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Owino EA. Kenya must wake up to the threat of cryptic Anopheles species and their impact on residual malaria transmission. J Vector Borne Dis 2024; 61:1-4. [PMID: 38648401 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.392264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major health problem in Kenya despite the huge efforts put in place to control it. The non-relenting malaria threat has partly been attributed to residual malaria transmission driven by vectors that cannot effectively be controlled by the two popularly applied control methods: long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Reports indicate that residual transmission is widely spread in areas where malaria is endemic. This could mean that the World Health Organization's vision of a world free of malaria remains a mirage as elimination and prevention of re-establishment of malaria are rendered unachievable. Amongst the major contributors to residual malaria transmission are cryptic rare species, species of mosquitoes that are morphologically indistinguishable, but isolated genetically, that have not been the focus of malaria control programs. Recent studies have reported extensive new Anopheles cryptic species believed to be involved in malaria transmission in Kenya. This underscores the need to understand these malaria vector species, their distribution and bionomics and their impact on malaria transmission. This article discusses reports of these cryptic species, their importance to malaria transmission, especially in the arid and semi-arid areas, and what can be done to mitigate the situation.
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Fotakis EA, Mavridis K, Kampouraki A, Balaska S, Tanti F, Vlachos G, Gewehr S, Mourelatos S, Papadakis A, Kavalou M, Nikolakakis D, Moisaki M, Kampanis N, Loumpounis M, Vontas J. Mosquito population structure, pathogen surveillance and insecticide resistance monitoring in urban regions of Crete, Greece. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010186. [PMID: 35176020 PMCID: PMC8890720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Greece vector borne diseases (VBD) and foremost West Nile virus (WNV) pose an important threat to public health and the tourist industry, the primary sector of contribution to the national economy. The island of Crete, is one of Greece’s major tourist destinations receiving annually over 5 million tourists making regional VBD control both a public health and economic priority. Methodology Under the auspices of the Region of Crete, a systematic integrative surveillance network targeting mosquitoes and associated pathogens was established in Crete for the years 2018–2020. Using conventional and molecular diagnostic tools we investigated the mosquito species composition and population dynamics, pathogen infection occurrences in vector populations and in sentinel chickens, and the insecticide resistance status of the major vector species. Principal findings Important disease vectors were recorded across the island including Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus, and Anopheles superpictus. Over 75% of the sampled specimens were collected in the western prefectures potentially attributed to the local precipitation patterns, with Cx. pipiens being the most dominant species. Although no pathogens (flaviviruses) were detected in the analysed mosquito specimens, chicken blood serum analyses recorded a 1.7% WNV antibody detection rate in the 2018 samples. Notably detection of the first WNV positive chicken preceded human WNV occurrence in the same region by approximately two weeks. The chitin synthase mutation I1043F (associated with high diflubenzuron resistance) was recorded at an 8% allelic frequency in Lasithi prefecture Cx. pipiens mosquitoes (sampled in 2020) for the first time in Greece. Markedly, Cx. pipiens populations in all four prefectures were found harboring the kdr mutations L1014F/C/S (associated with pyrethroid resistance) at a close to fixation rate, with mutation L1014C being the most commonly found allele (≥74% representation). Voltage gated sodium channel analyses in Ae. albopictus revealed the presence of the kdr mutations F1534C and I1532T (associated with putative mild pyrethroid resistance phenotypes) yet absence of V1016G. Allele F1534C was recorded in all prefectures (at an allelic frequency range of 25–46.6%) while I1532T was detected in populations from Chania, Rethymnon and Heraklion (at frequencies below 7.1%). Finally, no kdr mutations were detected in the Anopheles specimens included in the analyses. Conclusions/Significance The findings of our study are of major concern for VBD control in Crete, highlighting (i) the necessity for establishing seasonal integrated entomological/pathogen surveillance programs, supporting the design of targeted vector control responses and; ii) the need for establishing appropriate insecticide resistance management programs ensuring the efficacy and sustainable use of DFB and pyrethroid based products in vector control. The island of Crete, is one of Greece’s major tourist destinations, receiving over 5 million tourists annually, making control of vector borne diseases (VBD) like West Nile virus (WNV) both a public health and economic priority. A comprehensive surveillance network targeting mosquitoes and associated pathogens was established in Crete for the years 2018–2020. Important disease vectors (Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus and Anopheles superpictus) were recorded across the island. The presence of WNV antibodies in sentinel chickens was also recorded and, notably, preceded human WNV occurrence in the same region by approximately two weeks. Mutations associated with resistance to insecticides used for vector control were also detected; most importantly the chitin synthase mutation I1043F (associated with high diflubenzuron resistance) was recorded for the first time in Greece. The findings of our study are of major concern for VBD control in Greece (and Crete specifically), highlighting (i) the necessity for establishing seasonal surveillance programs and ii) the need for establishing appropriate insecticide resistance management programs for sustainable vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil A. Fotakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- * E-mail: (KM); (JV)
| | - Anastasia Kampouraki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Laboratory, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Balaska
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Filianna Tanti
- Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Laboratory, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Vlachos
- EcoDevelopment SA-Integrated Mosquito Control, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sandra Gewehr
- EcoDevelopment SA-Integrated Mosquito Control, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Antonios Papadakis
- General Directorate of Public Health & Social Care of Region of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Kavalou
- General Directorate of Public Health & Social Care of Region of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Nikolakakis
- General Directorate of Public Health & Social Care of Region of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Moisaki
- General Directorate of Public Health & Social Care of Region of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kampanis
- General Directorate of Public Health & Social Care of Region of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Manolis Loumpounis
- General Directorate of Public Health & Social Care of Region of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Laboratory, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail: (KM); (JV)
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Barrientos-Roldán MJ, Abella-Medrano CA, Ibáñez-Bernal S, Sandoval-Ruiz CA. Landscape Anthropization Affects Mosquito Diversity in a Deciduous Forest in Southeastern Mexico. J Med Entomol 2022; 59:248-256. [PMID: 34477878 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are considered the group of insects that most impacts human health. Land use change, conversion of conserved sites into agricultural environments, urbanization, defaunation, and introduction of domestic animals can affect mosquito diversity positively or negatively, increasing the risk of transmission of zoonotic diseases. Here, we describe the diversity of adult mosquitoes in two environments (deciduous forest and anthropized zone) over 2 yr (2014-2016), using eight CDC traps at each site in three climatic seasons (rainy, cold, and dry). We captured 795 individuals belonging to 22 species. We constructed rank-abundance curves to determine spatial and temporal changes in the mosquito communities. We measured alpha diversity using the Shannon index (H'), Shannon exponential (eH) and Simpson dominance (Ds), and beta diversity using Jaccard's coefficient of similarity (Ij). The most abundant species were Culex quinquefasciatus (40.5%), Culex coronator (18.3%), and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis (12.4%). The highest mosquito diversity was in the deciduous forest during the rainy season. Beta diversity analysis showed that species overlap varied among climatic seasons, with the sites sharing 65% species during the rainy season, but only 33% of species during the dry season. We found differences in the diversity of mosquitoes at the two sites, and the mosquito assemblage of the anthropized zone was significantly different from that of the deciduous forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggi Janelly Barrientos-Roldán
- Laboratorio de Artropodología y Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio. Edificio BIO 1, Ciudad Universitaria. Col. Jardines de San Manuel, C. P. 72570. Puebla, México
| | - Carlos Antonio Abella-Medrano
- Laboratorio de Artropodología y Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio. Edificio BIO 1, Ciudad Universitaria. Col. Jardines de San Manuel, C. P. 72570. Puebla, México
| | - Sergio Ibáñez-Bernal
- Red de Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351. El Haya, Xalapa, C. P. 91073. Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - César Antonio Sandoval-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Artropodología y Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio. Edificio BIO 1, Ciudad Universitaria. Col. Jardines de San Manuel, C. P. 72570. Puebla, México
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Abreu FVSD, de Andreazzi CS, Neves MSAS, Meneguete PS, Ribeiro MS, Dias CMG, de Albuquerque Motta M, Barcellos C, Romão AR, Magalhães MDAFM, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Ecological and environmental factors affecting transmission of sylvatic yellow fever in the 2017-2019 outbreak in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:23. [PMID: 35012637 PMCID: PMC8750868 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yellow fever virus (YFV) is an arbovirus that, despite the existence of a safe and effective vaccine, continues to cause outbreaks of varying dimensions in the Americas and Africa. Between 2017 and 2019, Brazil registered un unprecedented sylvatic YFV outbreak whose severity was the result of its spread into zones of the Atlantic Forest with no signals of viral circulation for nearly 80 years. METHODS To investigate the influence of climatic, environmental, and ecological factors governing the dispersion and force of infection of YFV in a naïve area such as the landscape mosaic of Rio de Janeiro (RJ), we combined the analyses of a large set of data including entomological sampling performed before and during the 2017-2019 outbreak, with the geolocation of human and nonhuman primates (NHP) and mosquito infections. RESULTS A greater abundance of Haemagogus mosquitoes combined with lower richness and diversity of mosquito fauna increased the probability of finding a YFV-infected mosquito. Furthermore, the analysis of functional traits showed that certain functional groups, composed mainly of Aedini mosquitoes which includes Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes, are also more representative in areas where infected mosquitoes were found. Human and NHP infections were more common in two types of landscapes: large and continuous forest, capable of harboring many YFV hosts, and patches of small forest fragments, where environmental imbalance can lead to a greater density of the primary vectors and high human exposure. In both, we show that most human infections (~ 62%) occurred within an 11-km radius of the finding of an infected NHP, which is in line with the flight range of the primary vectors. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data suggest that entomological data and landscape composition analyses may help to predict areas permissive to yellow fever outbreaks, allowing protective measures to be taken to avoid human cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Vieira Santos de Abreu
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Laboratório de Comportamento de Insetos, Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, Salinas, MG Brazil
| | - Cecilia Siliansky de Andreazzi
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Present Address: Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Patrícia Soares Meneguete
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Subsecretaria de Vigilância e Atenção Primária À Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Mário Sérgio Ribeiro
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Subsecretaria de Vigilância e Atenção Primária À Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Cristina Maria Giordano Dias
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Subsecretaria de Vigilância e Atenção Primária À Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Monique de Albuquerque Motta
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Christovam Barcellos
- Laboratório de Informação em Saúde, Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Anselmo Rocha Romão
- Laboratório de Informação em Saúde, Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
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Champakaew D, Junkum A, Sontigun N, Sanit S, Limsopatham K, Saeung A, Somboon P, Pitasawat B. Geometric morphometric wing analysis as a tool to discriminate female mosquitoes from different suburban areas of Chiang Mai province, Thailand. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260333. [PMID: 34843516 PMCID: PMC8629303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are hematophagous insects that transmit parasites and pathogens with devastating effects on humans, particularly in subtropical regions. Different mosquito species display various behaviors, breeding sites, and geographic distribution; however, they can be difficult to distinguish in the field due to morphological similarities between species and damage caused during trapping and transportation. Vector control methods for controlling mosquito-borne disease epidemics require an understanding of which vector species are present in the area as well as the epidemiological patterns of disease transmission. Although molecular techniques can accurately distinguish between mosquito species, they are costly and laborious, making them unsuitable for extensive use in the field. Thus, alternative techniques are required. Geometric morphometrics (GM) is a rapid and inexpensive technique that can be used to analyze the size, shape, and shape variation of individuals based on a range of traits. Here, we used GM to analyze the wings of 1,040 female mosquitoes from 12 different species in Thailand. The right wing of each specimen was removed, imaged microscopically, and digitized using 17 landmarks. Wing shape variation among genera and species was analyzed using canonical variate analysis (CVA), while discriminant function analysis was used to cross-validate classification reliability based on Mahalanobis distances. Phenetic relationships were constructed to illustrate the discrimination patterns for genera and species. CVA of the morphological variation among Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex, and Mansonia mosquito genera revealed five clusters. In particular, we demonstrated a high percentage of correctly-distinguished samples among Aedes (97.48%), Armigeres (96.15%), Culex (90.07%), and Mansonia (91.67%), but not Anopheles (64.54%). Together, these findings suggest that wing landmark-based GM analysis is an efficient method for identifying mosquito species, particularly among the Aedes, Armigeres, Culex, and Mansonia genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danita Champakaew
- School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand and Excellent Center for Dengue and Community Public Health (EC for DACH), Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | - Anuluck Junkum
- Department of Parasitology, Center of Insect Vector Study, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Narin Sontigun
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Sangob Sanit
- Department of Parasitology, Center of Insect Vector Study, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kwankamol Limsopatham
- Department of Parasitology, Center of Insect Vector Study, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Atiporn Saeung
- Department of Parasitology, Center of Insect Vector Study, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pradya Somboon
- Department of Parasitology, Center of Insect Vector Study, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Benjawan Pitasawat
- Department of Parasitology, Center of Insect Vector Study, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Bourke BP, Justi SA, Caicedo-Quiroga L, Pecor DB, Wilkerson RC, Linton YM. Phylogenetic analysis of the Neotropical Albitarsis Complex based on mitogenome data. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:589. [PMID: 34838107 PMCID: PMC8627034 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05090-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some of the most important malaria vectors in South America belong to the Albitarsis Complex (Culicidae; Anophelinae; Anopheles). Understanding the origin, nature, and geographical distribution of species diversity in this important complex has important implications for vector incrimination, control, and management, and for modelling future responses to climate change, deforestation, and human population expansion. This study attempts to further explore species diversity and evolutionary history in the Albitarsis Complex by undertaking a characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the mitogenome of all 10 putative taxa in the Albitarsis Complex. METHODS Mitogenome assembly and annotation allowed for feature comparison among Albitarsis Complex and Anopheles species. Selection analysis was conducted across all 13 protein-coding genes. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods were used to construct gene and species trees, respectively. Bayesian methods were also used to jointly estimate species delimitation and species trees. RESULTS Gene composition and order were conserved across species within the complex. Unique signatures of positive selection were detected in two species-Anopheles janconnae and An. albitarsis G-which may have played a role in the recent and rapid diversification of the complex. The COI gene phylogeny does not fully recover the mitogenome phylogeny, and a multispecies coalescent-based phylogeny shows that considerable uncertainty exists through much of the mitogenome species tree. The origin of divergence in the complex dates to the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, and divergence within the distinct northern South American clade is estimated at approximately 1 million years ago. Neither the phylogenetic trees nor the delimitation approach rejected the 10-species hypothesis, although the analyses could not exclude the possibility that four putative species with scant a priori support (An. albitarsis G, An. albitarsis H, An. albitarsis I, and An. albitarsis J), represent population-level, rather than species-level, splits. CONCLUSION The lack of resolution in much of the species tree and the limitations of the delimitation analysis warrant future studies on the complex using genome-wide data and the inclusion of additional specimens, particularly from two putative species, An. albitarsis I and An. albitarsis J.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Bourke
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, MRC-534, 4210 Silver Hill Rd., Suitland, MD, 20746, USA.
