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Prata DP, Costa-Neves B, Cosme G, Vassos E. Unravelling the genetic basis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with GWAS: A systematic review. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 114:178-207. [PMID: 31096178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically review findings of GWAS in schizophrenia (SZ) and in bipolar disorder (BD); and to interpret findings, with a focus on identifying independent replications. METHOD PubMed search, selection and review of all independent GWAS in SZ or BD, published since March 2011, i.e. studies using non-overlapping samples within each article, between articles, and with those of the previous review (Li et al., 2012). RESULTS From the 22 GWAS included in this review, the genetic associations surviving standard GWAS-significance were for genetic markers in the regions of ACSL3/KCNE4, ADCY2, AMBRA1, ANK3, BRP44, DTL, FBLN1, HHAT, INTS7, LOC392301, LOC645434/NMBR, LOC729457, LRRFIP1, LSM1, MDM1, MHC, MIR2113/POU3F2, NDST3, NKAPL, ODZ4, PGBD1, RENBP, TRANK1, TSPAN18, TWIST2, UGT1A1/HJURP, WHSC1L1/FGFR1 and ZKSCAN4. All genes implicated across both reviews are discussed in terms of their function and implication in neuropsychiatry. CONCLUSION Taking all GWAS to date into account, AMBRA1, ANK3, ARNTL, CDH13, EFHD1 (albeit with different alleles), MHC, PLXNA2 and UGT1A1 have been implicated in either disorder in at least two reportedly non-overlapping samples. Additionally, evidence for a SZ/BD common genetic basis is most strongly supported by the implication of ANK3, NDST3, and PLXNA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Prata
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, UK; Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Bernardo Costa-Neves
- Lisbon Medical School, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal; Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa, Av. do Brasil, 53 1749-002, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Cosme
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, UK
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Trakadis YJ, Sardaar S, Chen A, Fulginiti V, Krishnan A. Machine learning in schizophrenia genomics, a case-control study using 5,090 exomes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:103-112. [PMID: 29704323 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our hypothesis is that machine learning (ML) analysis of whole exome sequencing (WES) data can be used to identify individuals at high risk for schizophrenia (SCZ). This study applies ML to WES data from 2,545 individuals with SCZ and 2,545 unaffected individuals, accessed via the database of genotypes and phenotypes (dbGaP). Single nucleotide variants and small insertions and deletions were annotated by ANNOVAR using the reference genome hg19/GRCh37. Rare (predicted functional) variants with a minor allele frequency ≤1% and genotype quality ≥90 including missense, frameshift, stop gain, stop loss, intronic, and exonic splicing variants were selected. A file containing all cases and controls, the names of genes with variants meeting our criteria, and the number of variants per gene for each individual, was used for ML analysis. The supervised machine-learning algorithm used the patterns of variants observed in the different genes to determine which subset of genes can best predict that an individual is affected. Seventy percent of the data was used to train the algorithm and the remaining 30% of data (n = 1,526) was used to evaluate its efficiency. The supervised ML algorithm, gradient boosted trees with regularization (eXtreme Gradient Boosting implementation) was the best performing algorithm yielding promising results (accuracy: 85.7%, specificity: 86.6%, sensitivity: 84.9%, area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve: 0.95). The top 50 features (genes) of the algorithm were analyzed using bioinformatics resources for new insights about the pathophysiology of SCZ. This manuscript presents a novel predictor which could potentially enable studies exploring disease-modifying intervention in the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis J Trakadis
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sameer Sardaar
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anthony Chen
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vanessa Fulginiti
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ankur Krishnan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Enhanced Molecular Appreciation of Psychiatric Disorders Through High-Dimensionality Data Acquisition and Analytics. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2011:671-723. [PMID: 31273728 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9554-7_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The initial diagnosis, molecular investigation, treatment, and posttreatment care of major psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia and bipolar depression) are all still significantly hindered by the current inability to define these disorders in an explicit molecular signaling manner. High-dimensionality data analytics, using large datastreams from transcriptomic, proteomic, or metabolomic investigations, will likely advance both the appreciation of the molecular nature of major psychiatric disorders and simultaneously enhance our ability to more efficiently diagnose and treat these debilitating conditions. High-dimensionality data analysis in psychiatric research has been heterogeneous in aims and methods and limited by insufficient sample sizes, poorly defined case definitions, methodological inhomogeneity, and confounding results. All of these issues combine to constrain the conclusions that can be extracted from them. Here, we discuss possibilities for overcoming methodological challenges through the implementation of transcriptomic, proteomic, or metabolomics signatures in psychiatric diagnosis and offer an outlook for future investigations. To fulfill the promise of intelligent high-dimensionality data-based differential diagnosis in mental disease diagnosis and treatment, future research will need large, well-defined cohorts in combination with state-of-the-art technologies.
