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Castro KADF, Moura NMM, Simões MMQ, Mesquita MMQ, Ramos LCB, Biazzotto JC, Cavaleiro JAS, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, da Silva RS. A Comparative Evaluation of the Photosensitizing Efficiency of Porphyrins, Chlorins and Isobacteriochlorins toward Melanoma Cancer Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:4716. [PMID: 37375269 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is one of the cancers that registers the highest number of new cases annually. Among all forms of skin cancer, melanoma is the most invasive and deadliest. The resistance of this form of cancer to conventional treatments has led to the employment of alternative/complementary therapeutic approaches. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) appears to be a promising alternative to overcome the resistance of melanoma to conventional therapies. PDT is a non-invasive therapeutic procedure in which highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated upon excitation of a photosensitizer (PS) when subjected to visible light of an adequate wavelength, resulting in the death of cancer cells. In this work, inspired by the efficacy of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles to act as PS against tumor cells, we report the photophysical characterization and biological assays of isobacteriochlorins and their corresponding chlorins and porphyrins against melanoma cancer cells through a photodynamic process. The non-tumoral L929 fibroblast murine cell line was used as the control. The results show that the choice of adequate tetrapyrrolic macrocycle-based PS can be modulated to improve the performance of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A D F Castro
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno M M Moura
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mário M Q Simões
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mariana M Q Mesquita
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Loyanne C B Ramos
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
| | - Juliana C Biazzotto
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
| | - José A S Cavaleiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Roberto S da Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
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Diogo P, Amparo F Faustino M, Palma PJ, Rai A, Graça P M S Neves M, Miguel Santos J. May carriers at nanoscale improve the Endodontic's future? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 195:114731. [PMID: 36787865 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarriers (NCs) are dynamic nanovehicles used to transport bioactive derivatives like therapeutical formulations, drugs and/or dyes. The current review assists in understanding the mechanism of action of several recent developed NCs with antimicrobial purposes. Here, nine NCs varieties are portrayed with focus on nineteen approaches that are fulfil described based on outcomes obtained from in vitro antimicrobial assays. All approaches have previously been verified and we underline the biochemical challenges of all NCs, expecting that the present data may encourage the application of NCs in endodontic antimicrobial basic research. Methodological limitations and the evident base gaps made not possible to draw a definite conclusion about the best NCs for achieving efficient antimicrobial outcomes in endodontic studies. Due to the lack of pre-clinical trials and the scarce number of clinical trials in this emergent area, there is still much room for improvement on several fronts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Diogo
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Palma
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Akhilesh Rai
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - João Miguel Santos
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine and Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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3
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Effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on the reduction of bacteria and virulence factors in teeth with primary endodontic infection. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 41:103292. [PMID: 36681260 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of supplemental photodynamic therapy for improving the bacterial removal and the levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) by conducting a clinical trial. METHODOLOGY Twenty-four root canals with pulp necrosis and periapical lesion were selected and randomly divided into conventional group using endodontic treatment with chemo-mechanical preparation (CMP) alone (n = 12) and a group using antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) after CMP (n = 12). The samples were collected before and after CMP (conventional group) and after photodynamic therapy (aPDT group). A photosensitizer (0.005% methylene blue) was applied to the root canal for 3 minutes after CMP, whereas aPDT was performed by using a red laser with a power of 30Mw and energy density of 9J/cm2 for 90 s per root canal. Culture technique was performed to determine the bacterial colony forming units. LPS and LTA levels were quantified by using limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. RESULTS All samples showed growth of viable bacteria on Fastidious Anaerobe Agar (FAA), with an average of 5.19 × 105 CFU/ mL. CMP was effective in decreasing viable bacteria (p < 0.05), whereas there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the samples treated with aPDT compared to those submitted to CMP. LPS and LTA were detected in all initial samples, with mean values of 20.561 EU/mL and 430.91 pg/mL, respectively. Both CMP and aPDT groups significantly decreased the levels of LPS and LTA (p < 0.05), with a statistical difference between the groups regarding aPDT (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to CMP proved to be effective in improving root canal disinfection and reducing the LPS and LTA levels in teeth with primary endodontic infection.
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The Potential Application of Natural Photosensitizers Used in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy against Oral Infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060767. [PMID: 35745686 PMCID: PMC9227410 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral health problems and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic bacterial strains have become major global challenges and are essential elements that negatively affect general well-being. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is based on a light source and oxygen that activates a nontoxic photosensitizer, resulting in microbial destruction. Synthetic and natural products can be used to help the APDT against oral microorganisms. The undesirable consequences of conventional photosensitizers, including toxicity, and cost encourage researchers to explore new promising photosensitizers based on natural compounds such as curcumin, chlorella, chlorophyllin, phycocyanin, 5-aminolevulinic acid, and riboflavin. In this review, we summarize in vitro studies describing the potential use of APDT therapy conjugated with some natural products against selected microorganisms that are considered to be responsible for oral infections.