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution-National Museum of Natural History, 10th St NE & Constitution Ave NE, Washington, DC, 20002, USA.
| | - Silvia A Justi
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, MRC-534, 4210 Silver Hill Rd., Suitland, MD, 20746, USA
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution-National Museum of Natural History, 10th St NE & Constitution Ave NE, Washington, DC, 20002, USA
| | - Laura Caicedo-Quiroga
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, MRC-534, 4210 Silver Hill Rd., Suitland, MD, 20746, USA
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution-National Museum of Natural History, 10th St NE & Constitution Ave NE, Washington, DC, 20002, USA
| | - David B Pecor
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, MRC-534, 4210 Silver Hill Rd., Suitland, MD, 20746, USA
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution-National Museum of Natural History, 10th St NE & Constitution Ave NE, Washington, DC, 20002, USA
| | - Richard C Wilkerson
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, MRC-534, 4210 Silver Hill Rd., Suitland, MD, 20746, USA
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution-National Museum of Natural History, 10th St NE & Constitution Ave NE, Washington, DC, 20002, USA
| | - Yvonne-Marie Linton
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, MRC-534, 4210 Silver Hill Rd., Suitland, MD, 20746, USA
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution-National Museum of Natural History, 10th St NE & Constitution Ave NE, Washington, DC, 20002, USA
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Čabanová V, Boršová K, Svitok M, Oboňa J, Svitková I, Barbušinová E, Derka T, Sláviková M, Klempa B. An unwanted companion reaches the country: the first record of the alien mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) in Slovakia. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:572. [PMID: 34772447 PMCID: PMC8588666 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive mosquitoes of the genus Aedes are quickly spreading around the world. The presence of these alien species is concerning for both their impact on the native biodiversity and their high vector competence. The surveillance of Aedes invasive mosquito (AIM) species is one of the most important steps in vector-borne disease control and prevention. METHODS In 2020, the monitoring of AIM species was conducted in five areas (Bratislava, Zvolen, Banská Bystrica, Prešov, Košice) of Slovakia. The sites were located at points of entry (border crossings with Austria and Hungary) and in the urban and rural zones of cities and their surroundings. Ovitraps were used at the majority of sites as a standard method of monitoring. The collected specimens were identified morphologically, with subsequent molecular identification by conventional PCR (cox1) and Sanger sequencing. The phylogenetic relatedness of the obtained sequences was inferred by the maximum likelihood (ML) method. The nucleotide heterogeneity of the Slovak sequences was analysed by the index of disparity. RESULTS A bush mosquito, Aedes japonicus japonicus, was found and confirmed by molecular methods in three geographically distant areas of Slovakia-Bratislava, Zvolen and Prešov. The presence of AIM species is also likely in Košice; however, the material was not subjected to molecular identification. The nucleotide sequences of some Slovak strains confirm their significant heterogeneity. They were placed in several clusters on the ML phylogenetic tree. Moreover, Ae. j. japonicus was discovered in regions of Slovakia that are not close to a point of entry, where the mosquitoes could find favourable habitats in dendrothelms in city parks or forests. CONCLUSION Despite being a first record of the Ae. j. japonicus in Slovakia, our study indicates that the established populations already exist across the country, underlining the urgent need for intensified surveillance of AIM species as well as mosquito-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktória Čabanová
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kristína Boršová
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marek Svitok
- Department of Biology and General Ecology, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, 960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Oboňa
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, 17 Novembra č. 1, 081 16 Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Svitková
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Barbušinová
- Department of Breeding and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, Ecology and Cynology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Derka
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Iľkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Sláviková
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Klempa
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Udom C, Thanispong K, Manguin S, Chareonviriyaphap T, Fungfuang W. Trophic Behavior and Species Diversity of the Anopheles barbirostris Complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:2376-2384. [PMID: 33942866 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Species of the Anopheles barbirostris complex (Myzorhynchus Series of the subgenus Anopheles) are potential vectors of malaria and filariasis parasites. Owing to the lack of reliable identification methods, the biting activity and host preference of the species within this complex have not been previous described. In this study, the trophic behavior and host preferences of the species in the complex were determined in Thailand, and a map of their geographical distributions constructed. Adult female mosquitoes in Chanthaburi and Prachuap Khiri Khan provinces were collected using human landings (indoor and outdoor) and cow-bait. Morphological characters were used to initially identify the mosquitoes, and then, species were further separated by multiplex PCR. Four species were identified in the An. barbirostris complex: An. wejchoochotei Taai & Harbach (Diptera: Culicidae), An. saeungae Taai & Harbach (Diptera: Culicidae), An. dissidens Taai & Harbach (Diptera: Culicidae), and An. campestris Reid (Diptera: Culicidae). The species showed exophagic and zoophilic behavior, except An. wejchoochotei in Chanthaburi, which displayed slight endophilic behavior. Indoor and outdoor blood feeding behavior of An. wejchoochotei and An. saeungae peaked at 2000 h. An updated distribution map of the An. barbirostris complex in Thailand is presented. With a better understanding of the sibling vector species and their spatial distributions, more specific and effective control strategies for vectors of malaria and filariasis in Thailand can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanya Udom
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanutcharee Thanispong
- Bureau of Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sylvie Manguin
- HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Wirasak Fungfuang
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Gorris ME, Bartlow AW, Temple SD, Romero-Alvarez D, Shutt DP, Fair JM, Kaufeld KA, Del Valle SY, Manore CA. Updated distribution maps of predominant Culex mosquitoes across the Americas. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:547. [PMID: 34688314 PMCID: PMC8542338 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimates of the geographical distribution of Culex mosquitoes in the Americas have been limited to state and provincial levels in the United States and Canada and based on data from the 1980s. Since these estimates were made, there have been many more documented observations of mosquitoes and new methods have been developed for species distribution modeling. Moreover, mosquito distributions are affected by environmental conditions, which have changed since the 1980s. This calls for updated estimates of these distributions to understand the risk of emerging and re-emerging mosquito-borne diseases. METHODS We used contemporary mosquito data, environmental drivers, and a machine learning ecological niche model to create updated estimates of the geographical range of seven predominant Culex species across North America and South America: Culex erraticus, Culex nigripalpus, Culex pipiens, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex restuans, Culex salinarius, and Culex tarsalis. RESULTS We found that Culex mosquito species differ in their geographical range. Each Culex species is sensitive to both natural and human-influenced environmental factors, especially climate and land cover type. Some prefer urban environments instead of rural ones, and some are limited to tropical or humid areas. Many are found throughout the Central Plains of the USA. CONCLUSIONS Our updated contemporary Culex distribution maps may be used to assess mosquito-borne disease risk. It is critical to understand the current geographical distributions of these important disease vectors and the key environmental predictors structuring their distributions not only to assess current risk, but also to understand how they will respond to climate change. Since the environmental predictors structuring the geographical distribution of mosquito species varied, we hypothesize that each species may have a different response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E. Gorris
- Information Systems and Modeling, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Andrew W. Bartlow
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Seth D. Temple
- Statistical Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Daniel Romero-Alvarez
- Information Systems and Modeling, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
- OneHealth Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Deborah P. Shutt
- Information Systems and Modeling, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Jeanne M. Fair
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | - Sara Y. Del Valle
- Information Systems and Modeling, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Carrie A. Manore
- Information Systems and Modeling, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
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Zhou Y, Liu H, Leng P, Zhu J, Yao S, Zhu Y, Wu H. Analysis of the spatial distribution of Aedes albopictus in an urban area of Shanghai, China. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:501. [PMID: 34565466 PMCID: PMC8474869 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes albopictus is a vector of major arboviral diseases and a primary pest in tropical and temperate regions of China. In most cities of China, the current monitoring system for the spread of Ae. albopictus is based on the subdistrict scale and does not consider spatial distribution for analysis of species density. Thus, the system is not sufficiently accurate for epidemic investigations, especially in large cities. METHODS This study used an improved surveillance program, with the mosquito oviposition trap (MOT) method, integrating the actual monitoring locations to investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of Ae. albopictus abundance in an urban area of Shanghai, China from 2018 to 2019. A total of 133 monitoring units were selected for surveillance of Ae. albopictus density in the study area, which was composed of 14 subdistricts. The vector abundance and spatial structure of Ae. albopictus were predicted using a binomial areal kriging model based on eight MOTs in each unit. Results were compared to the light trap (LT) method of the traditional monitoring scheme. RESULTS A total of 8,192 MOTs were placed in the study area in 2018, and 7917 (96.6%) were retrieved, with a positive rate of 6.45%. In 2019, 22,715 (97.0%) of 23,408 MOTs were recovered, with a positive rate of 5.44%. Using the LT method, 273 (93.5%) and 312 (94.5%) adult female Ae. albopictus were gathered in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The Ae. albopictus populations increased slowly from May, reached a peak in July, and declined gradually from September. The MOT positivity index (MPI) showed significant positive spatial autocorrelation across the study area, whereas LT collections indicated a nonsignificant spatial autocorrelation. The MPI was suitable for spatial interpolation using the binomial areal kriging model and showed different hot spots in different years. CONCLUSIONS The improved surveillance system integrated with a geographical information system (GIS) can improve our understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of Ae. albopictus in urban areas and provide a practical method for decision-makers to implement vector control and mosquito management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200336 China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200336 China
| | - Peien Leng
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200336 China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200336 China
| | - Shenjun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Yiyi Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200336 China
| | - Huanyu Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200336 China
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11
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Bunmee K, Thaenkham U, Saralamba N, Ponlawat A, Zhong D, Cui L, Sattabongkot J, Sriwichai P. Population genetic structure of the malaria vector Anopheles minimus in Thailand based on mitochondrial DNA markers. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:496. [PMID: 34565456 PMCID: PMC8474755 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04998-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The malaria vector Anopheles minimus has been influenced by external stresses affecting the survival rate and vectorial capacity of the population. Since An. minimus habitats have continuously undergone ecological changes, this study aimed to determine the population genetic structure and the potential gene flow among the An. minimus populations in Thailand. METHODS Anopheles minimus was collected from five malaria transmission areas in Thailand using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps. Seventy-nine females from those populations were used as representative samples. The partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) and cytochrome b (Cytb) gene sequences were amplified and analyzed to identify species and determine the current population genetic structure. For the past population, we determined the population genetic structure from the 60 deposited COII sequences in GenBank of An. minimus collected from Thailand 20 years ago. RESULTS The current populations of An. minimus were genetically divided into two lineages, A and B. Lineage A has high haplotype diversity under gene flow similar to the population in the past. Neutrality tests suggested population expansion of An. minimus, with the detection of abundant rare mutations in all populations, which tend to arise from negative selection. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that the population genetic structure of An. minimus lineage A was similar between the past and present populations, indicating high adaptability of the species. There was substantial gene flow between the eastern and western An. minimus populations without detection of significant gene flow barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonchanok Bunmee
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Urusa Thaenkham
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naowarat Saralamba
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alongkot Ponlawat
- Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Liwang Cui
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patchara Sriwichai
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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12
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Zhang C, Yang R, Wu L, Luo C, Guo X, Deng Y, Zhou H, Zhang Y. Molecular phylogeny of the Anopheles hyrcanus group (Diptera: Culicidae) based on rDNA-ITS2 and mtDNA-COII. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:454. [PMID: 34488860 PMCID: PMC8420049 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04971-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Anopheles hyrcanus group, which includes 25 species, is widely distributed in the Oriental and Palaearctic regions. Given the difficulty in identifying cryptic or sibling species based on their morphological characteristics, molecular identification is regarded as an important complementary approach to traditional morphological taxonomy. The aim of this study was to reconstruct the phylogeny of the Hyrcanus group using DNA barcoding markers in order to determine the phylogenetic correlations of closely related taxa and to compare these markers in terms of identification efficiency and genetic divergence among species. METHODS Based on data extracted from the GenBank database and data from the present study, we used 399 rDNA-ITS2 sequences of 19 species and 392 mtDNA-COII sequences of 14 species to reconstruct the molecular phylogeny of the Hyrcanus group across its worldwide range. We also compared the performance of rDNA-ITS2 against that of mtDNA-COII to assess the genetic divergence of closely related species within the Hyrcanus group. RESULTS Average interspecific divergence for the rDNA-ITS2 sequence (0.376) was 125-fold higher than the average intraspecies divergence (0.003), and average interspecific divergence for the mtDNA-COII sequence (0.055) was eightfold higher than the average intraspecies divergence (0.007). The barcoding gap ranged from 0.015 to 0.073 for rDNA-ITS2, and from 0.017 to 0.025 for mtDNA-COII. Two sets of closely related species, namely, Anophels lesteri and An. paraliae, and An. sinensis, An. belenrae and An. kleini, were resolved by rDNA-ITS2. In contrast, the relationship of An. sinensis/An. belenrae/An. kleini was poorly defined in the COII tree. The neutrality test and mismatch distribution revealed that An. peditaeniatus, An. hyrcanus, An. sinensis and An. lesteri were likely to undergo hitchhiking or population expansion in accordance with both markers. In addition, the population of an important vivax malaria vector, An. sinensis, has experienced an expansion after a bottleneck in northern and southern Laos. CONCLUSIONS The topology of the Hyrcanus group rDNA-ITS2 and mtDNA-COII trees conformed to the morphology-based taxonomy for species classification rather than for that for subgroup division. rDNA-ITS2 is considered to be a more reliable diagnostic tool than mtDNA-COII in terms of investigating the phylogenetic correlation between closely related mosquito species in the Hyrcanus group. Moreover, the population expansion of an important vivax malaria vector, An. sinensis, has underlined a potential risk of malaria transmission in northern and southern Laos. This study contributes to the molecular identification of the Anopheles hyrcanus group in vector surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canglin Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu’er, 665099 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu’er, 665099 People’s Republic of China
| | - Linbo Wu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu’er, 665099 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunhai Luo
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu’er, 665099 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu’er, 665099 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Deng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu’er, 665099 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongning Zhou
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector Borne Disease Control and Prevention (Developing), Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu’er, 665099 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yilong Zhang
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 People’s Republic of China
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Diagne MM, Ndione MHD, Gaye A, Barry MA, Diallo D, Diallo A, Mwakibete LL, Diop M, Ndiaye EH, Ahyong V, Diouf B, Mhamadi M, Diagne CT, Danfakha F, Diop B, Faye O, Loucoubar C, Fall G, Tato CM, Sall AA, Weaver SC, Diallo M, Faye O. Yellow Fever Outbreak in Eastern Senegal, 2020-2021. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081475. [PMID: 34452343 PMCID: PMC8402698 DOI: 10.3390/v13081475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus remains a major threat in low resource countries in South America and Africa despite the existence of an effective vaccine. In Senegal and particularly in the eastern part of the country, periodic sylvatic circulation has been demonstrated with varying degrees of impact on populations in perpetual renewal. We report an outbreak that occurred from October 2020 to February 2021 in eastern Senegal, notified and managed through the synergistic effort yellow fever national surveillance implemented by the Senegalese Ministry of Health in collaboration with the World Health Organization, the countrywide 4S network set up by the Ministry of Health, the Institut Pasteur de Dakar, and the surveillance of arboviruses and hemorrhagic fever viruses in human and vector populations implemented since mid 2020 in eastern Senegal. Virological analyses highlighted the implication of sylvatic mosquito species in virus transmission. Genomic analysis showed a close relationship between the circulating strain in eastern Senegal, 2020, and another one from the West African lineage previously detected and sequenced two years ago from an unvaccinated Dutch traveler who visited the Gambia and Senegal before developing signs after returning to Europe. Moreover, genome analysis identified a 6-nucleotide deletion in the variable domain of the 3′UTR with potential impact on the biology of the viral strain that merits further investigations. Integrated surveillance of yellow fever virus but also of other arboviruses of public health interest is crucial in an ecosystem such as eastern Senegal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Moïse Diagne
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal; (M.H.D.N.); (M.M.); (C.T.D.); (O.F.); (G.F.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +221-77-405-9928
| | - Marie Henriette Dior Ndione
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal; (M.H.D.N.); (M.M.); (C.T.D.); (O.F.); (G.F.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Alioune Gaye
- Zoology Medical Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal; (A.G.); (D.D.); (E.H.N.); (B.D.); (M.D.)