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Porcelli S, Balzarro B, Lee SJ, Han C, Patkar AA, Pae CU, Serretti A. PDE7B, NMBR and EPM2A Variants and Schizophrenia: A Case-Control and Pharmacogenetics Study. Neuropsychobiology 2017; 73:160-8. [PMID: 27092952 DOI: 10.1159/000445295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated phosphodiesterase 7B (PDE7B), neuromedin B receptor (NMBR) and epilepsy progressive myoclonus type 2A (EPM2A) genes in schizophrenia (SCZ). To the best of our knowledge, these genes have been poorly investigated in studies of SCZ. METHODS Five hundred and seventy-three SCZ inpatients of Korean ethnicity and 560 healthy controls were genotyped for 2 PDE7B, 3 NMBR and 3 EPM2A polymorphisms. Differences in the allelic and genetic frequencies among healthy subjects and patients were calculated using the x03C7;2 statistics. Repeated-measure ANOVA was used to test possible influences of single-nucleotide polymorphisms on treatment efficacy. In case of positive findings, clinical and demographic variables were added as covariates, in order to investigate possible stratixFB01;cation bias. RESULTS The rs2717 and rs6926279 within the NMBR gene and rs702304 and rs2235481 within the EPM2A gene were associated with SCZ liability. rs1415744 was also associated with Positive and Negative Symptom Scale negative clinical improvement. The results remained the same after inclusion of the covariates and were partially confirmed in the allelic and haplotype analyses. CONCLUSION Our preliminary findings suggest a possible role of NMBR and EPM2A genes in SCZ susceptibility and, for the second one, also in antipsychotic pharmacogenetics. Nonetheless, further research is needed to conxFB01;rm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Porcelli
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Common Polymorphisms Within QPCT Gene Are Associated with the Susceptibility of Schizophrenia in a Han Chinese Population. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6362-6366. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Comim CM, Silva NC, Patrício JJ, Palmas D, Mendonça BP, Bittencourt MO, Cassol OJ, Barichello T, Zugno AI, Quevedo J, Dal-Pizzol F. Effect of sepsis on behavioral changes on the ketamine-induced animal model of schizophrenia. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 281:78-82. [PMID: 25867472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sepsis on behavioral changes on the ketamine-induced animal model of schizophrenia. Male Wistar rats underwent Cecal Ligation and Perporation (CLP) with "basic support" or were sham-operated. After 30 days, the animals were submitted to a model of schizophrenia by injection of Ketamine. The behavior tests were performed after 30 min of the injection of Ketamine or saline. Ketamine in doses of 15 and 25mg/kg increased locomotor activity, latency to first contact in the social interaction and stereotyped behavior. Some changes caused by sepsis may be associated with a predisposition to develop schizophrenia in the animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M Comim
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, SC, Brazil.
