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Lee SH, Chong ST, Kim HC, Klein TA, Park K, Lee J, Kim JA, Kim WK, Song JW. Surveillance and Molecular Identification of Borrelia Species in Ticks Collected at U.S. Army Garrison Humphreys, Republic of Korea, 2018-2019. J Med Entomol 2022; 59:363-371. [PMID: 34642760 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens are contributing factors for the increased incidence of vector-borne diseases throughout the world, including Lyme borreliosis, one of the most prevalent spirochetes belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato group. The present study focused on the detection of Borrelia species from hard ticks collected at U.S. Army Garrison Humphreys, Republic of Korea (ROK), using molecular and genotypic analyses. Tick-borne disease surveillance was conducted from January to December, 2018-2019. A total of 24,281 ticks (2 genera and 5 species) were collected from road-killed Korean Water deer (KWD) and by tick drag. Haemaphysalis longicornis (92.0%) was the most commonly collected species, followed by Haemaphysalis flava (4.9%), Ixodes nipponensis (3.1%), Haemaphysalis phasiana (0.07%), and Haemaphysalis japonica (<0.01%). The ospA gene sequences of Borrelia afzelii were detected in 12/529 pools of I. nipponensis. Three and one pools were positive for B. afzelii and Borrelia miyamotoi, respectively, using the 16s rRNA gene. None of the pools of Haemaphysalis ticks collected from KWD or by tick drag were positive for Borrelia species. I. nipponensis was collected throughout the year from KWD and from February to November by tick drag, suggesting that they were active throughout the year, and expanding the risk period for acquiring Lyme borreliosis and Borrelia relapsing fever in the ROK. This study assessed disease risk factors associated with the prevalence of Lyme disease in ticks collected from KWD and by tick drag using molecular analysis. These results provide an understanding and awareness into the prevalence and molecular characteristics of Borrelia species in the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ho Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281 (Pyeongtaek, Republic of Korea), APO, AP, USA
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281 (Pyeongtaek, Republic of Korea), APO, AP, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281 (Pyeongtaek, Republic of Korea), APO, AP, USA
| | - Kyungmin Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingyeong Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ah Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of High-risk Pathogens, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Keun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Pérez-Sautu U, Wiley MR, Prieto K, Chitty JA, Haddow AD, Sánchez-Lockhart M, Klein TA, Kim HC, Chong ST, Kim YJ, Choi BS, Palacios GF. Novel viruses in hard ticks collected in the Republic of Korea unveiled by metagenomic high-throughput sequencing analysis. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101820. [PMID: 34555711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are vectors of a wide range of zoonotic viruses of medical and veterinary importance. Recently, metagenomics studies demonstrated that they are also the source of potentially pathogenic novel viruses. During the period from 2015 to 2017, questing ticks were collected by dragging the vegetation from geographically distant locations in the Republic of Korea (ROK) and a target-independent high-throughput sequencing method was utilized to study their virome. A total of seven viruses, including six putative novel viral entities, were identified. Genomic analysis showed that the novel viruses were most closely related to members in the orders Jingchuvirales and Bunyavirales. Phylogenetic reconstruction showed that the Bunyavirales-like viruses grouped in the same clade with other viruses within the Nairovirus and Phlebovirus genera, while the novel Jingchuvirales-like virus grouped together with other viruses within the family Chuviridae. Real-time RT-PCR was used to determine the geographic distribution and prevalence of these viruses in adult ticks. These novel viruses have a wide geographic distribution in the ROK with prevalences ranging from 2% to 18%. Our study expands the knowledge about the composition of the tick virome and highlights the wide diversity of viruses they harbor in the ROK. The discovery of novel viruses associated with ticks in the ROK highlights the need for an active tick-borne disease surveillance program to identify possible reservoirs of putative novel human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unai Pérez-Sautu
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, 21702, Maryland, USA.
| | - Michael R Wiley
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, 21702, Maryland, USA; College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68198, Nebraska, USA
| | - Karla Prieto
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, 21702, Maryland, USA; College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68198, Nebraska, USA
| | - Joseph A Chitty
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, 21702, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew D Haddow
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, 21702, Maryland, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, 30144, Georgia, USA
| | - Mariano Sánchez-Lockhart
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, 21702, Maryland, USA; Department of Pathology & Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, 68198, Nebraska, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea /65(th) Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271, USA
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea /65(th) Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea /65(th) Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Army Headquarters, Gyeryong-si, 32800, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Gustavo F Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, 21702, Maryland, USA
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Lee DE, Kim HC, Chong ST, Klein TA, Kim JH, Lee SH. Prediction of species composition ratios in pooled specimens of the Anopheles Hyrcanus group using quantitative sequencing. Malar J 2021; 20:338. [PMID: 34362388 PMCID: PMC8349024 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03868-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax is transmitted by members of the Anopheles Hyrcanus Group that includes six species in the Republic of Korea: Anopheles sinensis sensu stricto (s.s.), Anopheles pullus, Anopheles kleini, Anopheles belenrae, Anopheles lesteri, and Anopheles sineroides. Individual Anopheles species within the Hyrcanus Group demonstrate differences in their geographical distributions, vector competence and insecticide resistance, making it crucial for accurate species identification. Conventional species identification conducted using individual genotyping (or barcoding) based on species-specific molecular markers requires extensive time commitment and financial resources. Results A population-based quantitative sequencing (QS) protocol developed in this study provided a rapid estimate of species composition ratios among pooled mosquitoes as a cost-effective alternative to individual genotyping. This can be accomplished by using species- or group-specific nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) and the ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region as species identification alleles in a two-step prediction protocol. Standard genomic DNA fragments of COI and ITS2 genes were amplified from each Anopheles species using group-specific universal primer sets. Following sequencing of the COI or ITS2 amplicons generated from sets of standard DNA mixtures, equations were generated via linear regression to predict species-specific nucleotide sequence frequencies at different positions. Species composition ratios between An. sineroides, An. pullus and An. lesteri were estimated from QS of the COI amplicons based on the mC.260A, mC.122C and mC.525C alleles at the first step, followed by the prediction of species composition ratios between An. sinensis, An. kleini and An. belenrae based on QS of the ITS2 amplicons using the rI.370G and rI.389T alleles. The COI copy number was not significantly different between species, suggesting the reliability of COI-based prediction. In contrast, ITS2 showed a slightly but significantly higher copy number in An. belenrae, requiring an adjustment of its predicted composition ratio. A blind test proved that predicted species composition ratios either from pooled DNA specimens or pooled mosquito specimens were not statistically different from the actual values, demonstrating that the QS-based prediction is accurate and reliable. Conclusions This two-step prediction protocol will facilitate rapid estimation of the species composition ratios in field-collected Anopheles Hyrcanus Group populations and is particularly useful for studying the vector ecology of Anopheles population and epidemiology of malaria. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03868-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Eun Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Unit 15281, APO, 96271-5281, AP, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Unit 15281, APO, 96271-5281, AP, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Unit 15281, APO, 96271-5281, AP, USA
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Kim MS, Kim HC, Bellis GA, Chong ST, Kim HS, Klein TA. Seasonal Abundance of Culicoides at Yongsan US Army Garrison (USAG) and Camp Humphreys USAG, Republic of Korea, 2010-2013 and 2014-2017. Korean J Parasitol 2021; 59:273-280. [PMID: 34218599 PMCID: PMC8255496 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Biting midges (Culicoides: Ceratopogonidae) were collected using New Jersey light traps at Yongsan US Army Garrison (USAG;urban), Seoul Metropolitan city and Camp Humphreys USAG (rural), Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi-do (province), Republic of Korea, from May-October 2010–2013 and 2015–2017, to determine species composition and seasonal distribution patterns in urban and rural habitats. A total of 9,958 female (53.85%) and 8,533 male (46.15%) Culicoides comprising 16 species were collected. Overall, the most commonly collected species was Culicoides arakawae (74.3%), followed by C. circumscriptus (16.2%), C. kibunensis (2.5%), C. nasuensis (2.2%), C. clavipalpis (1.4%), and C. pallidulus (1.3%), while the remaining 10 species accounted for <2.1% of all Culicoides spp. collected. The 2 predominant species collected were C. circumscriptus (47.4%) and C. arakawae (33.4%) at Yongsan, and C. arakawae (90.4%) and C. circumscriptus (3.9%) at Camp Humphreys. The seasonal abundance of these 2 species varied between years and between sites but on average peaked in August–September for C. arakawae and June–July for C. circumscriptus. Annual variations in abundance were observed for most species collected during this study. Unusually high proportions of male specimens were observed for most species at both sites which may be due to the use of the New Jersey trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Soon Kim
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Heung Chul Kim
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Glenn A Bellis
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Hyo-Sung Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96271-5247, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
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Kim HC, Jiang J, Hang J, Kim SY, Yun SM, Park CU, Kim M, Chong ST, Farris CM, Richards AL, Klein TA. Detection of Rickettsia lusitaniae Among Ornithodoros sawaii Soft Ticks Collected From Japanese Murrelet Seabird Nest Material From Gugul Island, Republic of Korea. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:1376-1383. [PMID: 33615347 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In a follow-up to the investigations of soft ticks identified from seabird nest soil and litter collected from coastal islands of the Republic of Korea (ROK), Ornithodoros sawaii and Ornithodoros capensis were assessed for the presence and identification of rickettsiae. Ticks collected from samples of 50-100 g of nest litter and soil from seabird nests were identified individually by morphological techniques, and species confirmed by sequencing of the mt-rrs gene. Subsequently, tick DNA preparations were screened for the presence of rickettsiae using a genus-specific nested PCR (nPCR) assay targeting the 17 kDa antigen gene. The amplicons from the 17 kDa assay and two additional nPCR assays targeting the gltA and ompB gene fragments were sequenced and used to identify the rickettsiae. A total of 134 soft ticks belonging to two species, O. sawaii Kitaoka & Suzuki 1973 (n = 125) and O. capensis Neumann 1901 (n = 9), were collected. Rickettsia lusitaniae DNA was detected and identified among O. sawaii ticks (n = 11, 8.8%) collected from nest litter and soil of the Japanese murrelet (Synthliboramphus wumizusume Temminck 1836) at Gugul Island along the western coastal area of the ROK. This study confirmed for the first time the presence of R. lusitaniae associated with O. sawaii collected from migratory seabird nests in the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung-Chul Kim
- Force Health Protection & Preventive Medicine, US Army Medical Activity-Korea, Unit #15281, APO AP, USA
| | - Ju Jiang
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jun Hang
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Su Yeon Kim
- Pathogen Resource Management TF, National Research Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk Province, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Min Yun
- Division of Arboviruses, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk Province, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Uk Park
- Migratory Birds Research Center, Korea National Park Research Institute, Korea National Park Service, Shinan-gun, Jeonnam Province, Republic of Korea
| | - Miran Kim
- Migratory Birds Research Center, Korea National Park Research Institute, Korea National Park Service, Shinan-gun, Jeonnam Province, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- Force Health Protection & Preventive Medicine, US Army Medical Activity-Korea, Unit #15281, APO AP, USA
| | - Christina M Farris
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Allen L Richards
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection & Preventive Medicine, US Army Medical Activity-Korea, Unit #15281, APO AP, USA
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St John HK, Masuoka P, Jiang J, Takhampunya R, Klein TA, Kim HC, Chong ST, Song JW, Kim YJ, Farris CM, Richards AL. Geographic distribution and modeling of ticks in the Republic of Korea and the application of tick models towards understanding the distribution of associated pathogenic agents. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101686. [PMID: 33667830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Encounters with ticks harboring pathogenic agents have demonstrated increasing public health implications. Tick surveillance in the Republic of Korea (ROK) is essential for determining tick distributions and the potential regions where tick-borne pathogens may be found. Extensive tick collections (tick drags and tick flagging) were previously performed by Force Health Protection & Preventive Medicine (FHP&PM), Medical Activity-Korea (MEDDAC-K)/65th Medical Brigade (MED BDE) personnel, in collaboration with the Public Health Activity-Korea in the ROK. A total of 144,131 ticks were collected from 2,019 locations during 2004 to 2016. The associated location data (GPS coordinates) for each of the collection sites were incorporated into distribution maps using ArcGIS and combined with environmental data in the Maxent ecological niche modeling program (n = 733 geographical unique locations from 1,429 presence records/collection locations) to produce estimates of tick distributions for each species. The predominant tick species found and modeled were, in order of prevalence: Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. flava, Ixodes nipponensis, H. phasiana, I. turdus, Amblyomma testudinarium, H. japonica, and I. persulcatus. Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. flava, and I. nipponensis were the most widely distributed and most commonly collected species of ticks. The maps and models of suitable habitat regions produced in this study provide a better understanding of where there are potential risks of encountering a particular tick species, and which, as demonstrated herein with rickettsiae, can be used to study tick-pathogen dynamics of diseases. Knowledge of the distribution of ticks is important in the ROK because of the presence of tick-borne diseases, such as severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, tick-borne encephalitis, rickettsioses, and borrelioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi K St John
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA; Henry Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA.