| | - Mamadou Aliou Barry
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal; (M.A.B.); (A.D.); (M.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Diawo Diallo
- Zoology Medical Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal; (A.G.); (D.D.); (E.H.N.); (B.D.); (M.D.)
| | - Amadou Diallo
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal; (M.A.B.); (A.D.); (M.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Lusajo L. Mwakibete
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (L.L.M.); (V.A.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Mamadou Diop
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal; (M.A.B.); (A.D.); (M.D.); (C.L.)
| | - El Hadji Ndiaye
- Zoology Medical Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal; (A.G.); (D.D.); (E.H.N.); (B.D.); (M.D.)
| | - Vida Ahyong
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (L.L.M.); (V.A.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Babacar Diouf
- Zoology Medical Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal; (A.G.); (D.D.); (E.H.N.); (B.D.); (M.D.)
| | - Moufid Mhamadi
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal; (M.H.D.N.); (M.M.); (C.T.D.); (O.F.); (G.F.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Diagne
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal; (M.H.D.N.); (M.M.); (C.T.D.); (O.F.); (G.F.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Fodé Danfakha
- Kedougou Medical Region, Ministry of Health, Kedougou 26005, Senegal;
| | - Boly Diop
- Prevention Department, Ministry of Health, Dakar 220, Senegal;
| | - Oumar Faye
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal; (M.H.D.N.); (M.M.); (C.T.D.); (O.F.); (G.F.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Cheikh Loucoubar
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal; (M.A.B.); (A.D.); (M.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Gamou Fall
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal; (M.H.D.N.); (M.M.); (C.T.D.); (O.F.); (G.F.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Cristina M. Tato
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (L.L.M.); (V.A.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Amadou Alpha Sall
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal; (M.H.D.N.); (M.M.); (C.T.D.); (O.F.); (G.F.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Zoology Medical Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal; (A.G.); (D.D.); (E.H.N.); (B.D.); (M.D.)
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220, Senegal; (M.H.D.N.); (M.M.); (C.T.D.); (O.F.); (G.F.); (A.A.S.); (O.F.)
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Getaneh A, Yimer M, Alemu M, Dejazmach Z, Alehegn M, Tegegne B. Species Composition, Parous Rate, and Infection Rate of Anopheles Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Bahir Dar City Administration, Northwest Ethiopia. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:1874-1879. [PMID: 33822116 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles mosquitoes are the main vectors of malaria. There is little information on the current entomological aspects of Anopheles mosquitoes in Amhara region of northwestern Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevailing species composition, parous rate, and infection rate of Anopheles mosquitoes in the Bahir Dar city administration. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January through July 2020. For this, six Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps (three traps indoor and three traps outdoor) were used to collect adult female Anopheles mosquitoes. The species were morphologically identified, and the parous and infection rates were determined via dissection of ovaries and salivary gland, respectively. A total of 378 adult female Anopheles mosquitoes comprised of three species (Anopheles d'thali, Anopheles rhodesiensis, and Anopheles gambiae complex) were collected and identified at the study sites. Anopheles rhodesiensis was the predominant species accounting for 90% of all collections at the Zenzelima site, followed by An. gambiae complex (6.5%). In contrast, An. gambiae complex was the predominant species at the Tis Abay site, comprising 94% of captures. The overall parous and infection rates were 35 (62.5%) and 1 (2.9%), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Getaneh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Dessie Health Science College, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Mulat Yimer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Megbaru Alemu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Dejazmach
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences,Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Michael Alehegn
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Banchamlak Tegegne
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Amhara Public Health Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Mechai S, Bilodeau G, Lung O, Roy M, Steeves R, Gagne N, Baird D, Lapen DR, Ludwig A, Ogden NH. Mosquito Identification From Bulk Samples Using DNA Metabarcoding: a Protocol to Support Mosquito-Borne Disease Surveillance in Canada. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:1686-1700. [PMID: 33822118 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 80 species of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) have been documented in Canada. Exotic species such as Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) are becoming established. Recently occurring endemic mosquito-borne diseases (MBD) in Canada including West-Nile virus (WNV) and Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) are having significant public health impacts. Here we explore the use of DNA metabarcoding to identify mosquitoes from CDC light-trap collections from two locations in eastern Canada. Two primer pairs (BF2-BR2 and F230) were used to amplify regions of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO1) gene. High throughput sequencing was conducted using an Illumina MiSeq platform and GenBank-based species identification was applied using a QIIME 1.9 bioinformatics pipeline. From a site in southeastern Ontario, Canada, 26 CDC light trap collections of 72 to >300 individual mosquitoes were used to explore the capacity of DNA metabarcoding to identify and quantify captured mosquitoes. The DNA metabarcoding method identified 33 species overall while 24 species were identified by key. Using replicates from each trap, the dried biomass needed to identify the majority of species was determined to be 76 mg (equivalent to approximately 72 mosquitoes), and at least two replicates from the dried biomass would be needed to reliably detect the majority of species in collections of 144-215 mosquitoes and three replicates would be advised for collections with >215 mosquitoes. This study supports the use of DNA metabarcoding as a mosquito surveillance tool in Canada which can help identify the emergence of new mosquito-borne disease potential threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mechai
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - G Bilodeau
- Ottawa Plant Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - O Lung
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - M Roy
- Aquatic Animal Health Section, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - R Steeves
- Aquatic Animal Health Section, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - N Gagne
- Aquatic Animal Health Section, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - D Baird
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - D R Lapen
- Ottawa Research Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Ludwig
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - N H Ogden
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Bang WJ, Kim HC, Ryu J, Lee HS, Lee SY, Kim MS, Chong ST, Klein TA, Choi KS. Multiplex PCR assay for the identification of eight Anopheles species belonging to the Hyrcanus, Barbirostris and Lindesayi groups. Malar J 2021; 20:287. [PMID: 34183006 PMCID: PMC8237487 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03808-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genus Anopheles mosquitoes are the primary vectors of human malaria, which is a serious threat to public health worldwide. To reduce the spread of malaria and identify the malaria infection rates in mosquitoes, accurate species identification is needed. Malaria re-emerged in 1993 in the Republic of Korea (ROK), with numbers peaking in 2004 before decreasing to current levels. Eight Anopheles species (Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles pullus, Anopheles belenrae, Anopheles lesteri, Anopheles kleini, Anopheles sineroides, Anopheles koreicus, Anopheles lindesayi) are distributed throughout Korea. Members of the Anopheles Hyrcanus group currently cannot be identified morphologically. The other species of Anopheles can be identified morphologically, except when specimens are damaged in traps. The purpose of this study was to develop a rapid and accurate method for simultaneous molecular identification of the eight Anopheles species present in the ROK. METHODS Anopheles spp. used in this study were collected near/in the demilitarized zone in ROK, where most malaria cases are reported. DNA from 165 of the Anopheles specimens was used to develop a multiplex PCR assay. The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of each species was sequenced and analysed for molecular identification. RESULTS DNA from a total of 165 Anopheles specimens was identified to species using a multiplex diagnostic system. These included: 20 An. sinensis, 21 An. koreicus, 17 An. lindesayi, 25 An. kleini, 11 An. lesteri, 22 An. sineroides, 23 An. belenrae, and 26 An. pullus. Each species was clearly distinguished by electrophoresis as follows: 1,112 bp for An. sinensis; 925 bp for An. koreicus; 650 bp for An. lindesayi; 527 bp for An. kleini; 436 bp for An. lesteri; 315 bp for An. sineroides; 260 bp for An. belenrae; and, 157 bp for An. pullus. CONCLUSION A multiplex PCR assay was developed to identify Anopheles spp. distributed in ROK. This method can be used to accurately identify Anopheles species that are difficult to identify morphologically to determine species distributions and malaria infection rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Jun Bang
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Groups, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Dokdo and Ulleungdo Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Chul Kim
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP, 96271-5281, USA
| | - Jihun Ryu
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Groups, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Dokdo and Ulleungdo Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Seung Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Groups, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Dokdo and Ulleungdo Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Groups, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Dokdo and Ulleungdo Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Soon Kim
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP, 96271-5281, USA
| | - Sung Tae Chong
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP, 96271-5281, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP, 96271-5281, USA
| | - Kwang Shik Choi
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Groups, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Dokdo and Ulleungdo Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Phylogenomics and Evolution, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Artigas P, Reguera-Gomez M, Valero MA, Osca D, da Silva Pacheco R, Rosa-Freitas MG, Fernandes Silva-do-Nascimento T, Paredes-Esquivel C, Lucientes J, Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD. Aedes albopictus diversity and relationships in south-western Europe and Brazil by rDNA/mtDNA and phenotypic analyses: ITS-2, a useful marker for spread studies. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:333. [PMID: 34174940 PMCID: PMC8235640 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes albopictus is a very invasive mosquito, which has recently colonized tropical and temperate regions worldwide. Of concern is its role in the spread of emerging or re-emerging mosquito-borne diseases. Ae. albopictus from south-western Europe and Brazil were studied to infer genetic and phenetic diversity at intra-individual, intra-population and inter-population levels, and to analyse its spread. METHODS Genotyping was made by rDNA 5.8S-ITS-2 and mtDNA cox1 sequencing to assess haplotype and nucleotide diversity, genetic distances and phylogenetic networks. Male and female phenotyping included combined landmark-and outlined-based geometric morphometrics of wing size and shape. RESULTS Specimens from seven populations from Spain, France and Brazil provided 12 cox1 and 162 5.8S-ITS-2 haplotypes, with great genetic variability difference between both markers (0.9% vs 31.2%). Five cox1 haplotypes were shared with other countries, mainly Italy, USA and China, but none was shared between Europe and Brazil. The 5.8S-ITS-2 showed 2-7 intra-individual (mean 4.7) and 16-34 intra-/inter-population haplotypes (24.7), including haplotypes shared between Spain, France and Brazil. A 4.3% of ITS-2 haplotypes were shared, mainly with Italy, USA and Thailand, evidencing worldwide spread and introductions from areas where recent outbreaks of Ae. albopictus-transmitted pathogens occurred. Wing size showed sex differences. Wing shape distinguished between Brazilian and European specimens. Both genetic and morphometric markers showed differences between insular Spain and continental Spain, France and Brazil. CONCLUSIONS ITS-2 proves to be a useful marker to assess Ae. albopictus spread, providing pronouncedly more information than cox1, including intra-individual, intra-population and inter-population levels, furnishing a complete overview of the evolutionary exchanges followed by this mosquito. Wing morphometry proves to be a useful phenotyping marker, allowing to distinguish different populations at the level of both male and female specimens. Results indicate the need for periodic surveillance monitorings to verify that no Ae. albopictus with high virus transmission capacity is introduced into Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - Marta Reguera-Gomez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - María Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - David Osca
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - Raquel da Silva Pacheco
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
- Laboratõrio de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - María Goreti Rosa-Freitas
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Paredes-Esquivel
- Grupo de Zoología Aplicada y de La Conservación, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Javier Lucientes
- Instituto de Investigación Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - María Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
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Spadar A, Phelan JE, Benavente ED, Campos M, Gomez LF, Mohareb F, Clark TG, Campino S. Flavivirus integrations in Aedes aegypti are limited and highly conserved across samples from different geographic regions unlike integrations in Aedes albopictus. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:332. [PMID: 34174947 PMCID: PMC8235865 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes of the genus Aedes are the main vectors of many viruses, e.g. dengue and Zika, which affect millions of people each year and for which there are limited treatment options. Understanding how Aedes mosquitoes tolerate high viral loads may lead to better disease control strategies. Elucidating endogenous viral elements (EVEs) within vector genomes may give exploitable biological insights. Previous studies have reported the presence of a large number of EVEs in Aedes genomes. Here we investigated if flavivirus EVEs are conserved across populations and different Aedes species by using ~ 500 whole genome sequence libraries from Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, sourced from colonies and field mosquitoes across continents. We found that nearly all flavivirus EVEs in the Ae. aegypti reference genome originate from four separate putative viral integration events, and that they are highly conserved across geographically diverse samples. By contrast, flavivirus EVEs in the Ae. albopictus reference genome originate from up to nine distinct integration events and show low levels of conservation, even within samples from narrow geographical ranges. Our analysis suggests that flaviviruses integrated as long sequences and were subsequently fragmented and shuffled by transposable elements. Given that EVEs of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus belong to different phylogenetic clades and have very differing levels of conservation, they may have different evolutionary origins and potentially different functional roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Spadar
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jody E Phelan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ernest Diez Benavente
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Monica Campos
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lara Ferrero Gomez
- Unidade de Ciências da Natureza, da Vida e do Ambiente, Universidade Jean Piaget de Cabo Verde, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Fady Mohareb
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Auerswald H, Maquart PO, Chevalier V, Boyer S. Mosquito Vector Competence for Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061154. [PMID: 34208737 PMCID: PMC8234777 DOI: 10.3390/v13061154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic pathogen mainly found in East and Southeast Asia and transmitted by mosquitoes. The objective of this review is to summarize the knowledge on the diversity of JEV mosquito vector species. Therefore, we systematically analyzed reports of JEV found in field-caught mosquitoes as well as experimental vector competence studies. Based on the investigated publications, we classified 14 species as confirmed vectors for JEV due to their documented experimental vector competence and evidence of JEV found in wild mosquitoes. Additionally, we identified 11 mosquito species, belonging to five genera, with an experimentally confirmed vector competence for JEV but lacking evidence on their JEV transmission capacity from field-caught mosquitoes. Our study highlights the diversity of confirmed and potential JEV vector species. We also emphasize the variety in the study design of vector competence investigations. To account for the diversity of the vector species and regional circumstances, JEV vector competence should be studied in the local context, using local mosquitoes with local virus strains under local climate conditions to achieve reliable data. In addition, harmonization of the design of vector competence experiments would lead to better comparable data, informing vector and disease control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Auerswald