| | - Napoleão C Silva
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Janini J Patrício
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, SC, Brazil
| | - Daphne Palmas
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruna P Mendonça
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana O Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Omar J Cassol
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Palhoça, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Alexandra I Zugno
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiopathology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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Santoro ML, Ota VK, Stilhano RS, Silva PN, Santos CM, Diana MC, Gadelha A, Bressan RA, Melaragno MI, Han SW, Abílio VC, Belangero SI. Effect of antipsychotic drugs on gene expression in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Schizophr Res 2014; 157:163-8. [PMID: 24893910 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs (APDs) are the standard treatment for schizophrenia. The therapeutic effect of these drugs is dependent upon the dopaminergic D2 blockade, but they also modulate other neurotransmitter pathways. The exact mechanisms underlying the clinical response to APDs are not fully understood. In this study, we compared three groups of animals for the expression of 84 neurotransmitter genes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Each group was treated with a different APD (risperidone, clozapine or haloperidol), and with a non-treated group of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), which is an animal model for schizophrenia. This study also explored whether or not differential expression was regulated by DNA methylation in the promoter region (PR). In the clozapine group, we found that Chrng was downregulated in the NAcc and six genes were downregulated in the PFC. In the haloperidol group, Brs3 and Glra1 were downregulated, as was Drd2 in the clozapine group and Drd3, Galr3 and Gabrr1 in the clozapine and haloperidol groups. We also encountered four hypermethylated CG sites in the Glra1 PR, as well as three in the risperidone group and another in the haloperidol group, when compared to non-treated rats. Following the APD treatment, the gene expression results revealed the involvement of genes that had not previously been described, in addition to the activity of established genes. The investigation of the involvement of these novel genes can lead to better understanding about the specific mechanisms of action of the individual APDs studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Leite Santoro
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 740, Edifício Leitao da Cunha, 1° andar, CEP 04023-900 São Paulo, Brazil; LiNC - Interdisciplinary Lab of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 3° floor, CEP 05039-032 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Kiyomi Ota
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 740, Edifício Leitao da Cunha, 1° andar, CEP 04023-900 São Paulo, Brazil; LiNC - Interdisciplinary Lab of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 3° floor, CEP 05039-032 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Sessa Stilhano
- Department of Biophysics and Investigation Center for Gene Therapy, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Mirassol 207, CEP:04044-010, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Natália Silva
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 740, Edifício Leitao da Cunha, 1° andar, CEP 04023-900 São Paulo, Brazil; LiNC - Interdisciplinary Lab of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 3° floor, CEP 05039-032 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Maurício Santos
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Lab of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 3° floor, CEP 05039-032 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 5th floor, CEP: 04039032, Brazil
| | - Mariana Cepollaro Diana
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Lab of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 3° floor, CEP 05039-032 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 5th floor, CEP: 04039032, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Lab of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 3° floor, CEP 05039-032 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Affonseca Bressan
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Lab of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 3° floor, CEP 05039-032 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Melaragno
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 740, Edifício Leitao da Cunha, 1° andar, CEP 04023-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sang Won Han
- Department of Biophysics and Investigation Center for Gene Therapy, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Mirassol 207, CEP:04044-010, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Costhek Abílio
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Lab of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 3° floor, CEP 05039-032 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 5th floor, CEP: 04039032, Brazil
| | - Sintia Iole Belangero
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu, 740, Edifício Leitao da Cunha, 1° andar, CEP 04023-900 São Paulo, Brazil; LiNC - Interdisciplinary Lab of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 3° floor, CEP 05039-032 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Merali Z, Presti-Torres J, Mackay JC, Johnstone J, Du L, St-Jean A, Levesque D, Kent P, Schwartsmann G, Roesler R, Schroder N, Anisman H. Long-term behavioral effects of neonatal blockade of gastrin-releasing peptide receptors in rats: similarities to autism spectrum disorders. Behav Brain Res 2014; 263:60-9. [PMID: 24462726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin releasing peptide, the mammalian counterpart of the amphibian peptide, bombesin, has been increasingly implicated in regulating normal brain function as well as in the pathogenesis of psychiatric and/or neurodevelopmental disorders. We have previously shown that the neonatal blockade of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPr) in rats produces long-lasting consequences during central nervous system development that are commonly observed in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders. The present investigation assessed in further detail, long-term behavioral effects of neonatal GRPr blockade. During postnatal days 1-10, male Wistar rat pups (n=5-10/litter) were injected (subcutaneously) with the GRPr antagonist, RC-3095 (1 mg/kg), or a vehicle (control), twice daily. Following the drug treatment regimen, several behaviors were assessed (starting on postnatal day 14) including specific social behaviors (namely, group huddling characteristics, social interaction, and social approach), restrictive/repetitive and stereotyped behaviors (y-maze, repetitive novel object contact task, observation for stereotypies) and anxiety/fear-related responses (open field, elevated plus maze and contextual fear conditioning). Rats treated neonatally with RC-3095 showed reduced sociability, restrictive interests, motor stereotypies and enhanced learned fear response compared to the controls (vehicle-treated rats). These behavioral abnormalities are consistent with those observed in autism spectrum disorders and provide further evidence that neonatal blockade of GRPr could potentially serve as a useful model to gain a better understanding of the underlying neurodevelopmental disruptions contributing to the expression of autism-relevant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Merali
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; University of Ottawa, Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, K1Z 7K4, Canada.