| | - Penny Masuoka
- Henry Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA; Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ju Jiang
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA; Henry Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Ratree Takhampunya
- Department of Entomology, United States Army Medical Directorate-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection & Preventive Medicine, MEDDAC-K/65(th) Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- Force Health Protection & Preventive Medicine, MEDDAC-K/65(th) Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- Force Health Protection & Preventive Medicine, MEDDAC-K/65(th) Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Armed Forces Medical Command, Seongnam, 13590, Republic of Korea
| | - Christina M Farris
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Allen L Richards
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA; Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics Department, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
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Seo HJ, Noh J, Kim HC, Chong ST, Klein TA, Park CU, Choi CY, Kwon YS, Kim M, Min S, Park Y, Yoo MS, Cho YS. Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Anaplasma and Borrelia Species in Ticks Collected from Migratory Birds at Heuksan, Hong, and Nan Islands, Republic of Korea. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 21:20-31. [PMID: 33202197 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The extended distribution and potential introduction of exotic ticks and associated tick-borne pathogens along the northern and southern routes of migratory birds pose zoonotic tick-borne disease risks to wild and domestic animals and incidentally to humans. A knowledge of bird migratory patterns, species of attached ticks, and associated pathogens during their migrations to and from their feeding and nesting grounds is central to understanding associated tick-borne disease risks. Tick-borne disease surveillance was conducted from 2010 to 2011 and 2016 at Hong-do (do = island), Heuksan-do, and Nan-do, major stopovers for migratory birds in Republic of Korea (ROK), as part of the Migratory Birds Research Center bird-banding program for studying bird migration patterns in the ROK. A total of 877 ticks belonging to three genera and nine species were collected, Ixodes turdus (576, 65.7%), Haemaphysalis flava (134, 15.3%), H. longicornis (91, 10.4%), I. nipponensis (56, 6.4%), H. formosensis (7, 0.8%), H. ornithophila (6, 0.7%), H. phasiana (5, 0.6%), H. concinna (1, 0.1%), and Amblyomma testudinarium (1, 0.1%) were collected from 274 birds belonging to 20 genera and 41 species. A total of 15/380 pools (3.95%) were positive for Borrelia species (14 pools of I. turdus and 1 pool of H. flava), while only 1/380 pools (0.26%) was positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum (1 pool of I. nipponensis). Our findings support the role of migratory birds as possible vectors for the introduction of tick-borne pathogens, which requires continuous monitoring for the potential introduction of ticks and their associated tick-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ji Seo
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Division, Parasitic and Honeybee Disease Laboratory, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyeong Noh
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Division, Parasitic and Honeybee Disease Laboratory, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- Unit 15281, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, APO, AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- Unit 15281, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, APO, AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Unit 15281, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, APO, AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Chang-Uk Park
- Migratory Bird Research Center, Korea National Park Research Institute, Korea National Park Service, Sinan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Yong Choi
- Migratory Bird Research Center, Korea National Park Research Institute, Korea National Park Service, Sinan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Kwon
- Migratory Bird Research Center, Korea National Park Research Institute, Korea National Park Service, Sinan, Republic of Korea
| | - Miran Kim
- Migratory Bird Research Center, Korea National Park Research Institute, Korea National Park Service, Sinan, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Min
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Division, Parasitic and Honeybee Disease Laboratory, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeojin Park
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Division, Parasitic and Honeybee Disease Laboratory, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Yoo
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Division, Parasitic and Honeybee Disease Laboratory, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sang Cho
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Division, Parasitic and Honeybee Disease Laboratory, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
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Hwang MJ, Kim HC, Klein TA, Chong ST, Sim K, Chung Y, Cheong HK. Comparison of climatic factors on mosquito abundance at US Army Garrison Humphreys, Republic of Korea. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240363. [PMID: 33085720 PMCID: PMC7577452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A number of studies have been conducted on the relationship between the distribution of mosquito abundance and meteorological variables. However, few studies have specifically provided specific ranges of temperatures for estimating the maximum abundance of mosquitoes as an empirical basis for climatic dynamics for estimating mosquito-borne infectious disease risks. Methods Adult mosquitoes were collected for three consecutive nights/week using Mosquito Magnet® Independence® model traps during 2018 and 2019 at US Army Garrison (USAG) Humphreys, Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea (ROK). An estimate of daily mean temperatures (provided by the Korea Meteorological Administration) were distributed at the maximum abundance for selected species of mosquitoes using daily mosquito collection data after controlling for mosquito ecological cycles and environmental factors. Results Using the Monte-Carlo simulation, the overall mosquito population abundance peaked at 22.7°C (2.5th—97.5th: 21.7°C–23.8°C). Aedes albopictus, vector of Zika, chikungunya, dengue fever and other viruses, abundance peaked at 24.6°C (2.5th–97.5th, 22.3°C–25.6°C), while Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vectors, e.g., Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex pipiens, peaked at 24.3°C (2.5th–97.5th: 21.9°C–26.3°C) and 22.6°C (2.5th–97.5th: 21.9°C–25.2°C), respectively. Members of the Anopheles Hyrcanus Group, some of which are vivax malaria vectors in the ROK, abundance peaked at 22.4°C (2.5th–97.5th: 21.5°C–23.8°C). Conclusion The empirical mean temperature ranges for maximum abundance were determined for each mosquito species collected at USAG Humphreys. These data contributed to the identification of relative mosquito abundance patterns for estimating mosquito-borne disease risks and developing and implementing disease prevention practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Jae Hwang
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, United States of America
| | - Terry A. Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, United States of America
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, United States of America
| | - Kisung Sim
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonseung Chung
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Kwan Cheong
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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9
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Perez-Sautu U, Gu SH, Caviness K, Song DH, Kim YJ, Paola ND, Lee D, Klein TA, Chitty JA, Nagle E, Kim HC, Chong ST, Beitzel B, Reyes DS, Finch C, Byrum R, Cooper K, Liang J, Kuhn JH, Zeng X, Kuehl KA, Coffin KM, Liu J, Oh HS, Seog W, Choi BS, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Palacios G, Jeong ST. A Model for the Production of Regulatory Grade Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Exposure Stocks: From Field Surveillance to Advanced Characterization of SFTSV. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090958. [PMID: 32872451 PMCID: PMC7552075 DOI: 10.3390/v12090958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is an emerging human pathogen, endemic in areas of China, Japan, and the Korea (KOR). It is primarily transmitted through infected ticks and can cause a severe hemorrhagic fever disease with case fatality rates as high as 30%. Despite its high virulence and increasing prevalence, molecular and functional studies in situ are scarce due to the limited availability of high-titer SFTSV exposure stocks. During the course of field virologic surveillance in 2017, we detected SFTSV in ticks and in a symptomatic soldier in a KOR Army training area. SFTSV was isolated from the ticks producing a high-titer viral exposure stock. Through the use of advanced genomic tools, we present here a complete, in-depth characterization of this viral stock, including a comparison with both the virus in its arthropod source and in the human case, and an in vivo study of its pathogenicity. Thanks to this detailed characterization, this SFTSV viral exposure stock constitutes a quality biological tool for the study of this viral agent and for the development of medical countermeasures, fulfilling the requirements of the main regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unai Perez-Sautu
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (U.P.-S.); (K.C.); (N.D.P.); (J.A.C.); (E.N.); (B.B.); (D.S.R.)
| | - Se Hun Gu
- The 4th Research & Development Institute, Agency for Defense Development (ADD), Daejeon 34186, Korea; (S.H.G.); (D.H.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Katie Caviness
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (U.P.-S.); (K.C.); (N.D.P.); (J.A.C.); (E.N.); (B.B.); (D.S.R.)
| | - Dong Hyun Song
- The 4th Research & Development Institute, Agency for Defense Development (ADD), Daejeon 34186, Korea; (S.H.G.); (D.H.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Army Headquarters, Gyeryong-si 32800, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (B.-S.C.)
| | - Nicholas Di Paola
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (U.P.-S.); (K.C.); (N.D.P.); (J.A.C.); (E.N.); (B.B.); (D.S.R.)
| | - Daesang Lee
- The 4th Research & Development Institute, Agency for Defense Development (ADD), Daejeon 34186, Korea; (S.H.G.); (D.H.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Terry A. Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271, USA; (T.A.K.); (H.-C.K.); (S.-T.C.)
| | - Joseph A. Chitty
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (U.P.-S.); (K.C.); (N.D.P.); (J.A.C.); (E.N.); (B.B.); (D.S.R.)
| | - Elyse Nagle
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (U.P.-S.); (K.C.); (N.D.P.); (J.A.C.); (E.N.); (B.B.); (D.S.R.)
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271, USA; (T.A.K.); (H.-C.K.); (S.-T.C.)
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271, USA; (T.A.K.); (H.-C.K.); (S.-T.C.)
| | - Brett Beitzel
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (U.P.-S.); (K.C.); (N.D.P.); (J.A.C.); (E.N.); (B.B.); (D.S.R.)
| | - Daniel S. Reyes
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (U.P.-S.); (K.C.); (N.D.P.); (J.A.C.); (E.N.); (B.B.); (D.S.R.)
| | - Courtney Finch
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.F.); (R.B.); (K.C.); (J.L.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Russ Byrum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.F.); (R.B.); (K.C.); (J.L.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Kurt Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.F.); (R.B.); (K.C.); (J.L.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Janie Liang
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.F.); (R.B.); (K.C.); (J.L.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.F.); (R.B.); (K.C.); (J.L.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.); (K.A.K.); (K.M.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Kathleen A. Kuehl
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.); (K.A.K.); (K.M.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Kayla M. Coffin
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.); (K.A.K.); (K.M.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Jun Liu
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.); (K.A.K.); (K.M.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Hong Sang Oh
- Armed Forces Medical Command, Seongnam-si 13590, Korea; (H.S.O.); (W.S.)
| | - Woong Seog
- Armed Forces Medical Command, Seongnam-si 13590, Korea; (H.S.O.); (W.S.)
| | - Byung-Sub Choi
- Army Headquarters, Gyeryong-si 32800, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (B.-S.C.)
| | - Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (U.P.-S.); (K.C.); (N.D.P.); (J.A.C.); (E.N.); (B.B.); (D.S.R.)
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Correspondence: (M.S.-L.); (G.P.); (S.T.J.)
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (U.P.-S.); (K.C.); (N.D.P.); (J.A.C.); (E.N.); (B.B.); (D.S.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.-L.); (G.P.); (S.T.J.)
| | - Seong Tae Jeong
- The 4th Research & Development Institute, Agency for Defense Development (ADD), Daejeon 34186, Korea; (S.H.G.); (D.H.S.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.-L.); (G.P.); (S.T.J.)
