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Adnane F, Soliman SMA, ElZayat E, Abdelsalam EM, Fahmy HM. Evaluation of chlorophyll-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy on cancer cell lines. Lasers Med Sci 2024; 39:45. [PMID: 38253944 PMCID: PMC10803611 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-024-03988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is a promising natural photosensitizer (PS) in photodynamic treatment (PDT). Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were chosen to increase the effectiveness of PDT. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic efficacy of chlorophyll-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Chl-MSNs) with photodynamic therapy (PDT) and to investigate their potential toxicity in HepG2, MDA-MB-231, and HSF cell lines. Chl-MSNs were prepared via the physical adsorption method. TEM, DLS, and zeta potential examined morphology, size, and surface characteristics. MSNs and Chl-MSNs were characterized using the same techniques. HPLC was used to assess the encapsulation efficiency. At pH 7.4, an in vitro release experiment of Chl-MSNs was performed. Chl, MSNs, and Chl-MSNs were applied to the three cell lines at different concentrations and subjected to red (650 nm) and blue (450-500 nm) lasers. MSNs and Chl-MSNs' sizes were 90.338 ± 38.49 nm and 123.84 ± 15.67 nm, respectively, as obtained by TEM; the hydrodynamic diameter for MSNs (93.69 ± 20.53 nm) and Chl-MSNs (212.95 ± 19.76 nm); and their zeta potential values are - 16.7 ± 2.19 mV and - 18.84 ± 1.40 mV. The encapsulation efficiency of Chl-MSNs was 70%. Chl-MSNs displayed no toxicity in dark conditions but showed excellent photostability under blue and red light exposure. Furthermore, using Chl over Chl-MSNs has a higher PDT efficiency than the tested cell lines. Chl-MSNs have the potential to be an effective delivery system. PDT proved to be an essential technique for cancer treatment. Blue laser is recommended over red laser with Chl and MSNs for destroying cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadya Adnane
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | - Emad ElZayat
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Essam M Abdelsalam
- Laser Applications in Metrology, Photochemistry, and Agriculture (LAMPA) Department, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Mohamed Fahmy
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Taldaev A, Terekhov R, Nikitin I, Melnik E, Kuzina V, Klochko M, Reshetov I, Shiryaev A, Loschenov V, Ramenskaya G. Methylene blue in anticancer photodynamic therapy: systematic review of preclinical studies. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1264961. [PMID: 37841915 PMCID: PMC10568458 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1264961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Methylene blue has a long history of clinical application. Thanks to phenothiazine chromophore, it has potential in photodynamic anticancer therapy. In spite of the growing body of literature that has evaluated the action of this dye on different types of cancer, the systematic understanding of this problem is still lacking. Therefore, this systematic review was performed to study the efficacy of methylene blue in photodynamic anticancer therapy. Methods: This systematic review was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, and the study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022368738). Articles for the systematic review were identified through the PubMed database. SYRCLE's risk of bias tool was used to assess the studies. The results of systematic analysis are presented as narrative synthesis. Results: Ten studies met the inclusion criteria and these full texts were reviewed. In the selected articles, the dosage of dye infusion ranged from 0.04 to 24.12 mg/kg. The effectiveness of photodynamic therapy with methylene blue against different types of cancer was confirmed by a decrease in tumor sizes in seven articles. Conclusion: The results of the systematic review support the suggestions that photodynamic therapy with methylene blue helps against different types of cancer, including colorectal tumor, carcinoma, and melanoma. In cases of nanopharmaceutics use, a considerable increase of anticancer therapy effectiveness was observed. The further research into methylene blue in photodynamic anticancer therapy is needed. Systematic Review Registration: (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=368738), identifier (CRD42022368738).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Taldaev
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Roman Terekhov
- Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Nikitin
- Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Melnik
- Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera Kuzina
- Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Klochko
- Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Reshetov
- Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, University Clinical Hospital No. 1, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem Shiryaev
- Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, University Clinical Hospital No. 1, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor Loschenov
- Department of Laser Micro-Nano and Biotechnology, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina Ramenskaya
- Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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Soares Lima T, Silva de Oliveira MS, Reis AVF, Petrilli R, Eloy JO. Nanoencapsulation of Methylene-Blue for Enhanced Skin Cancer Cell Phototoxicity and Cutaneous Penetration in Association with Sonophoresis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051371. [PMID: 37242613 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer has emerged as an alternative treatment for skin cancers, such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). To increase the cutaneous penetration of the drug, some strategies are used, such as the association of nanocarriers and physical methods. Thus, herein we address the development of nanoparticles based on poly-Ɛ-caprolactone (PCL), optimized with the Box-Behnken factorial design, for topical application of MB associated with sonophoresis. The MB-nanoparticles were developed using the double emulsification-solvent evaporation technique and the optimized formulation resulted in an average size of 156.93 ± 8.27 nm, a polydispersion index of 0.11 ± 0.05, encapsulation efficiency of 94.22 ± 2.19% and zeta potential of -10.08 ± 1.12 mV. Morphological evaluation by scanning electron microscopy showed spherical nanoparticles. In vitro release studies show an initial burst compatible with the first-order mathematical model. The nanoparticle showed satisfactory generation of reactive oxygen species. The MTT assay was used to assess cytotoxicity and IC50; values of 79.84; 40.46; 22.37; 9.90 µM were obtained, respectively, for the MB-solution and the MB-nanoparticle without and with light irradiation after 2 h of incubation. Analysis using confocal microscopy showed high cellular uptake for the MB-nanoparticle. With regard to skin penetration, a higher concentration of MB was observed in the epidermis + dermis, corresponding to 9.81, 5.27 μg/cm2 in passive penetration and 24.31 and 23.81 μg/cm2 after sonophoresis, for solution-MB and nanoparticle-MB, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of MB encapsulation in PCL nanoparticles for application in skin cancer using PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayane Soares Lima
- Department of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, 1210 Pastor Samuel Munguba Street, Fortaleza 60430-160, CE, Brazil
| | - Monalisa Sthefani Silva de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, 1210 Pastor Samuel Munguba Street, Fortaleza 60430-160, CE, Brazil
| | - Alice Vitoria Frota Reis
- Department of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, 1210 Pastor Samuel Munguba Street, Fortaleza 60430-160, CE, Brazil
| | - Raquel Petrilli
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of the Afro-Brazilian Lusophony, Redenção 62790-000, CE, Brazil
| | - Josimar O Eloy
- Department of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, 1210 Pastor Samuel Munguba Street, Fortaleza 60430-160, CE, Brazil
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Donadon LGF, Salata GC, Gonçalves TP, Matos LDC, Evangelista MCP, da Silva NS, Martins TS, Machado-Neto JA, Lopes LB, Garcia MTJ. Monoolein-based nanodispersions for cutaneous co-delivery of methylene blue and metformin: Thermal and structural characterization and effects on the cutaneous barrier, skin penetration and cytotoxicity. Int J Pharm 2023; 633:122612. [PMID: 36642349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the potential of monoolein (MO)-based nanodispersions to promote the cutaneous co-delivery of metformin (MET) and methylene blue (MB) for the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer. MO-based nanodispersions were obtained using Kolliphor® P407 (KP) and/or sodium cholate (CH), and characterized concerning the structure, thermal stability, ability to disrupt the skin barrier, cutaneous permeation and retention of MB and MET. Additionally, the cytotoxic effect of MO nanodispersions-mediated combination therapy using MET and MB in A431 cells was evaluated. The nanodispersions exhibited nanometric size (<200 nm) and thermal and physical stability. Small angle X-ray scattering studies revealed multiple structures depending on composition. They were able to interact with stratum corneum lipid structure, increasing its fluidity. The effect of MO-nanodispersions on topical/transdermal delivery of MB and MET was composition-dependent. Nanodispersions with low MO content (5 %) and stabilized with KP and CH (0.05-0.10 %) were the most promising, enhancing the cutaneous delivery of MB and MET by 1.9 to 2.2-fold and 1.4 to 1.7-fold, respectively, compared to control. Cytotoxic studies revealed that the most promising MO nanodispersion-mediated combination therapy using MET and MB (1:1) reduced the IC50 by 24-fold, compared to MB solution, and a further reduction (1.5-fold) was observed by MB photoactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thalita Pedralino Gonçalves
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema/SP, Brazil
| | - Lisa de Carvalho Matos
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema/SP, Brazil
| | | | - Nicole Sampaio da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema/SP, Brazil
| | - Tereza Silva Martins
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema/SP, Brazil
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Hak A, Ali MS, Sankaranarayanan SA, Shinde VR, Rengan AK. Chlorin e6: A Promising Photosensitizer in Photo-Based Cancer Nanomedicine. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:349-364. [PMID: 36700563 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Conventional cancer treatment modalities are often associated with major therapeutic limitations and severe side effects. Photodynamic therapy is a localized noninvasive mode of treatment that has given a different direction to cancer research due to its effectivity against a wide range of cancers and minimal side effects. A photosensitizer is the key component of photodynamic therapy (PDT) that generates cytotoxic reactive oxygen species to eradicate cancer cells. As the therapeutic effectivity of PDT greatly depends upon the photosensitizer, great efforts have been made to search for an ideal photosensitizer. Chlorin e6 is a FDA approved second generation photosensitizer that meets the desired clinical properties for PDT. It is known for its high reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation ability and anticancer potency against many types of cancer. Hydrophobicity is a major drawback of Ce6 that leads to its poor biodistribution and rapid