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From the Catastrophic Objective Irreproducibility of Cancer Research and Unavoidable Failures of Molecular Targeted Therapies to the Sparkling Hope of Supramolecular Targeted Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032796. [PMID: 36769134 PMCID: PMC9917659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented non-reproducibility of the results published in the field of cancer research has recently come under the spotlight. In this short review, we try to highlight some general principles in the organization and evolution of cancerous tumors, which objectively lead to their enormous variability and, consequently, the irreproducibility of the results of their investigation. This heterogeneity is also extremely unfavorable for the effective use of molecularly targeted medicine. Against the seemingly comprehensive background of this heterogeneity, we single out two supramolecular characteristics common to all tumors: the clustered nature of tumor interactions with their microenvironment and the formation of biomolecular condensates with tumor-specific distinctive features. We suggest that these features can form the basis of strategies for tumor-specific supramolecular targeted therapies.
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Nussinov R, Tsai CJ, Jang H. Signaling in the crowded cell. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 71:43-50. [PMID: 34218161 PMCID: PMC8648894 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution technologies have clarified some of the principles underlying cellular actions. However, understanding how cells receive, communicate, and respond to signals is still challenging. Questions include how efficient regulation of assemblies, which execute cell actions at the nanoscales, transmits productively at micrometer scales, especially considering the crowded environment, and how the cell organization makes it happen. Here, we describe how cells can navigate long-range diffusion-controlled signaling via association/dissociation of spatially proximal entities. Dynamic clusters can span the cell, engaging in most signaling steps. Effective local concentration, allostery, scaffolding, affinities, and the chemical and mechanical properties of the macromolecules and the environment play key roles. Signaling strength and duration matter, for example, deciding if a mutation promotes cancer or developmental syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Chung-Jung Tsai
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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3
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Zhang M, Jang H, Nussinov R. PI3K Driver Mutations: A Biophysical Membrane-Centric Perspective. Cancer Res 2021; 81:237-247. [PMID: 33046444 PMCID: PMC7855922 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ras activates its effectors at the membrane. Active PI3Kα and its associated kinases/phosphatases assemble at membrane regions enriched in signaling lipids. In contrast, the Raf kinase domain extends into the cytoplasm and its assembly is away from the crowded membrane surface. Our structural membrane-centric outlook underscores the spatiotemporal principles of membrane and signaling lipids, which helps clarify PI3Kα activation. Here we focus on mechanisms of activation driven by PI3Kα driver mutations, spotlighting the PI3Kα double (multiple) activating mutations. Single mutations can be potent, but double mutations are stronger: their combination is specific, a single strong driver cannot fully activate PI3K, and two weak drivers may or may not do so. In contrast, two strong drivers may successfully activate PI3K, where one, for example, H1047R, modulates membrane interactions facilitating substrate binding at the active site (km) and the other, for example, E542K and E545K, reduces the transition state barrier (ka), releasing autoinhibition by nSH2. Although mostly unidentified, weak drivers are expected to be common, so we ask here how common double mutations are likely to be and why PI3Kα with double mutations responds effectively to inhibitors. We provide a structural view of hotspot and weak driver mutations in PI3Kα activation, explain their mechanisms, compare these with mechanisms of Raf activation, and point to targeting cell-specific, chromatin-accessible, and parallel (or redundant) pathways to thwart the expected emergence of drug resistance. Collectively, our biophysical outlook delineates activation and highlights the challenges of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Zhang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland.