| | - J Presti-Torres
- University of Ottawa, Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, K1Z 7K4, Canada; Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Pontifical Catholic University, Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - J C Mackay
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; University of Ottawa, Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - J Johnstone
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; University of Ottawa, Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - L Du
- University of Ottawa, Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - A St-Jean
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - D Levesque
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - P Kent
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; University of Ottawa, Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - G Schwartsmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Cancer Research Laboratory, University Hospital Research Center (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - R Roesler
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University Hospital Research Center (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neural Tumor Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - N Schroder
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Pontifical Catholic University, Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - H Anisman
- Institute of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada; University of Ottawa, Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, K1Z 7K4, Canada
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Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor signaling in the integration of stress and memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 112:44-52. [PMID: 24001571 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides act as signaling molecules that regulate a range of aspects of brain function. Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a 27-amino acid mammalian neuropeptide, homolog of the amphibian peptide bombesin. GRP acts by binding to the GRP receptor (GRPR, also called BB2), a member of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. GRP produced by neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) plays a role in synaptic transmission by activating GRPRs located on postsynaptic membranes, influencing several aspects of brain function. Here we review the role of GRP/GRPR as a system mediating both stress responses and the formation and expression of memories for fearful events. GRPR signaling might integrate the processing of stress and fear with synaptic plasticity and memory, serving as an important component of the set of neurobiological systems underlying the enhancement of memory storage by aversive information.
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Roesler R, Schwartsmann G. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptors in the central nervous system: role in brain function and as a drug target. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:159. [PMID: 23251133 PMCID: PMC3523293 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides acting on specific cell membrane receptors of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily regulate a range of important aspects of nervous and neuroendocrine function. Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a mammalian neuropeptide that binds to the GRP receptor (GRPR, BB2). Increasing evidence indicates that GRPR-mediated signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) plays an important role in regulating brain function, including aspects related to emotional responses, social interaction, memory, and feeding behavior. In addition, some alterations in GRP or GRPR expression or function have been described in patients with neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric disorders, as well as in brain tumors. Findings from preclinical models are consistent with the view that the GRPR might play a role in brain disorders, and raise the possibility that GRPR agonists might ameliorate cognitive and social deficits associated with neurological diseases, while antagonists may reduce anxiety and inhibit the growth of some types of brain cancer. Further preclinical and translational studies evaluating the potential therapeutic effects of GRPR ligands are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Roesler
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neural Tumor Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University Hospital Research Center (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute for Translational MedicinePorto Alegre, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rafael Roesler, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neural Tumor Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. e-mail:
| | - Gilberto Schwartsmann
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University Hospital Research Center (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute for Translational MedicinePorto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