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 120210, Cambodia
- Correspondence:
| | - Pierre-Olivier Maquart
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 120210, Cambodia; (P.-O.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 120210, Cambodia;
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Sebastien Boyer
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 120210, Cambodia; (P.-O.M.); (S.B.)
- Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
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Mustapha AM, Musembi S, Nyamache AK, Machani MG, Kosgei J, Wamuyu L, Ochomo E, Lobo NF. Secondary malaria vectors in western Kenya include novel species with unexpectedly high densities and parasite infection rates. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:252. [PMID: 33980273 PMCID: PMC8117294 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria vector control has been implemented chiefly through indoor interventions targeting primary vectors resulting in population declines-pointing to a possible greater proportional contribution to transmission by secondary malaria vectors with their predominant exophagic and exophilic traits. With a historical focus on primary vectors, there is paucity of data on secondary malaria vectors in many countries in Africa. This study sought to determine the species compositions and bionomic traits, including proportions infected with Plasmodium falciparum and phenotypic insecticide resistance, of secondary vectors in three sites with high malaria transmission in Kisumu County, western Kenya. METHODS Cross-sectional sampling of adult Anopheles was conducted using indoor and outdoor CDC light traps (CDC-LT) and animal-baited traps (ABTs) in Kakola-Ombaka and Kisian, while larvae were sampled in Ahero. Secondary vectors captured were exposed to permethrin using WHO bioassays and then analyzed by ELISA to test for proportions infected with P. falciparum sporozoites. All Anopheles were identified to species using morphological keys with a subset being molecularly identified using ITS2 and CO1 sequencing for species identification. RESULTS Two morphologically identified secondary vectors captured-An. coustani and An. pharoensis-were determined to consist of four species molecularly. These included An. christyi, An. sp. 15 BSL-2014, an unidentified member of the An. coustani complex (An. cf. coustani) and a species similar to that of An. pharoensis and An. squamosus (An. cf. pharoensis). Standardized (Anopheles per trap per night) capture rates demonstrate higher proportions of secondary vectors across most trapping methods-with overall indoor and outdoor CDC-LTs and ABT captures composed of 52.2% (n = 93), 78.9% (n = 221) and 58.1% (n = 573) secondary vectors respectively. Secondary vectors were primarily caught outdoors. The overall proportion of secondary vectors with P. falciparum sporozoite was 0.63% (n = 5), with the unidentified species An. cf. pharoensis, determined to carry Plasmodium. Overall secondary vectors were susceptible to permethrin with a > 99% mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS Given their high densities, endophily equivalent to primary vectors, higher exophily and Plasmodium-positive proportions, secondary vectors may contribute substantially to malaria transmission. Unidentified species demonstrate the need for further morphological and molecular identification studies towards further characterization. Continued monitoring is essential for understanding their temporal contributions to transmission, the possible elevation of some to primary vectors and the development of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine M Mustapha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Entomology Section, Centre for Global Health Research, KEMRI_KISUMU, P.O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya.
| | - Susan Musembi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anthony K Nyamache
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maxwell G Machani
- Entomology Section, Centre for Global Health Research, KEMRI_KISUMU, P.O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Jackline Kosgei
- Entomology Section, Centre for Global Health Research, KEMRI_KISUMU, P.O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Lucy Wamuyu
- Institute of Biotechnology Research (IBR), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Entomology Section, Centre for Global Health Research, KEMRI_KISUMU, P.O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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Feufack-Donfack LB, Sarah-Matio EM, Abate LM, Bouopda Tuedom AG, Ngano Bayibéki A, Maffo Ngou C, Toto JC, Sandeu MM, Eboumbou Moukoko CE, Ayong L, Awono-Ambene P, Morlais I, Nsango SE. Epidemiological and entomological studies of malaria transmission in Tibati, Adamawa region of Cameroon 6 years following the introduction of long-lasting insecticide nets. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:247. [PMID: 33964974 PMCID: PMC8106832 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04745-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a serious public health problem in Cameroon. Implementation of control interventions requires prior knowledge of the local epidemiological situation. Here we report the results of epidemiological and entomological surveys carried out in Tibati, Adamawa Region, Cameroon, an area where malaria transmission is seasonal, 6 years after the introduction of long-lasting insecticidal bed nets. METHODS Cross-sectional studies were carried out in July 2015 and 2017 in Tibati. Thick blood smears and dried blood spots were collected from asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals in the community and at health centers, respectively, and used for the molecular diagnosis of Plasmodium species. Adult mosquitoes were collected by indoor residual spraying and identified morphologically and molecularly. The infection status of Plasmodium spp. was determined by quantitative PCR, and positivity of PCR-positive samples was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Overall malaria prevalence in our study population was 55.0% (752/1367) and Plasmodium falciparum was the most prevalent parasite species (94.3%), followed by P. malariae (17.7%) and P. ovale (0.8%); 92 (12.7%) infections were mixed infections. Infection parameters varied according to clinical status (symptomatic/asymptomatic) and age of the sampled population and the collection sites. Infection prevalence was higher in asymptomatic carriers (60.8%), but asexual and sexual parasite densities were lower. Prevalence and intensity of infection decreased with age in both the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. Heterogeneity in infections was observed at the neighborhood level, revealing hotspots of transmission. Among the 592 Anopheles mosquitoes collected, 212 (35.8%) were An. gambiae, 172 (29.1%) were An. coluzzii and 208 (35.1%) were An. funestus (s.s.). A total of 26 (4.39%) mosquito specimens were infected by Plasmodium sp. and the three Anopheles mosquitoes transmitted Plasmodium at equal efficiency. Surprisingly, we found an An. coluzzii specimen infected by Plasmodium vivax, which confirms circulation of this species in Cameroon. The positivity of all 26 PCR-positive Plasmodium-infected mosquitoes was successively confirmed by sequencing analysis. CONCLUSION Our study presents the baseline malaria parasite burden in Tibati, Adamawa Region, Cameroon. Our results highlight the high malaria endemicity in the area, and hotspots of disease transmission are identified. Parasitological indices suggest low bednet usage and that implementation of control interventions in the area is needed to reduce malaria burden. We also report for the first time a mosquito vector with naturally acquired P. vivax infection in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Brice Feufack-Donfack
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- CNRS UPR 9022, Inserm U 963, Université de Strasbourg, 2, allée Konrad Roentgen, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Elangwe Milo Sarah-Matio
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Marcel Abate
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Aline Gaelle Bouopda Tuedom
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques de l’Université de Douala (FMSP–UD), BP 2701 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Albert Ngano Bayibéki
- Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, Yaoundé-Campus Messa, BP 1110, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Christelle Maffo Ngou
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Claude Toto
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, BP 288, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Maurice Marcel Sandeu
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaounde, 13591 Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, PO Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques de l’Université de Douala (FMSP–UD), BP 2701 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Lawrence Ayong
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, BP 288, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Isabelle Morlais
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Eveline Nsango
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques de l’Université de Douala (FMSP–UD), BP 2701 Douala, Cameroon
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Montanez-Gonzalez R, Vallera AC, Calzetta M, Pichler V, Love RR, Guelbeogo MW, Dabire RK, Pombi M, Costantini C, Simard F, Della Torre A, Besansky NJ. A PCR-RFLP method for genotyping of inversion 2Rc in Anopheles coluzzii. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:174. [PMID: 33752733 PMCID: PMC7983089 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genotyping of polymorphic chromosomal inversions in malaria vectors such as An. coluzzii Coetzee & Wilkerson is important, both because they cause cryptic population structure that can mislead vector analysis and control and because they influence epidemiologically relevant eco-phenotypes. The conventional cytogenetic method of genotyping is an impediment because it is labor intensive, requires specialized training, and can be applied only to one gender and developmental stage. Here, we circumvent these limitations by developing a simple and rapid molecular method of genotyping inversion 2Rc in An. coluzzii that is both economical and field-friendly. This inversion is strongly implicated in temporal and spatial adaptations to climatic and ecological variation, particularly aridity. METHODS Using a set of tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) strongly correlated with inversion orientation, we identified those that overlapped restriction enzyme recognition sites and developed four polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays that distinguish alternative allelic states at the tag SNPs. We assessed the performance of these assays using mosquito population samples from Burkina Faso that had been cytogenetically karyotyped as well as genotyped, using two complementary high-throughput molecular methods based on tag SNPs. Further validation was performed using mosquito population samples from additional West African (Benin, Mali, Senegal) and Central African (Cameroon) countries. RESULTS Of four assays tested, two were concordant with the 2Rc cytogenetic karyotype > 90% of the time in all samples. We recommend that these two assays be employed in tandem for reliable genotyping. By accepting only those genotypic assignments where both assays agree, > 99% of assignments are expected to be accurate. CONCLUSIONS We have developed tandem PCR-RFLP assays for the accurate genotyping of inversion 2Rc in An. coluzzii. Because this approach is simple, inexpensive, and requires only basic molecular biology equipment, it is widely accessible. These provide a crucial tool for probing the molecular basis of eco-phenotypes relevant to malaria epidemiology and vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Montanez-Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Alexandra C Vallera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Maria Calzetta
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università "La Sapienza", Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Verena Pichler
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università "La Sapienza", Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachel R Love
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Moussa W Guelbeogo
- Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur Le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Roch K Dabire
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Marco Pombi
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università "La Sapienza", Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Costantini
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Frederic Simard
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Alessandra Della Torre
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università "La Sapienza", Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Nora J Besansky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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23
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Bergren NA, Borland EM, Hartman DA, Kading RC. Laboratory demonstration of the vertical transmission of Rift Valley fever virus by Culex tarsalis mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009273. [PMID: 33750981 PMCID: PMC8016277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus with proven ability to emerge into naïve geographic areas. Limited field evidence suggests that RVFV is transmitted vertically from parent mosquito to offspring, but until now this mechanism has not been confirmed in the laboratory. Furthermore, this transmission mechanism has allowed for the prediction of RVFV epizootics based on rainfall patterns collected from satellite information. However, in spite of the relevance to the initiation of epizootic events, laboratory confirmation of vertical transmission has remained an elusive research aim for thirty-five years. Herein we present preliminary evidence of the vertical transmission of RVFV by Culex tarsalis mosquitoes after oral exposure to RVFV. Progeny from three successive gonotrophic cycles were reared to adults, with infectious RVFV confirmed in each developmental stage. Virus was detected in ovarian tissues of parental mosquitoes 7 days after imbibing an infectious bloodmeal. Infection was confirmed in progeny as early as the first gonotrophic cycle, with infection rates ranging from 2.0–10.0%. Virus titers among progeny were low, which may indicate a host mechanism suppressing replication. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) represents a significant threat in terms of its ability to emerge into naïve geographic areas. Furthermore, RVFV represents a global public health risk due to the ability of many mosquito species to transmit the virus and the ease with which the virus can be transported due to increased globalization. The vertical transmission of RVFV by mosquitoes has long been accepted by the research community due to limited field evidence. However, laboratory confirmation of vertical transmission has remained elusive for thirty-five years. We present the first laboratory evidence of vertical transmission of RVFV in the susceptible North American vector, Culex tarsalis. We present two studies that clearly show 1) the accumulation of RVFV antigen in the ovaries of infected mosquitoes and 2) the transmission of RVFV from parent to offspring immediately following an infectious blood meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Bergren
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Erin M. Borland
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Daniel A. Hartman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Rebekah C. Kading
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- * E-mail:
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Jabeen A, Ansari JA, Ikram A, Khan MA, Qaisrani MI, Khan S, Safdar M. First Report of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in District Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:943-946. [PMID: 32990723 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Our article documents the presence of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) from urban and rural locations in the lower Himalaya Mountains, northern Pakistan. Larvae were collected from graveyards, junkyards, plant nurseries, parks, and houses. Used tires, bird drinking pots, and water storage containers were the most common containers used by this mosquito. In the absence of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae), Ae. albopictus appears to be the primary vector of recent dengue virus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Jabeen
- Field Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jamil A Ansari
- Field Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ikram
- Field Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mumtaz Ali Khan
- Field Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Moin Iqbal Qaisrani
- Field Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saira Khan
- Field Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Safdar
- Field Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
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25