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Liang J, Sun D, Yang Y, Li M, Li H, Chen L. Discovery of metal-based complexes as promising antimicrobial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113696. [PMID: 34274828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an intractable problem for the world. Metal ions are essential for the cell process and biological function in microorganisms. Many metal-based complexes with the potential for releasing ions are more likely to be absorbed for their higher lipid solubility. Hence, this review highlights the clinical potential of organometallic compounds for the treatment of infections caused by bacteria or fungi in recent five years. The common scaffolds, including antimicrobial peptides, N-heterocyclic carbenes, Schiff bases, photosensitive-grand-cycle skeleton structures, aliphatic amines-based ligands, and special metal-based complexes are summarized here. We also discuss their therapeutic targets and the risks that should be paid attention to in the future studies, aiming to provide information for researchers on metal-based complexes as antimicrobial agents and inspire the design and synthesis of new antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dejuan Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yueying Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Mingxue Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Pucci C, Martinelli C, Degl'Innocenti A, Desii A, De Pasquale D, Ciofani G. Light-Activated Biomedical Applications of Chlorophyll Derivatives. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100181. [PMID: 34212510 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrroles are the basis of essential physiological functions in most living organisms. These compounds represent the basic scaffold of porphyrins, chlorophylls, and bacteriochlorophylls, among others. Chlorophyll derivatives, obtained by the natural or artificial degradation of chlorophylls, present unique properties, holding great potential in the scientific and medical fields. Indeed, they can act as cancer-preventing agents, antimutagens, apoptosis inducers, efficient antioxidants, as well as antimicrobial and immunomodulatory molecules. Moreover, thanks to their peculiar optical properties, they can be exploited as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy and as vision enhancers. Most of these molecules, however, are highly hydrophobic and poorly soluble in biological fluids, and may display undesired toxicity due to accumulation in healthy tissues. The advent of nanomedicine has prompted the development of nanoparticles acting as carriers for chlorophyll derivatives, facilitating their targeted administration with demonstrated applicability in diagnosis and therapy. In this review, the chemical and physical properties of chlorophyll derivatives that justify their usage in the biomedical field, with particular regard to light-activated dynamics are described. Their role as antioxidants and photoactive agents are discussed, introducing the most recent nanomedical applications and focusing on inorganic and organic nanocarriers exploited in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Pucci
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Chiara Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Degl'Innocenti
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Andrea Desii
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Daniele De Pasquale
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
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Pourhajibagher M, Salehi-Vaziri A, Noroozian M, Akbar H, Bazarjani F, Ghaffari H, Bahador A. An orthodontic acrylic resin containing seaweed Ulva lactuca as a photoactive phytocompound in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: Assessment of anti-biofilm activities and mechanical properties. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 35:102295. [PMID: 33866014 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncontrolled accumulation of microbial plaque and formation of biofilm on the surface orthodontic acrylic removable appliances increases the risk of enamel decalcification and periodontal diseases. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate antimicrobial activities, anti-virulence potencies, and mechanical properties of orthodontic acrylic resin containing different concentrations of Ulva lactuca (a green marine macroalga) following photo-activation against Streptococcus mutans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of U. lactuca was determined against S. mutans. Acrylic resin specimens with different concentrations of U. lactuca (0.2 %, 0.5 %, 1%, 2.5 %, 5%, and 10 % weight/weight) were fabricated. Flexural strength values, antimicrobial effects, and anti-biofilm activities of samples were assessed in comparison with original acrylic resin as the control group. Also, the expression of the virulence-associated genes was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS U. lactuca at concentrations of 1-10% significantly reduced the S. mutans growth rate by 20.3%-63.3% in comparison to the control group (P < 0.05). Therefore, the concentration of 1% of U. lactuca was considered as a MIC. The highest and lowest flexural strength values were observed in the control group (43.5 ± 2.4 MPa) and the group with a 10 % concentration of U. lactuca (19.2 ± 1.8 MPa), respectively. Flexural strength values decreased in samples containing 2.5 %, 5%, and 10 % concentrations of U. lactuca in comparison to the control group significantly (P > 0.05). In the disc agar diffusion test, the growth inhabitation zones around samples containing different concentrations of photo-activated U. lactuca ranged from 13 mm to 25 mm in diameter. Interestingly, the anti-biofilm activity of U. lactuca-mediated aPDT against S. mutans was dose-dependent. Additionally, the sub-MIC dose of U. lactuca (0.5 %) following photo-activation could significantly decrease the expression levels of gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD to 4.1-, 5.3-, and 7.4-fold, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Adding photo-activated U. lactuca to the orthodontic acrylic resin at a concentration of 1% increases its antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities besides not detrimentally affects its flexural strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Noroozian
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Hossein Akbar
