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Kanders SH, Pisanu C, Bandstein M, Jonsson J, Castelao E, Pistis G, Gholam-Rezaee M, Eap CB, Preisig M, Schiöth HB, Mwinyi J. A pharmacogenetic risk score for the evaluation of major depression severity under treatment with antidepressants. Drug Dev Res 2019; 81:102-113. [PMID: 31617956 PMCID: PMC7028038 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The severity of symptoms as well as efficacy of antidepressants in major depressive disorder (MDD) is modified by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in different genes, which may contribute in an additive or synergistic fashion. We aimed to investigate depression severity in participants with MDD under treatment with antidepressants in relation to the combinatory effect of selected genetic variants combined using a genetic risk score (GRS). The sample included 150 MDD patients on regular AD therapy from the population‐based Swiss PsyCoLaus cohort. We investigated 44 SNPs previously associated with antidepressant response by ranking them with regard to their association to the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale (CES‐D) score using random forest. The three top scoring SNPs (rs12248560, rs878567, rs17710780) were subsequently combined into an unweighted GRS, which was included in linear and logistic regression models using the CES‐D score, occurrence of a major depressive episode (MDE) during follow‐up and regular antidepressant treatment during the 6 months preceding follow‐up assessment as outcomes. The GRS was associated with MDE occurrence (p = .02) and ln CES‐D score (p = .001). The HTR1A rs878567 variant was associated with ln CES‐D after adjustment for demographic and clinical variables [p = .02, lower scores for minor allele (G) carriers]. Additionally, rs12248560 (CYP2C19) CC homozygotes showed a six‐fold higher likelihood of regular AD therapy at follow‐up compared to minor allele homozygotes [TT; ultrarapid metabolizers (p = .03)]. Our study suggests that the cumulative consideration of pharmacogenetic risk variants more reliably reflects the impact of the genetic background on depression severity than individual SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia H Kanders
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claudia Pisanu
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Jörgen Jonsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Enrique Castelao
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Chin B Eap
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Preisig
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Vahid-Ansari F, Zhang M, Zahrai A, Albert PR. Overcoming Resistance to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: Targeting Serotonin, Serotonin-1A Receptors and Adult Neuroplasticity. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:404. [PMID: 31114473 PMCID: PMC6502905 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most prevalent mental illness contributing to global disease burden. Selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first-line treatment for MDD, but are only fully effective in 30% of patients and require weeks before improvement may be seen. About 30% of SSRI-resistant patients may respond to augmentation or switching to another antidepressant, often selected by trial and error. Hence a better understanding of the causes of SSRI resistance is needed to provide models for optimizing treatment. Since SSRIs enhance 5-HT, in this review we discuss new findings on the circuitry, development and function of the 5-HT system in modulating behavior, and on how 5-HT neuronal activity is regulated. We focus on the 5-HT1A autoreceptor, which controls 5-HT activity, and the 5-HT1A heteroreceptor that mediates 5-HT actions. A series of mice models now implicate increased levels of 5-HT1A autoreceptors in SSRI resistance, and the requirement of hippocampal 5-HT1A heteroreceptor for neurogenic and behavioral response to SSRIs. We also present clinical data that show promise for identifying biomarkers of 5-HT activity, 5-HT1A regulation and regional changes in brain activity in MDD patients that may provide biomarkers for tailored interventions to overcome or bypass resistance to SSRI treatment. We identify a series of potential strategies including inhibiting 5-HT auto-inhibition, stimulating 5-HT1A heteroreceptors, other monoamine systems, or cortical stimulation to overcome SSRI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul R. Albert
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Rodríguez-Landa JF, Cueto-Escobedo J, Flores-Aguilar LÁ, Rosas-Sánchez GU, Rovirosa-Hernández MDJ, García-Orduña F, Carro-Juárez M. The Aqueous Crude Extracts of Montanoa frutescens and Montanoa grandiflora Reduce Immobility Faster Than Fluoxetine Through GABA A Receptors in Rats Forced to Swim. J Evid Based Integr Med 2018; 23:2515690X18762953. [PMID: 29540064 PMCID: PMC5871057 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x18762953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Montanoa frutescens and Montanoa grandiflora have been indistinctly used for centuries in traditional Mexican medicine for reproductive impairments, anxiety, and mood disorders. Preclinical studies support their aphrodisiac and anxiolytic properties, but their effects on mood are still unexplored. METHODS The effects of 25 and 50 mg/kg of M frutescens and M grandiflora extracts were evaluated on days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 of treatment, and compared with fluoxetine (1 mg/kg) and Remotiv (7.14 mg/kg) in Wistar rats. The participation of GABAA receptor in the effects produced by the treatments was explored. RESULTS Montanoa extracts reduced immobility since day 1 of treatment, while fluoxetine and Remotiv required 14 days. The GABAA antagonism blocked the effects of Montanoa extracts, but not of fluoxetine or Remotiv. CONCLUSIONS Montanoa extracts prevented quickly the stress-induced behaviors in the swimming test through action at the GABAA receptor, exerting a protective effect different to the typical antidepressants drugs.