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Inan S, Dun NJ, Cowan A. Investigation of gastrin-releasing peptide as a mediator for 5'-guanidinonaltrindole-induced compulsive scratching in mice. Peptides 2011; 32:286-92. [PMID: 21126550 PMCID: PMC3995915 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) has been implicated in the itch-scratch cycle. We investigated if this gut-brain-skin peptide plays a role in the compulsive, hindleg scratching of the neck of mice by 5'-guanidinonaltrindole (GNTI), the kappa opioid receptor antagonist, and in the antipruritic activity of nalfurafine, the kappa opioid agonist. Previously, we showed that GNTI (0.03-1mg/kg, s.c.) elicits dose-related scratching and that nalfurafine (0.001-0.02mg/kg, s.c.) inhibits this behavior in mice. Utilizing immunohistochemistry, GRP positive nerve fibers were detected in mouse skin and superficial layer of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord as well as GRP positive cells in the dorsal root ganglion. Pretreating mice with either a pseudopeptide GRP receptor antagonist, RC-3095 (10-30mg/kg, s.c. at -15min), or a peptide GRP receptor antagonist, [d-Phe(6)]bombesin(6-13) methyl ester (2-100nmol, i.t. at -10min), did not suppress GNTI-induced scratching. However, pretreating mice with either antagonist inhibited scratching precipitated by the GRP receptor agonist, GRP(18-27) (2nmol, i.t.). Pretreating mice with a muscarinic M(1) receptor agonist, McN-A-343 (1.5-15μg/5μl, i.t. at -10min) antagonized GNTI-induced scratching. Norbinaltorphimine (20mg/kg, i.p. at -18 to -20h), a kappa opioid antagonist, countered the antiscratch activity of nalfurafine. We conclude that (a) the GRP receptor system does not mediate GNTI-induced scratching and (b) the kappa opioid system is involved, at least in part, in the scratch suppressing activity of nalfurafine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadet Inan
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Nae J Dun
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Alan Cowan
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Corresponding author: Alan Cowan, PhD, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, Telephone: (215)-707-4110, Fax: (215)-707-7068,
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12
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Garcia VA, Dornelles AS, Presti-Torres J, Alcalde LA, Halmenschlager LH, Schwartsmann G, Roesler R, Lucion AB, Schröder N. Neonatal gastrin-releasing peptide receptor blockade reduces maternal odor preference in rats. Behav Brain Res 2010; 214:456-9. [PMID: 20678987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in attachment behavior might play a role in the dysfunction in social behavior displayed by autistic infants. Here we show that neonatal gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) blockade induces a reduction in maternal odor preference, a task involving attachment behavior, in infant rats. These findings provide the first evidence that the GRPR regulates odor preference, supporting the view that the GRPR is involved in attachment and social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Garcia
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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13
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Valvassori SS, Moretti M, Kauer-Sant’Anna M, Roesler R, Petronilho F, Schwartsmann G, Kapczinski F, Dal-Pizzol F, Quevedo J. Effects of a gastrin-releasing peptide receptor antagonist on d-amphetamine-induced oxidative stress in the rat brain. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:309-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0373-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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14
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De Araújo FYR, Silva MIG, Moura BA, De Oliveira GV, Leal LKAM, Vasconcelos SMM, Viana GSB, De Moraes MO, De Sousa FCF, Macêdo DS. Central nervous system effects of the essential oil of the leaves of Alpinia zerumbet in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.11.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Alpinia zerumbet, known in Brazil as colônia, is popularly used as a diuretic, antihypertensive, anti-ulcerogenic and sedative. Based on this, we have investigated the central effects of the essential oil isolated from A. zerumbet leaves.
Methods
Mice were treated once with 50 or 100 mg/kg of the essential oil, intraperitoneally, 30 min before being submitted to behavioural models of: locomotor activity (open-field), catalepsy, anxiety (elevated plus maze), depression (forced swimming test and tail suspension tests) as well as apomorphine-induced stereotypy.
Key findings
Results showed a dose-related decrease on locomotor activity and apomorphine-induced stereotypy. There was a decrease to the order of 55% of the grooming behaviour with both doses studied. The essential oil 100 mg/kg increased cataleptic activity (167%) and the immobility time in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests. Pretreatment with haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) alone also decreased locomotion, increased cataleptic activity and immobility time in the tail suspension test. No alterations in the elevated plus maze test were registered.