- School of Dentistry, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Fellowship in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Tatarczak-Michalewska M, Flieger J, Kawka J, Płaziński W, Klepka T, Flieger P, Szymańska-Chargot M. Polymers Sorption Properties towards Photosynthetic Pigments and Fungicides. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14081874. [PMID: 33918857 PMCID: PMC8069579 DOI: 10.3390/ma14081874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, extraction with a solvent (cold acetone) was used to extract the assimilation pigments from spinach leaves. Then, the sorption capacity of selected plastics granules (polyvinyl chloride—PVC, polypropylene—PP, polyethylene—PE of different densities) was tested for the selective isolation of chlorophylls. Quantification of chlorophylls by HPLC (Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 column, the mobile phase: Acetonitrile/methanol/ethyl acetate 6:2:2, v/v) was based on chlorophyll-a content as the most common chlorophyll. The performed experiments prove that PVC containing electronegative chlorine exhibits favorable interactions toward chlorophyll by creating stable molecular complexes. The Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy (FT-Raman) and the molecular modeling were used to elucidate the structure of the created complexes. The optimal extraction requirements, the mass of sorbent, water-acetone ratio, time, and the composition of the elution solvent were all established. The optimized extraction conditions ensured a maximum extraction yield of chlorophylls of 98%. The chlorophyll-rich sorbent was re-extracted by acetone, leading to the recovery of 91% of chlorophylls in one step, adding the possibility of its re-use. The proposed effective and ecological method of obtaining the green dye from plants is cheap, simple, and efficient, avoiding organic solvents, utilizing the most widely used synthetic polymers in the world, being products difficult for utilization. The possibility to remove chosen fungicides cyprodinil, chlorothalonil, and thiabendazone from plant extract by PVC was also examined. The described method proposes a new application of synthetic polymers, which meets the criteria of sustainable green chemistry, simultaneously reaching the growing demand for pure natural compounds in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Tatarczak-Michalewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.T.-M.); (J.F.); Tel./Fax: +48-81448-7180 (J.F.)
| | - Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.T.-M.); (J.F.); Tel./Fax: +48-81448-7180 (J.F.)
| | - Justyna Kawka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Płaziński
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Klepka
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Piotr Flieger
- Interfaculty Centre for Didactics, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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Wiench R, Skaba D, Matys J, Grzech-Leśniak K. Efficacy of Toluidine Blue-Mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on Candida spp. A Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040349. [PMID: 33806003 PMCID: PMC8064486 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of oral yeast infections was examined many times in recent years. The authors of this review tried to address the question: "Should TBO (toluidine blue ortho)-mediated aPDT be considered a possible alternative treatment for oral candidiasis?". PubMed/Medline and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CEN-TRAL) databases were searched from 1997 up to the 27th of October 2020 using a combination of the following keywords: (Candida OR Candidiasis oral OR Candidosis oral OR denture stomatitis) AND (toluidine blue OR photodynamic therapy OR aPDT OR photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy OR PACT OR photodynamic inactivation OR PDI). Animal studies or in vitro studies involving Candida albicans (C. albicans) and/or nonalbicans stain, randomized clinical trials (RCT) involving patients with oral candidiasis or denture stomatitis published solely in English language were included. Candida elimination method in animal, in vitro studies and RCT used was TBO-mediated aPDT. Exactly 393 studies were taken into consideration. Then, after analyzing titles and abstracts of said studies, 361 were excluded. Only 32 studies ended up being selected for in-depth screening, after which 21 of them were included in this study. All studies reported the antifungal effectiveness of aPDT with TBO against C. albicans and non-albicans Candida. In studies conducted with planktonic cells, only one study showed eradication of C. albicans. All others showed partial elimination and only one of them was not statistically significant. Experiments on yeast biofilms, in all cases, showed partial, statistically significant cell growth inhibition and weight reduction (a reduction in the number of cells-mainly hyphae) and the mass of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). In vivo aPDT mediated by TBO exhibits antifungal effects against oral Candida spp.; however, its clinical effectiveness as a potent therapeutic strategy for oral yeast infections requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Wiench
- Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (R.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Dariusz Skaba
- Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (R.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Jacek Matys
- Laser Laboratory Dental Surgery Department, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Kinga Grzech-Leśniak
- Laser Laboratory Dental Surgery Department, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
- Correspondence:
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Bapat P, Singh G, Nobile CJ. Visible Lights Combined with Photosensitizing Compounds Are Effective against Candida albicans Biofilms. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030500. [PMID: 33652865 PMCID: PMC7996876 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are increasing in prevalence worldwide, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Given the emergence of drug-resistant fungi and the fact that there are only three major classes of antifungal drugs available to treat invasive fungal infections, there is a need to develop alternative therapeutic strategies effective against fungal infections. Candida albicans is a commensal of the human microbiota that is also one of the most common fungal pathogens isolated from clinical settings. C. albicans possesses several virulence traits that contribute to its pathogenicity, including the ability to form drug-resistant biofilms, which can make C. albicans infections particularly challenging to treat. Here, we explored red, green, and blue visible lights alone and in combination with common photosensitizing compounds for their efficacies at inhibiting and disrupting C. albicans biofilms. We found that blue light inhibited biofilm formation and disrupted mature biofilms on its own and that the addition of photosensitizing compounds improved its antibiofilm potential. Red and green lights, however, inhibited biofilm formation only in combination with photosensitizing compounds but had no effects on disrupting mature biofilms. Taken together, these results suggest that photodynamic therapy may be an effective non-drug treatment for fungal biofilm infections that is worthy of further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Bapat
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Science, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; (P.B.); (G.S.)