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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4
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Abstract
Enzymes are a class of protein that catalyze a wide range of chemical reactions, including the cleavage of specific peptide bonds. They are expressed in all cell types, play vital roles in tissue development and homeostasis, and in many diseases, such as cancer. Enzymatic activity is tightly controlled through the use of inactive pro-enzymes, endogenous inhibitors and spatial localization. Since the presence of specific enzymes is often correlated with biological processes, and these proteins can directly modify biomolecules, they are an ideal biological input for cell-responsive biomaterials. These materials include both natural and synthetic polymers, cross-linked hydrogels and self-assembled peptide nanostructures. Within these systems enzymatic activity has been used to induce biodegradation, release therapeutic agents and for disease diagnosis. As technological advancements increase our ability to quantify the expression and nanoscale organization of proteins in cells and tissues, as well as the synthesis of increasingly complex and well-defined biomaterials, enzyme-responsive biomaterials are poised to play vital roles in the future of biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Thomas Pashuck
- Department of Bioengineering, P.C. Rossin College of Engineering and Applied Science, Lehigh University Bethlehem Pennsylvania USA
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5
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Complexity in Biological Organization: Deconstruction (and Subsequent Restating) of Key Concepts. ENTROPY 2020; 22:e22080885. [PMID: 33286655 PMCID: PMC7517488 DOI: 10.3390/e22080885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The “magic” word complexity evokes a multitude of meanings that obscure its real sense. Here we try and generate a bottom-up reconstruction of the deep sense of complexity by looking at the convergence of different features shared by complex systems. We specifically focus on complexity in biology but stressing the similarities with analogous features encountered in inanimate and artefactual systems in order to track an integrative path toward a new “mainstream” of science overcoming the actual fragmentation of scientific culture.
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6
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Are Synapse-Like Structures a Possible Way for Crosstalk of Cancer with Its Microenvironment? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040806. [PMID: 32230806 PMCID: PMC7226151 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of therapies directed at targets within cancer cells highlight the necessity for a paradigm change in cancer therapy. The attention of researchers has shifted towards the disruption of cancer cell interactions with the tumor microenvironment. A typical example of such a disruption is the immune checkpoint cancer therapy that disrupts interactions between the immune and the cancer cells. The interaction of cancer antigens with T cells occurs in the immunological synapses. This is characterized by several special features, i.e., the proximity of the immune cells and their target cells, strong intercellular adhesion, and secretion of signaling cytokines into the intercellular cleft. Earlier, we hypothesized that the cancer-associated fibroblasts interacting with cancer cells through a synapse-like adhesion might play an important role in cancer tumors. Studies of the interactions between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts showed that their clusterization on the membrane surface determined their strength and specificity. The hundreds of interacting pairs are involved in the binding that may indicate the formation of synapse-like structures. These interactions may be responsible for successful metastasis of cancer cells, and their identification and disruption may open new therapeutic possibilities.
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Nussinov R, Tsai CJ, Jang H. Does Ras Activate Raf and PI3K Allosterically? Front Oncol 2019; 9:1231. [PMID: 31799192 PMCID: PMC6874141 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism through which oncogenic Ras activates its effectors is vastly important to resolve. If allostery is at play, then targeting allosteric pathways could help in quelling activation of MAPK (Raf/MEK/ERK) and PI3K (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) cell proliferation pathways. On the face of it, allosteric activation is reasonable: Ras binding perturbs the conformational ensembles of its effectors. Here, however, we suggest that at least for Raf, PI3K, and NORE1A (RASSF5), that is unlikely. Raf's long disordered linker dampens effective allosteric activation. Instead, we suggest that the high-affinity Ras–Raf binding relieves Raf's autoinhibition, shifting Raf's ensemble from the inactive to the nanocluster-mediated dimerized active state, as Ras also does for NORE1A. PI3K is recruited and allosterically activated by RTK (e.g., EGFR) at the membrane. Ras restrains PI3K's distribution and active site orientation. It stabilizes and facilitates PIP2 binding at the active site and increases the PI3K residence time at the membrane. Thus, RTKs allosterically activate PI3Kα; however, merging their action with Ras accomplishes full activation. Here we review their activation mechanisms in this light and draw attention to implications for their pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chung-Jung Tsai