Conclusions
The essential oil of A. zerumbet leaves had depressant and possible antipsychotic activity, since it could reverse the stereotypy induced by apomorphine, presenting effects comparable with those obtained with haloperidol treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Izabel Gomès Silva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Brinell Arcanjo Moura
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Manoel Odorico De Moraes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Danielle Silveira Macêdo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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15
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Effects of N-Acetylcysteine/Deferoxamine, Taurine and RC-3095 on Respiratory Chain Complexes and Creatine Kinase Activities in Rat Brain After Sepsis. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:515-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Podstawka E. Investigation of molecular structure of bombesin and its modified analogues nonadsorbed and adsorbed on electrochemically roughened silver surface. Biopolymers 2008; 89:506-21. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.20909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Cornelio DB, Roesler R, Schwartsmann G. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor as a molecular target in experimental anticancer therapy. Ann Oncol 2007; 18:1457-66. [PMID: 17351255 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdm058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, several lines of experimental evidence have suggested that the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) may act as a growth factor in many types of cancer. For that reason, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) antagonists have been developed as anticancer candidate compounds, exhibiting impressive antitumoral activity both in vitro and in vivo in various murine and human tumors. In this article, the GRPR cell surface expression profile in human malignancies is reviewed aiming at the identification of potential tumor types for future clinical trials with GRP analogues and antagonists. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding the GRPR status in human malignancies. Source data were obtained by searching all published material available through Medline, PubMed and relevant articles from 1971 to 2006. The data available demonstrated a high expression of GRPRs in a large spectrum of human cancers, demonstrating the potential relevance of this intracellular signaling pathway in various human tumor models. The GRPR may be an interesting target for therapeutic intervention in human malignancies, as carriers for cytotoxins, immunotoxins or radioactive compounds, being also a potential tool for tumor detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Cornelio
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Academic Hospital Research Center, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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18
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Kauer-Sant'Anna M, Andreazza AC, Valvassori SS, Martins MR, Barbosa LM, Schwartsmann G, Roesler R, Quevedo J, Kapczinski F. A gastrin-releasing peptide receptor antagonist blocks D-amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion and increases hippocampal NGF and BDNF levels in rats. Peptides 2007; 28:1447-52. [PMID: 17629354 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) has emerged as a novel molecular target in neurological and psychiatric disorders, and previous animal studies suggest that GRPR antagonists might display cognitive-enhancing and antipsychotic properties. Hyperlocomotion produced by administration of D-amphetamine (D-AMPH) to rats has been put forward as a model of the manic phase of bipolar disorder (BD). In the present study, we examined the effects of a single systemic administration of the GRPR antagonist [D-Tpi(6), Leu(13) psi(CH(2)NH)-Leu(14)] bombesin (6-14) (RC-3095) on hyperlocomotion induced by a single systemic injection of D-AMPH in male rats. We also evaluated the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in the hippocampus of rats treated with D-AMPH and RC-3095. Administration of RC-3095 at any of the doses used blocked D-AMPH-induced hyperlocomotion. Specific doses of RC-3095 increased the levels of NGF and BDNF in the dorsal hippocampus. Administration of D-AMPH did not affect NGF or BDNF levels by itself, but blocked the RC-3095 effects. The results suggest that GRPR antagonists might display anti-manic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Kauer-Sant'Anna
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry and Bipolar Disorders Program, Academic Hospital Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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19
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Presti-Torres J, de Lima MN, Scalco FS, Caldana F, Garcia VA, Guimarães MR, Schwartsmann G, Roesler R, Schröder N. Impairments of social behavior and memory after neonatal gastrin-releasing peptide receptor blockade in rats: Implications for an animal model of neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuropharmacology 2007; 52:724-32. [PMID: 17097693 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) has been implicated in central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including neurodevelopmental disorders associated with autism. In the present study we examined the effects of GRPR blockade during the neonatal period on behavioral measures relevant to animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders. Male Wistar rats were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of either saline (SAL) or the GRPR antagonist [D-Tpi(6), Leu(13) psi(CH(2)NH)-Leu(14)] bombesin (6-14) (RC-3095; 1 or 10mg/kg) twice daily for 10days from postnatal days (PN) 1 to 10. Animals treated with RC-3095 showed pronounced deficits in social interaction when tested at PN 30-35 and impaired 24-h retention of memory for both novel object recognition (NOR) and inhibitory avoidance (IA) tasks tested at PN 60-71. Neither short-term memory tested 1.5h posttraining nor open field behavior were affected by neonatal GRPR blockade. The implications of the findings for animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Presti-Torres