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Gurbinder Singh
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Science, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; (P.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Clarissa J. Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Science, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; (P.B.); (G.S.)
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-209-228-2427
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Martins M, Oliveira R, Coutinho JA, Faustino MAF, Neves MGP, Pinto DC, Ventura SP. Recovery of pigments from Ulva rigida. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Dias LD, Mfouo-Tynga IS. Learning from Nature: Bioinspired Chlorin-Based Photosensitizers Immobilized on Carbon Materials for Combined Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy. Biomimetics (Basel) 2020; 5:E53. [PMID: 33066431 PMCID: PMC7709684 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics5040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophylls, which are chlorin-type photosensitizers, are known as the key building blocks of nature and are fundamental for solar energy metabolism during the photosynthesis process. In this regard, the utilization of bioinspired chlorin analogs as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy constitutes an evolutionary topic of research. Moreover, carbon nanomaterials have been widely applied in photodynamic therapy protocols due to their optical characteristics, good biocompatibility, and tunable systematic toxicity. Herein, we review the literature related to the applications of chlorin-based photosensitizers that were functionalized onto carbon nanomaterials for photodynamic and photothermal therapies against cancer. Rather than a comprehensive review, we intended to highlight the most important and illustrative examples over the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D. Dias
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil;
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Antimicrobial Prosthetic Surfaces in the Oral Cavity-A Perspective on Creative Approaches. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081247. [PMID: 32824437 PMCID: PMC7463865 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Replacement of missing teeth is an essential component of comprehensive dental care for patients suffering of edentulism. A popular option is implant-supported restorations. However, implant surfaces can become colonized with polymicrobial biofilms containing Candida species that may compromise peri-implant health. To prevent this, implant components may be treated with a variety of coatings to create surfaces that either repel the attachment of viable microorganisms or kill microorganisms on contact. These coatings may consist of nanoparticles of pure elements (more commonly silver, copper, and zinc), sanitizing agents and disinfectants (quaternary ammonium ions and chlorhexidine), antibiotics (cefalotin, vancomycin, and gentamicin), or antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). AMPs in bioactive coatings have a number of advantages. They elicit a protective action against pathogens, inhibit the formation of biofilms, are less toxic to host tissues, and do not prompt inflammatory responses. Furthermore, many of these coatings may involve unique delivery systems to direct their antimicrobial capacity against pathogens, but not commensals. Coatings may also contain multiple antimicrobial substances to widen antimicrobial activity across multiple microbial species. Here, we compiled relevant information about a variety of creative approaches used to generate antimicrobial prosthetic surfaces in the oral cavity with the purpose of facilitating implant integration and peri-implant tissue health.
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Clark NF, Taylor-Robinson AW. COVID-19 Therapy: Could a Chlorophyll Derivative Promote Cellular Accumulation of Zn 2+ Ions to Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 RNA Synthesis? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1270. [PMID: 32922431 PMCID: PMC7457044 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F. Clark
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew W. Taylor-Robinson
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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15
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Mavani HAK, Tew IM, Wong L, Yew HZ, Mahyuddin A, Ahmad Ghazali R, Pow EHN. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Fruit Peels Eco-Enzyme against Enterococcus Faecalis: An In Vitro Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5107. [PMID: 32679828 PMCID: PMC7400228 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), an effective endodontic irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis (EF), is harmful to periapical tissues. Natural pineapple-orange eco-enzymes (M-EE) and papaya eco-enzyme (P-EE) could be potential alternatives. This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of M-EE and P-EE at different concentrations and fermentation periods against EF, compared to 2.5% NaOCl. Fermented M-EE and P-EE (3 and 6 months) at various concentrations were mixed with EF in a 96-well plate incubated for 24 h anaerobically. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of M-EE and P-EE were determined via EF growth observation. EF inhibition was quantitatively measured and compared between different irrigants using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and different fermentation periods using the independent-samples T-test. M-EE and P-EE showed MIC at 50% and MBC at 100% concentrations. There was no significant difference in antimicrobial effect when comparing M-EE and P-EE at 50% and 100% to 2.5% NaOCl. P-EE at 6 months fermentation exhibited higher EF inhibition compared to 3 months at concentrations of 25% (p = 0.017) and 0.78% (p = 0.009). The antimicrobial properties of M-EE and P-EE, at both 100% and 50% concentrations, are comparable to 2.5% NaOCl. They could therefore be potential alternative endodontic irrigants, but further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetal Ashvin Kumar Mavani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - In Meei Tew
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Lishen Wong
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Hsu Zenn Yew
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Alida Mahyuddin
- Department of Family Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Rohi Ahmad Ghazali
- Department of CITRA & Teaching, Faculty of Health Sciences, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Edmond Ho Nang Pow
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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16
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Almeida A, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in the Control of COVID-19. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E320. [PMID: 32545171 PMCID: PMC7344747 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), using well known, safe and cost-effective photosensitizers, such as phenothiazines, e.g., methylene blue (MB), or porphyrins, e.g., protoporphyrin-IX (PP-IX), might help to mitigate the COVID-19 either to prevent infections or to develop photoactive fabrics (e.g., masks, suits, gloves) to disinfect surfaces, air and wastewater, under artificial light and/or natural sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M. Amparo F. Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.A.F.F.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.)
