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Stoops CA, Kim MS, Mahabir S, Chong ST, Cinkovich SS, Carder JB. CDC Bottle Bioassays for Detection of Insecticide Resistance in Culex Pipiens, Aedes Albopictus, and Aedes Koreicus Collected on US Army Garrisons, Republic of Korea. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2023; 39:208-211. [PMID: 37504379 DOI: 10.2987/23-7119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne pathogens are a threat to US troops stationed in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Insecticide resistance has been reported in mosquito vectors in the ROK, highlighting the need for a sustained ROK-wide resistance surveillance program. To address this need from April 2022 until October 2022, larvae and pupae of Aedes albopictus, Ae. koreicus, and Culex pipiens were collected from US Army Garrison (USAG) Daegu (Camps Carroll and Henry), USAG Yongsan-Casey (Camp Casey), and USAG Humphreys (Camp Humphreys) and screened for resistance to insecticides using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle bioassay. No resistance to deltamethrin or chlorpyrifos was detected in Ae. albopictus populations, but one population showed possible resistance to permethrin. Aedes koreicus populations were found to be resistant to etofenprox and permethrin with possible resistance to deltamethrin but were susceptible to chlorpyrifos. Culex pipiens populations were found to be resistant to chlorpyrifos, permethrin, and deltamethrin. Screening using CDC bottle bioassays will continue, and efforts will be made to determine the operational impact of the assay results on military installation mosquito control programs.
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Lee SY, Kim HC, Klein TA, Ryu J, Won MH, Choi JW, Kim MS, Chong ST, Lee SH, Kim YH, Kim JH, Choi KS. Species Diversity of Anopheles Mosquitoes and Plasmodium vivax Infection Rates, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea During 2020. J Med Entomol 2022; 59:1778-1786. [PMID: 35819996 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There are currently >300 malaria cases reported annually in the Republic of Korea (ROK), with most cases attributed to exposure in northern Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces near the demilitarized zone (DMZ). The species diversity and malaria infection rate were determined for a sample of Anopheles mosquitoes collected from May to early November 2020 for six sites in a malaria high-risk area in/near the DMZ and two malaria low-risk areas in southern Gyeonggi province using Mosquito Magnet traps in the ROK. A total of 1864 Anopheles spp. were identified to species by PCR. Overall, An. kleini (31.4%, 510/1622) was the most frequently species assayed, followed by An. pullus (25.5%, 413/1622), An. sineroides (23.9%, 387/1622), and An. sinensis (10.2%, 165/1622), while the other four species only accunted for 9.1% (147/1622) collected in/near the DMZ. Only three species, An. pullus, An. sinensis, and An. sineroides were collected at Humphreys US Army Garrison (USAG) (235 individuals), while only An. sinensis was collected at Yongsan USAG (7 individuals). A total of 36 Anopheles specimens belonging to five species collected in/near the DMZ were positive for Plasmodium vivax by PCR. Anopheles kleini (9) was the most frequent species positive for P. vivax, followed by An. belenrae (8), An. pullus (8), An. sinensis (5), An. sineroides (5), and a member of the Anopheles Lindesayi Complex in the ROK (1). This is the first report of P. vivax in a member of the An. Lindesayi Complex in the ROK. These findings can assist in guiding future malaria vector management in the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Youn Lee
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
- Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Heung Chul Kim
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
- U Inc. 34-gil, Daesakwan-ro, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04409, Repulic of Korea
| | - Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Jihun Ryu
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
- Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Min Hyeok Won
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
- Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Won Choi
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
- Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Myung Soon Kim
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Sung Tae Chong
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96271-5281, USA
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Entomology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Crea
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Shik Choi
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
- Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Institute for Phylogenomics and Evolution, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Bang WJ, Kim HC, Ryu J, Lee HS, Lee SY, Kim MS, Chong ST, Klein TA, Choi KS. Multiplex PCR assay for the identification of eight Anopheles species belonging to the Hyrcanus, Barbirostris and Lindesayi groups. Malar J 2021; 20:287. [PMID: 34183006 PMCID: PMC8237487 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03808-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genus Anopheles mosquitoes are the primary vectors of human malaria, which is a serious threat to public health worldwide. To reduce the spread of malaria and identify the malaria infection rates in mosquitoes, accurate species identification is needed. Malaria re-emerged in 1993 in the Republic of Korea (ROK), with numbers peaking in 2004 before decreasing to current levels. Eight Anopheles species (Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles pullus, Anopheles belenrae, Anopheles lesteri, Anopheles kleini, Anopheles