Evaluation of the combined effect of NIR laser and ionizing radiation on cellular damages induced by IUdR-loaded PLGA-coated Nano-graphene oxide

Neurodiagnostic and neurotherapeutic potential of graphene nanomaterials

Graphene has emerged as a highly promising nanomaterial for a variety of advanced technologies, including batteries, energy, electronics, and biotechnologies. Its recent contribution to neurotechnology is particularly noteworthy because its superior conductivity, chemical resilience, biocompatibility, thermal stability, and scalable nature make it well-suited for measuring brain activity and plasticity in health and disease. Graphene-mediated compounds are microfabricated in two central methods: chemical processes with natural graphite and chemical vapor deposition of graphene in a film form. They are widely used as biosensors and bioelectronics for neurodiagnostic and neurotherapeutic purposes in several brain disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, stroke, glioma, epilepsy, tinnitus, and Alzheimer's disease. This review provides an overview of studies that have demonstrated the technical advances of graphene nanomaterials in neuroscientific and clinical applications. We also discuss current limitations and future demands in relation to the clinical application of graphene, highlighting its potential technological and clinical significance for treating brain disorders. Our review underscores the potential of graphene nanomaterials as powerful tools for advancing the understanding of the brain and developing new therapeutic strategies.

A novel multifunctional magnetically recyclable BiOBr/ZnFe2O4-GO S-scheme ternary heterojunction: Photothermal synergistic catalysis under Vis/NIR light and NIR-driven photothermal detection of tetracycline

The threat of tetracycline (TC) to human health has become a significant issue that cannot be disregarded. Herein, in order to achieve effective degradation and high-sensitivity detection of TC, BiOBr/ZnFe2O4-GO (BOB/ZFO-GO) S-scheme heterojunction nanocomposites (NCs) have been prepared using hydrothermal method. GO with high light absorption capacity accelerated the electron transfer between BiOBr and ZnFe2O4 nanocrystals and extended the light absorption region of BOB/ZFO NCs. The optimal GO addition of BOB/ZFO-GO NCs could degrade TC solution of 10 mg/L in 80 min and have a high reaction rate constant (k) of 0.072 min-1 under visible/NIR light. According to calculations, the non-metal photocatalyst (BOB/ZFO-GO(2)) with the best degradation performance had a photothermal conversion efficiency of up to 23%. Meanwhile, BOB/ZFO-GO NCs could be recycled by magnetic field. The excellent photocatalytic and photothermal performance could be maintained even after several cycles. In addition, a photothermal detection sensor based on a photothermal material/specific recognition element/tetracycline sandwich-type structure was constructed for the trace detection of TC concentration with a detection limit as low as 10-4 ng/mL. This research provides a unique idea for the multi-functionalization of photocatalysts and has a wide range of potential applications for the identification and treatment of organic wastewater.

The future opportunities and remaining challenges in the application of nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia combined with chemo-radiotherapy in cancer

A pivotal cause of death in the modern world, cancer is an insidious pathology that should be diagnosed at an early stage for successful treatment. Development of therapeutic interventions with minimal invasiveness and high efficacy that can discriminate between tumor and normal cells is of particular interest to the clinical science, as they can enhance patient survival. Nanoparticles are an invaluable asset that can be adopted for development of such diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, since they come in very small sizes with modifiable surface, are highly safe and stable, and can be synthesized in a controlled fashion. To date, different nanoparticles have been incorporated into numerous modalities such as tumor-targeted therapy, thermal therapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. This review article seeks to deliver a brief account of recent advances in research and application of nanoparticles in hyperthermia-based cancer therapies. The most recent investigations are summarized to highlight the latest advances in the development of combined thermo-chemo-radiotherapy, along with the challenges associated with the application of nanoparticles in cancer therapy. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.