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10
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Cho S, Kim HC, Chong ST, Klein TA, Kwon DH, Lee SH, Kim JH. Monitoring of Pyrethroid Resistance Allele Frequency in the Common Bed Bug (Cimex lectularius) in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2020; 58:99-102. [PMID: 32145735 PMCID: PMC7066440 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two-point mutations (V419L and L925I) on the voltage-sensitive sodium channel of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) are known to confer pyrethroid resistance. To determine the status of pyrethroid resistance in bed bugs in Korea, resistance allele frequencies of bed bug strains collected from several US military installations in Korea and Mokpo, Jeollanam-do, from 2009–2019 were monitored using a quantitative sequencing. Most bed bugs were determined to have both of the point mutations except a few specimens, collected in 2009, 2012 and 2014, having only a single point mutation (L925I). No susceptible allele was observed in any of the bed bugs examined, suggesting that pyrethroid resistance in bed bug populations in Korea has reached a serious level. Large scale monitoring is required to increase our knowledge on the distribution and prevalence of pyrethroid resistance in bed bug populations in Korea. Based on present study, it is urgent to restrict the use of pyrethroids and to introduce effective alternative insecticides. A nation-wide monitoring program to determine the pyrethroid resistance level in bed bugs and to select alternative insecticides should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/ 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/ 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/ 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Deok Ho Kwon
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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11
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Lee DE, Kim HC, Chong ST, Klein TA, Choi KS, Kim YH, Kim JH, Lee SH. Regional and seasonal detection of resistance mutation frequencies in field populations of Anopheles Hyrcanus Group and Culex pipiens complex in Korea. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2020; 164:33-39. [PMID: 32284134 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid (PYR) and organophosphate (OP) insecticides have been extensively used for mosquito control for several decades in South Korea, and has resulted in the rapid development of resistance in the field. In this study, quantitative sequencing (QS) protocols were developed for the frequency prediction of insecticide resistance alleles [e.g., the L1014F/C mutation on the voltage sensitive sodium channel as a PYR resistance allele and the G119S mutation on the acetylcholinesterase 1 as OP resistance alleles] in four regional populations of Anopheles Hyrcanus Group and Culex pipiens complex. Both of the L1014F/C and G119S mutations were observed in all examined regional populations of An. Hyrcanus Group, suggesting a wide distribution of both PYR and OP resistance. In contrast, populations of the Cx. pipiens complex were determined to possess almost no G119S mutation, but relatively higher frequencies of the L1014F mutation, showing differential resistance patterns between different mosquito groups. The mutation frequencies were also monitored throughout a mosquito season (May-October) at one collection site to determine the seasonal changes of resistance mutation frequency in mosquito populations. Dramatic decreases of both L1014F/C and G119S mutation frequencies were observed in the An. Hyrcanus Group toward the fall, with no mutations observed in the early spring, suggesting a connection between the fitness costs of overwintering and insecticide resistance. However, no apparent trends were detectable in the Cx. pipiens complex populations due to low or zero mutation frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Eun Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea, 65th Medical Bridge, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea, 65th Medical Bridge, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea, 65th Medical Bridge, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Kwang Shik Choi
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Ecological Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Jiang J, Choi YJ, Kim J, Kim HC, Klein TA, Chong ST, Richards AL, Park HJ, Shin SH, Song D, Park KH, Jang WJ. Distribution of Rickettsia spp. in Ticks from Northwestern and Southwestern Provinces, Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2019; 57:161-166. [PMID: 31104408 PMCID: PMC6526208 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was done to characterize distribution of Rickettsia spp. in ticks in the northwestern and southwestern provinces in the Republic of Korea. A total of 2,814 ticks were collected between May and September 2009. After pooling, 284 tick DNA samples were screened for a gene of Rickettsia-specific 17-kDa protein using nested PCR (nPCR), and produced 88 nPCR positive samples. Of these positives, 75% contained 190-kDa outer membrane protein gene (ompA), 50% 120-kDa outer membrane protein gene (ompB), and 64.7% gene D (sca4). The nPCR products of ompA, ompB, and sca4 genes revealed close relatedness to Rickettsia japonica, R. heilongjiangensis, and R. monacensis. Most Rickettsia species were detected in Haemaphysalis longicornis. This tick was found a dominant vector of rickettsiae in the study regions in the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Jiang
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500, USA
| | - Yeon-Joo Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jeoungyeon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Allen L Richards
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500, USA
| | - Hye-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Dayoung Song
- Department of Microbiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Park
- Department of Microbiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Won-Jong Jang
- Department of Microbiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea
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13
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Jiang J, An H, Lee JS, O’Guinn ML, Kim HC, Chong ST, Zhang Y, Song D, Burrus RG, Bao Y, Klein TA, Richards AL. Molecular characterization of Haemaphysalis longicornis-borne rickettsiae, Republic of Korea and China. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:1606-1613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Kim HC, Kim WK, No JS, Lee SH, Gu SH, Chong ST, Klein TA, Song JW. Urban Rodent Surveillance, Climatic Association, and Genomic Characterization of Seoul Virus Collected at U.S. Army Garrison, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 2006-2010. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:470-476. [PMID: 29869603 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent-borne pathogens pose a critical public health threat in urban areas. An epidemiological survey of urban rodents was conducted from 2006 to 2010 at the U.S. Army Garrison (USAG), Seoul, Republic of Korea (ROK), to determine the prevalence of Seoul virus (SEOV), a rodent-borne hantavirus. A total of 1,950 rodents were captured at USAG, Yongsan, near/in 19.4% (234/1,206) of the numbered buildings. Annual mean rodent infestation rates were the highest for food service facilities, e.g., the Dragon Hill Lodge complex (38.0 rodents) and the Hartell House (18.8 rodents). The brown rat, Rattus norvegicus, accounted for 99.4% (1,939/1,950) of all the rodents captured in the urban area, whereas only 0.6% (11/1,950) of the rodents was house mice (Mus musculus). In November 2006, higher numbers of rats captured were likely associated with climatic factors, e.g., rainfall and temperatures as rats sought harborage in and around buildings. Only 4.7% (34/718) of the rodents assayed for hantaviruses was serologically positive for SEOV. A total of 8.8% (3/34) R. norvegicus were positive for SEOV RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, of which two SEOV strains were completely sequenced and characterized. The 3' and 5' terminal sequences revealed incomplete complementary genomic configuration. Seoul virus strains Rn10-134 and Rn10-145 formed a monophyletic lineage with the prototype SEOV strain 80-39. Seoul virus Medium segment showed the highest evolutionary rates compared with the Large and Small segments. In conclusion, this report provides significant insights into continued rodent-borne disease surveillance programs that identify hantaviruses for analysis of disease risk assessments and development of mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung-Chul Kim
- Medical Command Activity-Korea, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281
| | - Won-Keun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sun No
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hun Gu
- 5th R&D Institute, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- Medical Command Activity-Korea, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281
| | - Terry A Klein
- Medical Command Activity-Korea, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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15
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Maina AN, Klein TA, Kim HC, Chong ST, Yang Y, Mullins K, Jiang J, St. John H, Jarman RG, Hang J, Richards AL. Molecular characterization of novel mosquito-borne Rickettsia spp. from mosquitoes collected at the Demilitarized Zone of the Republic of Korea. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188327. [PMID: 29155880 PMCID: PMC5695765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rickettsiae are associated with a diverse range of invertebrate hosts. Of these, mosquitoes could emerge as one of the most important vectors because of their ability to transmit significant numbers of pathogens and parasites throughout the world. Recent studies have implicated Anopheles gambiae as a potential vector of Rickettsia felis. Herein we report that a metagenome sequencing study identified rickettsial sequence reads in culicine mosquitoes from the Republic of Korea. The detected rickettsiae were characterized by a genus-specific quantitative real-time PCR assay and sequencing of rrs, gltA, 17kDa, ompB, and sca4 genes. Three novel rickettsial genotypes were detected (Rickettsia sp. A12.2646, Rickettsia sp. A12.2638 and Rickettsia sp. A12.3271), from Mansonia uniformis, Culex pipiens, and Aedes esoensis, respectively. The results underscore the need to determine the Rickettsia species diversity associated with mosquitoes, their evolution, distribution and pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice N. Maina
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Terry A. Klein
- 65 Medical Brigade, Medical Department Activity-Korea, Unit 15281, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- 65 Medical Brigade, Medical Department Activity-Korea, Unit 15247, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- 65 Medical Brigade, Medical Department Activity-Korea, Unit 15247, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yu Yang
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristin Mullins
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ju Jiang
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heidi St. John
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard G. Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jun Hang
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Allen L. Richards
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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Takhampunya R, Kim HC, Chong ST, Korkusol A, Tippayachai B, Davidson SA, Petersen JM, Klein TA. Francisella-Like Endosymbiont Detected in Haemaphysalis Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) From the Republic of Korea. J Med Entomol 2017; 54:1735-1742. [PMID: 28981682 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A total of 6,255 ticks belonging to three genera and six species (Haemaphysalis flava Neumann, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, Haemaphysalis phasiana Saito, Ixodes nipponensis Kitaoka & Saito, Ixodes persulcatus Schulze, and Amblyomma testudinarium Koch) collected from May-August, 2013, at four southwestern provinces in the Republic of Korea (ROK) were submitted to the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences and assayed for selected tick-borne pathogens. One pool each of H. flava and H. phasiana was positive by PCR and sequencing for a Francisella-like endosymbiont, while all pools were negative for Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratree Takhampunya
- Diagnostic and Reemerging Disease Section, Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment/Medical Department Activity-Korea, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- 5th Medical Detachment/Medical Department Activity-Korea, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
| | - Achareeya Korkusol
- Diagnostic and Reemerging Disease Section, Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Bousaraporn Tippayachai
- Diagnostic and Reemerging Disease Section, Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Silas A Davidson
- Diagnostic and Reemerging Disease Section, Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jeannine M Petersen
- Diagnostic and Reference Laboratory, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Terry A Klein
- Medical Department Activity-Korea, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96205-5281, USA
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Chae JB, Kang JG, Kim HC, Chong ST, Lee IY, Shin NS, Chae JS. Identification of Tick Species Collected from Wild Boars and Habitats of Wild Boars and Domestic Pigs in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2017; 55:185-191. [PMID: 28506041 PMCID: PMC5450961 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Tick is one of the most important arthropods in the transmission of vector-borne diseases. In this study, we investigated the abundance and species of ticks associated with swine and their habitats to assess the risk of spread of tick-borne diseases in host species, such as wild boars. Ticks were collected from 24 grazing or traditionally reared domestic pig farms and 8 habitats of wild boars in 8 provinces and 1 city in the Republic of Korea, by using the dragging and flagging methods. Ticks were also collected directly from 49 wild boars by using fine forceps. A total of 9,846 hard ticks were collected, including 4,977 Haemaphysalis longicornis, 4,313 Haemaphysalis flava, 508 Ixodes nipponensis, 1 Ixodes turdus, and 47 Amblyomma testudinarium. A total of 240 hard ticks were collected from 49 wild boars, including 109 H. flava, 84 H. longicornis, and 47 A. testudinarium. A total of 578 hard ticks were collected from areas around domestic pig farms. Only 2 hard tick species, 546 H. longicornis and 32 H. flava, were collected from these areas. A total of 9,028 hard ticks were collected from wild boars of 8 habitats, including 4,347 H. longicornis, 4,172 H. flava, 508 I. nipponensis, and 1 I. turdus. A. testudinarium was collected only from wild boars, and I. nipponensis and I. turdus were collected only from the habitats of wild boars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Byoung Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 Plus Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jun-Gu Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 Plus Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