| | - Maria G. P. M. S. Neves
- Department of Chemistry and LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.A.F.F.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.)
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17
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Evaluation of Photodynamic Therapy Using a Diode Laser 635 nm as an Adjunct to Conventional Chemo-Mechanical Endodontic Procedures against Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm: Ex-Vivo Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10082925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the use of Toluidine Blue (TB) on extracted teeth infected with biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis. Fifty-four extracted teeth with single-roots and single canals were mechanically shaped, autoclaved, and contaminated with E. faecalis. They were randomly divided into six groups: two groups were negative and positive control groups, two groups were subjected to mechanical instrumentation and PDT with different pre-irradiation times and irradiation times, and two groups were subjected to chemo-mechanical endodontic treatment and PDT with different pre-irradiation times and irradiation times. In PDT groups, after the application of TB, the canals were irradiated with a diode laser of wavelength 635 nm, with a fiber diameter of 200 μm and 100 mW of power in continuous mode. The bacterial load was evaluated using a BioTimer Assay protocol. The greatest reduction of bacterial load was observed in groups of combined PDT with chemo-mechanical treatment. The reductions of bacterial load in groups of combined PDT with chemo-mechanical treatment, and in the positive control group, were significant (p < 0.01) when compared to that of the negative control group. Photodynamic therapy as an adjunctive modality may improve the disinfection capacity of conventional endodontic treatment against E. faecalis.
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18
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Santos AR, Batista AFP, Gomes ATPC, Neves MDGPMS, Faustino MAF, Almeida A, Hioka N, Mikcha JMG. The Remarkable Effect of Potassium Iodide in Eosin and Rose Bengal Photodynamic Action against Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E211. [PMID: 31694195 PMCID: PMC6963404 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been shown as a promising technique to inactivate foodborne bacteria, without inducing the development of bacterial resistance. Knowing that addition of inorganic salts, such as potassium iodide (KI), can modulate the photodynamic action of the photosensitizer (PS), we report in this study the antimicrobial effect of eosin (EOS) and rose bengal (RB) combined with KI against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, the possible development of bacterial resistance after this combined aPDT protocol was evaluated. The combination of EOS or RB, at all tested concentrations, with KI at 100 mM, was able to efficiently inactivate S. Typhimurium and S. aureus. This combined approach allows a reduction in the PS concentration up to 1000 times, even against one of the most common foodborne pathogenics, S. Typhimurium, a gram-negative bacterium which is not so prone to inactivation with xanthene dyes when used alone. The photoinactivation of S. Typhimurium and S. aureus by both xanthenes with KI did not induce the development of resistance. The low price of the xanthene dyes, the non-toxic nature of KI, and the possibility of reducing the PS concentration show that this technology has potential to be easily transposed to the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriele R. Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil;
| | - Andréia F. P. Batista
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil;
| | - Ana T. P. C. Gomes
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Maria da Graça P. M. S. Neves
- QOPNA& LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.d.G.P.M.S.N.); (M.A.F.F.)
| | - Maria Amparo F. Faustino
- QOPNA& LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.d.G.P.M.S.N.); (M.A.F.F.)