Recent advances on hyperthermia therapy applications of carbon-based nanocomposites

Generally, hyperthermia is referred to the composites capability to increase local temperature in such a way that the generated heat would lead to cancerous or bacteria cells destruction, with minimum damage to normal tissue cells. Many different materials have been utilized for hyperthermia application via different heat generating methods. Carbon-based nanomaterials consisting of graphene oxide (GO), carbon nanotube (CNT), carbon dot (CD) and carbon quantum dot (CQD), nanodiamond (ND), fullerene and carbon fiber (CF), have been studied significantly for different applications including hyperthermia due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, chemical and physical stability, thermal and electrical conductivity and in some cases photothermal conversion. Therefore, in this comprehensive review, a structure-based view on carbon nanomaterials application in hyperthermia therapy of cancer and bacteria via various methods such as optical, magnetic, ultrasonic and radiofrequency-induced hyperthermia is presented.

Review article laser-induced hyperthermia on graphene oxide composites

BACKGROUND

Hyperthermia-based therapies have shown great potential for clinical applications such as for the antitumor and antipathogenic activities. Within all strategies, the so-called photothermal therapy proposes to induce the hyperthermia by the remote laser radiation on a photothermal conversion agent, in contact with the target tissue.

METHODS

This paper reviews the most relevant in vitro and in vivo studies focused on NIR laser-induced hyperthermia due to photoexcitation of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Relevant parameters such as the amount of GO/rGO, the influence of the laser wavelength and power density are considered. Moreover, the required temperature and exposure time for each antitumor/antipathogenic case are collected and unified in a thermal dose parameter: the CEM43.

RESULTS

The calculated CEM43 thermal doses revealed a great variability for the same type of tumor/strain. In order to detect potential tendencies, the values were classified into four ranges, varying from CEM43 < 60 min to CEM43 ≥ 1 year. Thus, a preference for moderate thermal doses of CEM43 < 1 year was detected in antitumor activity, with temperatures ≤ 50 °C and exposure time ≤ 15 min. In case of the antipathogenic studies, the most used thermal dose was higher, CEM43 ≥ 1 year, with ablative hyperthermia (> 60ºC).

CONCLUSIONS

The ability of GO/rGO as effective photothermal conversion agents to promote a controlled hyperthermia is proven. The variability found for the CEM43 thermal doses on the reviewed studies reveals the potentiality to evaluate, for each application, the use of lower temperatures, by modulating time and/or repetitions in the doses.

Artificial Nucleobase-Directed Programmable Synthesis and Assembly of Amphiphilic Nucleic Acids as an All-in-One Platform for Cation-Free siRNA Delivery

Efficient transport of nucleic acid therapeutics into targeted cells is the key step of genetic modulation in disease treatment. Nowadays, delivery systems strongly rely on cationic materials, but how to balance the trade-off between effectiveness and toxicity of these exogenous materials remains incredibly challenging. Here, we take inspiration from nucleic acid chemistry and introduce a new concept of amphiphilic nucleic acids (ANAs), as an all-in-one platform for cation-free nucleic acid delivery, by programmatically conjugating two different artifical nucleobases with sequence-independent activities. Specifically, the hydrophilic artificial nucleobases in ANAs act as both delivery vectors and therapeutic cargos for integrated benefits, while the hydrophobic nucleobases enable molecular self-assembly for improved stability and endosomal membrane oxidation for enhanced endosomal escape. By virtue of these merits, this platform is successfully used for short interference RNA (siRNA) delivery, which demonstrates a high siRNA loading capacity, rapid cellular uptake, and efficient endosomal escape, eliciting remarkable gene silencing and synergistic inhibitory effects on cancer cell proliferation and migration. This work is a case study in exploiting the basis of nucleic acid chemistry to afford new paradigms for advanced cancer theranostics.

Nanotechnology-Based Combinatorial Anti-Glioblastoma Therapies: Moving from Terminal to Treatable

Aggressive glioblastoma (GBM) has no known treatment as a primary brain tumor. Since the cancer is so heterogeneous, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) exists, and the blood–brain barrier (BBB) prevents chemotherapeutic chemicals from reaching the central nervous system (CNS), therapeutic success for GBM has been restricted. Drug delivery based on nanocarriers and nanotechnology has the potential to be a handy tool in the continuing effort to combat the challenges of treating GBM. There are various new therapies being tested to extend survival time. Maximizing therapeutic effectiveness necessitates using many treatment modalities at once. In the fight against GBM, combination treatments outperform individual ones. Combination therapies may be enhanced by using nanotechnology-based delivery techniques. Nano-chemotherapy, nano-chemotherapy–radiation, nano-chemotherapy–phototherapy, and nano-chemotherapy–immunotherapy for GBM are the focus of the current review to shed light on the current status of innovative designs.