| | - In-Yong Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Nam-Shik Shin
- Laboratory of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Joon-Seok Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 Plus Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Kim HC, Kim WK, Klein TA, Chong ST, Nunn PV, Kim JA, Lee SH, No JS, Song JW. Hantavirus surveillance and genetic diversity targeting small mammals at Camp Humphreys, a US military installation and new expansion site, Republic of Korea. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176514. [PMID: 28448595 PMCID: PMC5407799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Small mammal surveillance was conducted (2008-2010, 2012) at Camp (Cp) Humphreys, a US Army installation and new expansion site, Republic of Korea (ROK), to identify hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome health threats to US military/civilian populations during its ongoing expansion phase. Small mammals were collected using Sherman live capture traps and transported to Korea University where they were euthanized, tissues removed, and assayed to determine hantavirus IgG antibody-positive and hantavirus-positive rates by RT-PCR. A total of 2,364 small mammals were captured over 11,300 trap nights (capture rate = 20.92%). Apodemus agrarius was the most commonly collected (76.65%), with capture rates of 9.62% and 21.70% for Cp Humphreys and the expansion site, respectively. Overall, Hantaan virus (HTNV) IgG antibody-positive (Ab+) rate for A. agrarius was 2.15% (39/1,812). A total of 5.43% (10/184) Crocidura lasiura, 0.79% (2/254) Microtus fortis and 2.44% (1/41) Micromys minutus were serologically IgG Ab+ for hantaviruses. HTNV-specific RT-PCR demonstrated that 28.2% (11/39) HTNV Ab+ A. agrarius harbored the 328-nt sequence of the GC glycoprotein-encoding M segment of HTNV. Among them, the whole genome sequences of 3 HTNV strains were obtained by conventional RT-PCR and Rapid Amplification cDNA Ends PCR. Phylogenetic analyses of the HTNV strains from Cp Humphreys and the expansion site, Pyeongtaek, show a greater diversity of rodent-borne hantaviruses compared to HTNV previously identified in Gyeonggi province of the ROK. Thus, this study provides significant insights for raising HFRS threat awareness, analysis, and risk reduction strategies in southern Gyeonggi province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung-Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, United States of America
| | - Won-Keun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Terry A. Klein
- MEDDAC-Korea, 65th Medical Brigade, United States of America
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, United States of America
| | - Peter V. Nunn
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, United States of America
| | - Jeong-Ah Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sun No
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Noh Y, Lee YS, Kim HC, Chong ST, Klein TA, Jiang J, Richards AL, Lee HK, Kim SY. Molecular detection of Rickettsia species in ticks collected from the southwestern provinces of the Republic of Korea. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:20. [PMID: 28069059 PMCID: PMC5223493 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1955-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rickettsiae constitute a group of arthropod-borne, Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria that are the causative agents of diseases ranging from mild to life threatening that impact on medical and veterinary health worldwide. Methods A total of 6,484 ticks were collected by tick drag from June-October 2013 in the southwestern provinces of the Republic of Korea (ROK) (Jeollanam, n = 3,995; Jeollabuk, n = 680; Chungcheongnam, n = 1,478; and Chungcheongbuk, n = 331). Ticks were sorted into 311 pools according to species, collection site, and stage of development. DNA preparations of tick pools were assayed for rickettsiae by 17 kDa antigen gene and ompA nested PCR (nPCR) assays and the resulting amplicons sequenced to determine the identity and prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR). Results Haemaphysalis longicornis (4,471; 52 adults, 123 nymphs and 4,296 larvae) were the most commonly collected ticks, followed by Haemaphysalis flava (1,582; 28 adults, 263 nymphs and 1,291 larvae), and Ixodes nipponensis (431; 25 adults, 5 nymphs and 401 larvae). The minimum field infection rate/100 ticks (assuming 1 positive tick/pool) was 0.93% for the 17 kDa antigen gene and 0.82% for the ompA nPCR assays. The partial 17 kDa antigen and ompA gene sequences from positive pools of H. longicornis were similar to: Rickettsia sp. HI550 (99.4–100%), Rickettsia sp. FUJ98 (99.3–100%), Rickettsia sp. HIR/D91 (99.3–100%), and R. japonica (99.7%). One sequence of the partial 17 kDa antigen gene for H. flava was similar to Rickettsia sp. 17kd-005 (99.7%), while seven sequences of the 17 kDa antigen gene obtained from I. nipponensis ticks were similar to R. monacensis IrR/Munich (98.7–100%) and Rickettsia sp. IRS3 (98.9%). Conclusions SFG rickettsiae were detected in three species of ixodid ticks collected in the southwestern provinces of the ROK during 2013. A number of rickettsiae have been recently reported from ticks in Korea, some of which were identified as medically important. Results from this study and previous reports demonstrate the need to conduct longitudinal investigations to identify tick-borne rickettsiae and better understand their geographical distributions and potential impact on medical and veterinary health, in addition to risk communication and development of rickettsial disease prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoontae Noh
- Division of Zoonoses, National Institute of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Seon Lee
- Division of Zoonoses, National Institute of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, Yongsan US Army Garrison, Seoul, APO AP 96205-5247, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, Yongsan US Army Garrison, Seoul, APO AP 96205-5247, Republic of Korea
| | - Terry A Klein
- Public Health Command District-Korea, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, Yongsan US Army Garrison, Seoul, APO AP 96205-5281, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Jiang
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Allen L Richards
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Hae Kyeong Lee
- Division of Zoonoses, National Institute of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Yeon Kim
- Division of Zoonoses, National Institute of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
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Rueda LM, Kim HC, Chong ST, Klein TA, Debboun M. Biosurveillance and morphological variations of larvae and pupae of common malaria vectors, Anopheles (Anopheles) Hyrcanus group species in the Republic of Korea. US Army Med Dep J 2017:47-54. [PMID: 28511273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A total of 4,576 Anopheles (Anopheles) Hyrcanus Group larvae belonging to 6 species (An. belenrae, An. kleini, An. sinensis, An. pullus, An. lesteri, and An. sineroides) were collected from 7 different habitat types in 3 provinces of the Republic of Korea. The occurrence and relative abundance of 6 Anopheles species were noted. The descriptions in the article of the waxy body ornamentations or patterns of An. (Ano.) Hyrcanus Group larvae and pupae may be useful for rapid field species identification when conducting larval mosquito surveillance.
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Kim HC, Takhampunya R, Tippayachai B, Chong ST, Park JY, Kim MS, Seo HJ, Yeh JY, Lee WJ, Lee DK, Klein TA. Japanese encephalitis virus in culicine mosquitoes (Diptera: culicidae) of the republic of Korea, 2008-2010. Mil Med 2016; 180:158-67. [PMID: 25643383 DOI: 10.7205/milmed-d-14-00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 150,805 culicine female mosquitoes were captured by Mosquito Magnet, black light, and New Jersey light traps, and at resting collections in the Republic of Korea from 2008 to 2010 as part of the U.S. Forces Korea malaria and Japanese surveillance programs. Mosquitoes were identified and culicine mosquitoes placed in pools of up to 30 mosquitoes each, by species and date of collection, and screened for flaviviruses using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. A total of 98/6,845 (1.4%) pools were positive by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). A total of 92/2,031 (4.5%) pools of Culex tritaeniorhynchus were positive for JEV and accounted for 93.9% (92/98) of all JEV positive pools. A total of 4/804 (0.5%) and 2/175 (1.1%) pools of C. pipiens and C. bitaeniorhynchus, respectively, were positive for JEV. The JEV maximum likelihood estimations (estimated number of viral RNA positive mosquitoes per 1,000) for C. tritaeniorhynchus, C. bitaeniorhynchus, and C. pipiens were 1.71, 1.02, and 0.36 respectively. JEV is a severe health threat for local populations and of significant concern for nonimmune (unvaccinated) U.S. soldiers, civilians, and family members deployed to the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, Yongsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ratree Takhampunya
- Entomology Department, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Bousaraporn Tippayachai
- Entomology Department, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, Yongsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Yong Park
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang-ro 175, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi 430-824, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Soon Kim
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang-ro 175, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi 430-824, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Seo
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang-ro 175, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi 430-824, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yong Yeh
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, University of Incheon, 12-1 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-772, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ja Lee
- National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Health and Environment, Kosin University, Busan 606-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Terry A Klein
- Public Health Command Region-Pacific, Camp Zama, Japan
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22
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Yun SM, Lee YJ, Choi W, Kim HC, Chong ST, Chang KS, Coburn JM, Klein TA, Lee WJ. Molecular detection of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and tick-borne encephalitis viruses in ixodid ticks collected from vegetation, Republic of Korea, 2014. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:970-978. [PMID: 27211914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ticks play an important role in transmission of arboviruses responsible for emerging infectious diseases, and have a significant impact on human, veterinary, and wildlife health. In the Republic of Korea (ROK), little is known about information regarding the presence of tick-borne viruses and their vectors. A total of 21,158 ticks belonging to 3 genera and 6 species collected at 6 provinces and 4 metropolitan areas in the ROK from March to October 2014 were assayed for selected tick-borne pathogens. Haemaphysalis longicornis (n=17,570) was the most numerously collected, followed by Haemaphysalis flava (n=3317), Ixodes nipponensis (n=249), Amblyomma testudinarium (n=11), Haemaphysalis phasiana (n=8), and Ixodes turdus (n=3). Ticks were pooled (adults 1-5, nymphs 1-30, and larvae 1-50) and tested by one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or nested RT-PCR for the detection of severe fever with thrombocytopenia virus (SFTSV), tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Powassan virus (POWV), Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV), and Langat virus (LGTV). The overall maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) [estimated numbers of viral RNA positive ticks/1000 ticks] for SFTSV and TBEV was 0.95 and 0.43, respectively, while, all pools were negative for POWV, OHFV, and LGTV. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of SFTSV, TBEV, POWV, OHFV, and LGTV in ixodid ticks collected from vegetation in the ROK to aid our understanding of the epidemiology of tick-borne viral diseases. Results from this study emphasize the need for continuous tick-based arbovirus surveillance to monitor the emergence of tick-borne diseases in the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Min Yun
- Division of Arboviruses, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do (Province), 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Lee
- Division of Arboviruses, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do (Province), 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - WooYoung Choi
- Division of Arboviruses, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do (Province), 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP, 96205-5247, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP, 96205-5247, USA
| | - Kyu-Sik Chang
- Division of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do (Province), 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jordan M Coburn
- Carl R. Darnall Army Medical Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, 76022 Crockett Street, Ft Hood, TX 76544, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Public Health Command District-Korea (Provisional), 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP, 96205-5281, USA
| | - Won-Ja Lee
- Division of Arboviruses, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do (Province), 28159, Republic of Korea.