clearance from the circulatory system. To overcome this drawback, researchers have designed and fabricated several types of nanosystems, which can enhance Ce6 solubility and thereby enhance its bioavailability. These nanosystems also improve tumor accumulation of Ce6 by selectively targeting the cancer cells through passive and active targeting. In addition, Ce6 has been employed in many combination therapies like chemo-photodynamic therapy, photoimmunotherapy, and combined photodynamic-photothermal therapy. A combination therapy is more curative than a single therapy due to the synergistic effects of individual therapies. Ce6-based nanosystems for combination therapies have shown excellent results in various studies and provide a promising platform for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshadul Hak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Mohammad Sadik Ali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India
| | | | - Vinod Ravasaheb Shinde
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Aravind Kumar Rengan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India
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Oh HY, Choi HH, Kim EJ, Choi JH, Choi SS, Lee HK, Kim HK, Kim SW, Park WSH, Chae HS. In vitro and in vivo phototoxicity on gastric mucosa induced by methylene blue. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:53-58. [PMID: 36571385 PMCID: PMC10117009 DOI: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_315_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylene blue (MB) is used endoscopically to demarcate tumors and as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, there are few in vivo studies about its toxicity in healthy stomach tissue. We performed sequential in vitro and in vivo analyses of MB-induced phototoxicity. METHODS We performed in vitro experiments using the AGS human gastric cancer cell line treated with light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation (3.6 J/cm2) and MB. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. In vivo toxicity was evaluated in the stomach of beagles using the same dose of fiber-optic LED via gastroscopy, after spraying 0.1% and 0.5% MB solutions. Stomach tissue was also evaluated using the TUNEL assay. RESULTS In vitro, increased concentrations of MB led to higher TUNEL scores. However, cell viability was significantly lower after MB plus LED irradiation than after treatment with MB alone (P < 0.001). In vivo, the TUNEL score was highest immediately after treatment with 0.1% or 0.5% MB plus light irradiation, and the score was significantly higher in the LED illumination plus MB group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The elevated TUNEL score was maintained for 3 days in the MB plus light irradiation group but returned to normal levels on day 10. CONCLUSIONS : Endoscopic light application with MB 0.5% concentration to the stomach may be regarded as a safe procedure despite some DNA injuries in the early period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yeong Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uijongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uijongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uijongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uijongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Sook Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Kyung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Uijongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Keun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uijongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uijongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sang H Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiun Suk Chae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Uijongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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7
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Lee YD, Yang JK, Han S, Kim BR, Shin JW, Bang J, Kim S. Topical methylene blue nanoformulation for the photodynamic therapy of acne vulgaris. Arch Dermatol Res 2022; 315:885-893. [PMID: 36376760 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-022-02464-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease caused by multifactorial reasons involving excessive sebum secretion and inflammation by Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes). Various conventional therapies are available for the treatment of acne vulgaris; however, topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attracted much attention because of its great potential for sebum-reducing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Although 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) has been broadly used as a photosensitizer for topical PDT, it has several limitations such as long incubation time, pain, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Here, we report a biocompatible nanoformulation consisting of methylene blue and salicylic acid (MBSD), as a potent PDT and acne therapeutics, enclosed within oleic acid. Photoactivated MBSD showed antimicrobial activity against C. acnes along with long-term stability. When 24 patients with acne were treated with MBSD and light irradiation 5 times at 1-week intervals, MBSD-based PDT exhibited a remarkable reduction in acne lesions and sebum production. In addition, the therapeutic procedure was painless and safe, without any adverse events. Therefore, MBSD is a promising topical PDT agent for biocompatible, safe, and effective acne treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Deok Lee
- Chemical & Biological integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Research & Development Division, D.R.NANO Co., Ltd., Seoul, 02708, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyoung Yang
- Chemical & Biological integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Han