Modernistic and Emerging Developments of Nanotechnology in Glioblastoma-Targeted Theranostic Applications

Brain tumors such as glioblastoma are typically associated with an unstoppable cell proliferation with aggressive infiltration behavior and a shortened life span. Though treatment options such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy are available in combating glioblastoma, satisfactory therapeutics are still not available due to the high impermeability of the blood–brain barrier. To address these concerns, recently, multifarious theranostics based on nanotechnology have been developed, which can deal with diagnosis and therapy together. The multifunctional nanomaterials find a strategic path against glioblastoma by adjoining novel thermal and magnetic therapy approaches. Their convenient combination of specific features such as real-time tracking, in-depth tissue penetration, drug-loading capacity, and contrasting performance is of great demand in the clinical investigation of glioblastoma. The potential benefits of nanomaterials including specificity, surface tunability, biodegradability, non-toxicity, ligand functionalization, and near-infrared (NIR) and photoacoustic (PA) imaging are sufficient in developing effective theranostics. This review discusses the recent developments in nanotechnology toward the diagnosis, drug delivery, and therapy regarding glioblastoma.

The Role of Graphene Oxide Nanocarriers in Treating Gliomas

Gliomas are the most common primary malignant tumors of the central nervous system, and their conventional treatment involves maximal safe surgical resection combined with radiotherapy and temozolomide chemotherapy; however, this treatment does not meet the requirements of patients in terms of survival and quality of life. Graphene oxide (GO) has excellent physical and chemical properties and plays an important role in the treatment of gliomas mainly through four applications, viz. direct killing, drug delivery, immunotherapy, and phototherapy. This article reviews research on GO nanocarriers in the treatment of gliomas in recent years and also highlights new ideas for the treatment of these tumors.

Temozolomide nano enabled medicine: promises made by the nanocarriers in glioblastoma therapy

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is abnormal cell proliferation of glial cells. GBM is the grade IV glioma brain cancer which is life-threatening to many individuals affected by this cancer. The DNA alkylating agent Temozolomide (TMZ) has the distinctiveness of being FDA approved anticancer drug for the first line treatment for GBM. However, treatment of GBM still remains a challenge. This is attributed to TMZ's toxic nature, severe side effects, and fast degradation in vivo. In addition, the lack of targeting ability increases the chances of systemic toxicities. A nano enabled targeted delivery system not only improves the efficiency of TMZ by making it cross the blood brain barrier, have specificity to target, but also reduces toxicity to healthy tissues. Over the last decade the significant advances in the area of nanotechnology applied to medicine have developed many multifunctional therapeutics. In this context, the present review article comprehends the significant progress in the field of TMZ loaded nanocarriers showing promise for futuristic nanomedicine therapies in treating GBM.

Enhancement of Radio-Thermo-Sensitivity of 5-Iodo-2-Deoxyuridine-Loaded Polymeric-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles Triggers Apoptosis in U87MG Human Glioblastoma Cancer Cell Line

Introduction

With an emphasis on the radioresistant nature of glioblastoma cells, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the radio-thermo-sensitizing effects of PCL-PEG-coated Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as a carrier of 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (IUdR) in monolayer culture of U87MG human glioma cell line.

Methods

Following monolayer culture of U87MG cells, nanoparticle uptake was assessed using Prussian blue staining and ICP-OES method. The U87MG cells were treated with an appropriate concentration of free IUdR and PCL-PEG-coated SPIONs (MNPs) loaded with IUdR (IUdR/MNPs) for 24 h, subjected to hyperthermia (water bath and alternating magnetic field (AMF)) at 43 °C, and exposed to X-ray (2 Gy, 6 MV). The combined effects of hyperthermia with or without magnetic nanoparticles on radiosensitivity of the U87MG cells were evaluated using colony formation assay (CFA) and Flowcytometry.