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Noboru Hioka
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil;
| | - Jane M. G. Mikcha
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
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19
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Faustino MV, Faustino MAF, Silva H, Cunha Â, Silva AMS, Pinto DCGA. Puccinellia maritima, Spartina maritime, and Spartina patens Halophytic Grasses: Characterization of Polyphenolic and Chlorophyll Profiles and Evaluation of Their Biological Activities. Molecules 2019; 24:E3796. [PMID: 31652513 PMCID: PMC6832526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophytic grasses have been recently targeted as possible sources of nutraceutical and medicinal compounds. Nonetheless, few studies have been conducted on the phytochemistry and biological activities of metabolites produced by these plants. Among these, Spartina maritima (Curtis) Fernald, Spartina patens (Aiton.) Muhl., and Puccinellia maritima (Hudson) Parl. are three halophytic grasses whose chemical composition and bioactivities are unknown. The present work broadens the knowledge on the polyphenolic and chlorophyll composition of these species identifying for the first time hydroxycinnamic acids and their derivatives, flavones, flavonols, lignans, as well as chlorophylls and xantophylls. The extracts were particularly rich in caffeic and ferulic acids as well as in trihydroxymethoxyflavone, apigenin and tricin derivatives. Interestingly, several of the identified compounds are relevant from a medicinal and nutraceutical point of view putting in evidence the potential of these species. Thus, the antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of the polyphenolic extracts were assessed as well as the photophysical properties of the chlorophyll-rich extracts. The results, herein presented for the first time, reinforce the nutritional and the medicinal potential of these halophytic grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Faustino
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Maria A F Faustino
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Helena Silva
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Ângela Cunha
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Artur M S Silva
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Diana C G A Pinto
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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20
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Diogo P, F Faustino MA, P M S Neves MG, Palma PJ, P Baptista I, Gonçalves T, Santos JM. An Insight into Advanced Approaches for Photosensitizer Optimization in Endodontics-A Critical Review. J Funct Biomater 2019; 10:E44. [PMID: 31575005 PMCID: PMC6963755 DOI: 10.3390/jfb10040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis is a biofilm-mediated disease; therefore, an antimicrobial approach is essential to cure or prevent its development. In the quest for efficient strategies to achieve this objective, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has emerged as an alternative to classical endodontic irrigation solutions and antibiotics. The aim of the present critical review is to summarize the available evidence on photosensitizers (PSs) which has been confirmed in numerous studies from diverse areas combined with several antimicrobial strategies, as well as emerging options in order to optimize their properties and effects that might be translational and useful in the near future in basic endodontic research. Published data notably support the need for continuing the search for an ideal endodontic photosensitizer, that is, one which acts as an excellent antimicrobial agent without causing toxicity to the human host cells or presenting the risk of tooth discoloration. The current literature on experimental studies mainly relies on assessment of mixed disinfection protocols, combining approaches which are already available with aPDT as an adjunct therapy. In this review, several approaches concerning aPDT efficiency are appraised, such as the use of bacteriophages, biopolymers, drug and light delivery systems, efflux pump inhibitors, negative pressure systems, and peptides. The authors also analyzed their combination with other approaches for aPDT improvement, such as sonodynamic therapy. All of the aforementioned techniques have already been tested, and we highlight the biological challenges of each formulation, predicting that the collected information may encourage the development of other effective photoactive materials, in addition to being useful in endodontic basic research. Moreover, special attention is dedicated to studies on detailed conditions, aPDT features with a focus on PS enhancer strategies, and the respective final antimicrobial outcomes. From all the mentioned approaches, the two which are most widely discussed and which show the most promising outcomes for endodontic purposes are drug delivery systems (with strong development in nanoparticles) and PS solubilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Diogo
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
- FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M Graça P M S Neves
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Paulo J Palma
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
- FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Isabel P Baptista
- FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal.
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - João Miguel Santos
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
- FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal.
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21
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Silva DF, Toledo Neto JL, Machado MF, Bochnia JR, Garcez AS, Foggiato AA. Effect of photodynamic therapy potentiated by ultrasonic chamber on decontamination of acrylic and titanium surfaces. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:345-353. [PMID: 31279916 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is an alternative to surface decontamination that is based on the interaction between a non-toxic photosensitizer (PS) and a light source to allow for the formation of reactive oxygen species. The objective of this study was to test a new patented device - the "Ultrasonic Photodynamic Inactivation Device" (UPID) under the patent deposit MU-BR 20.2018.00.9356-3 - for the photodynamic inactivation on contaminated acrylic plates and titanium disk. This new low cost device contains light emitting diodes (LEDs) and was built in a stainless-steel container for better light distribution. In addition, 28 waterproof red LEDs plates, with a wavelength of 660 nm were used, containing three irradiators in each plate, for which the irradiation distribution and the spectral irradiance on all 6 internal faces of this device were calculated. The effect of red LED irradiation (660 nm) methylene blue (MB) (100 μmol/L) diluted in water or 70% alcohol on three types of microorganisms: Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. In order to estimate the effects of PDI, acrylic plates and Titanium disks were contaminated by bacterial suspensions (3 × 108 CFU/mL), then treated with a solution of MB for 30 min, followed by irradiation for 30 min (0.45 J/cm2). Microbial inhibition was evaluated by counting the number of colony forming units (CFU), compared to the control group. The results showed that the UPID promoted significant reduction (p < 0.001) of the microorganism when compared with the positive control. The new device promoted an effective microbial inhibition on the surfaces tested and, thus, makes possible new studies. The perspective is that this new device may be a low-cost and non-toxic alternative to the disinfection of biomedical devices, non-critical instruments and also for use in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Fernandes Silva
- Health Science Center - Dentistry, Paraná Northern State University - UENP, Jacarezinho, PR, Brazil; Medical and Dental Institute of Phototherapy Foggiato, Jacarezinho, PR, Brazil.
| | - João Lopes Toledo Neto
- Health Science Center - Dentistry, Paraná Northern State University - UENP, Jacarezinho, PR, Brazil.
| | - Milena Ferreira Machado
- Health Science Center - Dentistry, Paraná Northern State University - UENP, Jacarezinho, PR, Brazil.
| | - Jetter Ribeiro Bochnia
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Augusto Alberto Foggiato
- Health Science Center - Dentistry, Paraná Northern State University - UENP, Jacarezinho, PR, Brazil; Medical and Dental Institute of Phototherapy Foggiato, Jacarezinho, PR, Brazil.