- Research & Development Division, D.R.NANO Co., Ltd., Seoul, 02708, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ri Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Won Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Joona Bang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sehoon Kim
- Chemical & Biological integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Antitumor immune responses induced by photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy: a narrative review. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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9
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Wulf HC, Al-Chaer RN, Glud M, Philipsen PA, Lerche CM. A Skin Cancer Prophylaxis Study in Hairless Mice Using Methylene Blue, Riboflavin, and Methyl Aminolevulinate as Photosensitizing Agents in Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050433. [PMID: 34063120 PMCID: PMC8148192 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The high incidence of sunlight-induced human skin cancers reveals a need for more effective photosensitizing agents. In this study, we compared the efficacy of prophylactic photodynamic therapy (PDT) when methylene blue (MB), riboflavin (RF), or methyl aminolevulinate (MAL) were used as photosensitizers. All mice in four groups of female C3.Cg/TifBomTac hairless immunocompetent mice (N = 100) were irradiated with three standard erythema doses of solar-simulated ultraviolet radiation (UVR) thrice weekly. Three groups received 2 × 2 prophylactic PDT treatments (days 45 + 52 and 90 + 97). The PDT treatments consisted of topical administration of 16% MAL, 20% MB, or 20% RF, and subsequent illumination that matched the photosensitizers’ absorption spectra. Control mice received no PDT. We recorded when the first, second, and third skin tumors developed. The pattern of tumor development after MB-PDT or RF-PDT was similar to that observed in irradiated control mice (p > 0.05). However, the median times until the first, second, and third skin tumors developed in mice given MAL-PDT were significantly delayed, compared with control mice (256, 265, and 272 vs. 215, 222, and 230 days, respectively; p < 0.001). Only MAL-PDT was an effective prophylactic treatment against UVR-induced skin tumors in hairless mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Christian Wulf
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (H.C.W.); (R.N.A.-C.); (M.G.); (P.A.P.)
| | - Rami Nabil Al-Chaer
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (H.C.W.); (R.N.A.-C.); (M.G.); (P.A.P.)
| | - Martin Glud
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (H.C.W.); (R.N.A.-C.); (M.G.); (P.A.P.)
| | - Peter Alshede Philipsen
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (H.C.W.); (R.N.A.-C.); (M.G.); (P.A.P.)
| | - Catharina Margrethe Lerche
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; (H.C.W.); (R.N.A.-C.); (M.G.); (P.A.P.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-28207100
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de Carvalho Matos L, Calixto LA, Junqueira Garcia MT. Developing an analytical method by HPLC for simultaneous quantification of methylene blue and metformin applied to in vitro skin permeation and retention studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5112. [PMID: 33675106 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an HPLC method for simultaneous quantification of metformin (MET) and methylene blue (MB) in in vitro skin permeation/retention studies, in which retention was evaluated in the different layers of the skin [stratum corneum (SC) and the viable epidermis + dermis (VE + D)]. The method was validated considering the following parameters: specificity, linearity, quantitation limit (LOQ), recovery, precision and accuracy. Calibration curves were obtained using the following six matrices: methanol, water, methanolic extracts from the SC and VE + D spiked with the drugs and drugs extracted from the SC and VE + D. The precision, accuracy and LOQ of the method were evaluated in water and in VE + D and SC, applying the drug extraction process. The results show that the method is selective and linear for both drugs. The precision and accuracy values, independent of matrix and drug, were below the limit of 15%. The LOQ of MB was defined as 0.4 μg/ml in the VE + D and SC and 0.8 μg/ml in water. The LOQ of MET was defined as 0.8 μg/ml in the VE + D and SC and 0.4 μg/ml in the water. The recovery of the method was adequate, consistent and reproducible for the concentration range of 0.4-10 μg/ml for MB (73.3-92.1%) and 0.8-10.0 μg/mL for MET (72.4-94.4%). This method has a potential application in the development of formulation for skin delivery of MB and MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa de Carvalho Matos
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Augusto Calixto
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Junqueira Garcia
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
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Justiniano R, de Faria Lopes L, Perer J, Hua A, Park SL, Jandova J, Baptista MS, Wondrak GT. The Endogenous Tryptophan-derived Photoproduct 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ) is a Nanomolar Photosensitizer that Can be Harnessed for the Photodynamic Elimination of Skin Cancer Cells in Vitro and in Vivo. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:180-191. [PMID: 32767762 DOI: 10.1111/php.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