Results

Prussian blue staining and ICP-OES showed that the nanoparticles were able to enter the cells. The results also indicated that IUdR/MNPs combined with X-ray radiation and hyperthermia significantly decreased the colony formation ability of monolayer cells (1.11, 1.41 fold) and increased the percentage of apoptotic (2.47, 4.1 fold) and necrotic cells (12.28, 29.34 fold), when compared to IUdR combined with X-ray and hyperthermia or IUdR/MNPs + X-ray. MTT results revealed that the presence of IUdR/MNPs significantly increased the toxicity of AMF hyperthermia compared to the water bath method.

Conclusions

Our study showed that SPIONs/PCL-PEG, as a carrier of IUdR, can enhance the cytotoxic effects of radiotherapy and hyperthermia and act as a radio-thermo-sensitizing agent.

Graphic Abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-021-00675-y.

Recent advances in iron oxide nanoparticles for brain cancer theranostics: from in vitro to clinical applications

Introduction: Today, the development of multifunctional nanoplatforms is more seriously considered in the field of cancer theranostics.Areas covered: In this respect, nanoparticles provide several advantages over the routine, conventional diagnostic methods, and treatments. Due to the expedient properties of iron oxide nanoparticles, such as being readily modified, great payload potential, intrinsic magnetic qualification, considerable biocompatibility, and overwhelming response to targeting strategies, these nanoparticles can be considered good candidates for application as diagnostic contrast agents and drug/gene delivery vehicles, while also being incorporated into hyperthermia-based approaches. Interestingly, these agents are detectable with routine imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging.Expert opinion: Therefore, combining the traditional diagnostics and therapies with nanotechnological approaches may leave a positive impact on the survival rate of patients with cancer. This review summarizes the application of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in both in vitro and in vivo models of brain tumors.

Radio-thermo-sensitivity Induced by Gold Magnetic Nanoparticles in the Monolayer Culture of Human Prostate Carcinoma Cell Line DU145

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Prostate cancer is the second cause of death in men worldwide. In this study, the cytotoxic effects of PLGA polymer-coated gold Magnetic Nanoparticles (MGNPs), as a novel treatment to enhance radiation and thermal sensitivity in the presence of hyperthermia (43°C) and electron beam, on DU145 prostate cancer cells were investigated.

METHODS

Nanoparticles were characterized using TEM, DLS, XRD and SAED methods. MGNPs entrance into the cells was determined using Prussian blue staining and TEM. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effects of combinatorial treatment modalities were assessed by applying colony and sphere formation assay.

RESULTS

Our results revealed that the decrease of colony and sphere numbers after combinatorial treatment of hyperthermia and radiation in the presence of nanoparticles was significantly higher than the other treatment groups (P<0.05). This treatment method proved that it has the capability of eliminating most of the DU145 cells (80-100%), and increased the value of the linear parameter (α) to 4.86 times.

CONCLUSION

According to the study, magnetic gold nanoparticles, in addition to having a high atomic number, can effectively transmit heat produced inside them to the adjacent regions under hyperthermia, which increases the effects of radio-thermosensitivity, respectively.

Photothermal Therapy for the Treatment of Glioblastoma: Potential and Preclinical Challenges

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a very aggressive primary malignant brain tumor and finding effective therapies is a pharmaceutical challenge and an unmet medical need. Photothermal therapy may be a promising strategy for the treatment of GBM, as it allows the destruction of the tumor using heat as a non-chemical treatment for disease bypassing the GBM heterogeneity limitations, conventional drug resistance mechanisms and side effects on peripheral healthy tissues. However, its development is hampered by the distinctive features of this tumor. Photoabsorbing agents such as nanoparticles need to reach the tumor site at therapeutic concentrations, crossing the blood-brain barrier upon systemic administration. Subsequently, a near infrared light irradiating the head must cross multiple barriers to reach the tumor site without causing any local damage. Its power intensity needs to be within the safety limit and its penetration depth should be sufficient to induce deep and localized hyperthermia and achieve tumor destruction. To properly monitor the therapy, imaging techniques that can accurately measure the increase in temperature within the brain must be used. In this review, we report and discuss recent advances in nanoparticle-mediated plasmonic photothermal therapy for GBM treatment and discuss the preclinical challenges commonly faced by researchers to develop and test such systems.