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22
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Vieira C, Santos A, Mesquita MQ, Gomes ATPC, Neves MGPMS, Faustino MAF, Almeida A. Advances in aPDT based on the combination of a porphyrinic formulation with potassium iodide: Effectiveness on bacteria and fungi planktonic/biofilm forms and viruses. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The increasing world-wide rate of antibiotic resistance as well as the capacity of microorganisms to form biofilms, have led to a higher incidence of mortal infections that require alternative methods for their control. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) emerged as an effective solution against resistant strains. The present work aims to evaluate the aPDT efficiency of a photosensitizer (PS) based on a low-cost formulation constituted by five cationic porphyrins (FORM) and its potentiation effect by KI on a broad spectrum of microorganisms under white light (380–700 nm, 25 W/m[Formula: see text]. The aPDT assays were performed with different concentrations of FORM (0.1 to 5.0 [Formula: see text]M) and 100 mM of KI on planktonic and biofilm forms of gram-positive (methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus–MRSA) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli resistant to chloramphenicol and ampicillin) bacteria, of the fungi Candida albicans and on a T4-like bacteriophage as a mammalian virus model. The results indicate that the FORM alone is an efficient PS to photoinactivate not only gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, but also C. albicans, in planktonic and biofilm forms, and T4-like phage at low concentrations (<5.0 [Formula: see text]M). The presence of KI enhanced the photodynamic effect of this FORM for all microorganisms on the planktonic form, allowing the reduction of PS concentration and treatment time. The results also show that the combination FORM/KI is highly efficient in the elimination of already well-established biofilms of E. coli,S. aureus and C. albicans. This effect is probably associated with longer-lived iodine reactive species produced during the aPDT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Vieira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adriele Santos
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá - Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mariana Q. Mesquita
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana T. P. C. Gomes
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M. Graça P. M. S. Neves
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M. Amparo F. Faustino
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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23
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Gerola AP, Costa PFA, de Morais FAP, Tsubone TM, Caleare AO, Nakamura CV, Brunaldi K, Caetano W, Kimura E, Hioka N. Liposome and polymeric micelle-based delivery systems for chlorophylls: Photodamage effects on Staphylococcus aureus. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 177:487-495. [PMID: 30807963 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll derivatives (Chls), loaded in F-127 polymeric micelles and DPPC liposomes as drug delivery systems (DDS), have been shown to be remarkable photosensitizers for photodynamic inactivation (PDI). Assays of photoinactivation of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (as biological models) showed that the effectiveness of Chls in these nanocarriers is dependent on photobleaching processes, photosensitizer locations in DDS, singlet oxygen quantum yields, and Chl uptake to bacteria. These are factors related to changes in Chl structure, such as the presence of metals, charge, and the phytyl chain. The photodynamic activity was significantly greater for Chls without the phytyl chain, i.e., phorbides derivatives. Furthermore, the inactivation of S. aureus was increased by the use of liposomes compared to micelles. Therefore, this research details and shows the high significance of the Chl structure and delivery system to enhance the photodynamic activity. It also highlights the chlorophylls (particularly phorbides) in liposomes as promising photosensitizers for PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana P Gerola
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil; Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Paulo F A Costa
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil; Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Flávia A P de Morais
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Tayana M Tsubone
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Angelo O Caleare
- Department of Clinical Analyzes and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Celso V Nakamura
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Kellen Brunaldi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Wilker Caetano
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Elza Kimura
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Noboru Hioka
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil
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24
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Palma PJ, Messias A, Cerqueira AR, Tavares LD, Caramelo F, Roseiro L, Santos JM. Cyclic fatigue resistance of three rotary file systems in a dynamic model after immersion in sodium hypochlorite. Odontology 2018; 107:324-332. [PMID: 30542934 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-018-0401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of immersion in 3% sodium hypochlorite solution in the resistance to cyclic fatigue of three nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary file systems, ProTaper Next (PTN), Hyflex CM (CM), and Hyflex EDM (EDM), in a mechanical model featuring axial movement. Ninety instruments of three different NiTi rotary file systems, PTN (size 25, 0.06 taper), CM (25, 0.06), and EDM (25/~, variable taper), were randomly divided according to a 3 × 3 factorial design and tested under dynamic immersion in a 3% NaOCl solution (1 or 5 min) or without immersion, making a total of 9 groups (n = 10). Files were tested in an artificial root canal with 45° angle and 5 mm radius apical curvature being submitted to back-and-forth movements until fracture. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way factorial ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests, at a significance level of 5%. Instruments were evaluated for reliability using a Weilbull approach. Regardless of the immersion treatment, PTN had on average 1200 ± 178 cycles to fracture, CM had 1949 ± 362, and EDM had 5573 ± 853, which was a significantly different (P < 0.01). The NaOCl immersion promoted a significant reduction in the mean number of cycles to fracture (P = 0.01), and was reflected in a significant reduction of the characteristic life of the instruments of the CM end EDM groups. Within this study conditions, EDM instruments performed better to cyclic fatigue followed by CM and then PTN. Immersion in NaOCl decreased the resistance to cyclic fatigue of all tested instruments, but affected more those manufactured from CM wire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Jorge Palma