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
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8
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Sullivan DP, Dalal PJ, Jaulin F, Sacks DB, Kreitzer G, Muller WA. Endothelial IQGAP1 regulates leukocyte transmigration by directing the LBRC to the site of diapedesis. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2582-2601. [PMID: 31395618 PMCID: PMC6829592 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of endothelial cell IQGAP1 during diapedesis requires its actin-binding domain and IQ motifs to recruit the lateral border recycling compartment. Genetic ablation of endothelial cell IQGAP1 expression in vivo causes significant disruption of diapedesis in two models of inflammation. Transendothelial migration (TEM) of leukocytes across the endothelium is critical for inflammation. In the endothelium, TEM requires the coordination of membrane movements and cytoskeletal interactions, including, prominently, recruitment of the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC). The scaffold protein IQGAP1 was recently identified in a screen for LBRC-interacting proteins. Knockdown of endothelial IQGAP1 disrupted the directed movement of the LBRC and substantially reduced leukocyte TEM. Expression of truncated IQGAP1 constructs demonstrated that the calponin homology domain is required for IQGAP1 localization to endothelial borders and that the IQ domain, on the same IQGAP1 polypeptide, is required for its function in TEM. This is the first reported function of IQGAP1 requiring two domains to be present on the same polypeptide. Additionally, we show for the first time that IQGAP1 in the endothelium is required for efficient TEM in vivo. These findings reveal a novel function for IQGAP1 and demonstrate that IQGAP1 in endothelial cells facilitates TEM by directing the LBRC to the site of TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Prarthana J Dalal
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | | | - David B Sacks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Geri Kreitzer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, City University of New York School of Medicine, The City College of New York, New York, NY
| | - William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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West HT, Csizmar CM, Wagner CR. Tunable Supramolecular Assemblies from Amphiphilic Nucleoside Phosphoramidate Nanofibers by Enzyme Activation. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2650-2656. [PMID: 29689161 PMCID: PMC6628205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes possess unique qualities that make them ideal regulators of supramolecular assembly. They are uniquely sensitive to biomolecules and biological compartments, catalytic in effecting chemical reactions, and present a biocompatible and degradable platform for assembly regulation. We demonstrate the novel utility of Histidine Triad Nucleotide Binding Protein 1 (HINT1) in regulating supramolecular hydrogel formation. We synthesized nucleoside-phosphoramidate-functionalized self-assembling peptides that we observed to form nanofibers. We found HINT1's catalytic hydrolysis of the nucleoside phosphoramidate moieties within the nanofiber structures to induce nanofiber organization and higher ordered assembly. The role of HINT1 in effecting this structural change was confirmed with experiments utilizing a high-affinity HINT1 inhibitor and catalytically dead HINT1 mutant. In addition, the kinetics and morphology of hydrogel formation were found to be dependent on the structure of the released nucleoside monophosphate. This work highlights the self-assembly of phosphoramidate nanofibers and their higher organization triggered by HINT1 enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison T. West
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Clifford M. Csizmar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Carston R. Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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10
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Ozdemir ES, Jang H, Gursoy A, Keskin O, Li Z, Sacks DB, Nussinov R. Unraveling the molecular mechanism of interactions of the Rho GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1 with the scaffolding protein IQGAP2. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3685-3699. [PMID: 29358323 PMCID: PMC5846150 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating proteins (IQGAPs) are scaffolding proteins playing central roles in cell-cell adhesion, polarity, and motility. The Rho GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1, in their GTP-bound active forms, interact with all three human IQGAPs. The IQGAP-Cdc42 interaction promotes metastasis by enhancing actin polymerization. However, despite their high sequence identity, Cdc42 and Rac1 differ in their interactions with IQGAP. Two Cdc42 molecules can bind to the Ex-domain and the RasGAP site of the GTPase-activating protein (GAP)-related domain (GRD) of IQGAP and promote IQGAP dimerization. Only one Rac1 molecule might bind to the RasGAP site of GRD and may not facilitate the dimerization, and the exact mechanism of Cdc42 and Rac1 binding to IQGAP is unclear. Using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, site-directed