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Szopa A, Poleszak E, Doboszewska U, Herbet M, Świąder K, Wyska E, Serefko A, Wlaź A, Korga A, Ostrowska M, Juś P, Jedynak S, Dudka J, Wlaź P. Withdrawal of caffeine after its chronic administration modifies the antidepressant-like activity of atypical antidepressants in mice. Changes in cortical expression of Comt, Slc6a15 and Adora1 genes. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2423-2434. [PMID: 29882086 PMCID: PMC6061707 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Depressed patients often present increased consumption of caffeine. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the effects of chronic treatment with caffeine (5 mg/kg, twice daily for 14 days) on the activity of single, ineffective doses of agomelatine (20 mg/kg) or mianserin (10 mg/kg) given on day 15 alone or simultaneously with caffeine. METHODS We used the forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and locomotor activity test in mice and quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the selected genes in the cerebral cortex (Cx). RESULTS There were no changes in the immobility time between mice that received saline and caffeine for 14 days. Administration of agomelatine or mianserin on day 15 did not produce an antidepressant-like effect, but such effect was observed after administration of agomelatine or mianserin simultaneously with caffeine on day 15, in both mice that received saline and caffeine for 14 days. In mice treated with caffeine for 14 days, joint administration of agomelatine or mianserin and caffeine on day 15 decreased solute carrier family 6, member 15 (Slc6a15), messenger RNA (mRNA) level in the Cx, compared to the group which received only the respective antidepressant on this day. Moreover, in mice treated with caffeine for 14 days, joint administration of mianserin and caffeine on day 15 decreased adenosine A1 receptor (Adora1) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (Comt) mRNA level in the Cx, compared to the group which received mianserin without caffeine on this day. CONCLUSIONS Withdrawal of caffeine after its chronic intake can modify the activity of antidepressants. Adora1, Slc6a15, and Comt may be involved in the antidepressant-like effect observed after joint administration of caffeine and mianserin or agomelatine, following chronic treatment with caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szopa
- Chair and Department of Applied Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ewa Poleszak
- Chair and Department of Applied Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Urszula Doboszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Mariola Herbet
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 8, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Świąder
- Chair and Department of Applied Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wyska
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Serefko
- Chair and Department of Applied Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wlaź
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Korga
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 8, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Ostrowska
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 8, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Juś
- Chair and Department of Applied Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Szymon Jedynak
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 8, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jarosław Dudka
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 8, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Wlaź
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Chronic treatment with caffeine and its withdrawal modify the antidepressant-like activity of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the forced swim and tail suspension tests in mice. Effects on Comt , Slc6a15 and Adora1 gene expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 337:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pereira-Figueiredo I, Castellano O, Riolobos AS, Ferreira-Dias G, López DE, Sancho C. Long-Term Sertraline Intake Reverses the Behavioral Changes Induced by Prenatal Stress in Rats in a Sex-Dependent Way. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:99. [PMID: 28611606 PMCID: PMC5446993 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress is a major factor underlying the vulnerability to respond to stressful events later in life. The present study attempted to evaluate the role of prenatal stress affecting the development of stress-related disorders and their reversion by postnatal exposure to Sertraline (SERT), a front-line medication for medication for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in humans. To achieve this, adult male and female prenatally stressed (PS) or unstressed (Controls) offspring rats, following oral chronic treatment with SERT (5 mg/kg/day; from 1 month to 4 months old), or not, were studied prior to and after a traumatic event. First, anxiety-like behavior during the prepulse inhibition (PPI) test, a modulation of the startle reflex, was examined in all animals. Subsequently, the animals were subjected to a session of mild inescapable footshocks (IS; 0.35 mA, 5 s) in a shuttle box that was followed by 4 days of situational reminders in the aversive context. Prior to the footshocks no effects of PS or SERT were shown, and no changes in PPI and the habituation to the shuttle box were found. After them, PS led animals to exhibit behavioral alterations. When compared to the Controls, PS animals of both sexes displayed less rearing activity in the aversive environment. PS males responded less to footshock delivery and, in most of the animals, fear extinction was impaired. Moreover, the early postnatal exposure to SERT lessened the behavioral impact of PS in females, while in males it had no effect. Current results extend previous data from our laboratory, showing that PS heightened vulnerability to stress later on, and that SERT acts differently in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Pereira-Figueiredo
- Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
| | - Orlando Castellano
- Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
| | - Adelaida S Riolobos
- Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
| | - Graça Ferreira-Dias
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of LisbonLisbon, Portugal
| | - Dolores E López
- Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
| | - Consuelo Sancho
- Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