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Messias
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Luís Diogo Tavares
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Caramelo
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Laboratory of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (LBIM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Roseiro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering of Coimbra, Polytechnic - ISEC, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Miguel Santos
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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25
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Alexandrino FJR, Bezerra EM, Da Costa RF, Cavalcante LRL, Sales FAM, Francisco TS, Rodrigues LKA, de Brito DHA, Ricardo NMPS, Costa SN, de Lima-Neto P, Barroso-Neto IL, Caetano EWS, Freire VN. Rose Bengal incorporated to α-cyclodextrin microparticles for photodynamic therapy against the cariogenic microorganism Streptococcus mutans. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 25:111-118. [PMID: 30468898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rose Bengal@α-cyclodextrin (RB@α-CD) microparticles (μPs) were prepared and the RB inclusion in α-CD was experimentally demonstrated through infrared, UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The RB inclusion in α-CD was theoretically investigated using classical molecular mechanics calculations, the simulation results showing that RB can be included in both the narrow and wide apertures of the α-cyclodextrin ring with configurations exhibiting average binding energies of about 27 kcal mol-1. The prepared RB@α-CD microparticles were characterized through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and it was demonstrated that they are highly efficient in the photodynamic therapy against a Streptococcus mutans (the main bacteria of cariogenic dental plaque) suspension, as a concentration of RB@α-CD μPs 10 times smaller than the usual concentration of pure RB is still capable to produce significant antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J R Alexandrino
- Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Médica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 50430-275 Fortaleza - CE, Brazil; Faculdade Paulo Picanço, 60135-218, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - E M Bezerra
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Matemática e Estatística, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 59625-900 Mossoró - RN, Brazil
| | - R F Da Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Matemática e Estatística, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 59625-900 Mossoró - RN, Brazil
| | - L R L Cavalcante
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-970 Fortaleza - CE, Brazil
| | - F A M Sales
- Departamento de Ensino, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, Campus de Aracati, 62800-000 Aracati - CE, Brazil
| | - T S Francisco
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Matemática e Estatística, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 59625-900 Mossoró - RN, Brazil
| | - L K A Rodrigues
- Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430370 Fortaleza - CE, Brazil
| | - D H Almeida de Brito
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CP 12100, Campus do Pici, 60451-970 Fortaleza - CE, Brazil
| | - N M P S Ricardo
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CP 12100, Campus do Pici, 60451-970 Fortaleza - CE, Brazil
| | - S N Costa
- Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-554 Fortaleza- CE, Brazil
| | - P de Lima-Neto
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440900, Fortaleza- CE, Brazil
| | - I L Barroso-Neto
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Caixa Postal 6030, Campus do Pici, 60440-900 Fortaleza - CE, Brazil
| | - E W S Caetano
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, 60040-531 Fortaleza - CE, Brazil.
| | - V N Freire
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Caixa Postal 6030, Campus do Pici, 60440-900 Fortaleza - CE, Brazil
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26
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Q Mesquita M, J Dias C, P M S Neves MG, Almeida A, F Faustino MA. Revisiting Current Photoactive Materials for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2018; 23:E2424. [PMID: 30248888 PMCID: PMC6222430 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial infection is a severe concern, requiring the use of significant amounts of antimicrobials/biocides, not only in the hospital setting, but also in other environments. The increasing use of antimicrobial drugs and the rapid adaptability of microorganisms to these agents, have contributed to a sharp increase of antimicrobial resistance. It is obvious that the development of new strategies to combat planktonic and biofilm-embedded microorganisms is required. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is being recognized as an effective method to inactivate a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including those resistant to conventional antimicrobials. In the last few years, the development and biological assessment of new photosensitizers for PDI were accompanied by their immobilization in different supports having in mind the extension of the photodynamic principle to new applications, such as the disinfection of blood, water, and surfaces. In this review, we intended to cover a significant amount of recent work considering a diversity of photosensitizers and supports to achieve an effective photoinactivation. Special attention is devoted to the chemistry behind the preparation of the photomaterials by recurring to extensive examples, illustrating the design strategies. Additionally, we highlighted the biological challenges of each formulation expecting that the compiled information could motivate the development of other effective photoactive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Q Mesquita
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Cristina J Dias
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Maria G P M S Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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