Synergic effects of nanoparticles-mediated hyperthermia in radiotherapy/chemotherapy of cancer

The conventional cancer treatment modalities such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy suffer from several limitations; hence, their efficiency needs to be improved with other complementary modalities. Hyperthermia, as an adjuvant therapeutic modality for cancer, can result in a synergistic effect on radiotherapy (radiosensitizer) and chemotherapy (chemosensitizer). Conventional hyperthermia methods affect both tumoral and healthy tissues and have low specificity. In addition, a temperature gradient generates in the tissues situated along the path of the heat source, which is a more serious for deep-seated tumors. Nanoparticles (NPs)-induced hyperthermia can resolve these drawbacks through localization around/within tumoral tissue and generating local hyperthermia. Although there are several review articles dealing with NPs-induced hyperthermia, lack of a paper discussing the combination of NPs-induced hyperthermia with the conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy is tangible. Accordingly, the main focus of the current paper is to summarize the principles of NPs-induced hyperthermia and more importantly its synergic effects on the conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The heat-producing nanostructures such as gold NPs, iron oxide NPs, and carbon NPs, as well as the non-heat-producing nanostructures, such as lipid-based, polymeric, and silica-based NPs, as the carrier for heat-producing NPs, are discussed and their pros and cons highlighted.

Recent advances in graphene-family nanomaterials for effective drug delivery and phototherapy

INTRODUCTION

Owing to the unique properties of graphene, including large specific surface area, excellent thermal conductivity, and optical absorption, graphene-family nanomaterials (GFNs) have attracted extensive attention in biomedical applications, particularly in drug delivery and phototherapy.

AREAS COVERED

In this review, we point out several challenges involved in the clinical application of GFNs. Then, we provide an overview of the most recent publications about GFNs in biomedical applications, including diverse strategies for improving the biocompatibility, specific targeting and stimuli-responsiveness of GFNs for drug delivery, codelivery of drug and gene, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and multimodal combination therapy.

EXPERT OPINION

Although the application of GFNs is still in the preclinical stage, rational modification of GFNs with functional elements or making full use of GFNs-based multimodal combination therapy might show great potential in biomedicine for clinical application.

Enhancement radiation-induced apoptosis in C6 glioma tumor-bearing rats via pH-responsive magnetic graphene oxide nanocarrier

5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (IUdR) has been demonstrated to induce an appreciable radiosensitizing effect on glioblastoma patients, but due to the short circulation half-life times and failure to pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), its clinical use is limited. Accordingly, in this study, we used magnetic graphene oxide (NGO/SPIONs) nanoparticles coated with PLGA polymer as a dynamic nanocarrier for IUdR and, evaluated its sensitizing enhancement ratio in combination with a single dose X-ray at clinically megavoltage energies for treatment of C6 glioma rats. Nanoparticles were characterized using Zetasizer and TEM microscopy, and in vitro biocompatibility of nanoparticles was assessed with MTT assay. IUdR/MNPs were intravenously administered under a magnetic field (1.3 T) on day 13 after the implantation of C6 cells. After a day following the injection, rats exposed with radiation (8 Gy). ICP-OES analysis data indicated an effective magnetic targeting, leading to remarkably improved penetration through the BBB. In vivo release analysis with HPLC indicated sustained release of IUdR and, prolonged the lifespan in plasma (P < .01). In addition, our findings revealed a synergistic effect for IUdR/MNPs coupled with radiation, which significantly inhibited the tumor expansion (>100%), prolonged the survival time (>100%) and suppressed the anti-apoptotic response of glioma rats by increasing Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (2.13-fold) in compared with the radiation-only. In conclusion, besides high accumulation in targeted tumor sites, the newly developed IUdR/MNPs, also exhibited the ability of IUdR/MNPs to significantly enhance radiosensitizing effect, improve therapeutic efficacy and increase toxicity for glioma-bearing rats.