mutagenesis, and Western blotting, we unraveled the detailed mechanisms of Cdc42 and Rac1 interactions with IQGAP2. We observed that Cdc42 binding to the Ex-domain of GRD of IQGAP2 (GRD2) releases the Ex-domain at the C-terminal region of GRD2, facilitating IQGAP2 dimerization. Cdc42 binding to the Ex-domain promoted allosteric changes in the RasGAP site, providing a binding site for the second Cdc42 in the RasGAP site. Of note, the Cdc42 "insert loop" was important for the interaction of the first Cdc42 with the Ex-domain. By contrast, differences in Rac1 insert-loop sequence and structure precluded its interaction with the Ex-domain. Rac1 could bind only to the RasGAP site of apo-GRD2 and could not facilitate IQGAP2 dimerization. Our detailed mechanistic insights help decipher how Cdc42 can stimulate actin polymerization in metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sila Ozdemir
- From the Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering and
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- the Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Attila Gursoy
- Computer Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey,
| | - Ozlem Keskin
- From the Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering and
| | - Zhigang Li
- the Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and
| | - David B Sacks
- the Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- the Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702,
- the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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11
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Nussinov R, Tsai CJ, Jang H. Is Nanoclustering essential for all oncogenic KRas pathways? Can it explain why wild-type KRas can inhibit its oncogenic variant? Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 54:114-120. [PMID: 29307569 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-anchored oncogenic KRas can dimerize, form nanoclusters, and signal through the MAPK (Raf/MEK/ERK) and PI3Kα/Akt/mTOR. Both pathways are needed in KRAS-driven proliferation. Here we ask: Is oncogenic KRas nanoclustering (or dimerization) essential for all KRas signaling pathways? Raf kinase domain dimerization, thus MAPK activation, requires KRas nanoclusters. By contrast, the PI3Kα heterodimer acts as a monomeric unit; thus, does PI3Kα activation and PI3Kα/Akt/mTOR signaling require nanoclustering? Further, calmodulin binds only to oncogenic KRas4B. Here we ask: Does calmodulin downregulate KRas4B cancer development as suggested early on, or promote it? We also ask: Why is oncogenic KRas4B the most abundant isoform? Does wild-type Ras indeed inhibit its oncogenic variants as data appeared to suggest? And related to the last question, why is wild-type KRas a more potent inhibitor of its oncogenic form than wild-type NRas of its oncogenic form? Resolving these cardinal questions, and others, such as how exactly does RASSF5 (NORE1A) act as tumor suppressor, and why Ras isoforms tend to occur in distinct cancer types are crucial for effective pharmacology. In this review, we take a nanoclustering/dimerization-centric outlook and show that many questions can be explained by simply considering Ras nanoclustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Chung-Jung Tsai
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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12
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Nussinov R, Jang H, Tsai CJ, Liao TJ, Li S, Fushman D, Zhang J. Intrinsic protein disorder in oncogenic KRAS signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3245-3261. [PMID: 28597297 PMCID: PMC11107717 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
How Ras, and in particular its most abundant oncogenic isoform K-Ras4B, is activated and signals in proliferating cells, poses some of the most challenging questions in cancer cell biology. In this paper, we ask how intrinsically disordered regions in K-Ras4B and its effectors help promote proliferative signaling. Conformational disorder allows spanning long distances, supports hinge motions, promotes anchoring in membranes, permits segments to fulfil multiple roles, and broadly is crucial for activation mechanisms and intensified oncogenic signaling. Here, we provide an overview illustrating some of the key mechanisms through which conformational disorder can promote oncogenesis, with K-Ras4B signaling serving as an example. We discuss (1) GTP-bound KRas4B activation through membrane attachment; (2) how farnesylation and palmitoylation can promote isoform functional specificity; (3) calmodulin binding and PI3K activation; (4) how Ras activates its RASSF5 cofactor, thereby stimulating signaling of the Hippo pathway and repressing proliferation; and (5) how intrinsically disordered segments in Raf help its attachment to the membrane and activation. Collectively, we provide the first inclusive review of the roles of intrinsic protein disorder in oncogenic Ras-driven signaling. We believe that a broad picture helps to grasp and formulate key mechanisms in Ras cancer biology and assists in therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Chung-Jung Tsai
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Tsung-Jen Liao
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Universities E-Institute for Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - David Fushman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Universities E-Institute for Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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13
