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Jeon J, Ryu J, Choi KS. Distribution and frequency of ace-1 and kdr mutations of Culex pipiens subgroup in the Republic of Korea. Acta Trop 2024; 249:107058. [PMID: 37913971 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes in the Culex pipiens subgroup are the primary vectors of the West Nile virus. Two members, Culex pallens and Culex pipiens f. molestus, are present in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Because the Culex pipiens subgroup occurs in large amounts, often near human habitation, it is frequently exposed to various insecticides, which is probably responsible for the rapid evolution of insecticide resistance traits. Experiments related to insecticide resistance in the Culex pipiens subgroup conducted in the ROK have been performed without discrimination below the species level. This study categorized Culex pipiens mosquitoes subgroup from 13 regions in the ROK into Culex pallens and Culex pipiens f. molestus, and target site genotypes for acetylcholinesterase-1 (ace-1) and voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) genes were identified for each taxon. Screening for ace-1 did not identify a resistant allele (G119S) in Cx. pipiens f. molestus, and heterozygous resistance (AGC/GGC) was identified in one Cx. pallens collected in Mokpo. In vgsc, knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations [TTT(L1014F) and TCA(L1014S)] were present in both taxa, with Cx. pipiens f. molestus having homozygous resistance (TTT/TTT): 44%, heterozygous resistance (TTT/TTA): 28%, and homozygous susceptibility (TTA/TTA): 28%, whereas Cx. pallens showed homozygous resistance (TTT/TTT or TCA/TCA): 26%, heterozygous resistance (TTT/TTA, TTT/TCA, or TCA/TTA): 26%, and homozygous susceptibility (TTA/TTA): 48%. Furthermore, the unique vgsc allele was present in both Cx. pipiens f. molestus and Cx. pallens. This was the first experiment to analyze the Culex pipiens subgroup living in the ROK below the species level, and its results could be used in the future for more detailed mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseung Jeon
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Ryu
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Shik Choi
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Phylogenomics and Evolution, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Stoops CA, Kim MS, Mahabir S, Chong ST, Cinkovich SS, Carder JB. CDC Bottle Bioassays for Detection of Insecticide Resistance in Culex Pipiens, Aedes Albopictus, and Aedes Koreicus Collected on US Army Garrisons, Republic of Korea. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2023; 39:208-211. [PMID: 37504379 DOI: 10.2987/23-7119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne pathogens are a threat to US troops stationed in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Insecticide resistance has been reported in mosquito vectors in the ROK, highlighting the need for a sustained ROK-wide resistance surveillance program. To address this need from April 2022 until October 2022, larvae and pupae of Aedes albopictus, Ae. koreicus, and Culex pipiens were collected from US Army Garrison (USAG) Daegu (Camps Carroll and Henry), USAG Yongsan-Casey (Camp Casey), and USAG Humphreys (Camp Humphreys) and screened for resistance to insecticides using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle bioassay. No resistance to deltamethrin or chlorpyrifos was detected in Ae. albopictus populations, but one population showed possible resistance to permethrin. Aedes koreicus populations were found to be resistant to etofenprox and permethrin with possible resistance to deltamethrin but were susceptible to chlorpyrifos. Culex pipiens populations were found to be resistant to chlorpyrifos, permethrin, and deltamethrin. Screening using CDC bottle bioassays will continue, and efforts will be made to determine the operational impact of the assay results on military installation mosquito control programs.