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Reeves LE, Medina J, Miqueli E, Sloyer KE, Petrie W, Vasquez C, Burkett-Cadena ND. Establishment of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) scapularis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mainland Florida, With Notes on the Ochlerotatus Group in the United States. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:717-729. [PMID: 33225354 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aedes scapularis (Rondani), a widespread neotropical vector mosquito species, has been included in the mosquito fauna of Florida on the basis of just three larval specimens that were collected in the middle Florida Keys in 1945. Here, we report numerous recent collections of immature and adult Ae. scapularis from multiple locations in two counties of southern Florida. These specimens represent the first records of Ae. scapularis from mainland Florida and the first records of the species in the state since the initial detection of the species 75 yr ago. Collections of both larvae and adults across several years indicate that Ae. scapularis is now established in Broward and Miami-Dade Counties. These contemporary records of this species in Florida may represent novel dispersal and subsequent establishment events from populations outside the United States or a recent reemergence of undetected endemic populations. To confirm morphological identification of Ae. scapularis specimens from Florida, the DNA barcoding region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) was sequenced and compared to all other Ochlerotatus Group species from the United States, specifically Aedes condolescens Dyar and Knab (Diptera: Culicidae), Aedes infirmatus Dyar and Knab (Diptera: Culicidae), Aedes thelcter Dyar (Diptera: Culicidae), Aedes tortilis (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae), and Aedes trivittatus (Coquillett) (Diptera: Culicidae). Molecular assays and sequencing confirm morphological identification of Ae. scapularis specimens. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of COI and ITS2 sequences place Florida Ae. scapularis in a distinct clade, but was unable to produce distinct clades for Florida specimens of Ae. condolescens and Ae. tortilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence E Reeves
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL
| | | | | | - Kristin E Sloyer
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL
| | | | | | - Nathan D Burkett-Cadena
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL
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Kittichai V, Pengsakul T, Chumchuen K, Samung Y, Sriwichai P, Phatthamolrat N, Tongloy T, Jaksukam K, Chuwongin S, Boonsang S. Deep learning approaches for challenging species and gender identification of mosquito vectors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4838. [PMID: 33649429 PMCID: PMC7921658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscopic observation of mosquito species, which is the basis of morphological identification, is a time-consuming and challenging process, particularly owing to the different skills and experience of public health personnel. We present deep learning models based on the well-known you-only-look-once (YOLO) algorithm. This model can be used to simultaneously classify and localize the images to identify the species of the gender of field-caught mosquitoes. The results indicated that the concatenated two YOLO v3 model exhibited the optimal performance in identifying the mosquitoes, as the mosquitoes were relatively small objects compared with the large proportional environment image. The robustness testing of the proposed model yielded a mean average precision and sensitivity of 99% and 92.4%, respectively. The model exhibited high performance in terms of the specificity and accuracy, with an extremely low rate of misclassification. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.958 ± 0.011, which further demonstrated the model accuracy. Thirteen classes were detected with an accuracy of 100% based on a confusion matrix. Nevertheless, the relatively low detection rates for the two species were likely a result of the limited number of wild-caught biological samples available. The proposed model can help establish the population densities of mosquito vectors in remote areas to predict disease outbreaks in advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerayuth Kittichai
- Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 1 chalongkrug road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kemmapon Chumchuen
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Yudthana Samung
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Natthaphop Phatthamolrat
- College of Advanced Manufacturing Innovation, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 1 chalongkrug road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teerawat Tongloy
- College of Advanced Manufacturing Innovation, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 1 chalongkrug road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Komgrit Jaksukam
- College of Advanced Manufacturing Innovation, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 1 chalongkrug road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Santhad Chuwongin
- College of Advanced Manufacturing Innovation, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 1 chalongkrug road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siridech Boonsang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 1 chalongkrug road, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Kang DS, Kim S, Cotten MA, Sim C. Transcript Assembly and Quantification by RNA-Seq Reveals Significant Differences in Gene Expression and Genetic Variants in Mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) Complex. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:139-145. [PMID: 32865206 PMCID: PMC7801747 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The taxonomy of Culex pipiens complex of mosquitoes is still debated, but in North America it is generally regarded to include Culex pipiens pipiens, Culex pipiens molestus, and Culex quinquefasciatus (or Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus). Although these mosquitoes have very similar morphometry, they each have unique life strategies specifically adapted to their ecological niche. Differences include the capability for overwintering diapause, bloodmeal preference, mating behaviors, and reliance on blood meals to produce eggs. Here, we used RNA-seq transcriptome analysis to investigate the differential gene expression and nucleotide polymorphisms that may link to the divergent traits specifically between Cx. pipiens pipiens and Cx. pipiens molestus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Kang
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX
| | - Sungshil Kim
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX
| | | | - Cheolho Sim
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX
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28
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Talaga S, Duchemin JB, Girod R, Dusfour I. The Culex Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of French Guiana: A Comprehensive Review With the Description of Three New Species. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:182-221. [PMID: 33269802 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The taxonomically intricate genus Culex Linnaeus includes numerous known vector species of parasites and viruses to humans. The aim of this article is to comprehensively review the Culex species which occur in French Guiana to provide a stronger taxonomic foundation for future studies on this genus in South America. The occurrence of Culex species was investigated in light of current taxonomic knowledge through an extensive examination of voucher specimens deposited in the entomological collections of four French depositories and additional specimens recently collected at various localities in French Guiana. Based on this review, 104 Culex species classified in eight subgenera are confirmed to occur in French Guiana. Compared to the most recent checklist, 18 species are added, and 10 species excluded, resulting in a total number of 242 valid mosquito species known to occur in French Guiana. Three nominal species are synonymized, three others are newly described, and a last one is transferred to another informal infrasubgeneric group. Overall, this review also highlights the limits of the use of only bibliographic data when dealing with taxonomically complex groups of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislas Talaga
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Jean-Bernard Duchemin
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Romain Girod
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Isabelle Dusfour
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Ceretti-Junior W, Oliveira-Christe R, Wilk-da-Silva R, Mucci LF, Duarte AMRDC, Fernandes A, Barrio-Nuevo KM, Carvalho MP, Marrelli MT, Medeiros-Sousa AR. Diversity analysis and an updated list of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) found in Cantareira State Park, São Paulo, Brazil. Acta Trop 2020; 212:105669. [PMID: 32805213 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cantareira State Park (CSP) is located in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, one of the most densely populated areas on the planet. Recently, a yellow-fever epidemic practically annihilated the howler monkey population in this park, and human infections were reported in the vicinity. As simian and human plasmodia also circulate in CSP, the present study sought to provide an update on the mosquito fauna in this park, including an analysis of the diversity in areas with different degrees of conservation and a comparison of the yields achieved with different collection techniques. From October 2015 to April 2017, adult mosquitoes were collected with CDC traps, hand-held battery-powered aspirators and Shannon traps, and larvae and pupae were collected with larval dippers and suction samplers in natural and artificial breeding sites. In total, 11,038 specimens distributed in 103 taxa represented by 16 genera were collected. Both the observed species richness and diversity were greater in the environments with the highest degree of preservation. The 'wild' (most preserved) area in CSP had the greatest species richness, followed by the transition area and human-impacted area. The estimated richness indicated that the three environments may have a greater number of species than observed in this study, and Sorensen's index showed that the average degree of similarity varies little between areas. In the inventory of local species, the Shannon trap was the most efficient collection technique for adult mosquitoes, and the suction sampler the most efficient for immatures. The results highlight the increase in the number of different taxa collected as different mosquito capture techniques were included, confirming the importance of using several strategies to sample the local mosquito fauna satisfactorily when exploring a greater number of ecotopes. CSP is a refuge and shelter for native and introduced mosquito species where new biocenoses including pathogens, vertebrate hosts and vectors can form, allowing zoonotic outbreaks in the local human population to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luis Filipe Mucci
- Superintendency for the Control of Endemic Diseases, State Health Secretariat, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Aristides Fernandes
- Epidemiology Department, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Márcio Port Carvalho
- Forestry Institute, State Department of Infrastructure and the Environment, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro Toledo Marrelli
- Epidemiology Department, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Diouf B, Dia I, Sene NM, Ndiaye EH, Diallo M, Diallo D. Morphology and taxonomic status of Aedes aegypti populations across Senegal. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242576. [PMID: 33206725 PMCID: PMC7673542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of dengue, Zika, yellow fever and chikungunya viruses to humans. In Africa, two subspecies, Ae. aegypti aegypti (Aaa) and Ae. aegypti formosus (Aaf) have been described. Until very recently, it was considered that the two forms were sympatric in East Africa and that only Aaf was present in Central and West Africa. However, recent data suggests that Aaa was also common in Senegal without any clear evidence of genetic differences with Aaf. This study was carried out in different Ae. aegypti populations from Senegal to better clarify their taxonomic status. The larvae, pupae and eggs were collected between July and September 2018 and reared individually to adult stage. For each population, F1 progeny from eggs laid by a single female F0 were reared as sibling samples. The number of pale scales on the first abdominal tergite (T1) and the basal part of the second tergite (T2) were counted. Individuals with no pale scale on T1 were classified as Aaf while those with at least one pale scale on this tergite were classified as Aaa. The morphological variations within families of Aaf were studied across 4 generations. In total, 2400 individuals constituting 240 families were identified, of which 42.5% were heterogeneous (families with both forms). Multivariate statistical analysis of variance including T1 and T2 data together showed that populations were significantly different from each other. Statistical analysis of T1 alone showed a similarity between populations from the southeast while variations were observed within northwest population. The analysis of family composition across generations showed the presence of Aaa and Aaf forms in each generation. The classification of Ae. aegypti into two subspecies is invalid in Senegal. Populations exhibit morphological polymorphism at the intra-family level that could have biological and epidemiological impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babacar Diouf
- Pôle de zoologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
- * E-mail:
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Pôle de zoologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ndeye Marie Sene
- Pôle de zoologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - El Hadji Ndiaye
- Pôle de zoologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Pôle de zoologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Diawo Diallo
- Pôle de zoologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
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Sallum MAM, Obando RG, Carrejo N, Wilkerson RC. Identification keys to the Anopheles mosquitoes of South America (Diptera: Culicidae). I. Introduction. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:583. [PMID: 33208196 PMCID: PMC7672812 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The worldwide genus Anopheles Meigen, 1918 is the only genus containing species evolved as vectors of human and simian malaria. Morbidity and mortality caused by Plasmodium Marchiafava & Celli, 1885 is tremendous, which has made these parasites and their vectors the objects of intense research aimed at mosquito identification, malaria control and elimination. DNA tools make the identification of Anopheles species both easier and more difficult. Easier in that putative species can nearly always be separated based on DNA data; more difficult in that attaching a scientific name to a species is often problematic because morphological characters are often difficult to interpret or even see; and DNA technology might not be available and affordable. Added to this are the many species that are either not yet recognized or are similar to, or identical with, named species. The first step in solving Anopheles identification problem is to attach a morphology-based formal or informal name to a specimen. These names are hypotheses to be tested with further morphological observations and/or DNA evidence. The overarching objective is to be able to communicate about a given species under study. In South America, morphological identification which is the first step in the above process is often difficult because of lack of taxonomic expertise and/or inadequate identification keys, written for local fauna, containing the most consequential species, or obviously, do not include species described subsequent to key publication. METHODS Holotypes and paratypes and other specimens deposited in the Coleção Entomológica de Referência, Faculdade de Saúde Pública (FSP-USP), Museo de Entomología, Universidad del Valle (MUSENUV) and the US National Mosquito Collection, Smithsonian Institution (USNMC) were examined and employed to illustrate the identification keys for female, male and fourth-instar larvae of Anopheles. RESULTS We presented, in four concurrent parts, introduction and three keys to aid the identification of South American Anopheles based on the morphology of the larvae, male genitalia and adult females, with the former two keys fully illustrated. CONCLUSIONS Taxonomic information and identification keys for species of the genus Anopheles are updated. The need for further morphology-based studies and description of new species are reinforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, São Paulo CEP01246-904 Brazil
| | | | - Nancy Carrejo
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, A.A 25360 Cali, Colombia
| | - Richard C. Wilkerson
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC 20560 USA
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, 4210 Silver Hill Rd., Suitland, MD 20746 USA
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
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Oduwole OA, Oringanje CM, Oduola AO, Nwachuku NS, Meremikwu MM, Alaribe AAA. Species Composition of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in Selected Forested Tourist Areas of Nigeria Endemic for Malaria. J Med Entomol 2020; 57:2007-2010. [PMID: 32556239 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The study was carried out to determine relative abundance, species diversity, of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) in selected forested areas in Cross River State, Nigeria and the prevalence of malaria infection in the specimens. Mosquitoes were collected using pyrethrum spray catch and Centre for Disease Control light traps modified with yeast and sugar to generate carbon dioxide (CO2) and identified using morphological identification keys. We used a multiplex polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to simultaneously distinguish sibling species of the An. gambiae s.l, including separation of An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii (Diptera: Culicidae). The samples were also screened for Plasmodium infection using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. One hundred and four Anopheles specimens were collected during the study of which 97% was An. gambiae complex and 3% was An. rufipes (Diptera: Culicidae). Only 77% of the An. gambiae s.l. was identify to species level. The result shows that 41.6% was An. gambiae s.s. and 34.6% was An. coluzzii. No sporozoite of Plasmodium was detected in the Anopheles species. The study also found a hybrid form of An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii. These findings suggest the first documented evidence of hybrid forms of An. gambiae s.s./An. coluzzii in South Eastern Nigeria although its epidemiological implication is still not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Oduwole