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Garland J. Unravelling the complexity of signalling networks in cancer: A review of the increasing role for computational modelling. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 117:73-113. [PMID: 28807238 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer induction is a highly complex process involving hundreds of different inducers but whose eventual outcome is the same. Clearly, it is essential to understand how signalling pathways and networks generated by these inducers interact to regulate cell behaviour and create the cancer phenotype. While enormous strides have been made in identifying key networking profiles, the amount of data generated far exceeds our ability to understand how it all "fits together". The number of potential interactions is astronomically large and requires novel approaches and extreme computation methods to dissect them out. However, such methodologies have high intrinsic mathematical and conceptual content which is difficult to follow. This review explains how computation modelling is progressively finding solutions and also revealing unexpected and unpredictable nano-scale molecular behaviours extremely relevant to how signalling and networking are coherently integrated. It is divided into linked sections illustrated by numerous figures from the literature describing different approaches and offering visual portrayals of networking and major conceptual advances in the field. First, the problem of signalling complexity and data collection is illustrated for only a small selection of known oncogenes. Next, new concepts from biophysics, molecular behaviours, kinetics, organisation at the nano level and predictive models are presented. These areas include: visual representations of networking, Energy Landscapes and energy transfer/dissemination (entropy); diffusion, percolation; molecular crowding; protein allostery; quinary structure and fractal distributions; energy management, metabolism and re-examination of the Warburg effect. The importance of unravelling complex network interactions is then illustrated for some widely-used drugs in cancer therapy whose interactions are very extensive. Finally, use of computational modelling to develop micro- and nano- functional models ("bottom-up" research) is highlighted. The review concludes that computational modelling is an essential part of cancer research and is vital to understanding network formation and molecular behaviours that are associated with it. Its role is increasingly essential because it is unravelling the huge complexity of cancer induction otherwise unattainable by any other approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Garland
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Manchester University, Manchester, UK.
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14
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The Peroxisome-Mitochondria Connection: How and Why? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061126. [PMID: 28538669 PMCID: PMC5485950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, peroxisomes have emerged as key regulators in overall cellular lipid and reactive oxygen species metabolism. In mammals, these organelles have also been recognized as important hubs in redox-, lipid-, inflammatory-, and innate immune-signaling networks. To exert these activities, peroxisomes must interact both functionally and physically with other cell organelles. This review provides a comprehensive look of what is currently known about the interconnectivity between peroxisomes and mitochondria within mammalian cells. We first outline how peroxisomal and mitochondrial abundance are controlled by common sets of cis- and trans-acting factors. Next, we discuss how peroxisomes and mitochondria may communicate with each other at the molecular level. In addition, we reflect on how these organelles cooperate in various metabolic and signaling pathways. Finally, we address why peroxisomes and mitochondria have to maintain a healthy relationship and why defects in one organelle may cause dysfunction in the other. Gaining a better insight into these issues is pivotal to understanding how these organelles function in their environment, both in health and disease.
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15
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Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy of native macromolecular complexes. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 41:225-232. [PMID: 27662375 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular complexes consisting of proteins, lipids, and/or nucleic acids are ubiquitous in biological processes. Their composition, stoichiometry, order of assembly, and conformations can be heterogeneous or can change dynamically, making single-molecule studies best suited to measure these properties accurately. Recent single-molecule pull-down and other related approaches have combined the principles of conventional co-immunoprecipitation assay with single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to probe native macromolecular complexes. In this review, we present the advances in single-molecule pull-down methods and biological systems that have been investigated in such semi vivo manner.