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Lee DE, Shin J, Kim YH, Choi KS, Choe H, Lee KP, Lee SH, Kim JH. Inference of selection pressures that drive insecticide resistance in Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes in Korea. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:105520. [PMID: 37532334 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are primarily used for mosquito control in Korea. However, high frequencies of mutations conferring resistance to not only pyrethroids but also to other insecticides have been found in mosquito populations. This study aimed to examine the hypothesis that insecticides used outside of public health may play a role in selection. Briefly, the resistance mutation frequencies to three insecticide groups (pyrethroids, organophosphates, and cyclodienes) were estimated in two representative groups of mosquito species (Anopheles Hyrcanus Group and Culex pipiens complex). The relationship between these frequencies and the land-use status of the collection sites was investigated through multiple regression analysis. In the Anopheles Hyrcanus Group, the frequencies of both ace1 (organophosphate resistance) and rdl (cyclodiene resistance) mutations were positively correlated with 'proximity to golf course', possibly be due to the insecticides used for turf maintenance. They also showed positive correlations with field area and rice paddy area, respectively, suggesting the role of agricultural insecticides in the selection of these resistance traits. For the Cx. pipiens complex, the kdr (pyrethroid resistance), ace1, and rdl mutations were positively correlated with the residential area, field, and rice paddy, respectively. Therefore, pyrethroids used for public health could serve as a direct source of resistance selection pressure against kdr, whereas non-public health insecticides may pose primary selection pressure against the ace1 and rdl traits. The current findings suggest that the insecticides used in agriculture and the golf industry play a significant role in mosquito selection, despite variations in the extent of indirect selection pressure according to the mosquito groups and insecticide classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Eun Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeewoo Shin
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Entomology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Shik Choi
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyeong Choe
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pum Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Lee DE, Kim HC, Chong ST, Klein TA, Kim JH, Lee SH. Prediction of species composition ratios in pooled specimens of the Anopheles Hyrcanus group using quantitative sequencing. Malar J 2021; 20:338. [PMID: 34362388 PMCID: PMC8349024 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03868-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax is transmitted by members of the Anopheles Hyrcanus Group that includes six species in the Republic of Korea: Anopheles sinensis sensu stricto (s.s.), Anopheles pullus, Anopheles kleini, Anopheles belenrae, Anopheles lesteri, and Anopheles sineroides. Individual Anopheles species within the Hyrcanus Group demonstrate differences in their geographical distributions, vector competence and insecticide resistance, making it crucial for accurate species identification. Conventional species identification conducted using individual genotyping (or barcoding) based on species-specific molecular markers requires extensive time commitment and financial resources. Results A population-based quantitative sequencing (QS) protocol developed in this study provided a rapid estimate of species composition ratios among pooled mosquitoes as a cost-effective alternative to individual genotyping. This can be accomplished by using species- or group-specific nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) and the ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region as species identification alleles in a two-step prediction protocol. Standard genomic DNA fragments of COI and ITS2 genes were amplified from each Anopheles species using group-specific universal primer sets. Following sequencing of the COI or ITS2 amplicons generated from sets of standard DNA mixtures, equations were generated via linear regression to predict species-specific nucleotide sequence frequencies at different positions. Species composition ratios between An. sineroides, An. pullus and An. lesteri were estimated from QS of the COI amplicons based on the mC.260A, mC.122C and mC.525C alleles at the first step, followed by the prediction of species composition ratios between An. sinensis, An. kleini and An. belenrae based on QS of the ITS2 amplicons using the rI.370G and rI.389T alleles. The COI copy number was not significantly different between species, suggesting the reliability of COI-based prediction. In contrast, ITS2 showed a slightly but significantly higher copy number in An. belenrae, requiring an adjustment of its predicted composition ratio. A blind test proved that predicted species composition ratios either from pooled DNA specimens or pooled mosquito specimens were not statistically different from the actual values, demonstrating that the QS-based prediction is accurate and reliable. Conclusions This two-step prediction protocol will facilitate rapid estimation of the species composition ratios in field-collected Anopheles Hyrcanus Group populations and is particularly useful for studying the vector ecology of Anopheles population and epidemiology of malaria. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03868-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Eun Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Unit 15281, APO, 96271-5281, AP, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Unit 15281, APO, 96271-5281, AP, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Unit 15281, APO, 96271-5281, AP, USA
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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