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory and Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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20
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Machado MS, Rosa RM, Dantas AS, Reolon GK, Appelt HR, Braga AL, Henriques JAP, Roesler R. An organic selenium compound attenuates apomorphine-induced stereotypy in mice. Neurosci Lett 2006; 410:198-202. [PMID: 17052842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Selenium compounds display neuroprotective activities mediated at least in part by their antioxidant actions. Oxidative damage has been implicated in psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and an alteration in expression of selenium-binding protein-1 (SELENBP-1) has been recently reported in both the blood and brain of schizophrenic patients. In the present study we examined the effects of the organic selenium compound 3'3-ditrifluoromethyldiphenyl diselenide [(F3CPhSe)2] on apomorphine-induced stereotypy in mice, an animal model of psychosis. Systemic administration of (F3CPhSe)2 at the highest dose used (25.0 micromol/kg in a 10.0 ml/kg injection volume) significantly reduced apomorphine-induced stereotyped behaviors. A series of control experiments showed that the same dose of (F3CPhSe)2 did not affect open-field behavior, habituation, or aversively motivated memory. The results indicate that organic selenium compounds should be further investigated as agents with possible antipsychotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriana S Machado
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology and Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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21
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Roesler R, Luft T, Oliveira SHS, Farias CB, Almeida VR, Quevedo J, Dal Pizzol F, Schröder N, Izquierdo I, Schwartsmann G. Molecular mechanisms mediating gastrin-releasing peptide receptor modulation of memory consolidation in the hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 2006; 51:350-7. [PMID: 16735043 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the gastrin-releasing peptide-preferring bombesin receptor (GRPR) has been implicated in memory formation, the underlying molecular events are poorly understood. In the present study, we examined interactions between the GRPR and cellular signaling pathways in influencing memory consolidation in the hippocampus. Male Wistar rats received bilateral infusions of bombesin (BB) into the dorsal hippocampus immediately after inhibitory avoidance (IA) training. Intermediate doses of BB enhanced, whereas a higher dose impaired, 24-h IA memory retention. The BB-induced memory enhancement was prevented by pretraining infusions of a GRPR antagonist or inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase and protein kinase A (PKA), but not by a neuromedin B receptor (NMBR) antagonist. We next further investigated the interactions between the GRPR and the PKA pathway. BB-induced enhancement of consolidation was potentiated by coinfusion of activators of the dopamine D1/D5 receptor (D1R)/cAMP/PKA pathway and prevented by a PKA inhibitor. We conclude that memory modulation by hippocampal GRPRs is mediated by the PKC, MAPK, and PKA pathways. Furthermore, pretraining infusion of BB prevented beta-amyloid peptide (25-35)-induced memory impairment, supporting the view that the GRPR is a target for the development of cognitive enhancers for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Roesler
- Cellular and Molecular Neuropharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, Campus Centro/UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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22
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Dal-Pizzol F, Di Leone LP, Ritter C, Martins MR, Reinke A, Pens Gelain D, Zanotto-Filho A, de Souza LF, Andrades M, Barbeiro DF, Bernard EA, Cammarota M, Bevilaqua LRM, Soriano FG, Cláudio J, Moreira F, Roesler R, Schwartsmann G. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor antagonist effects on an animal model of sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 173:84-90. [PMID: 16192447 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200507-1118oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Several new therapeutic strategies have been described for the treatment of sepsis, but to date none are related to alterations in the bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptor pathways. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of a selective GRP receptor antagonist, RC-3095, on cytokine release from macrophages and its in vivo effects in the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis and in acute lung injury induced by intratracheal instillation of LPS. METHODS We determined the effects of RC-3095 in the CLP model of sepsis and in acute lung injury induced by intratracheal instillation of LPS. In addition, we determined the effects of RC-3095 on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-10, and nitric oxide release from activated macrophages. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The GRP antagonist attenuated LPS- or CLP-induced TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and nitric oxide release in cultured macrophages and decreased the mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase. The administration of RC-3095 (0.3 mg/kg) 6 h after sepsis induction improved survival in the CLP model, and diminished lung damage after intratracheal instillation of LPS. These effects were associated with attenuation on the circulating TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels and decreased myeloperoxidase activity in several organs. CONCLUSIONS We report that a selective GRP receptor antagonist attenuates the release of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo and improves survival in "established" sepsis. These are consistent with the involvement of a new inflammatory pathway relevant to the development of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 1105, Avenida Universitária, 88006-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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