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16
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Rudashevskaya EL, Sickmann A, Markoutsa S. Global profiling of protein complexes: current approaches and their perspective in biomedical research. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:951-964. [PMID: 27602509 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1233064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the rapid evolution of proteomic methods, protein interactions and their participation in protein complexes - an important aspect of their function - has rarely been investigated on the proteome-wide level. Disease states, such as muscular dystrophy or viral infection, are induced by interference in protein-protein interactions within complexes. The purpose of this review is to describe the current methods for global complexome analysis and to critically discuss the challenges and opportunities for the application of these methods in biomedical research. Areas covered: We discuss advancements in experimental techniques and computational tools that facilitate profiling of the complexome. The main focus is on the separation of native protein complexes via size exclusion chromatography and gel electrophoresis, which has recently been combined with quantitative mass spectrometry, for a global protein-complex profiling. The development of this approach has been supported by advanced bioinformatics strategies and fast and sensitive mass spectrometers that have allowed the analysis of whole cell lysates. The application of this technique to biomedical research is assessed, and future directions are anticipated. Expert commentary: The methodology is quite new, and has already shown great potential when combined with complementary methods for detection of protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L Rudashevskaya
- a Department of Bioanalytics , Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS eV , Dortmund , Germany
| | - Albert Sickmann
- a Department of Bioanalytics , Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS eV , Dortmund , Germany.,b Medizinisches Proteom-Center , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Bochum , Germany.,c School of Natural & Computing Sciences, Department of Chemistry , University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Stavroula Markoutsa
- a Department of Bioanalytics , Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS eV , Dortmund , Germany
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Wei G, Xi W, Nussinov R, Ma B. Protein Ensembles: How Does Nature Harness Thermodynamic Fluctuations for Life? The Diverse Functional Roles of Conformational Ensembles in the Cell. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6516-51. [PMID: 26807783 PMCID: PMC6407618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
All soluble proteins populate conformational ensembles that together constitute the native state. Their fluctuations in water are intrinsic thermodynamic phenomena, and the distributions of the states on the energy landscape are determined by statistical thermodynamics; however, they are optimized to perform their biological functions. In this review we briefly describe advances in free energy landscape studies of protein conformational ensembles. Experimental (nuclear magnetic resonance, small-angle X-ray scattering, single-molecule spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy) and computational (replica-exchange molecular dynamics, metadynamics, and Markov state models) approaches have made great progress in recent years. These address the challenging characterization of the highly flexible and heterogeneous protein ensembles. We focus on structural aspects of protein conformational distributions, from collective motions of single- and multi-domain proteins, intrinsically disordered proteins, to multiprotein complexes. Importantly, we highlight recent studies that illustrate functional adjustment of protein conformational ensembles in the crowded cellular environment. We center on the role of the ensemble in recognition of small- and macro-molecules (protein and RNA/DNA) and emphasize emerging concepts of protein dynamics in enzyme catalysis. Overall, protein ensembles link fundamental physicochemical principles and protein behavior and the cellular network and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (MOE), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (MOE), and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
- Sackler Inst. of Molecular Medicine Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Buyong Ma
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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Lu S, Jang H, Muratcioglu S, Gursoy A, Keskin O, Nussinov R, Zhang J. Ras Conformational Ensembles, Allostery, and Signaling. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6607-65. [PMID: 26815308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ras proteins are classical members of small GTPases that function as molecular switches by alternating between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states. Ras activation is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors that catalyze the exchange of GDP by GTP, and inactivation is terminated by GTPase-activating proteins that accelerate the intrinsic GTP hydrolysis rate by orders of magnitude. In this review, we focus on data that have accumulated over the past few years pertaining to the conformational ensembles and the allosteric regulation of Ras proteins and their interpretation from our conformational landscape standpoint. The Ras ensemble embodies all states, including the ligand-bound conformations, the activated (or inactivated) allosteric modulated states, post-translationally modified states, mutational states, transition states, and nonfunctional states serving as a reservoir for emerging functions. The ensemble is shifted by distinct mutational events, cofactors, post-translational modifications, and different membrane compositions. A better understanding of Ras biology can contribute to therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Universities E-Institute for Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai, 200025, China.,Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | | | | | | | - Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States.,Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Sackler Institute of Molecular Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Universities E-Institute for Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai, 200025, China