sineroides, Anopheles koreicus, Anopheles lindesayi) are distributed throughout Korea. Members of the Anopheles Hyrcanus group currently cannot be identified morphologically. The other species of Anopheles can be identified morphologically, except when specimens are damaged in traps. The purpose of this study was to develop a rapid and accurate method for simultaneous molecular identification of the eight Anopheles species present in the ROK. METHODS Anopheles spp. used in this study were collected near/in the demilitarized zone in ROK, where most malaria cases are reported. DNA from 165 of the Anopheles specimens was used to develop a multiplex PCR assay. The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of each species was sequenced and analysed for molecular identification. RESULTS DNA from a total of 165 Anopheles specimens was identified to species using a multiplex diagnostic system. These included: 20 An. sinensis, 21 An. koreicus, 17 An. lindesayi, 25 An. kleini, 11 An. lesteri, 22 An. sineroides, 23 An. belenrae, and 26 An. pullus. Each species was clearly distinguished by electrophoresis as follows: 1,112 bp for An. sinensis; 925 bp for An. koreicus; 650 bp for An. lindesayi; 527 bp for An. kleini; 436 bp for An. lesteri; 315 bp for An. sineroides; 260 bp for An. belenrae; and, 157 bp for An. pullus. CONCLUSION A multiplex PCR assay was developed to identify Anopheles spp. distributed in ROK. This method can be used to accurately identify Anopheles species that are difficult to identify morphologically to determine species distributions and malaria infection rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Jun Bang
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Groups, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Dokdo and Ulleungdo Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Chul Kim
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP, 96271-5281, USA
| | - Jihun Ryu
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Groups, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Dokdo and Ulleungdo Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Seung Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Groups, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Dokdo and Ulleungdo Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Groups, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Dokdo and Ulleungdo Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Soon Kim
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP, 96271-5281, USA
| | - Sung Tae Chong
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP, 96271-5281, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP, 96271-5281, USA
| | - Kwang Shik Choi
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Groups, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Dokdo and Ulleungdo Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Phylogenomics and Evolution, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Suh SJ, Kim HC, Chong ST, Kim MS, Klein TA. Seasonal Abundance of Deer and Horse Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in the Northern Part of Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2015; 53:307-14. [PMID: 26174824 PMCID: PMC4510686 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The seasonal abundance of horse and deer flies (family Tabanidae) was analyzed using Mosquito Magnet® traps at 5 sites located near/in the demilitarized zone, northern Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea from late April to early October for 4 consecutive years (2010-2013). A total of 2,999 horse and deer flies (tabanids) belonging to 5 genera and 20 species were collected. Chrysops mlokosiewiczi (90.9%) was the most frequently collected, followed by Haematopota koryoensis (4.8%) and C. suavis (1.0%). The remaining 17 species comprised only of 3.3% of all species collected. C. mlokosiewiczi demonstrated bimodal peak populations during mid-June and early August, while H. koryoensis demonstrated a unimodal peak during mid-July. Overall numbers of tabanids collected were influenced by the previous year’s winter temperatures and precipitation. Population abundance was influenced by habitat with most of tabanids collected from habitats near forested areas, followed by rice paddies, and a beef farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jae Suh
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Heung Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168 th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65 th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-4247, U.S.A
| | - Sung Tae Chong
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168 th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65 th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-4247, U.S.A
| | - Myung Soon Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168 th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65 th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-4247, U.S.A
| | - Terry A Klein
- Public Health Command Region-Pacific, Camp Zama, Japan: 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP 96205-5281, U.S.A
