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Lu H, Zuo X, Yuan J, Xie Z, Yin L, Pu Y, Chen Z, Zhang J. Research progress in the development of 3D skin models and their application to in vitro skin irritation testing. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38711121 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Toxicological assessment of chemicals is crucial for safeguarding human health and the environment. However, traditional animal experiments are associated with ethical, technical, and predictive limitations in assessing the toxicity of chemicals to the skin. With the recent development of bioengineering and tissue engineering, three-dimensional (3D) skin models have been commonly used as an alternative for toxicological studies. The skin consists of the subcutaneous, dermis, and epidermis. All these layers have crucial functions such as physical and biological protection and thermoregulation. The epidermis is the shallowest layer protecting against external substances and media. Because the skin is the first contact point for many substances, this organ is very significant for assessing local toxicity following skin exposure. According to the classification of the United Nations Global Harmonized System, skin irritation is a major potentially hazardous characteristic of chemicals, and this characteristic must be accurately assessed and classified for enhancing chemical safety management and preventing and reducing chemical accidents. This review discusses the research progress of 3D skin models and introduces their application in assessing chemical skin irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xulei Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jiayu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zaozao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Institute for Sport and Health (JISH), Nanjing, P. R. China
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Corrêa FB, Castro JCD, Almeida IR, Farina-Junior JA, Coltro PS. Evaluation of contraction of the split-thickness skin graft using three dermal matrices in the treatment of burn contractures: a randomized clinical trial. Wound Repair Regen 2022; 30:222-231. [PMID: 35141977 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Burn injuries commonly result in serious sequelae (such as skin contractures) in surviving patients, for which no single optimal solution is known. The goal of this study was to compare the late contraction of autologous skin grafts with or without dermal matrices used in the treatment of patients with burn contractures. This parallel design prospective, randomized, and controlled clinical trial included patients with burn contracture treated using autologous skin grafts and dermal matrix. Patients were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: Integra® matrix (n=10), Pelnac® matrix (n=10), Matriderm® matrix (n=9), or a Control Group (n=10, without dermal matrix, only skin graft). The boundaries of skin defect were marked and transferred to a flat sterile surface for area measurement. The current area of the skin grafts was measured during surgery and compared with those obtained at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Twelve months after surgery, the Control Group presented lower rates of skin graft contraction than Integra® (p<0.01), Matriderm® (p=0.01), and Pelnac® (p<0.01) groups. Pelnac® resulted in larger skin graft contraction than Matriderm® (p<0.01) and Integra® (p=0.02), while differences between Integra® and Matriderm® were not significant (p=0.16). The comparison between intraoperative and 12 months after surgery showed that the worst mean rates of skin graft contraction were from the Pelnac® (51.79%) and Matriderm® (59.17%). In patients with burn contractures, the use of these three dermal matrices did not reduce or avoid the occurrence of late contraction of the skin graft, so their use for this purpose should be carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda B Corrêa
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlio C D Castro
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivan R Almeida
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jayme A Farina-Junior
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro S Coltro
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Jiang S, Lyu C, Zhao P, Li W, Kong W, Huang C, Genin GM, Du Y. Cryoprotectant enables structural control of porous scaffolds for exploration of cellular mechano-responsiveness in 3D. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3491. [PMID: 31375674 PMCID: PMC6677882 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11397-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the wide applications, systematic mechanobiological investigation of 3D porous scaffolds has yet to be performed due to the lack of methodologies for decoupling the complex interplay between structural and mechanical properties. Here, we discover the regulatory effect of cryoprotectants on ice crystal growth and use this property to realize separate control of the scaffold pore size and stiffness. Fibroblasts and macrophages are sensitive to both structural and mechanical properties of the gelatin scaffolds, particularly to pore sizes. Interestingly, macrophages within smaller and softer pores exhibit pro-inflammatory phenotype, whereas anti-inflammatory phenotype is induced by larger and stiffer pores. The structure-regulated cellular mechano-responsiveness is attributed to the physical confinement caused by pores or osmotic pressure. Finally, in vivo stimulation of endogenous fibroblasts and macrophages by implanted scaffolds produce mechano-responses similar to the corresponding cells in vitro, indicating that the physical properties of scaffolds can be leveraged to modulate tissue regeneration. Cellular responses to mechanical stimulation have emerged as an important area of research. Here, the authors use cryoprotectant to control the pore size and mechanical properties of porous scaffolds without changing the scaffold composition to allow for the study of cellular mechano-responsiveness in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumeng Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Cheng Lyu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenyu Kong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chenyu Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Guy M Genin
- Department of Mechanical engineering and Material Science, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, 63130, USA