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Achievers University, Owo, Nigeria
| | - C M Oringanje
- Department of Entomology and Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - A O Oduola
- Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - N S Nwachuku
- Department of Public Health, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - M M Meremikwu
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - A A A Alaribe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
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Ferreira-de-Freitas L, Thrun NB, Tucker BJ, Melidosian L, Bartholomay LC. An Evaluation of Characters for the Separation of Two Culex Species (Diptera: Culicidae) Based on Material From the Upper Midwest. J Insect Sci 2020; 20:5956134. [PMID: 33147340 PMCID: PMC7641446 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Culex pipiens complex play a key role in the transmission and therefore epidemiology of a number of human and animal pathogens globally. These mosquitoes, and sympatric species of the genus Culex Linnaeus that are not within the Cx. pipiens complex, are often considered 'impossible' to distinguish by morphology in the adult female stage. In the United States, this is particularly true for Culex pipiens s.l. and Culex restuans Theobald, both of which are competent vectors of West Nile virus, but likely play different roles in the transmission cycle. Therefore, we undertook an in-depth morphological evaluation of matched larval exuviae and adult specimens that revealed five useful morphological characters that are informative to distinguish Cx. pipiens s.l. from Cx. restuans in the adult stage. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on these species of interest, and four additional, morphologically similar, Culex species, and a proposed key to adult female specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas B Thrun
- Pathobiological Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Bradley J Tucker
- Pathobiological Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lauren Melidosian
- Pathobiological Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lyric C Bartholomay
- Pathobiological Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Snyder RE, Feiszli T, Foss L, Messenger S, Fang Y, Barker CM, Reisen WK, Vugia DJ, Padgett KA, Kramer VL. West Nile virus in California, 2003-2018: A persistent threat. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008841. [PMID: 33206634 PMCID: PMC7710070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The California Arbovirus Surveillance Program was initiated over 50 years ago to track endemic encephalitides and was enhanced in 2000 to include West Nile virus (WNV) infections in humans, mosquitoes, sentinel chickens, dead birds and horses. This comprehensive statewide program is a function of strong partnerships among the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), the University of California, and local vector control and public health agencies. This manuscript summarizes WNV surveillance data in California since WNV was first detected in 2003 in southern California. From 2003 through 2018, 6,909 human cases of WNV disease, inclusive of 326 deaths, were reported to CDPH, as well as 730 asymptomatic WNV infections identified during screening of blood and organ donors. Of these, 4,073 (59.0%) were reported as West Nile neuroinvasive disease. California's WNV disease burden comprised 15% of all cases that were reported to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during this time, more than any other state. Additionally, 1,299 equine WNV cases were identified, along with detections of WNV in 23,322 dead birds, 31,695 mosquito pools, and 7,340 sentinel chickens. Annual enzootic detection of WNV typically preceded detection in humans and prompted enhanced intervention to reduce the risk of WNV transmission. Peak WNV activity occurred from July through October in the Central Valley and southern California. Less than five percent of WNV activity occurred in other regions of the state or outside of this time. WNV continues to be a major threat to public and wild avian health in California, particularly in southern California and the Central Valley during summer and early fall months. Local and state public health partners must continue statewide human and mosquito surveillance and facilitate effective mosquito control and bite prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Snyder
- California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, Richmond and Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Tina Feiszli
- California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, Richmond and Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Leslie Foss
- California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, Richmond and Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Sharon Messenger
- California Department of Public Health, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Barker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - William K. Reisen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Duc J. Vugia
- California Department of Public Health, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Kerry A. Padgett
- California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, Richmond and Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Vicki L. Kramer
- California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, Richmond and Sacramento, California, United States of America
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Hwang MJ, Kim HC, Klein TA, Chong ST, Sim K, Chung Y, Cheong HK. Comparison of climatic factors on mosquito abundance at US Army Garrison Humphreys, Republic of Korea. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240363. [PMID: 33085720 PMCID: PMC7577452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A number of studies have been conducted on the relationship between the distribution of mosquito abundance and meteorological variables. However, few studies have specifically provided specific ranges of temperatures for estimating the maximum abundance of mosquitoes as an empirical basis for climatic dynamics for estimating mosquito-borne infectious disease risks. Methods Adult mosquitoes were collected for three consecutive nights/week using Mosquito Magnet® Independence® model traps during 2018 and 2019 at US Army Garrison (USAG) Humphreys, Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea (ROK). An estimate of daily mean temperatures (provided by the Korea Meteorological Administration) were distributed at the maximum abundance for selected species of mosquitoes using daily mosquito collection data after controlling for mosquito ecological cycles and environmental factors. Results Using the Monte-Carlo simulation, the overall mosquito population abundance peaked at 22.7°C (2.5th—97.5th: 21.7°C–23.8°C). Aedes albopictus, vector of Zika, chikungunya, dengue fever and other viruses, abundance peaked at 24.6°C (2.5th–97.5th, 22.3°C–25.6°C), while Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vectors, e.g., Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex pipiens, peaked at 24.3°C (2.5th–97.5th: 21.9°C–26.3°C) and 22.6°C (2.5th–97.5th: 21.9°C–25.2°C), respectively. Members of the Anopheles Hyrcanus Group, some of which are vivax malaria vectors in the ROK, abundance peaked at 22.4°C (2.5th–97.5th: 21.5°C–23.8°C). Conclusion The empirical mean temperature ranges for maximum abundance were determined for each mosquito species collected at USAG Humphreys. These data contributed to the identification of relative mosquito abundance patterns for estimating mosquito-borne disease risks and developing and implementing disease prevention practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Jae Hwang
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, United States of America
| | - Terry A. Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, United States of America
| | - Sung-Tae Chong
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, United States of America
| | - Kisung Sim
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonseung Chung
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Kwan Cheong
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Multini LC, de Souza ALDS, Marrelli MT, Wilke ABB. The influence of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation on the genetic structure and diversity of the malaria vector Anopheles cruzii (Diptera: Culicidae). Sci Rep 2020; 10:18018. [PMID: 33093465 PMCID: PMC7581522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragmentation of natural environments as a result of human interference has been associated with a decrease in species richness and increase in abundance of a few species that have adapted to these environments. The Brazilian Atlantic Forest, which has been undergoing an intense process of fragmentation and deforestation caused by human-made changes to the environment, is an important hotspot for malaria transmission. The main vector of simian and human malaria in this biome is the mosquito Anopheles cruzii. Anthropogenic processes reduce the availability of natural resources at the tree canopies, An. cruzii primary habitat. As a consequence, An. cruzii moves to the border of the Atlantic Forest nearing urban areas seeking resources, increasing their contact with humans in the process. We hypothesized that different levels of anthropogenic changes to the environment can be an important factor in driving the genetic structure and diversity in An. cruzii populations. Five different hypotheses using a cross-sectional and a longitudinal design were tested to assess genetic structure in sympatric An. cruzii populations and microevolutionary processes driving these populations. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were used to assess microgeographic genetic structure in An. cruzii populations in a low-endemicity area in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Our results show an overall weak genetic structure among the populations, indicating a high gene flow system. However, our results also pointed to the presence of significant genetic structure between sympatric An. cruzii populations collected at ground and tree-canopy habitats in the urban environment and higher genetic variation in the ground-level population. This indicates that anthropogenic modifications leading to habitat fragmentation and a higher genetic diversity and structure in ground-level populations could be driving the behavior of An. cruzii, ultimately increasing its contact with humans. Understanding how anthropogenic changes in natural areas affect An. cruzii is essential for the development of more effective mosquito control strategies and, on a broader scale, for malaria-elimination efforts in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cristina Multini
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mauro Toledo Marrelli
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André Barretto Bruno Wilke
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 Northwest 14th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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Hernández-Valencia JC, Rincón DS, Marín A, Naranjo-Díaz N, Correa MM. Effect of land cover and landscape fragmentation on anopheline mosquito abundance and diversity in an important Colombian malaria endemic region. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240207. [PMID: 33057442 PMCID: PMC7561141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Landscape structure influences the distribution and abundance of anopheline mosquitoes and has an indirect impact on malaria transmission. This work aimed to determine the effect of land cover and landscape fragmentation on anopheline mosquito abundance and diversity in an important Colombian malaria endemic area, the Bajo Cauca region. Diversity indices were calculated for Anopheles mosquitoes collected in various localities of the region. Land cover types were characterized using orthorectified aerial photographs to estimate landscape metrics. The relationship between landscape fragmentation and species diversity was evaluated by regression analysis. The correlation between species abundance and land cover types was determined using canonical correspondence analyses. Results showed a statistically significant tendency for a lower diversity of the Anopheles community in landscapes with higher patch number, patch density and effective mesh size. For most species, there was evidence of a significant relationship between species abundance and land covers modified by anthropic activities which generate forest loss. These results indicate that activities that modify the landscape structure and land cover composition generate changes that affect the spatial distribution and composition of epidemiologically-important Anopheles species, which may impact malaria distribution in a region. This information is useful to guide control interventions that promote unfavorable landscapes for malaria vector propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Hernández-Valencia
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Daniel S. Rincón
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alba Marín
- Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Nelson Naranjo-Díaz
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Margarita M. Correa
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- * E-mail: ,
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Madzokere ET, Hallgren W, Sahin O, Webster JA, Webb CE, Mackey B, Herrero LJ. Integrating statistical and mechanistic approaches with biotic and environmental variables improves model predictions of the impact of climate and land-use changes on future mosquito-vector abundance, diversity and distributions in Australia. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:484. [PMID: 32967711 PMCID: PMC7510059 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes to Australia's climate and land-use patterns could result in expanded spatial and temporal distributions of endemic mosquito vectors including Aedes and Culex species that transmit medically important arboviruses. Climate and land-use changes greatly influence the suitability of habitats for mosquitoes and their behaviors such as mating, feeding and oviposition. Changes in these behaviors in turn determine future species-specific mosquito diversity, distribution and abundance. In this review, we discuss climate and land-use change factors that influence shifts in mosquito distribution ranges. We also discuss the predictive and epidemiological merits of incorporating these factors into a novel integrated statistical (SSDM) and mechanistic species distribution modelling (MSDM) framework. One potentially significant merit of integrated modelling is an improvement in the future surveillance and control of medically relevant endemic mosquito vectors such as Aedes vigilax and Culex annulirostris, implicated in the transmission of many arboviruses such as Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus, and exotic mosquito vectors such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. We conducted a focused literature search to explore the merits of integrating SSDMs and MSDMs with biotic and environmental variables to better predict the future range of endemic mosquito vectors. We show that an integrated framework utilising both SSDMs and MSDMs can improve future mosquito-vector species distribution projections in Australia. We recommend consideration of climate and environmental change projections in the process of developing land-use plans as this directly impacts mosquito-vector distribution and larvae abundance. We also urge laboratory, field-based researchers and modellers to combine these modelling approaches. Having many different variations of integrated (SDM) modelling frameworks could help to enhance the management of endemic mosquitoes in Australia. Enhanced mosquito management measures could in turn lead to lower arbovirus spread and disease notification rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene T. Madzokere
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4215 Australia
| | - Willow Hallgren
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Gold Coast campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222 Australia
| | - Oz Sahin
- Cities Research Institute, Gold Coast campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222 Australia
| | - Julie A. Webster
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006 Australia
| | - Cameron E. Webb
- Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Brendan Mackey
- Griffith Climate Change Response Program, Griffith School of Environment, Gold Coast campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222 Australia
| | - Lara J. Herrero
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4215 Australia