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Bundgaard C, Eneberg E, Sánchez C. P-glycoprotein differentially affects escitalopram, levomilnacipran, vilazodone and vortioxetine transport at the mouse blood–brain barrier in vivo. Neuropharmacology 2016; 103:104-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Bet PM, Verbeek EC, Milaneschi Y, Straver DBM, Uithuisje T, Bevova MR, Hugtenburg JG, Heutink P, Penninx BWJH, Hoogendijk WJG. A common polymorphism in the ABCB1 gene is associated with side effects of PGP-dependent antidepressants in a large naturalistic Dutch cohort. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 16:202-8. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Pereira-Figueiredo I, Sancho C, Carro J, Castellano O, López DE. The effects of sertraline administration from adolescence to adulthood on physiological and emotional development in prenatally stressed rats of both sexes. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:260. [PMID: 25147514 PMCID: PMC4123728 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sertraline (SERT) is a clinically effective Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) known to increase and stabilize serotonin levels. This neurotransmitter plays an important role in adolescent brain development in both rodents and humans, and its dysregulation has been correlated with deficits in behavior and emotional regulation. Since prenatal stress may disturb serotoninergic homeostasis, the aim of this study was to examine the long-lasting effects of exposure to SERT throughout adolescence on behavioral and physiological developmental parameters in prenatally stressed Wistar rats. SERT was administered (5 mg/kg/day p.o.) from the age of 1-3 months to half of the progeny, of both sexes, of gestating dams stressed by use of a restraint (PS) or not stressed. Our data reveal that long-term SERT treatment slightly reduced weight gain in both sexes, but reversed the developmental disturbed "catch-up" growth found in PS females. Neither prenatal stress nor SERT treatment induced remarkable alterations in behavior and had no effects on mean startle reflex values. However, a sex-dependent effects of PS was found: in males the PS paradigm slightly increased anxiety-like behavior in the open field, while in females, it impaired startle habituation. In both cases, SERT treatment reversed the phenomena. Additionally, the PS animals exhibited a disturbed leukocyte profile in both sexes, which was reversed by SERT. The present findings are evidence that continuous SERT administration from adolescence through adulthood is safe in rodents and lessens the impact of prenatal stress in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Consuelo Sancho
- Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Carro
- Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
| | - Orlando Castellano
- Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
| | - Dolores E. López
- Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
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Faster, better, stronger: towards new antidepressant therapeutic strategies. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 753:32-50. [PMID: 25092200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is a highly prevalent disorder and is predicted to be the second leading cause of disease burden by 2020. Although many antidepressant drugs are currently available, they are far from optimal. Approximately 50% of patients do not respond to initial first line antidepressant treatment, while approximately one third fail to achieve remission following several pharmacological interventions. Furthermore, several weeks or months of treatment are often required before clinical improvement, if any, is reported. Moreover, most of the commonly used antidepressants have been primarily designed to increase synaptic availability of serotonin and/or noradrenaline and although they are of therapeutic benefit to many patients, it is clear that other therapeutic targets are required if we are going to improve the response and remission rates. It is clear that more effective, rapid-acting antidepressants with novel mechanisms of action are required. The purpose of this review is to outline the current strategies that are being taken in both preclinical and clinical settings for identifying superior antidepressant drugs. The realisation that ketamine has rapid antidepressant-like effects in treatment resistant patients has reenergised the field. Further, developing an understanding of the mechanisms underlying the rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant patients by drugs such as ketamine may uncover novel therapeutic targets that can be exploited to meet the Olympian challenge of developing faster, better and stronger antidepressant drugs.
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Kovacs D, Gonda X, Petschner P, Edes A, Eszlari N, Bagdy G, Juhasz G. Antidepressant treatment response is modulated by genetic and environmental factors and their interactions. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2014; 13:17. [PMID: 25053968 PMCID: PMC4106212 DOI: 10.1186/1744-859x-13-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is a wide variety of antidepressants with different mechanisms of action available, the efficacy of treatment is not satisfactory. Genetic factors are presumed to play a role in differences in medication response; however, available evidence is controversial. Even genome-wide association studies failed to identify genes or regions which would consequently influence treatment response. We conducted a literature review in order to uncover possible mechanisms concealing the direct effects of genetic variants, focusing mainly on reports from large-scale studies including STAR*D or GENDEP. We observed that inclusion of environmental factors, gene-environment and gene-gene interactions in the model improves the probability of identifying genetic modulator effects of antidepressant response. It could be difficult to determine which allele of a polymorphism is the risk factor for poor treatment outcome because depending on the acting environmental factors different alleles could be advantageous to improve treatment response. Moreover, genetic variants tend to show better association with certain intermediate phenotypes linked to depression because these are more objective and detectable than traditional treatment outcomes. Thus, detailed modeling of environmental factors and their interactions with different genetic pathways could significantly improve our understanding of antidepressant efficacy. In addition, the complexity of depression itself demands a more comprehensive analysis of symptom trajectories if we are to extract useful information which could be used in the personalization of antidepressant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Kovacs
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary ; MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Xénia Gonda
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary ; MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, 1089 Budapest, Hungary ; Department of Clinical and Theoretical Mental Health, Kutvolgyi Clinical Center, Semmelweis University, 1125 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Petschner
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary ; MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Edes
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary ; MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Eszlari
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary ; MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Bagdy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary ; MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Juhasz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary ; MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, 1089 Budapest, Hungary ; Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, School of Community Based Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
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