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Chan CW, Laurini E, Posocco P, Pricl S, Smith DK. Chiral recognition at self-assembled multivalent (SAMul) nanoscale interfaces – enantioselectivity in polyanion binding. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:10540-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04470k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigate structure–activity effect relationships at the nanoscale chiral molecular recognition interface between enantiomeric self-assembled multivalent (SAMul) systems and biological polyanions, heparin and DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Laurini
- Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory
- Department of Engineering and Architectures (DEA)
- University of Trieste
- Trieste
- Italy
| | - Paola Posocco
- Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory
- Department of Engineering and Architectures (DEA)
- University of Trieste
- Trieste
- Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory
- Department of Engineering and Architectures (DEA)
- University of Trieste
- Trieste
- Italy
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Transient Interactions of a Cytosolic Protein with Macromolecular and Vesicular Cosolutes: Unspecific and Specific Effects. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2633-45. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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21
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Nussinov R, Tsai CJ, Muratcioglu S, Jang H, Gursoy A, Keskin O. Principles of K-Ras effector organization and the role of oncogenic K-Ras in cancer initiation through G1 cell cycle deregulation. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:669-82. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Guven-Maiorov E, Keskin O, Gursoy A, Nussinov R. A Structural View of Negative Regulation of the Toll-like Receptor-Mediated Inflammatory Pathway. Biophys J 2015; 109:1214-26. [PMID: 26276688 PMCID: PMC4576153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway is integral to inflammatory defense mechanisms, its excessive signaling may be devastating. Cells have acquired a cascade of strategies to regulate TLR signaling by targeting protein-protein interactions, or ubiquitin chains, but the details of the inhibition mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we provide the structural basis for the regulation of TLR signaling by constructing architectures of protein-protein interactions. Structural data suggest that 1) Toll/IL-1R (TIR) domain-containing regulators (BCAP, SIGIRR, and ST2) interfere with TIR domain signalosome formation; 2) major deubiquitinases such as A20, CYLD, and DUBA prevent association of TRAF6 and TRAF3 with their partners, in addition to removing K63-linked ubiquitin chains that serve as a docking platform for downstream effectors; 3) alternative downstream pathways of TLRs also restrict signaling by competing to bind common partners through shared binding sites. We also performed in silico mutagenesis analysis to characterize the effects of oncogenic mutations on the negative regulators and to observe the cellular outcome (whether there is/is not inflammation). Missense mutations that fall on interfaces and nonsense/frameshift mutations that result in truncated negative regulators disrupt the interactions with the targets, thereby enabling constitutive activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B, and contributing to chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Guven-Maiorov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Keskin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Attila Gursoy
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Computer Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland; Sackler Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Liu J, Postupalenko V, Duskey JT, Palivan CG, Meier W. pH-Triggered Reversible Multiple Protein-Polymer Conjugation Based on Molecular Recognition. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12066-73. [PMID: 26291123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymer conjugation for protein-based therapeutics has been developed extensively, but it still suffers from conjugation leading to decrease in protein activity and generates complexes with limited diversity due to general classical systems only incorporating one protein per each complex. Here we introduce a site-specific noncovalent protein-polymer conjugation, which can reduce the heterogeneity of the conjugates without disrupting protein function, while allowing for the modulation of binding affinity and stability, affecting the pH dependent binding of the number of proteins per polymer. We compared classical one protein-polymer conjugates with multiple protein-polymer conjugates using His-tagged enhanced yellow fluorescence protein (His6-eYFP) and metal-coordinated tris-nitrilotriacetic acid (trisNTA-Me(n+)) in a site-specific way. trisNTA-Me(n+)-His6 acts as a reversible linker with pH-triggered release of functional protein from the trisNTA-functionalized copolymers. The nature of the selected Me(n+) and number of available trisNTA-Me(n+) on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-tris-nitrilotriacetic acid acrylamide) (PNTn) copolymers enables predictable modulation of the conjugates binding affinity (0.09-1.35 μM), stability, cell toxicity, and pH responsiveness. This represents a promising platform that allows direct control over the properties of multiple protein-polymer conjugates compared to the classical single protein-polymer conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Viktoriia Postupalenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Jason T Duskey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G Palivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, Basel 4056, Switzerland