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Kamber T, Koekemoer LL, Mathis A. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for Anopheles funestus group and Anopheles gambiae complex species. Med Vet Entomol 2020; 34:295-301. [PMID: 32154608 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Species of the genus Anopheles vary with regard to their vector capacity for Plasmodium spp., the causative agent of malaria, and their accurate identification is often required. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a rapid, simple and low-cost method for specific DNA amplification. Primers for LAMP assays specific for the Anopheles funestus group and Anopheles gambiae complex species as well as for the species Anopheles arabiensis, An. funestus, An. gambiae s.s/Anopheles coluzzii (major vectors) and Anopheles rivulorum (minor vector) were designed targeting specific genome or rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions. Reaction conditions (buffer composition, primer concentrations, incubation time) were evaluated and the specificities of the assays confirmed with DNA from non-target Anopheles species. DNA release from the mosquitoes is achieved simply by heating them for 5 min in water. An aliquot of the DNA solutions is transferred to the reaction tube using disposable inoculation loops. The outcome of the LAMP amplifications after 1 h incubation at 65 °C can easily be visualized by a colour change visible to the naked eye. The assays are operable under field conditions requiring only basic equipment (portable heat block programmable at 65 and 80 °C, cooler for master mixes).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kamber
- Institute of Parasitology, National Centre for Vector Entomology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - L L Koekemoer
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, SAMRC Collaborating Centre for Multidisciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - A Mathis
- Institute of Parasitology, National Centre for Vector Entomology, Zürich, Switzerland
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Briolant S, Costa MM, Nguyen C, Dusfour I, Pommier de Santi V, Girod R, Almeras L. Identification of French Guiana anopheline mosquitoes by MALDI-TOF MS profiling using protein signatures from two body parts. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234098. [PMID: 32817616 PMCID: PMC7444543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In French Guiana, the malaria, a parasitic infection transmitted by Anopheline mosquitoes, remains a disease of public health importance. To prevent malaria transmission, the main effective way remains Anopheles control. For an effective control, accurate Anopheles species identification is indispensable to distinguish malaria vectors from non-vectors. Although, morphological and molecular methods are largely used, an innovative tool, based on protein pattern comparisons, the Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption / Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) profiling, emerged this last decade for arthropod identification. However, the limited mosquito fauna diversity of reference MS spectra remains one of the main drawback for its large usage. The aim of the present study was then to create and to share reference MS spectra for the identification of French Guiana Anopheline species. A total of eight distinct Anopheles species, among which four are malaria vectors, were collected in 6 areas. To improve Anopheles identification, two body parts, legs and thoraxes, were independently submitted to MS for the creation of respective reference MS spectra database (DB). This study underlined that double checking by MS enhanced the Anopheles identification confidence and rate of reliable classification. The sharing of this reference MS spectra DB should make easier Anopheles species monitoring in endemic malaria area to help malaria vector control or elimination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Briolant
- Unité de Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, UMR Vecteurs–Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), IHU—Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Monique Melo Costa
- Unité de Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, UMR Vecteurs–Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), IHU—Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Nguyen
- Unité de Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, UMR Vecteurs–Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), IHU—Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Dusfour
- Unite d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - Romain Girod
- Unite d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Lionel Almeras
- Unité de Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, UMR Vecteurs–Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), IHU—Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Soma DD, Zogo BM, Somé A, Tchiekoi BN, Hien DFDS, Pooda HS, Coulibaly S, Gnambani JE, Ouari A, Mouline K, Dahounto A, Ouédraogo GA, Fournet F, Koffi AA, Pennetier C, Moiroux N, Dabiré RK. Anopheles bionomics, insecticide resistance and malaria transmission in southwest Burkina Faso: A pre-intervention study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236920. [PMID: 32745085 PMCID: PMC7398507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Twenty-seven villages were selected in southwest Burkina Faso to implement new vector control strategies in addition to long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) through a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). We conducted entomological surveys in the villages during the dry cold season (January 2017), dry hot season (March 2017) and rainy season (June 2017) to describe malaria vectors bionomics, insecticide resistance and transmission prior to this trial. Methods We carried out hourly catches (from 17:00 to 09:00) inside and outside 4 houses in each village using the Human Landing Catch technique. Mosquitoes were identified using morphological taxonomic keys. Specimens belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex and Anopheles funestus group were identified using molecular techniques as well as detection of Plasmodium falciparum infection and insecticide resistance target-site mutations. Results Eight Anopheles species were detected in the area. Anopheles funestus s.s was the main vector during the dry cold season. It was replaced by Anopheles coluzzii during the dry hot season whereas An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. were the dominant species during the rainy season. Species composition of the Anopheles population varied significantly among seasons. All insecticide resistance mechanisms (kdr-w, kdr-e and ace-1 target site mutations) investigated were found in each members of the An. gambiae complex but at different frequencies. We observed early and late biting phenotypes in the main malaria vector species. Entomological inoculation rates were 2.61, 2.67 and 11.25 infected bites per human per month during dry cold season, dry hot season and rainy season, respectively. Conclusion The entomological indicators of malaria transmission were high despite the universal coverage with LLINs. We detected early and late biting phenotypes in the main malaria vector species as well as physiological insecticide resistance mechanisms. These data will be used to evaluate the impact of complementary tools to LLINs in an upcoming RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonné Diloma Soma
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Barnabas Mahugnon Zogo
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- Université d’Abomey Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Anthony Somé
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Bertin N’Cho Tchiekoi
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | - Hermann Sié Pooda
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Université de Dédougou, Dédougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sanata Coulibaly
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Ali Ouari
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Karine Mouline
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Amal Dahounto
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Florence Fournet
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Cédric Pennetier
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Nicolas Moiroux
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Roch Kounbobr Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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Sroute L, Byrd BD, Huffman SW. Classification of Mosquitoes with Infrared Spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis. Appl Spectrosc 2020; 74:900-912. [PMID: 32762360 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820915729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality globally. Given the absence of effective vaccines for most arthropod-borne viruses, mosquito control efforts remain the dominant method of disease prevention. Ideal control efforts begin with entomologic surveillance in order to determine the abundance, identity, and infection status of pathogen-vectoring mosquito populations. Traditionally, much of the surveillance work involves morphological species identification by trained entomologists. Limited operational funding and lack of specialized training is a known barrier to surveillance and effective control efforts for many operational mosquito control personnel. Therefore, there is a need for surveillance workflow improvements and rapid mosquito identification methods. Herein, is presented a proof of concept study in which infrared spectroscopy coupled with partial least squares-discriminant analysis was explored as a means of automatically classifying mosquitoes at the species level. The developed method resulted in greater than 94% accuracy for four mosquitoes of public health relevance: Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes japonicus, and Aedes triseriatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamyae Sroute
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, USA
| | - Brian D Byrd
- School of Health Sciences, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, USA
| | - Scott W Huffman
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, USA
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Abílio AP, Silva M, Kampango A, Narciso I, Gudo ES, das Neves LCB, Sidat M, Fafetine JM, de Almeida APG, Parreira R. A survey of RNA viruses in mosquitoes from Mozambique reveals novel genetic lineages of flaviviruses and phenuiviruses, as well as frequent flavivirus-like viral DNA forms in Mansonia. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:225. [PMID: 32723369 PMCID: PMC7385898 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01905-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito-borne diseases involving arboviruses represent expanding threats to sub-Saharan Africa imposing as considerable burden to human and veterinary public health. In Mozambique over one hundred species of potential arbovirus mosquito vectors have been identified, although their precise role in maintaining such viruses in circulation in the country remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to screen for the presence of flaviviruses, alphaviruses and bunyaviruses in mosquitoes from different regions of Mozambique. RESULTS Our survey analyzed 14,519 mosquitoes, and the results obtained revealed genetically distinct insect-specific flaviviruses, detected in multiple species of mosquitoes from different genera. In addition, smaller flavivirus-like NS5 sequences, frequently detected in Mansonia seemed to correspond to defective viral sequences, present as viral DNA forms. Furthermore, three lineages of putative members of the Phenuiviridae family were also detected, two of which apparently corresponding to novel viral genetic lineages. CONCLUSION This study reports for the first-time novel insect-specific flaviviruses and novel phenuiviruses, as well as frequent flavivirus-like viral DNA forms in several widely known vector species. This unique work represents recent investigation of virus screening conducted in mosquitoes from Mozambique and an important contribution to inform the establishment of a vector control program for arbovirus in the country and in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Abílio
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS)-Ministry of Health (MISAU), Vila de Marracuene, Estrada Nacional N°1, Parcela N°3943, P.O. Box: 264, Maputo, Mozambique.
- Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM), Maputo, Mozambique.
| | - Manuel Silva
- Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT)/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA), and Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM) Research Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ayubo Kampango
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS)-Ministry of Health (MISAU), Vila de Marracuene, Estrada Nacional N°1, Parcela N°3943, P.O. Box: 264, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Inácio Narciso
- Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT)/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA), and Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM) Research Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Samo Gudo
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS)-Ministry of Health (MISAU), Vila de Marracuene, Estrada Nacional N°1, Parcela N°3943, P.O. Box: 264, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Mohsin Sidat
- Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - António Paulo Gouveia de Almeida
- Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT)/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA), and Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM) Research Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Parreira
- Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT)/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA), and Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM) Research Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
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Werner D, Kowalczyk S, Kampen H. Nine years of mosquito monitoring in Germany, 2011-2019, with an updated inventory of German culicid species. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2765-2774. [PMID: 32671542 PMCID: PMC7431392 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06775-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Before the background of increasingly frequent outbreaks and cases of mosquito-borne diseases in various European countries, Germany recently realised the necessity of updating decade-old data on the occurrence and spatiotemporal distribution of culicid species. Starting in 2011, a mosquito monitoring programme was therefore launched with adult and immature mosquito stages being collected at numerous sites all over Germany both actively by trapping, netting, aspirating and dipping, and passively by the citizen science project 'Mueckenatlas'. Until the end of 2019, about 516,000 mosquito specimens were analysed, with 52 (probably 53) species belonging to seven genera found, including several species not reported for decades due to being extremely rare (Aedes refiki, Anopheles algeriensis, Culex martinii) or local (Culiseta alaskaensis, Cs. glaphyroptera, Cs. ochroptera). In addition to 43 (probably 44 including Cs. subochrea) out of 46 species previously described for Germany, nine species were collected that had never been documented before. These consisted of five species recently established (Ae. albopictus, Ae. japonicus, Ae. koreicus, An. petragnani, Cs. longiareolata), three species probably introduced on one single occasion only and not established (Ae. aegypti, Ae. berlandi, Ae. pulcritarsis), and a newly described cryptic species of the Anopheles maculipennis complex (An. daciae) that had probably always been present but not been differentiated from its siblings. Two species formerly listed for Germany could not be documented (Ae. cyprius, Ae. nigrinus), while presence is likely for another species (Cs. subochrea), which could not be demonstrated in the monitoring programme as it can neither morphologically nor genetically be reliably distinguished from a closely related species (Cs. annulata) in the female sex. While Cs. annulata males were collected in the present programme, this was not the case with Cs. subochrea. In summary, although some species regarded endemic could not be found during the last 9 years, the number of culicid species that must be considered firmly established in Germany has increased to 51 (assuming Cs. subochrea and Ae. nigrinus are still present) due to several newly emerged ones but also to one species (Ae. cyprius) that must be considered extinct after almost a century without documentation. Most likely, introduction and establishment of the new species are a consequence of globalisation and climate warming, as three of them are native to Asia (Ae. albopictus, Ae. japonicus, Ae. koreicus) and three (Ae. albopictus, An. petragnani, Cs. longiareolata) are relatively thermophilic. Another thermophilic species, Uranotaenia unguiculata, which had been described for southwestern Germany in 1994 and had since been found only at the very site of its first detection, was recently documented at additional localities in the northeastern part of the country. As several mosquito species found in Germany are serious pests or potential vectors of disease agents and should be kept under permanent observation or even be controlled immediately on emergence, the German mosquito monitoring programme has recently been institutionalised and perpetuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Werner
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Eberswalder Strasse 84, 15374, Muencheberg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Kowalczyk
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Helge Kampen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