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Dixit S, Baganizi DR, Sahu R, Dosunmu E, Chaudhari A, Vig K, Pillai SR, Singh SR, Dennis VA. Immunological challenges associated with artificial skin grafts: available solutions and stem cells in future design of synthetic skin. J Biol Eng 2017; 11:49. [PMID: 29255480 PMCID: PMC5729423 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-017-0089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair or replacement of damaged skins is still an important, challenging public health problem. Immune acceptance and long-term survival of skin grafts represent the major problem to overcome in grafting given that in most situations autografts cannot be used. The emergence of artificial skin substitutes provides alternative treatment with the capacity to reduce the dependency on the increasing demand of cadaver skin grafts. Over the years, considerable research efforts have focused on strategies for skin repair or permanent skin graft transplantations. Available skin substitutes include pre- or post-transplantation treatments of donor cells, stem cell-based therapies, and skin equivalents composed of bio-engineered acellular or cellular skin substitutes. However, skin substitutes are still prone to immunological rejection, and as such, there is currently no skin substitute available to overcome this phenomenon. This review focuses on the mechanisms of skin rejection and tolerance induction and outlines in detail current available strategies and alternatives that may allow achieving full-thickness skin replacement and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Dixit
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104 USA.,Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIH/NIEHS, Durham, 27709 NC USA
| | - Dieudonné R Baganizi
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104 USA
| | - Rajnish Sahu
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104 USA
| | - Ejowke Dosunmu
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104 USA
| | - Atul Chaudhari
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104 USA
| | - Komal Vig
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104 USA
| | - Shreekumar R Pillai
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104 USA
| | - Shree R Singh
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104 USA
| | - Vida A Dennis
- Center for Nanobiotechnology Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104 USA
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Study of composite vascular scaffold combining with differentiated VSMC- and VEC-like cells in vitro and in vivo. J Biomater Appl 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328217715363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Borzenok SA, Zheltonozhko AA, Komakh YA. [Justification of the use of particular biopolymers as matrix materials for artificial corneas]. Vestn Oftalmol 2015; 131:94-96. [PMID: 26489127 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2015131494-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews distinctive features, advantages, and drawbacks of different biopolymers used to construct the 3D matrices of artificial corneas. Modern requirements for matrices are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Borzenok
- Academician S.N. Fyodorov IRTC 'Eye Microsurgery', Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 59А Beskudnikovskiy bulvar, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127486
| | - A A Zheltonozhko
- Academician S.N. Fyodorov IRTC 'Eye Microsurgery', Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 59А Beskudnikovskiy bulvar, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127486
| | - Yu A Komakh
- Academician S.N. Fyodorov IRTC 'Eye Microsurgery', Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 59А Beskudnikovskiy bulvar, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127486
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Hilmi ABM, Halim AS, Hassan A, Lim CK, Noorsal K, Zainol I. In vitro characterization of a chitosan skin regenerating template as a scaffold for cells cultivation. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:79. [PMID: 23503998 PMCID: PMC3597272 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is a marine-derived product that has been widely used in clinical applications, especially in skin reconstruction. The mammalian scaffolds derived from bovine and porcine material have many limitations, for example, prion transmission and religious concerns. Therefore, we created a chitosan skin regenerating template (SRT) and investigated the behavior of fibroblast cell-scaffold constructs. Primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) were isolated and then characterized using vimentin and versican. HDF were seeded into chitosan SRT at a density of 3×106 cells/cm2 for fourteen days. Histological analysis and live cells imaging revealed that the cell-chitosan constructs within interconnected porous chitosan showed significant interaction between the cells as well as between the cells and the chitosan. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed cells spreading and covering the pores. As the pore sizes of the chitosan SRT range between 40–140 μm, an average porosity is about 93 ± 12.57% and water uptake ratio of chitosan SRT is 536.02 ± 14.29%, it is a supportive template for fibroblast attachment and has potential in applications as a dermal substitute.
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Use of magnetically oriented orthogonal collagen scaffolds for hemi-corneal reconstruction and regeneration. Biomaterials 2010; 31:8313-22. [PMID: 20708260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that the highly organized architecture of the corneal stroma could be reproduced using scaffolds consisting of orthogonally aligned multilayers of collagen fibrils prepared using a high magnetic field. Here we show that such scaffolds permit the reconstruction in vitro of human hemi-corneas (stroma + epithelium), using primary human keratocytes and limbal stem cell derived human keratinocytes. On the surface of these hemi-corneas, a well-differentiated epithelium was formed, as determined both histologically and ultrastructurally and by the expression of characteristic markers. Within the stroma, the keratocytes aligned with the directions of the fibrils in the scaffold and synthesized a new extracellular matrix with typical collagen markers and small, uniform diameter fibrils. Finally, in vivo experiments using a rabbit model showed that these orthogonally oriented multi-layer scaffolds could be used to repair the anterior region of the stroma, leading to re-epithelialization and recovery of both transparency and ultrastructural organization.
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Abstract
Two decades after introducing threaded titanium dental implants, Dr. Per-Ingvar Brånemark used a similar technique in the 1980s to pioneer the direct skeletal attachment (DSA) of limb prostheses. He and his colleagues used convincing clinical experience to overcome the skepticism of their peers, affording a new dimension of prosthetic rehabilitation to almost 100 individuals with amputation. As a result, more research has been initiated worldwide to move DSA to a level of greater safety, longevity, and reliability. This review highlights the trends and milestones in current DSA development. It also identifies ideas from previous studies in various fields that may be useful in future DSA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Pitkin
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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