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Suh JH, Kim HC, Yun SM, Lim JW, Kim JH, Chong ST, Kim DH, Kim HT, Kim H, Klein TA, Johnson JL, Lee WJ. Detection of SFTS Virus in Ixodes nipponensis and Amblyomma testudinarium (Ixodida: Ixodidae) Collected From Reptiles in the Republic of Korea. J Med Entomol 2016; 53:584-590. [PMID: 26957392 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A survey of reptile-associated ticks and their infection status with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) virus was conducted to determine the relative abundance and distribution among lizards, skinks, and snakes in the Republic of Korea (ROK). In total, 132 reptiles, including 49 lizards (two species), 15 skinks (one species), and 68 snakes (eight species) were collected. In total, 84 ixodid ticks belonging to two genera (Ixodes and Amblyomma) were collected from 28/132 (21.2%) lizards, skinks, and snakes. Ixodes nipponensis Kitaoka & Saito was only collected from lizards and skinks, while Amblyomma testudinarium Koch was only collected from snakes. Takydromus wolteri had the highest tick index (0.7; total number ticks/total number collected hosts) among lizards and skinks, while Rhabdophis tigrinus had the highest tick index (2.2) among the snakes. Ixodes nipponensis larvae and nymphs accounted for 11.1% and 88.9%, respectively, of all ticks collected from lizards and skinks, while only A. testudinarium nymphs were collected from snakes. Nymphs of both species of ticks were collected from lizards and skinks from April to October, while I. nipponensis larvae were collected only from September to October. Ixodes nipponensis larvae and nymphs were preferentially attached to the lateral trunk (83.3%) and the foreleg axillae (16.7%) of lizards and skinks. SFTS virus was detected in both I. nipponensis and A. testudinarium collected from lizards and snakes. Phylogenetic analysis of SFTS viruses of ticks collected from two lizards and one snake demonstrated close relationships with SFTS virus strains observed from humans and ticks in the ROK, China, and Japan. These results implicate lizards and snakes as potential hosts of SFTS virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwa Suh
- Animal Research Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Gyoungseo-dong, Seo-gu, Inchoen 404-708, Republic of Korea (; ; )
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA (; ; )
| | - Seok-Min Yun
- Division of Arboviruses, Center for Immunology and Pathology, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea (; )
| | - Jae-Won Lim
- Animal Research Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Gyoungseo-dong, Seo-gu, Inchoen 404-708, Republic of Korea (; ; )
| | - Jin-Han Kim
- Animal Research Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Gyoungseo-dong, Seo-gu, Inchoen 404-708, Republic of Korea (; ; )
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA (; ; )
| | - Dae-Ho Kim
- Wildlife Institute of Korea, Gandong-myeon, Hwacheon-gun, Gangwon Province, 869-136, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Tae Kim
- Seosan High School, Haemi-myeon, Seosan-si, Chungcheongnam Province, 31960 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Environment, Jeongeup City Hall, Chungjeong-ro, Jeongup-si, Jeollabuk Province, 56180, Republic of Korea
| | - Terry A Klein
- Public Health Command District-Korea (Provisional); Address: 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96205-5281, USA , and
| | - Jaree L Johnson
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA (; ; )
| | - Won-Ja Lee
- Division of Arboviruses, Center for Immunology and Pathology, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea (; ),
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Kim HC, Choi CY, Kwon YS, Yun SM, Lee WJ, Chong ST, Robbins RG, Klein TA. Ornithodoros sawaii (Ixodida: Argasidae) Larvae Collected from Hydrobates monorhis on Sogugul and Gaerin Islands, Jeollanam-do (Province), Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2016; 54:233-8. [PMID: 27180585 PMCID: PMC4870979 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The 65th Medical Brigade and Public Health Command District-Korea, in collaboration with the Migratory Bird Research Center, National Park Research Institute, conducted migratory bird tick surveillance at Sogugul and Gaerin Islands (small rocky bird nesting sites), Jeollanam-do (Province), Republic of Korea (ROK), on 30 July and 1 August 2009. Breeding seabirds captured by hands in their nesting burrows were banded, identified to species, and carefully examined for ticks during the nesting season. A total of 9 Ornithodoros sawaii larvae were removed from 4 adult Hydrobates monorhis (Swinhoe's storm petrel). The identification of the larvae of O. sawaii collected from migratory seabirds were molecularly confirmed using mitochondrial 16S rDNA primer sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung-Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
| | - Chang-Yong Choi
- Migratory Bird Research Center, Korea National Park Research Institute, Korea National Park Service, Shinan, Jeollanam-do (Province) 58863, Korea.,Current Address: Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Young-Soo Kwon
- Migratory Bird Research Center, Korea National Park Research Institute, Korea National Park Service, Shinan, Jeollanam-do (Province) 58863, Korea
| | - Seok-Min Yun
- Division of Arboviruses, Center for Immunology and Pathology, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do (Province) 28159, Korea
| | - Won-Ja Lee
- Division of Arboviruses, Center for Immunology and Pathology, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do (Province) 28159, Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
| | - Richard G Robbins
- Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Installations and Environment, Building 172, U.S. Army Garrison Forest Glen, Silver Spring, MD 20910-1230, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Public Health Command District-Korea (Provisional), 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96205-5281, USA
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Oh SS, Chae JB, Kang JG, Kim HC, Chong ST, Shin JH, Hur MS, Suh JH, Oh MD, Jeong SM, Shin NS, Choi KS, Chae JS. Detection of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus from Wild Animals and Ixodidae Ticks in the Republic of Korea. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:408-14. [PMID: 27043361 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV), a novel bunyavirus reported to be endemic to central-northeastern China, southern Japan, and the Republic of Korea (ROK). To investigate SFTSV infections, we collected serum samples and ticks from wild animals. Using serum samples and ticks, SFTSV-specific genes were amplified by one-step RT-PCR and nested PCR and sequenced. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was performed to analyze virus-specific antibody levels in wild animals. Serum samples were collected from a total of 91 animals: 21 Korean water deer (KWD), 3 Siberian roe deer, 5 gorals, 7 raccoon dogs, 54 wild boars (WBs), and 1 carrion crow. The SFTSV infection rate in wild animals was 3.30% (3 of 91 animals: 1 KWD and 2 WBs). The seropositive rate was 6.59% (6 of 91 animals: 5 KWD and 1 WB). A total of 891 ticks (3 species) were collected from 65 wild animals (9 species). Of the attached tick species, Haemaphysalis longicornis (74.86%) was the most abundant, followed by Haemaphysalis flava (20.20%) and Ixodes nipponensis (4.94%). The average minimum infection rate (MIR) of SFTSV in ticks was 4.98%. The MIRs of H. longicornis, H. flava, and I. nipponensis were 4.51%, 2.22%, and 22.73%, respectively. The MIRs of larvae, nymphs, and adult ticks were 0.68%, 6.88%, and 5.53%, respectively. In addition, the MIRs of fed and unfed ticks were 4.67% and 4.96%, respectively. We detected a low SFTSV infection rate in wild animals, no differences in SFTSV infection rate with respect to bloodsucking in ticks, and SFTSV infection for all developmental stages of ticks. This is the first report describing the detection of SFTSV in wild animals in the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Suck Oh
- 1 Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Health and Environment , Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Byoung Chae
- 1 Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gu Kang
- 1 Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- 3 5th Medical Detachment , 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- 3 5th Medical Detachment , 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Shin
- 4 National Institute of Environmental Research , Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Suk Hur
- 4 National Institute of Environmental Research , Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hwa Suh
- 4 National Institute of Environmental Research , Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Don Oh
- 5 Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Myoung Jeong
- 6 Biological Diversity Division , Nature Conservation Bureau, Ministry of Environment, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Shik Shin
- 7 Laboratory of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- 8 Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University , Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Seok Chae
- 1 Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kang JG, Ko S, Kim HC, Chong ST, Klein TA, Chae JB, Jo YS, Choi KS, Yu DH, Park BK, Park J, Chae JS. Prevalence of Anaplasma and Bartonella spp. in Ticks Collected from Korean Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus). Korean J Parasitol 2016; 54:87-91. [PMID: 26951985 PMCID: PMC4792329 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Deer serve as reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens that impact on medical and veterinary health worldwide. In the Republic of Korea, the population of Korean water deer (KWD, Hydropotes inermis argyropus) has greatly increased from 1982 to 2011, in part, as a result of reforestation programs established following the Korean War when much of the land was barren of trees. Eighty seven Haemaphysalis flava, 228 Haemaphysalis longicornis, 8 Ixodes nipponensis, and 40 Ixodes persulcatus (21 larvae, 114 nymphs, and 228 adults) were collected from 27 out of 70 KWD. A total of 89/363 ticks (266 pools, 24.5% minimum infection rate) and 5 (1.4%) fed ticks were positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum using nested PCR targeting the 16S rRNA and groEL genes, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene fragment sequences of 88/89 (98.9%) of positive samples for A. phagocytophilum corresponded to previously described gene sequences from KWD spleen tissues. The 16S rRNA gene fragment sequences of 20/363 (5.5%) of the ticks were positive for A. bovis and were identical to previously reported sequences. Using the ITS specific nested PCR, 11/363 (3.0%) of the ticks were positive for Bartonella spp. This is the first report of Anaplasma and Bartonella spp. detected in ticks collected from KWD, suggesting that ticks are vectors of Anaplasma and Bartonella spp. between reservoir hosts in natural surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Gu Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sungjin Ko
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP96205-5247, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP96205-5247, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Public Health Command District-Korea, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96205-5281, USA
| | - Jeong-Byoung Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Jo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Do-Hyeon Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Bae-Keun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Joon-Seok Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Klein TA, Kim HC, Chong ST, Kim JA, Lee SY, Kim WK, Nunn PV, Song JW. Hantaan virus surveillance targeting small mammals at nightmare range, a high elevation military training area, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118483. [PMID: 25874643 PMCID: PMC4398386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent-borne disease surveillance was conducted at Nightmare Range (NM-R), near the demilitarized zone in northeast Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea, to identify hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) risks for a mountainous high-elevation (500 m) military training site. Monthly surveys were conducted from January 2008-December 2009. A total of 1,720 small mammals were captured belonging to the Orders Rodentia [Families, Sciuridae (1 species) and Muridae (7 species)] and Soricomorpha [Family, Soricidae (1species)]. Apodemus agrarius, the primary reservoir for Hantaan virus (HTNV), accounted for 89.9% (1,546) of all small mammals captured, followed by Myodes regulus (4.0%), Crocidura lasiura (3.9%), Micromys minutus (1.4%), Mus musculus (0.3%), Microtus fortis (0.2%), Apodemus peninsulae (0.2%), Tamias sibiricus (0.1%), and Rattus norvegicus (<0.1%). Three species were antibody-positive (Ab+) for hantaviruses: A. agrarius (8.2%), M. minutus (4.2%), and C. lasiura (1.5%). HTNV specific RNA was detected in 93/127 Ab+ A. agrarius, while Imjin virus specific RNA was detected in 1/1 Ab+ C. lasiura. Overall, hantavirus Ab+ rates for A. agrarius increased with weight (age) and were significantly higher among males (10.9%) than females (5.1%) (P<0.0001). High A. agrarius gravid rates during the fall (August-September) were associated with peak numbers of HFRS cases in Korea that followed high gravid rates. From 79 RT-PCR positive A. agrarius, 12 HTNV RNA samples were sequenced and compared phylogenetically based on a 320 nt sequence from the GC glycoprotein-encoding M segment. These results demonstrate that the HTNV isolates from NM-R are distinctly separated from HTNV isolated from the People’s Republic of China. These studies provide for improved disease risk assessments that identify military activities, rodent HTNV rates, and other factors associated with the transmission of hantaviruses during field training exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry A. Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, 65th Medical Brigade/US Army MEDDAC-Korea, Unit 15281, APO AP 96205–528, United States of America
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168 Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205–5247, United States of America
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168 Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205–5247, United States of America
| | - Jeong-Ah Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science & Food Safety, Korea University, 126–1, 5-ga, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136–705, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science & Food Safety, Korea University, 126–1, 5-ga, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136–705, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Keun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science & Food Safety, Korea University, 126–1, 5-ga, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136–705, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter V. Nunn
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168 Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205–5247, United States of America
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science & Food Safety, Korea University, 126–1, 5-ga, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136–705, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Kim DG, Park JH, Kim JL, Jung BK, Jeon SJ, Lim H, Lee MY, Shin EH, Klein TA, Kim HC, Chong ST, Song JW, Baek LJ, Chai JY. Intestinal nematodes from small mammals captured near the demilitarized zone, Gyeonggi province, Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2015; 53:135-9. [PMID: 25748722 PMCID: PMC4384801 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A total of 1,708 small mammals (1,617 rodents and 91 soricomorphs), including Apodemus agrarius (n = 1,400), Microtus fortis (167), Crocidura lasiura (91), Mus musculus (32), Myodes (= Eothenomys) regulus (9), Micromys minutus (6), and Tscherskia (= Cricetulus) triton (3), were live-trapped at US/Republic of Korea (ROK) military training sites near the demilitarized zone (DMZ) of Paju, Pocheon, and Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi Province from December 2004 to December 2009. Small mammals were examined for their intestinal nematodes by necropsy. A total of 1,617 rodents (100%) and 91 (100%) soricomorphs were infected with at least 1 nematode species, including Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Syphacia obvelata, Heterakis spumosa, Protospirura muris, Capillaria spp., Trichuris muris, Rictularia affinis, and an unidentified species. N. brasiliensis was the most common species infecting small mammals (1,060; 62.1%) followed by H. polygyrus (617; 36.1%), S. obvelata (370; 21.7%), H. spumosa (314; 18.4%), P. muris (123; 7.2%), and Capillaria spp. (59; 3.5%). Low infection rates (0.1-0.8%) were observed for T. muris, R. affinis, and an unidentified species. The number of recovered worms was highest for N. brasiliensis (21,623 worms; mean 20.4 worms/infected specimen) followed by S. obvelata (9,235; 25.0 worms), H. polygyrus (4,122; 6.7 worms), and H. spumosa (1,160; 3.7 worms). A. agrarius demonstrated the highest prevalence for N. brasiliensis (70.9%), followed by M. minutus (50.0%), T. triton (33.3%), M. fortis (28.1%), M. musculus (15.6%), C. lasiura (13.2%), and M. regulus (0%). This is the first report of nematode infections in small mammals captured near the DMZ in ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Gyu Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea ; Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Chonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Park
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Jae-Lip Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Sarah Jiyoun Jeon
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Hyemi Lim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Mi Youn Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Shin
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea ; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Terry A Klein
- Public Health Command Region-Pacific Unit 45006, APO AP 96343, USA
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- 5 th Medical Detachment, 168 th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65 th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- 5 th Medical Detachment, 168 th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65 th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Luck-Ju Baek
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Hong SH, Lee SE, Jeong YI, Kim HC, Chong ST, Klein TA, Song JW, Gu SH, Cho SH, Lee WJ. Prevalence and molecular characterizations of Toxoplasma gondii and Babesia microti from small mammals captured in Gyeonggi and Gangwon Provinces, Republic of Korea. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:512-7. [PMID: 25178555 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A survey was conducted to determine the distribution and prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Babesia microti infections in small mammals captured in Gyeonggi and Gangwon Provinces, Republic of Korea (ROK). The serological prevalence of T. gondii (ELISA) and B. microti (IFAT) was 2.3% (15/667) and 2.1% (14/667), respectively. DNA extracts from small mammal heart tissues were screened by PCR for T. gondii and B. microti targeting regions of the GRA5 gene and the 18S rRNA and β-tubulin genes, respectively. Only 0.17% (1/578) of Apodemus agrarius was positive of T. gondii by PCR, while 0.52% (3/578) was positive of B. microti. All other small mammal species [Micromys minutus (16), Mus musculus (3), Myodes regulus (22), Microtus fortis (6), and Crocidura lasiura (42)] were negative for both T. gondii and B. microti. Based on sequence polymorphism and phylogenetic analysis, T. gondii closely aligned with Type I, a highly virulent strain, while B. microti positive samples closely aligned with US-type B. microti and others observed in the ROK, Russia, and Japan. These results indicate that A. agrarius is a reservoir for both T. gondii and B. microti in the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Hong
- Division of Malaria & Parasite Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-up, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk Province 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Lee
- Division of Malaria & Parasite Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-up, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk Province 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Jeong
- Division of Malaria & Parasite Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-up, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk Province 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Public Health Command Region-Pacific, Camp Zama, Japan, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96205-5281, USA
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hun Gu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea; Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Shin-Hyeong Cho
- Division of Malaria & Parasite Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-up, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk Province 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ja Lee
- Division of Malaria & Parasite Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osong-up, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk Province 363-951, Republic of Korea.
