several genes are associated with the onset and progression of familial PD. There is increasing evidence that leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) plays a significant role in PD pathophysiology. SUMMARY Many studies have been conducted to elucidate the functions of LRRK2 and identify effective LRRK2 inhibitors for PD treatment. In this review, we discuss the role of LRRK2 in PD and recent progress in the use of LRRK2 inhibitors as therapeutic agents. Key Messages: LRRK2 plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of PD, and pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 has become one of the most promising potential therapies for PD. Further research is warranted to determine the functions of LRRK2 and expand the applications of LRRK2 inhibitors in PD treatment.
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Coon EA, Cutsforth-Gregory JK, Benarroch EE. Neuropathology of autonomic dysfunction in synucleinopathies. Mov Disord 2018; 33:349-358. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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