Graphene family nanomaterials for application in cancer combination photothermal therapy

Combining hyperthermia with other therapies holds a great potential for improving cancer treatment. In this approach, the increase in the body temperature can exert a therapeutic effect on cells and/or enhance the effectiveness of anticancer agents. However, the conventional methodologies available to induce hyperthermia cannot confine a high temperature increase to the tumor-site while maintaining healthy tissues unexposed and ensuring minimal invasiveness. To overcome these limitations, combination photothermal therapy (PTT) mediated by graphene family nanomaterials (GFN) has been showing promising results. Such is owed to the ability of GFN to accumulate at the tumor site and convert near infrared light into heat, enabling a hyperthermia with a high spatial-temporal resolution. Furthermore, GFN can also incorporate different therapeutic agents on their structure for delivery purposes to cancer cells. In this way, the combination PTT mediated by GFN can result in an improved therapeutic effect. In this review, the combination of GFN mediated PTT with chemo-, photodynamic-, gene-, radio-, and immuno-therapies is examined. Furthermore, the main parameters that influence these types of combination approaches are also analyzed, with emphasis on the photothermal potential of GFN and on the vascular and cellular effects produced by the temperature increase mediated by GFN.

Nano-Therapies for Glioblastoma Treatment

Traditional anti-cancer treatments are inefficient against glioblastoma, which remains one of the deadliest and most aggressive cancers. Nano-drugs could help to improve this situation by enabling: (i) an increase of anti-glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) activity of chemo/gene therapeutic drugs, notably by an improved diffusion of these drugs through the blood brain barrier (BBB), (ii) the sensibilization of radio-resistant GBM tumor cells to radiotherapy, (iii) the removal by surgery of infiltrating GBM tumor cells, (iv) the restoration of an apoptotic mechanism of GBM cellular death, (v) the destruction of angiogenic blood vessels, (vi) the stimulation of anti-tumor immune cells, e.g., T cells, NK cells, and the neutralization of pro-tumoral immune cells, e.g., Treg cells, (vii) the local production of heat or radical oxygen species (ROS), and (viii) the controlled release/activation of anti-GBM drugs following the application of a stimulus. This review covers these different aspects.

Nanoformulations for glioblastoma multiforme: a new hope for treatment

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, associated with a high mortality rate and a survival of between 12 and 15 months after diagnosis. Due to current treatment limitations involving surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy with temozolamide, there is a high rate of treatment failure and recurrence. To try to overcome these limitations nanotechnology has emerged as a novel alternative. Lipid, polymeric, silica and magnetic nanoparticles, among others, are being developed to improve GBM treatment and diagnosis. These nanoformulations have many advantages, including lower toxicity, biocompatibility and the ability to be directed toward the tumor. This article reviews the progress that have been made and the large variety of nanoparticles currently under study for GBM.

Development of a magnetic nano-graphene oxide carrier for improved glioma-targeted drug delivery and imaging: In vitro and in vivo evaluations

To overcome the obstacles inflicted by the BBB in Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) we investigated the use of Multifunctional nanoparticles that designed with a Nano-graphene oxide (NGO) sheet functionalized with magnetic poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and was used for glioma targeting delivery of radiosensitizing 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (IUdR). In vitro biocompatibility of nanocomposite has been studied by the MTT assay. In vivo efficacy of magnetic targeting on the amount and selectivity of magnetic nanoparticles accumulation in glioma-bearing rats under an external magnetic field (EMF) density of 0.5 T was easily monitored with MRI. IUdR-loaded magnetic NGO/PLGA with a diameter of 71.8 nm, a zeta potential of -33.07 ± 0.07 mV, and a drug loading content of 3.04 ± 0.46% presented superior superparamagnetic properties with a saturation magnetization (Ms) of 15.98 emu/g. Furthermore, Prussian blue staining showed effective magnetic targeting, leading to remarkably improved tumor inhibitory efficiency of IUdR. The tumor volume of rats after treatment with IUdR/NGO/SPION/PLGA + MF was decreased significantly compared to the rats treated with buffer saline, IUdR and SPION/IUdR/NGO/PLGA. Most importantly, our data demonstrate that IUdR/NGO/SPION/PLGA at the present magnetic field prolongs the median survival time of animals bearing gliomas (38 days, p < 0.01). Nanoparticles also had high thermal sensitivities under the alternating magnetic field. In conclusion, we developed magnetic IUdR/NGO/PLGA, which not only achieved to high accumulation at the targeted tumor site by magnetic targeting but also indicated significantly enhanced therapeutic efficiency and toxicity for glioma both in vitro and in vivo. This innovation increases the possibility of improving clinical efficiency of IUdR as a radiosensitizer, or lowering the total drug dose to decrease systemic toxicity.