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Kim BJ, Kim H, Won S, Kim HC, Chong ST, Klein TA, Kim KG, Seo HY, Chae JS. Ticks collected from wild and domestic animals and natural habitats in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2014; 52:281-5. [PMID: 25031468 PMCID: PMC4096639 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ticks were collected from 35 animals from 5 provinces and 3 metropolitan cities during 2012. Ticks also were collected by tick drag from 4 sites in Gyeonggi-do (2) and Jeollabuk-do (2) Provinces. A total of 612 ticks belonging to 6 species and 3 genera were collected from mammals and a bird (n=573) and by tick drag (n=39). Haemaphyalis longicornis (n=434) was the most commonly collected tick, followed by H. flava (158), Ixodes nipponensis (11), Amblyomma testudinarium (7), H. japonica (1), and H. formosensis (1). H. longicornis and H. flava were collected from all animal hosts examined. For animal hosts (n>1), the highest Tick Index (TI) was observed for domestic dogs (29.6), followed by Siberian roe deer (17.4), water deer (14.4), and raccoon dogs (1.3). A total of 402 H. longicornis (adults 86, 21.4%; nymphs 160, 39.8%; larvae 156, 38.9%) were collected from wild and domestic animals. A total of 158 H. flava (n=158) were collected from wild and domestic animals and 1 ring-necked pheasant, with a higher proportion of adults (103, 65.2%), while nymphs and larvae only accounted for 12.7% (20) and 22.2% (35), respectively. Only 7 A. testudinarium were collected from the wild boar (6 adults) and Eurasian badger (1 nymph), while only 5 I. nipponensis were collected from the water deer (4 adults) and a raccoon dog (1 adult). One adult female H. formosensis was first collected from vegetation by tick drag from Mara Island, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baek-Jun Kim
- Department of Climate and Ecology, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, 325-813, Korea
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sohyun Won
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- th Medical Detachment, th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- th Medical Detachment, th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Public Health Command Region-Pacific, Camp Zama, Japan; th Medical Brigade Unit 15281, APO AP 96205-5281, USA
| | - Ki-Gyoung Kim
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, Incheon 404-708, Korea
| | - Hong-Yul Seo
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, Incheon 404-708, Korea
| | - Joon-Seok Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Takhampunya R, Kim HC, Tippayachai B, Lee DK, Lee WJ, Chong ST, Kim MS, Lee JS, Klein TA. Distribution and mosquito hosts of Chaoyang virus, a newly reported flavivirus from the Republic of Korea, 2008-2011. J Med Entomol 2014; 51:464-474. [PMID: 24724298 DOI: 10.1603/me13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In total, 183,602 female culicine mosquitoes were captured by Mosquito Magnet, black light, and New Jersey light traps, and manual aspiration of resting blood-fed mosquitoes, in the Republic of Korea from 2008 to 2011. Culicine mosquitoes were identified to species, placed in pools of up to 30 mosquitoes each, and screened for flavivirus RNA by using an SYBR green I-based reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. Thirty-two of the 8,199 pools assayed were positive by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for Chaoyang virus (CHAOV), an insect-specific virus [26 Aedes vexans nipponii Theobald, 3 Culex pipiens L., 1 Aedes albopictus (Skuse), 1 Aedes bekkui Mogi, and 1 Armigeres subalbatus (Coquillett)]. The maximum likelihood estimations (estimated number of virus-positive mosquitoes/1,000 mosquitoes) for Ae. bekkui, Ae. albopictus, Ar. subalbatus, Ae. vexans nipponii, and Cx. pipiens positive for CHAOV were 5.37, 3.29, 0.77, 0.27, and 0.26, respectively. CHAOV is an insect-specific virus, and there is currently no evidence to suggest a role in animal or human disease.
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Kim HC, Kim MS, Chong ST, Park JY, Rueda LM, Klein TA. First collection records of Culiseta (Culicella) nipponica in the Republic of Korea. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2014; 30:54-56. [PMID: 24772678 DOI: 10.2987/13-6389.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The 1st confirmed record of Culiseta nipponica for the Republic of Korea was made at Osan Air Base and Tongilchon, Gyeonggi Province, and at the Incheon International Airport, Incheon metropolitan area, using carbon dioxide-baited light and Mosquito Magnet traps. Larval surveys near adult collection sites during June and August 2013 were negative for Culiseta nipponica.
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Kim HC, Bellis GA, Kim MS, Klein TA, Chong ST, Park JY. Seasonal abundance of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) collected by mosquito Magnet® in Northern Gyeonggi-do (Province), Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2014; 52:57-62. [PMID: 24623883 PMCID: PMC3948995 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Biting midges (Culicoides: Ceratopogonidae) were collected by Mosquito Magnet® traps at the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC) camp and Daeseongdong village inside the demilitarized zone (DMZ) and near the military demarcation line (MDL) separating North and South Korea and at Warrior Base (US Army training site) and Tongilchon 3 km south of the DMZ in northern Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea (ROK), from May-October 2010-2012, to determine their seasonal distributions. A total of 18,647 Culicoides females (18,399; 98.7%) and males (248; 1.3%) comprising 16 species were collected. Overall, the most commonly collected species was Culicoides nipponensis (42.9%), followed by C. erairai (29.2%), C. punctatus (20.3%), C. arakawae (3.3%), C. pallidulus (1.8%), and C. circumscriptus (1.4%), while the remaining 10 species accounted for only 1.1% of all Culicoides spp. collected. The seasonal distribution of C. nipponensis was bimodal, with high numbers collected during May-June and again during September. C. erairai was more frequently collected during June-July, followed by sharply decreased populations from August-October. C. punctatus was collected in low numbers from May-September with high numbers collected during October. C. erairai was predominantly collected from the NNSC camp (85.1% of all C. erairai collected) located adjacent to the MDL at Panmunjeom in the northernmost part of Gyeonggi-do (Province), while other sites yielded low numbers of specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
| | - Glenn A Bellis
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS), PO Box 37846, Winnellie, Northern Territory 0821, Australia
| | - Myung-Soon Kim
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 430-757, Korea
| | - Terry A Klein
- Public Health Command Region-Pacific, Camp Zama, Japan, Address: 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96205-5281, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
| | - Jee-Yong Park
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 430-757, Korea
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Shin SH, Seo HJ, Choi YJ, Choi MK, Kim HC, Klein TA, Chong ST, Richards AL, Park KH, Jang WJ. Detection of Rickettsia monacensis from Ixodes nipponensis collected from rodents in Gyeonggi and Gangwon Provinces, Republic of Korea. Exp Appl Acarol 2013; 61:337-347. [PMID: 23624621 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-013-9699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A total of 1,305 ticks were collected from wild rodents captured monthly, except July and August, during 2008 at three US-ROK operated military training sites and three US military installations in Gyeonggi and Gangwon Provinces, the Republic of Korea (ROK). Ixodes nipponensis was the most frequently collected tick (n = 1,299, 99.5 %), followed by Ixodes pomerantzevi (n = 6, 0.5 %). The ticks were pooled (1-15/sample) and tested by nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) for spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae with primer sets targeting the outer membrane protein B (ompB), citrate synthase (gltA), and 17-kDa antigen gene loci. A total of 115/197 (58.4 %) pools were positive by nPCR for the outer membrane protein ompB. Nucleotide sequence analysis of 105/115 (91.3 %) ompB targeted nPCR positive products showed a high degree of similarity to Rickettsia monacensis (99.3-100 %, n = 87) and R. japonica (99.5-100 %, n = 18). From the 87 positive samples demonstrating a high degree of similarity to R. monacensis, 15 were selected and analyzed by nPCR for gltA and the 17-kDa genes. A total of 12/15 pooled samples were positive for by nPCR for gltA, with amplicons demonstrating a high degree of similarity to R. monacensis (99.3-99.7 %). A total of 13/15 pooled samples were positive by nPCR for the 17-kDa gene, with amplicons demonstrating a high degree of similarity to R. monacensis (99.4-100 %). These findings demonstrate that R. monacensis is distributed throughout Gyeonggi and Gangwon Provinces in the ROK. Furthermore, data suggest a relative high prevalence of R. monacensis in the tick, I. nipponensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hye Shin
- Institute of Glocal Disease Control, Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Kim BJ, Kim SJ, Kang JG, Ko S, Won S, Kim H, Kim HC, Kim MS, Chong ST, Klein TA, Lee S, Chae JS. First Report for the Seasonal and Annual Prevalence of Flea-BorneBartonellafrom Rodents and Soricomorphs in the Republic of Korea. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013; 13:457-67. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Baek-Jun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Gu Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungjin Ko
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sohyun Won
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
| | - Myung-Soon Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
| | - Terry A. Klein
- Public Health Command Region-Pacific, Camp Zama, Japan, 65thMedical Brigade Unit 15281, APO AP 96205-5244, USA
| | - Sanghun Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon-Seok Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Kang JG, Kim HC, Choi CY, Nam HY, Chae HY, Chong ST, Klein TA, Ko S, Chae JS. Molecular detection of Anaplasma, Bartonella, and Borrelia species in ticks collected from migratory birds from Hong-do Island, Republic of Korea. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013; 13:215-25. [PMID: 23428091 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bird migration is a recurring annual and seasonal event undertaken by more than 100 species of birds in the southeast Asian and northeast Palearctic regions that pass through or remain for short periods from April to May and September to November at Hong-do Island, Republic of Korea (ROK). A total of 212 ticks (40 Haemaphysalis flava, 12 H. longicornis, 146 Ixodes turdus, 13 I. nipponensis, and 1 I. ornithophila) were collected from 65/2,161 (3.0%) migratory birds consisting of 21 species that were captured from January, 2008, through December, 2009, as part of the Migratory Birds Center, Hong-do bird banding program for studying bird migration patterns. Adult ticks were assayed individually while larvae and nymphs were pooled (1-22 and 1-6 ticks per pool, respectively) into 31 and 65 pools, respectively. Ticks were assayed for zoonotic pathogens by PCR using 16S rRNA, heat shock protein (groEL), and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene primers to amplify genera specific for Anapalsma, Bartonella, and Borrelia PCR amplicons. Using the 16S rRNA-based nested PCR, A. phagocytophilum (n=1) was detected in I. nipponensis collected from Zoothera sibirica and A. bovis (n=1) was detected in I. turdus collected from Emberiza chrysophrys. Borrelia turdi 16S rRNA genes (n=3) were detected in I. turdus and I. nipponensis collected from Turdus pallidus and Zoothera aurea. Borrelia spp. 16S rRNA genes (n=4) were detected in Ixodes ticks collected from Emberiza tristrami, T. pallidus, and Z. aurea. The Bartonella grahamii ITS gene (n=1) was detected by nested PCR assay in I. turdus collected from Z. aurea. These results provide insight into the potential role of migratory birds in the dispersal of ticks and associated tick-borne pathogens throughout their ranges in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Gu Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Kim HC, Bellis GA, Kim MS, Chong ST, Lee DK, Park JY, Yeh JY, Klein TA. Seasonal abundance of biting midges, Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), collected at cowsheds in the southern part of the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2012; 50:127-31. [PMID: 22711923 PMCID: PMC3375450 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Black light traps were used to measure the seasonal and geographical distribution of Culicoides spp. (biting midges or no-see-ums) at 9 cowsheds in the southern half of the Republic of Korea (ROK) from June through October 2010. A total of 25,242 Culicoides females (24,852; 98.5%) and males (390; 1.5%) comprising of 9 species were collected. The most commonly collected species was Culicoides punctatus (73.0%) followed by C. arakawae (25.7%), while the remaining 7 species accounted for <1.0% of all Culicoides spp. collected. The mean number of Culicoides spp. collected per trap night (Trap Index [TI]) was highest for C. punctatus (409.3), followed by C. arakawae (144.2), C. tainanus (4.1), C. oxystoma (1.2), C. circumscriptus (0.7), C. homotomus (0.6), C. erairai (0.4), C. kibunensis (0.3), and C. nipponensis (0.04). Peak TIs were observed for C. punctatus (1,188.7) and C. arakawae (539.0) during July and August, respectively. C. punctatus and C. arakawae have been implicated in the transmission of arboviruses and other pathogens of veterinary importance that adversely impact on animal and bird husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, Seoul, Korea