UV-chromophores contained in human skin may act as endogenous sensitizers of photooxidative stress and can be employed therapeutically for the photodynamic elimination of malignant cells. Here, we report that 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), a tryptophan-derived photoproduct and endogenous aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist, displays activity as a nanomolar sensitizer of photooxidative stress, causing the photodynamic elimination of human melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. FICZ is an efficient UVA/Visible photosensitizer having absorbance maximum at 390 nm (ε = 9180 L mol-1 cm-1 ), and fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields of 0.15 and 0.5, respectively, in methanol. In a panel of cultured human squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma skin cancer cells (SCC-25, HaCaT-ras II-4, A375, G361, LOX), photodynamic induction of cell death was elicited by the combined action of solar simulated UVA (6.6 J cm-2 ) and FICZ (≥10 nm), preceded by the induction of oxidative stress as substantiated by MitoSOX Red fluorescence microscopy, comet detection of Fpg-sensitive oxidative genomic lesions and upregulated stress response gene expression (HMOX1, HSPA1A, HSPA6). In SKH1 "high-risk" mouse skin, an experimental FICZ/UVA photodynamic treatment regimen blocked the progression of UV-induced tumorigenesis suggesting feasibility of harnessing FICZ for the photooxidative elimination of malignant cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Justiniano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lohanna de Faria Lopes
- Biochemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jessica Perer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Anh Hua
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sophia L Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jana Jandova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Maurício S Baptista
- Biochemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Georg T Wondrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Klosowski EM, de Souza BTL, Mito MS, Constantin RP, Mantovanelli GC, Mewes JM, Bizerra PFV, Menezes PVMDC, Gilglioni EH, Utsunomiya KS, Marchiosi R, Dos Santos WD, Filho OF, Caetano W, Pereira PCDS, Gonçalves RS, Constantin J, Ishii-Iwamoto EL, Constantin RP. The photodynamic and direct actions of methylene blue on mitochondrial energy metabolism: A balance of the useful and harmful effects of this photosensitizer. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 153:34-53. [PMID: 32315767 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the literature, methylene blue (MB) is a photosensitizer (PS) with a high affinity for mitochondria. Therefore, several studies have explored this feature to evaluate its photodynamic effects on the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway under normoxic conditions. We are aware only of limited reports regarding MB's photodynamic effects on mitochondrial energy metabolism, especially under hypoxic conditions. Thus, the purposes of this study were to determine the direct and photodynamic acute effects of MB on the energy metabolism of rat liver mitochondria under hypoxic conditions and its direct acute effects on several parameters linked to energy metabolism in the isolated perfused rat liver. MB presented a high affinity for mitochondria, irrespective of photostimulation or proton gradient formation. Upon photostimulation, MB demonstrated high in vitro oxidizing species generation ability. Consequently, MB damaged the mitochondrial macromolecules, as could be evidenced by the elevated levels of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls. In addition to generating a pro-oxidant environment, MB also led to a deficient antioxidant defence system, as indicated by the reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion. Bioenergetically, MB caused uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and led to photodynamic inactivation of complex I, complex II, and F1FO-ATP synthase complex, thus decreasing mitochondrial ATP generation. Contrary to what is expected for an ideal PS, MB displayed appreciable dark toxicity on mitochondrial energy metabolism. The results indicated that MB acted via at least three mechanisms: direct damage to the inner mitochondrial membrane; uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation; and inhibition of electron transfer. Confirming the impairment of mitochondrial energy metabolism, MB also strongly inhibited mitochondrial ATP production. In the perfused rat liver, MB stimulated oxygen consumption, decreased the ATP/ADP ratio, inhibited gluconeogenesis and ureogenesis, and stimulated glycogenolysis, glycolysis, and ammoniagenesis, fully corroborating its uncoupling action in intact cells, as well. It can be concluded that even under hypoxic conditions, MB is a PS with potential for photodynamic effect-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. However, MB disrupts the mitochondrial energy metabolism even in the dark, causing energy-linked liver metabolic changes that could be harmful in specific circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Makiyama Klosowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Byanca Thais Lima de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Marcio Shigueaki Mito
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Renato Polimeni Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Gislaine Cristiane Mantovanelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Morais Mewes
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Francisco Veiga Bizerra
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Vinicius Moreira da Costa Menezes
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Hideo Gilglioni
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Karina Sayuri Utsunomiya
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rogério Marchiosi
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Wanderley Dantas Dos Santos
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Osvaldo Ferrarese Filho
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Wilker Caetano
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Jorgete Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Emy Luiza Ishii-Iwamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Polimeni Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
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