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Abílio AP, Kampango A, Armando EJ, Gudo ES, das Neves LCB, Parreira R, Sidat M, Fafetine JM, de Almeida APG. First confirmed occurrence of the yellow fever virus and dengue virus vector Aedes (Stegomyia) luteocephalus (Newstead, 1907) in Mozambique. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:350. [PMID: 33019944 PMCID: PMC7537105 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mozambique, same as many other tropical countries, is at high risk of arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) diseases and recently two dengue virus (DENV) outbreaks occurred in the northern part of the country. The occurrence of some important vector species, such as Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) and Ae. (Stg.) albopictus (Skuse), besides several other sylvatic vectors, have been reported in the country, which may indicate that the transmission of some arboviruses of public health importance may involve multiple-vector systems. Therefore, knowing the occurrence and distribution of existing and the new important vectors species, is crucial for devising systematic transmission surveillance and vector control approaches. The aim of this study was to map the occurrence and distribution of mosquito species with potential for transmitting arboviruses of human and veterinary relevance in Niassa Province, Northern Mozambique. METHODS Field entomological surveys were undertaken in April 2016 in Lago District, Niassa Province, northern Mozambique. Breeding sites of mosquitoes were inspected and immature stages were collected and reared into adult. Mosquitoes in the adult stages were morphologically identified using taxonomic keys. Morphological identification of Aedes (Stegomyia) luteocephalus (Newstead) were later confirmed using dissected male genitalia and molecular based on the phylogenetic analyses of the sequenced barcode (cox1 mtDNA) gene. RESULTS A total of 92 mosquito larvae collected developed into adults. Of these, 16 (17.39%) were morphologically identified as Ae. luteocephalus. The remaining specimens belonged to Ae. (Stg.) aegypti (n = 4, 4.35%), Ae. (Aedimorphus) vittatus (n = 24, 26.09%), Anopheles garnhami (n = 1, 1.09%), Culex (Culiciomyia) nebulosus (n = 28, 30.43%), Eretmapodites subsimplicipes (n = 18, 19.57%) and Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (n = 1, 1.09%), taxa already known to the country. Male genitalia and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the identity of Ae. luteocephalus specimens collected in this study. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first detection of Ae. luteocephalus in Mozambican territory, a vector species of yellow fever virus (YFV), Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) in Africa. Further studies are encouraged to investigate the role of Ae. luteocephalus in the transmission of arboviral diseases in Mozambique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Abílio
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Província de Maputo Mozambique
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (UEM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ayubo Kampango
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Província de Maputo Mozambique
| | | | - Eduardo S. Gudo
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Província de Maputo Mozambique
| | - Luís C. B. das Neves
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (UEM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria (UP), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ricardo Parreira
- GHTM, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mohsin Sidat
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (UEM), Maputo, Mozambique
- GHTM, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José M. Fafetine
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (UEM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria (UP), Pretoria, South Africa
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Donnelly MAP, Kluh S, Snyder RE, Barker CM. Quantifying sociodemographic heterogeneities in the distribution of Aedes aegypti among California households. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008408. [PMID: 32692760 PMCID: PMC7394445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of Aedes aegypti in California and other regions of the U.S. has increased the need to understand the potential for local chains of Ae. aegypti-borne virus transmission, particularly in arid regions where the ecology of these mosquitoes is less understood. For public health and vector control programs, it is helpful to know whether variation in risk of local transmission can be attributed to socio-demographic factors that could help to target surveillance and control programs. Socio-demographic factors have been shown to influence transmission risk of dengue virus outside the U.S. by modifying biting rates and vector abundance. In regions of the U.S. where Ae. aegypti have recently invaded and where residential areas are structured differently than those in the tropics where Ae. aegypti are endemic, it is unclear how socio-demographic factors modify the abundance of Ae. aegypti populations. Understanding heterogeneities among households in Ae. aegypti abundance will provide a better understanding of local vectorial capacity and is an important component of understanding risk of local Ae. aegypti-borne virus transmission. We conducted a cross-sectional study in Los Angeles County, California during summer 2017 to understand the causes of variation in relative abundance of Ae. aegypti among households. We surveyed 161 houses, representing a wide range of incomes. Surveys consisted of systematic adult mosquito collections, inspections of households and properties, and administration of a questionnaire in English or Spanish. Adult Ae. aegypti were detected at 72% of households overall and were found indoors at 12% of households. An average of 3.1 Ae. aegypti were collected per household. Ae. aegypti abundance outdoors was higher in lower-income neighborhoods and around older households with larger outdoor areas, greater densities of containers with standing water, less frequent yard maintenance, and greater air-conditioner use. We also found that Ae. aegypti abundance indoors was higher in households that had less window and door screening, less air-conditioner usage, more potted plants indoors, more rain-exposed containers around the home, and lower neighborhood human population densities. Our results indicate that, in the areas of southern California studied, there are behavioral and socio-demographic determinants of Ae. aegypti abundance, and that low-income households could be at higher risk for exposure to Ae. aegypti biting and potentially greater risk for Zika, dengue, and chikungunya virus transmission if a local outbreak were to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa A. P. Donnelly
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Susanne Kluh
- Greater Los Angeles County Vector Control District, Santa Fe Springs, California, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Snyder
- Vector-borne Disease Section, Division of Communicable Disease Control, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Barker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Paronyan L, Babayan L, Manucharyan A, Manukyan D, Vardanyan H, Melik-Andrasyan G, Schaffner F, Robert V. The mosquitoes of Armenia: review of knowledge and results of a field survey with first report of Aedes albopictus. Parasite 2020; 27:42. [PMID: 32508303 PMCID: PMC7278218 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2016, a field study was implemented in all Armenian provinces in order to update knowledge on the presence and distribution of both native and invasive mosquito species. Larvae and adult mosquitoes were sampled and identified on the basis of their morphology. Supplementary field surveys were performed in 2017-2018. RESULTS Between June 20 and July 12, 2016, 117 localities were visited. A total number of 197 sampling units were checked, of which 143 (73%) were positive for mosquitoes (with 1-6 species per sampling unit). A total number of 4157 mosquito specimens were identified to species or species complex level. Ten species represent first records for Armenia: Aedes albopictus, Ae. annulipes, Ae. cataphylla, Ae. cinereus/geminus (probably Ae. cinereus), Ae. flavescens, Anopheles plumbeus, Coquillettidia richiardii, Culex martinii, Cx. torrentium and Culiseta subochrea. The invasive species Ae. albopictus was recorded in a single locality (Bagratashen) at the border point with Georgia, along the main road Tbilisi-Yerevan. This species was further recorded in 2017 and 2018, demonstrating its establishment and spread in north Armenia. These surveys confirm the presence of vectors of malaria parasites (in particular An. sacharovi) and West Nile virus (Cx. pipiens). CONCLUSION The knowledge of the Armenian mosquito fauna is extended to a list of 28 species. The record of Aedes albopictus, an important potential vector of many arboviruses, has important implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Paronyan
- National Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health 25 Heratsi str. Yerevan 0025 Republic of Armenia
| | - Lilit Babayan
- National Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health 25 Heratsi str. Yerevan 0025 Republic of Armenia
| | - Arsen Manucharyan
- National Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health 25 Heratsi str. Yerevan 0025 Republic of Armenia
| | - Dezdemonia Manukyan
- National Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health 25 Heratsi str. Yerevan 0025 Republic of Armenia
| | - Haykuhi Vardanyan
- National Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health 25 Heratsi str. Yerevan 0025 Republic of Armenia
| | - Gayane Melik-Andrasyan
- National Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health 25 Heratsi str. Yerevan 0025 Republic of Armenia
| | - Francis Schaffner
- Francis Schaffner Consultancy Lörracherstrasse 50 4125 Riehen Switzerland
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 266a 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Vincent Robert
- MIVEGEC Unit, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier 911, avenue Agropolis BP 64501 34394 Montpellier cedex 5 France
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Sá ILRD, Hutchings RSG, Hutchings RW, Sallum MAM. Revision of the Atratus Group of Culex (Melanoconion) (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:269. [PMID: 32460878 PMCID: PMC7251747 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3982-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the importance of some species of Culex (Melanoconion) (Diptera: Culicidae) as vectors of several arboviruses that cause diseases in humans and other animals, there are few taxonomic studies focusing on species of the subgenus, especially providing morphological keys for species identification. RESULTS Thirteen species of the Atratus Group of Culex (Melanoconion) were reviewed, five new species are described, and two taxonomic changes are proposed: Cx. (Mel.) exedrus Root, 1927 and Cx. (Mel.) loturus Dyar, 1925 are resurrected from synonymy with Cx. (Mel.) dunni Dyar, 1918 and Cx. (Mel.) zeteki Dyar, 1918, respectively. The Atratus Group now includes fourteen species: Cx. (Mel.) atratus Theobald, 1901; Cx. (Mel.) caribeanus Galindo & Blanton, 1954; Cx. (Mel.) columnaris Sá & Hutchings n. sp.; Cx. (Mel.) commevynensis Bonne-Wepster & Bonne, 1919; Cx. (Mel.) comptus Sá & Sallum n. sp.; Cx. (Mel.) dunni; Cx. (Mel.) ensiformis Bonne-Wepster & Bonne, 1919; Cx. (Mel.) exedrus; Cx. (Mel.) longisetosus Sá & Sallum n. sp.; Cx. (Mel.) longistylus Sá & Sallum n. sp.; Cx. (Mel.) loturus; Cx. (Mel.) spinifer Sá & Sallum n. sp.; Cx. (Mel.) trigeminatus Clastrier, 1970; and Cx. (Mel.) zeteki. Keys, descriptions and illustrations for the identification of the male, female, pupal and fourth-instar larval stages of each species are provided. The treatment of each species includes a complete synonymy, descriptions of available life stages, a taxonomic discussion, updated bionomics and geographical distribution, and a list of material examined. CONCLUSIONS The taxonomy of the Atratus Group of Culex (Melanoconion) is updated, including descriptions of five new species. The number of valid species is greater than the number recognized in the previous taxonomic study of the group, increasing from seven to 14 species. Distributional and bionomical data are updated. Morphology-based identification keys for females, males, fourth-instar larvae and pupae provided in this study will facilitate species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Luizi Rodrigues de Sá
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Doutor Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP 01246-904 Brazil
| | - Rosa Sá Gomes Hutchings
- Laboratório de Bionomia e Sistemática de Culicidae, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2.936, Manaus, AM 69067-375 Brazil
| | - Roger William Hutchings
- Laboratório de Bionomia e Sistemática de Culicidae, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2.936, Manaus, AM 69067-375 Brazil
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Doutor Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP 01246-904 Brazil
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Barbosa RMR, de Melo-Santos MAV, Silveira JC, Silva-Filha MHNL, Souza WV, de Oliveira CMF, Ayres CFJ, Xavier MDN, Rodrigues MP, dos Santos SA, Nakazawa MM, Regis LN. Infestation of an endemic arbovirus area by sympatric populations of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e190437. [PMID: 32428083 PMCID: PMC7233267 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the most important arbovirus vectors in the world. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate and compare the infestation pattern of these species in a neighbourhood of Recife, Brazil, endemic for arboviruses in 2005 (T1) and 2013 (T2). METHODS Infestation, distribution and relative abundance of these sympatric species were recorded by egg collection using a network of 59 sentinel ovitraps (s-ovt) at fixed sampling stations for 12 months in T1 and T2. FINDINGS A permanent occupation pattern was detected which was characterised by the presence of egg-laying females of one or both species with a high ovitrap positivity index (94.3 to 100%) throughout both years analysed. In terms of abundance, the total of eggs collected was lower (p < 0.005) in T2 (146,153) than in T1 (281,103), although ovitraps still displayed a high index of positivity. The spatial distribution showed the presence of both species in 65.1% of the 148 s-ovt assessed, while a smaller number of traps exclusively contained Ae. aegypti (22%) or Ae. albopictus (13.2%) eggs. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our comparative analysis demonstrated the robustness of the spatial occupation and permanence of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus populations in this endemic urban area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Constantino Silveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | - Wayner Vieira Souza
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Marina Praxedes Rodrigues
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Entomologia, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Suzane Alves dos Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Entomologia, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Mitsue Maia Nakazawa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Entomologia, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Lêda Narcisa Regis
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Entomologia, Recife, PE, Brasil
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50
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Carvajal TM, Ogishi K, Yaegeshi S, Hernandez LFT, Viacrusis KM, Ho HT, Amalin DM, Watanabe K. Fine-scale population genetic structure of dengue mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, in Metropolitan Manila, Philippines. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008279. [PMID: 32365059 PMCID: PMC7224578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a highly endemic disease in Southeast Asia and is transmitted primarily by the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. The National Capital Region (NCR) of the Philippines, or Metropolitan Manila, is a highly urbanized area that is greatly affected by this arboviral disease. Urbanization has been shown to increase the dispersal of this mosquito vector. For this reason, we conducted a fine-scale population genetic study of Ae. aegypti in this region. We collected adult Ae. aegypti mosquitoes (n = 526 individuals) within the region (n = 21 study areas) and characterized the present population structure and the genetic relatedness among mosquito populations. We genotyped 11 microsatellite loci from all sampled mosquito individuals and analyzed their genetic diversity, differentiation and structure. The results revealed low genetic differentiation across mosquito populations which suggest high gene flow and/or weak genetic drift among mosquito populations. Bayesian analysis indicated multiple genetic structures (K = 3-6), with no clear genetically distinct population structures. This result implies the passive or long-distance dispersal capability nature Ae. aegypti possibly through human-mediated transportation. The constructed dendrogram in this study describes the potential passive dispersal patterns across Metropolitan Manila. Furthermore, spatial autocorrelation analysis showed the limited and active dispersal capability (<1km) of the mosquito vector. Our findings are consistent with previous studies that investigated the genetic structure and dual (active and passive) dispersal capability of Ae. aegypti in a fine-scale highly urbanized area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus M. Carvajal
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES)–Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering—Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Biology Department–De La Salle University, Taft Ave Manila, Philippines
- Biological Control Research Unit, Center for Natural Science and Environmental Research—De La Salle University, Taft Ave Manila, Philippines
| | - Kohei Ogishi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering—Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Sakiko Yaegeshi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering—Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | | | | | - Howell T. Ho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Trinity University of Asia, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Divina M. Amalin
- Biology Department–De La Salle University, Taft Ave Manila, Philippines
- Biological Control Research Unit, Center for Natural Science and Environmental Research—De La Salle University, Taft Ave Manila, Philippines
| | - Kozo Watanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES)–Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering—Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- Biology Department–De La Salle University, Taft Ave Manila, Philippines
- Biological Control Research Unit, Center for Natural Science and Environmental Research—De La Salle University, Taft Ave Manila, Philippines
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