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Klein TA, Kim HC, Chong ST, O'Guinn ML, Lee JS, Turell MJ, Sames WJ, Gu SH, Kang HJ, Moon S, Lee SY, Chun Y, Song JW. Hantaan virus surveillance in small mammals at firing points 10 and 60, Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012; 12:674-82. [PMID: 22607077 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We used epidemiological data and indirect fluorescent antibody tests to determine the Hantaan virus (HTNV) antibody-positive (Ab+) prevalence in small mammals captured at firing point 10 (FP-10) and firing point 60 (FP-60), Gyeonggi Province, near the demilitarized zone, Republic of Korea (ROK), from 2001 to 2005. We used these data, combined with the partial M segment amplified from HTNV recovered from lung tissues of Apodemus agrarius, to clarify the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among HTNV strains in the ROK. Of the eight species of rodents and one insectivore species captured, A. agrarius accounted for 93.4% and 88.5% at FP-10 and FP-60, respectively. Only two species of rodents, A. agrarius and Micromys minutus, were HTNV Ab+. The overall HTNV Ab+ prevalence for A. agrarius captured at FP-10 and FP-60 was 23.3% (121/520) and 14.5% (94/647), respectively. The hantaviral reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-positive rate of Ab+ A. agrarius was 74.2% (167/215), and the phylogenetic trees, based on the 269-nucleotide G2-encoding M segment, demonstrated that HTNV strains from FP-10 and FP-60 were distantly segregated from HTNV of other geographic regions in Korea and China. These data are useful in the development of risk reduction strategies for the prevention of hantavirus infections among military personnel, especially during training or the event of hostilities, and civilian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, 65th Medical Brigade/USAMEDDAC-Korea, Unit 15281, APO AP 96205-5281
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Klein TA, Kang HJ, Gu SH, Moon S, Shim SH, Park YM, Lee SY, Kim HC, Chong ST, O'Guinn M, Lee JS, Turell MJ, Song JW. Hantaan virus surveillance targeting small mammals at Dagmar North Training Area, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea, 2001-2005. J Vector Ecol 2011; 36:373-381. [PMID: 22129409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2011.00178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In response to a hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome case in November 2000, a seasonal rodent-borne disease surveillance program was initiated at Dagmar North Training Area (DNTA), Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea. From April 2001-December 2005, 1,848 small mammals were captured. Apodemus agrarius accounted for 92.5%, followed by Mus musculus (3.6%), Crocidura lasiura (2.1%), and Microtus fortis (1.1%). Three species of rodents were found to be antibody-positive (Ab+) for Hantaan virus (HTNV): A. agrarius (22.3%), M. musculus (9.1%), and M. fortis (5.0%). Ab+ rates for A. agrarius increased with increasing weight (age), except for those weighing <10 g. The peak HTNV transmission period in Korea coincided with the peak reproductive potential of A. agrarius during the fall (August/September) surveys. HTNV strains from DNTA were distinct from HTNV strains from the People's Republic of China. From these studies, more accurate risk assessments can be developed to better protect personnel from rodent-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, 65th Medical Brigade/U.S. Army MEDDAC-Korea, Unit 15281, APO AP 96205-5281, USA
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Kim HC, Klein TA, Takhampunya R, Evans BP, Mingmongkolchai S, Kengluecha A, Grieco J, Masuoka P, Kim MS, Chong ST, Lee JK, Lee WJ. Japanese encephalitis virus in culicine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected at Daeseongdong, a village in the demilitarized zone of the Republic of Korea. J Med Entomol 2011; 48:1250-1256. [PMID: 22238887 DOI: 10.1603/me11091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In total, 22,846 (17,793 culicines and 5,053 Anopheles spp.) female mosquitoes were captured by a Mosquito Magnet trap at Daeseongdong, a small village adjacent to the military demarcation line (center of the demilitarized zone) in northern Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea (ROK). Culicine mosquitoes were identified to species, placed in pools of up to 30 mosquitoes each, and screened for flavivirus using a SYBR Green I-based real-time polymerase chain reaction. In total, 51/660 pools positive for flaviviruses and confirmed by DNA sequencing of the NS5 region, were positive for Japanese encephalitis virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, JEV) (50 Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles and one Culex bitaeniorhynchus Giles). The JEV maximum likelihood estimations (MLEs) (estimated number of viral RNA-positive mosquitoes per 1,000) for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. bitaeniorhynchus were 9.7 and 0.9, respectively. This is the first report of a Cx. bitaeniorhynchus positive for JEV in the ROK. JEV is a local civilian and military health threat and a significant concern for nonimmune (unvaccinated) U.S. soldiers, civilians, and family members deployed to the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, Yongsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kim HC, Rueda LM, Wilkerson RC, Foley DH, Sames WJ, Chong ST, Nunn PV, Klein TA. Distribution and larval habitats of Anopheles species in northern Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea. J Vector Ecol 2011; 36:124-134. [PMID: 21635650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2011.00149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A total of 180 larval collection sites (e.g., rice paddies, marshes, ground pools, ponds, stream margins, and irrigation and drainage ditches) was surveyed within a 2 km radius from Warrior Base training area, 5 km south of Panmunjeom (Joint Security Area, demilitarized zone), Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea (ROK), from May through October, 2007 to characterize larval habitat distributions of members of the Anopheles Hyrcanus Group (An. sinensis, An. lesteri, An. pullus, An. belenrae, An. kleini, and An. sineroides). A total of 5,859 anopheline larvae was collected from 84.4% of the sites surveyed, of which 4,071 were identified to species by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (rDNA ITS2). Anopheles sinensis (52.6%) was the most frequently collected, followed by An. kleini (29.4%), An. sineroides (9.8%), An. pullus (6.7%), An. belenrae (1.1%), and An. lesteri (0.5%). Anopheles pullus and An. kleini were collected in greater proportions in May and from May - July, respectively. Few An. sinensis were collected from May - June, but it was the predominant species collected by August, and accounted for >80% of all larvae from September - October. Anopheles kleini was found in all habitats sampled; however, it was collected most frequently in young growth rice paddies, while An. sinensis was collected more frequently in mature and post-harvest paddies. Anopheles pullus was associated with pre-cultivated rice paddies, including water-filled tire ruts left from the previous fall's harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung-Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
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Ko S, Kim HC, Yang YC, Chong ST, Richards AL, Sames WJ, Klein TA, Kang JG, Chae JS. Detection of Rickettsia felis and Rickettsia typhi and seasonal prevalence of fleas collected from small mammals at Gyeonggi Province in the Republic of Korea. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:1243-51. [PMID: 21612536 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fleas were collected from live-captured small mammals to identify flea-borne pathogens, host associations, and seasonal prevalence of flea species, as part of the 65th Medical Brigade rodent-borne disease surveillance program at 20 military installations and training sites, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea, 2005-2007. A total of 1251 fleas were recovered from 2833 small mammals. Apodemus agrarius, the striped field mouse, accounted for 93.1% (2,637/2,833) of all small mammals captured, followed by Crocidura lasiura (3.1%), Mus musculus (1.3%), Microtus fortis (0.7%), Myodes regulus (0.7%), Micromys minutus (0.5%), Rattus norvegicus (0.4%), Tscherskia triton (0.1%), Apodemus peninsulae (< 0.1%), Rattus rattus (< 0.1%), and Mogera robusta (< 0.1%). A total of 6/11 species of mammals captured were infested with fleas with infestation rates ranging from a high of 26.3% (A. agrarius and M. regulus) to a low of 5.3% (M. fortis). Flea indices among infested mammals were highest for R. norvegicus (2.50), followed by C. lasiura (2.20), A. agrarius (1.71), M. regulus (1.20), M. musculus (1.0), and M. fortis (1.0). The predominant flea species collected were Stenoponia sidimi (56.5%), followed by Ctenophthalmus congeneroides (38.3%) and Rhadinopsylla insolita (3.9%). The minimum field infection rates [number of positive pools/total number of fleas (600)] for Rickettsia typhi and for Rickettsia felis were 1.7% and 1.0%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Ko
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Research Institute and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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O'Guinn ML, Klein TA, Lee JS, Richards AL, Kim HC, Ha SJ, Shim SH, Baek LJ, Song KJ, Chong ST, Turell MJ, Burkett DA, Schuster A, Lee IY, Yi SH, Sames WJ, Song JW. Serological surveillance of scrub typhus, murine typhus, and leptospirosis in small mammals captured at firing points 10 and 60, Gyeonggi province, Republic of Korea, 2001-2005. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010; 10:125-33. [PMID: 19402761 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Soldiers from the Republic of Korea and the United States conducting peacetime military operations at various training sites and multiple range complexes located near the demilitarized zone separating North and South Korea are exposed to rodents and their potentially disease-carrying ectoparasites. These diseases include scrub typhus, murine typhus, and leptospirosis. Many of the training sites are rural or semi-rural, surrounded or co-located with various forms of agriculture, and are infested with rodents and insectivores (as well as their ectoparasites), which are commonly found in association with unmanaged tall grasses, scrub, and crawling vegetation habitats. For 5 years, rodents and insectivores were collected seasonally (spring, summer, fall, and winter) at firing points 10 and 60 near the demilitarized zone and serologically tested for the presence of scrub typhus, murine typhus, and leptospirosis antibodies. Of the nine species of small mammals collected, Apodemus agrarius, the common striped field mouse and known reservoir of scrub typhus, was the most frequently collected (90.6%). Only four of the nine species captured, A. agrarius (60.9%), Micromys minutus (100%), Mus musculus (55.6%), and Rattus norvegicus (46.7%), were positive for scrub typhus. Of all the small mammals captured, only A. agrarius was positive for murine typhus (0.3%) and leptospirosis (1.3%). Seasonal and annual prevalence rates based on weight and sex are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L O'Guinn