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Blackmore NJ, Nazmi AR, Hutton RD, Webby MN, Baker EN, Jameson GB, Parker EJ. Complex Formation between Two Biosynthetic Enzymes Modifies the Allosteric Regulatory Properties of Both: AN EXAMPLE OF MOLECULAR SYMBIOSIS. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18187-18198. [PMID: 26032422 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.638700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Allostery, where remote ligand binding alters protein function, is essential for the control of metabolism. Here, we have identified a highly sophisticated allosteric response that allows complex control of the pathway for aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This response is mediated by an enzyme complex formed by two pathway enzymes: chorismate mutase (CM) and 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase (DAH7PS). Whereas both enzymes are active in isolation, the catalytic activity of both enzymes is enhanced, and in particular that of the much smaller CM is greatly enhanced (by 120-fold), by formation of a hetero-octameric complex between CM and DAH7PS. Moreover, on complex formation M. tuberculosis CM, which has no allosteric response on its own, acquires allosteric behavior to facilitate its own regulatory needs by directly appropriating and partly reconfiguring the allosteric machinery that provides a synergistic allosteric response in DAH7PS. Kinetic and analytical ultracentrifugation experiments demonstrate that allosteric binding of phenylalanine specifically promotes hetero-octameric complex dissociation, with concomitant reduction of CM activity. Together, DAH7PS and CM from M. tuberculosis provide exquisite control of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, not only controlling flux into the start of the pathway, but also directing the pathway intermediate chorismate into either Phe/Tyr or Trp biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Blackmore
- Maurice Wilkins Centre and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Ali Reza Nazmi
- Maurice Wilkins Centre and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Richard D Hutton
- Maurice Wilkins Centre and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Melissa N Webby
- Maurice Wilkins Centre and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Edward N Baker
- Maurice Wilkins Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey B Jameson
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Emily J Parker
- Maurice Wilkins Centre and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
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Jang H, Abraham SJ, Chavan TS, Hitchinson B, Khavrutskii L, Tarasova NI, Nussinov R, Gaponenko V. Mechanisms of membrane binding of small GTPase K-Ras4B farnesylated hypervariable region. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9465-77. [PMID: 25713064 PMCID: PMC4392252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.620724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
K-Ras4B belongs to a family of small GTPases that regulates cell growth, differentiation and survival. K-ras is frequently mutated in cancer. K-Ras4B association with the plasma membrane through its farnesylated and positively charged C-terminal hypervariable region (HVR) is critical to its oncogenic function. However, the structural mechanisms of membrane association are not fully understood. Here, using confocal microscopy, surface plasmon resonance, and molecular dynamics simulations, we observed that K-Ras4B can be distributed in rigid and loosely packed membrane domains. Its membrane binding domain interaction with phospholipids is driven by membrane fluidity. The farnesyl group spontaneously inserts into the disordered lipid microdomains, whereas the rigid microdomains restrict the farnesyl group penetration. We speculate that the resulting farnesyl protrusion toward the cell interior allows oligomerization of the K-Ras4B membrane binding domain in rigid microdomains. Unlike other Ras isoforms, K-Ras4B HVR contains a single farnesyl modification and positively charged polylysine sequence. The high positive charge not only modulates specific HVR binding to anionic phospholipids but farnesyl membrane orientation. Phosphorylation of Ser-181 prohibits spontaneous farnesyl membrane insertion. The mechanism illuminates the roles of HVR modifications in K-Ras4B targeting microdomains of the plasma membrane and suggests an additional function for HVR in regulation of Ras signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbum Jang
- From the Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research and Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Sherwin J Abraham
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
| | - Tanmay S Chavan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607, and
| | | | - Lyuba Khavrutskii
- From the Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research and Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Nadya I Tarasova
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702,
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- From the Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research and Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607, and
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