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
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Sames WJ, Klein TA, Kim HC, Gu SH, Kang HJ, Shim SH, Ha SJ, Chong ST, Lee IY, Richards AL, Yi SH, Song JW. Serological surveillance of scrub typhus, murine typhus, and leptospirosis in small mammals captured at Twin Bridges Training Area, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea, 2005-2007. Mil Med 2010; 175:48-54. [PMID: 20108842 DOI: 10.7205/milmed-d-05-01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Soldiers from the Republic of Korea and the United States conduct armistice military operations at Twin Bridges Training Area (TBTA) located near the demilitarized zone (DMZ) and are exposed to zoonotic disease pathogens that small mammals and their potentially disease-carrying ectoparasites transmit. TBTA is a 36 km2 rural training site with small villages and various forms of agriculture along its boundary. At TBTA, rodents, insectivores, and their ectoparasites are commonly found in association with unmanaged habitats of various densities of tall grasses, herbaceous plants, shrubs, briars, and crawling vegetation. Rodents and insectivores were collected during the winter (November-December 2005 and December 2006) and early spring (March 2007), and serologically tested for the presence of scrub typhus, murine typhus, and leptospirosis antibodies. Of the six species of small mammals collected, Apodemus agrarius, the common striped field mouse and known reservoir of scrub typhus, was the most frequently collected (96.1%), followed by Crocidura lasiura (2.5%), Micromys minutus (0.5%), Myodes regulus (0.5%), Mus musculus (0.3%), and Rattus rattus (0.1%). A. agrarius (56.1%), M. musculus (66.7%), M. minutus (25%), and R. rattus (100%) were positive for scrub typhus antibodies. Only A. agrarius (14.7%) and C. lasiura (4.5%) were positive for murine typhus antibodies, whereas only A. agrarius (1.5%) was seropositive for leptospirosis. Seroprevalence rates of scrub typhus and murine typhus based on weight and sex of A. agrarius are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Sames
- Defense Logistics Agency, Attn: DES-E, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-6221, USA
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Rueda LM, Brown TL, Kim HC, Chong ST, Klein TA, Foley DH, Anyamba A, Smith M, Pak EP, Wilkerson RC. Species composition, larval habitats, seasonal occurrence and distribution of potential malaria vectors and associated species of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Republic of Korea. Malar J 2010; 9:55. [PMID: 20163728 PMCID: PMC2834702 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Larval mosquito habitats of potential malaria vectors and related species of Anopheles from three provinces (Gyeonggi, Gyeongsangbuk, Chungcheongbuk Provinces) of the Republic of Korea were surveyed in 2007. This study aimed to determine the species composition, seasonal occurrence and distributions of Anopheles mosquitoes. Satellite derived normalized difference vegetation index data (NDVI) was also used to study the seasonal abundance patterns of Anopheles mosquitoes. METHODS Mosquito larvae from various habitats were collected using a standard larval dipper or a white plastic larval tray, placed in plastic bags, and were preserved in 100% ethyl alcohol for species identification by PCR and DNA sequencing. The habitats in the monthly larval surveys included artificial containers, ground depressions, irrigation ditches, drainage ditches, ground pools, ponds, rice paddies, stream margins, inlets and pools, swamps, and uncultivated fields. All field-collected specimens were identified to species, and relationships among habitats and locations based on species composition were determined using cluster statistical analysis. RESULTS In about 10,000 specimens collected, eight species of Anopheles belonging to three groups were identified: Hyrcanus Group - Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles kleini, Anopheles belenrae, Anopheles pullus, Anopheles lesteri, Anopheles sineroides; Barbirostris Group - Anopheles koreicus; and Lindesayi Group - Anopheles lindesayi japonicus. Only An. sinensis was collected from all habitats groups, while An. kleini, An. pullus and An. sineroides were sampled from all, except artificial containers. The highest number of Anopheles larvae was found in the rice paddies (34.8%), followed by irrigation ditches (23.4%), ponds (17.0%), and stream margins, inlets and pools (12.0%). Anopheles sinensis was the dominant species, followed by An. kleini, An. pullus and An. sineroides. The monthly abundance data of the Anopheles species from three locations (Munsan, Jinbo and Hayang) were compared against NDVI and NDVI anomalies. CONCLUSION The species composition of Anopheles larvae varied in different habitats at various locations. Anopheles populations fluctuated with the seasonal dynamics of vegetation for 2007. Multi-year data of mosquito collections are required to provide a better characterization of the abundance of these insects from year to year, which can potentially provide predictive capability of their population density based on remotely sensed ecological measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo M Rueda
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500, USA.
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Sames WJ, Klein TA, Kim HC, Gu SH, Kang HJ, Shim SH, Ha SJ, Chong ST, Lee IY, Richards AL, Yi SH, Song JW. Serological Surveillance of Scrub Typhus, Murine Typhus, and Leptospirosis in Small Mammals Captured at Twin Bridges Training Area, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea, 2005–2007. Mil Med 2010. [DOI: 10.7205/milmed-d-05-1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Payne KS, Klein TA, Otto JL, Kim HC, Chong ST, Ha SJ, Gu SH, Jeong JH, Baek LJ, Song JW. Seasonal and environmental determinants of leptospirosis and scrub typhus in small mammals captured at a U.S. military training site (Dagmar North), Republic of Korea, 2001-2004. Mil Med 2009; 174:1061-7. [PMID: 19891218 DOI: 10.7205/milmed-d-00-3809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to identify seasonal and environmental determinants of scrub typhus, murine typhus, and leptospirosis in small mammals trapped at Dagmar North training area, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. METHODS Small mammals received titer assays to the aforementioned diseases. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine whether associations existed between risk of small-mammal infection and independent variables such as season of capture, habitat, small-mammal species, and sex. RESULTS Murine typhus was not detected among the animals assayed. Risk of scrub typhus infection was associated with season, habitat, and small-mammal species. Risk of leptospirosis infection was associated with season and habitat. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate determinants of infection exist for scrub typhus and leptospirosis at this training site. This information can be used for developing appropriate preventive medicine plans and coordinating troop activity during periods of reduced exposure decreasing the likelihood of disease transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Payne
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Division of Preventive Medicine, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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Chai JY, Park JH, Jung BK, Guk SM, Kim JL, Shin EH, Klein TA, Kim HC, Chong ST, Baek LJ, Song JW. Echinostome infections in the striped-field mouse, Apodemus agrarius, and the Ussuri white-toothed shrew, Crocidura lasiura, caught near the demilitarized zone, Gyeonggi-do (Province), Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2009; 47:311-4. [PMID: 19724709 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A total of 1,498 small mammals (rodents and insectivores), including Apodemus agrarius (n = 1,366), Crocidura lasiura (54), Mus musculus (32), Micronytus fortis (28), Eothenomys regulus (9), Micronys minutes (6), and Cricetulus triton (3), were live-trapped in Gyeonggi-do (Province) (Paju-si, Pocheon-gun, and Yeoncheon-gun) near the demilitarized zone (DMZ) from December 2004 to September 2005. A. agrarius was found to be infected with 3 species of echinostomes (Echinostoma hortense, Echinostoma cinetorchis, and Euparyphium murinum), while C. lasiura was infected with 1 species (Echinochasmus japonicas) of echinostome. Other mammals were free from echinostome infections. Total 16 E. hortense were detected in 7 (0.5%) mice, 9 E. cinetorchis from 5 (0.4%), and 3 E. murinum from 2 (0.1%) out of 1.366 A. agrarius examined. E. japonicus was found only in 1 (1.9%; total 3 specimens) C. lasiura. These results demonstrate that A. agrarius and C. lasiura, inhabiting near the DMZ of Gyeonggi-do serve as the natural definitive hosts for several species of echinostomes, although their infection rates are low. This is the first record of natural infections of A. agrarius with E. cinetorchis and C. lasiura with E. japonicus in the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.
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Kim HC, Sames WJ, Chong ST, Lee IY, Lee DK, Kim HD, Rueda LM, Klein TA. Overwintering of Anopheles lindesayi japonicus larvae in the Republic of Korea. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2009; 25:32-37. [PMID: 19432066 DOI: 10.2987/08-5781.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito larval surveillance for environmental monitoring and pest-control purposes was conducted monthly at dredged soil-dumping areas during the construction of a new harbor in Yongcheon Bay, approximately 5 km SE of Jinhae, on the SW side of Namsan (Mt. Nam) and across the bay from Su-do (Su Island) in Gyeongsangnam Province, Republic of Korea (ROK) from November 2007 through April 2008. During this study, mosquitoes collected as overwintering larvae were Aedes togoi in brackish rock pools along the seashore and Anopheles lindesayi japonicus along the vegetated margins of a slow-flowing drainage ditch and associated freshwater ground pools containing green algae. Overwintering An. lindesayi larvae also were collected along stream margins and stream pools of moderate- to fast-flowing mountain streams near Chungju (Chungcheongbuk Province) (October 2007 and March 2008) and Munsan (Gyeonggi Province) (September 2007 and April 2008). First and second instars were collected and identified in late September 2007 through February 2008. During March and April, collections were primarily 3rd and 4th instars, and by the end of April, pupae were collected. This is the first report of An. lindesayi japonicus overwintering as larvae in the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung-Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, Seoul, Korea
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O'Guinn ML, Klein TA, Lee JS, Kim HC, Baek LJ, Chong ST, Turell MJ, Burkett DA, Schuster A, Lee IY, Yi SH, Sames WJ, Song KJ, Song JW. Ecological surveillance of small mammals at Firing Points 10 and 60, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea, 2001-2005. J Vector Ecol 2008; 33:370-384. [PMID: 19263858 DOI: 10.3376/1081-1710-33.2.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Throughout Korea, small mammals are hosts to a number of disease-causing agents that pose a health threat to U.S. and Korean military forces while they conduct field-training exercises. A seasonal rodent-borne disease surveillance program was established at two firing points (FP), FP-10, and FP-60, and conducted over five years from 2001 through 2005 in response to hantavirus cases among U.S. soldiers. The ecology of these sites consisted primarily of tall grasses associated with semi-permanent and temporary water sources (drainage ditches and a small stream) and dry-land agriculture farming. Eight species of rodents and one species of insectivore were collected, including Apodemus agrarius, Micromys minutus, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Tscherskia triton, Microtus fortis, Myodes regulus, and Crocidura lasiura. The striped field mouse, A. agrarius, (primary reservoir for Hantaan virus, the causative agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever), was the most frequently collected, representing 90.6% of the 1,288 small mammals captured at both sites. Reported herein are the ecological parameters, seasonal population densities, and seasonal population characteristics associated with small mammals collected at two military training sites in the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L O'Guinn
- Department of Virology, 1425 Porter Street, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA
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