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Chong ST, Kim HC, Lee IY, Kollars TM, Sancho AR, Sames WJ, Chae JS, Klein TA. Seasonal distribution of ticks in four habitats near the demilitarized zone, Gyeonggi-do (Province), Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2013; 51:319-25. [PMID: 23864743 PMCID: PMC3712106 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the seasonal distribution of larvae, nymph, and adult life stages for 3 species of ixodid ticks collected by tick drag and sweep methods from various habitats in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Grasses less than 0.5 m in height, including herbaceous and crawling vegetation, and deciduous, conifer, and mixed forests with abundant leaf/needle litter were surveyed at United States (US) and ROK operated military training sites and privately owned lands near the demilitarized zone from April-October, 2004 and 2005. Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann adults and nymphs were more frequently collected from April-August, while those of Haemaphysalis flava Neumann and Ixodes nipponensis Kitaoka and Saito were collected more frequently from April-July and again during October. H. longicornis was the most frequently collected tick in grass habitats (98.9%), while H. flava was more frequently collected in deciduous (60.2%) and conifer (57.4%) forest habitats. While more H. flava (54.1%) were collected in mixed forest habitats than H. longicornis (35.2%), the differences were not significant. I. nipponensis was more frequently collected from conifer (mean 8.8) compared to deciduous (3.2) and mixed (2.4) forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Tae Chong
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
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Chong ST, Kim HC, Lee IY, Kollars TM, Sancho AR, Sames WJ, Klein TA. Comparison of dragging and sweeping methods for collecting ticks and determining their seasonal distributions for various habitats, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea. J Med Entomol 2013; 50:611-618. [PMID: 23802457 DOI: 10.1603/me12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As part of the 65th Medical Brigade tick-borne disease surveillance program to determine the abundance, geographical and seasonal distributions, and tick-borne pathogens present in the Republic of Korea, dragging and sweeping methods were compared to determine their efficiency for collecting ticks in grass and deciduous, conifer, and mixed forest habitats at military training sites and privately owned lands in northern Gyeonggi Province near the demilitarized zone from April-October, 2004-2005. Three species of Ixodid ticks, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Haemaphysalis flava, and Ixodes nipponensis, were collected. Overall, H. longicornis adults and nymphs were most frequently collected from grass and deciduous forest habitats, accounting for 98.2 and 66.2%, respectively, of all ticks collected. H. flava adults and nymphs were most frequently collected from conifer and mixed forests, accounting for 81.6, and 77.8%, respectively, of all ticks collected. I. nipponensis adults and nymphs accounted for 9.3% of all ticks collected from mixed forests, were less commonly collected from deciduous (4.1%) and conifer (4.1%) forests, and infrequently collected from grass habitats (0.9%). Overall, there were no significant differences between dragging and sweeping methods for the three species when the areas sampled were similar (sweeping = 2 x the area over the same transect). Adults and nymphs of H. longicornis were most commonly collected from April-August, while those of H. flava and I. nipponensis were most commonly collected during April-July and again during October. Larvae of all three species were most frequently observed from July-September.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Tae Chong
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit #15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
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Suh SJ, Kim HC, Choi CY, Nam HY, Chae HY, Chong ST, Klein TA. Louse flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae: Ornithomyinae) of the Republic of Korea: an updated checklist, including two new records of bird louse flies. J Med Entomol 2012; 49:231-236. [PMID: 22308795 DOI: 10.1603/me11173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
One genus, Ornithoica Rondani, and two species, Ornithoica momiyamai Kishida, and O. unicolor Speiser, are reported for the first time from the Republic of Korea. A total of six species, including two new records, of louse flies were collected from 78 birds belonging to 35 species from Seoul and Incheon Metropolitan Areas and Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Gyeongsangbuk, Jeollabuk, and Jeollanam Provinces, 2005-2010. An updated checklist of Korean hippoboscids consisting of seven genera (Hippobosca L., Icosta Speiser, Lipoptena Nitzsch, Ornithoica Rondani, Ornithoctona Speiser, Ornithomya Lattreille, and Ornithophila Rondani) and 11 species is presented, including hosts, collection records, and repositories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jae Suh
- School of Applied Ecological Resources, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 742-711, Republic of Korea
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Kim HC, Han SH, Chong ST, Klein TA, Choi CY, Nam HY, Chae HY, Lee H, Ko S, Kang JG, Chae JS. Ticks collected from selected mammalian hosts surveyed in the Republic of Korea during 2008-2009. Korean J Parasitol 2011; 49:331-5. [PMID: 22072840 PMCID: PMC3210857 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A tick survey was conducted to determine the relative abundance and distribution of ticks associated with selected mammals in the Republic of Korea (ROK) during 2008-2009. A total of 918 ticks were collected from 76 mammals (6 families, 9 species) captured at 6 provinces and 3 Metropolitan Cities in ROK. Haemaphysalis longicornis (54.4%) was the most frequently collected tick, followed by Haemaphysalis flava (28.5%), Ixodes nipponensis (7.6%), Ixodes pomerantzevi (4.8%), Ixodes persulcatus (4.6%), and Haemaphysalis japonica (0.1%). Adults (57.0%) and nymphs (28.7%) of Ixodes and Haemaphysalis spp. were collected most frequently from medium or large mammals in this survey, while few larvae (14.3%) were collected. Hydropotes inermis was the most frequently captured mammal (52.6%), with a 16.4 tick index and 5 of 6 species of ticks collected during this survey. H. longicornis (69.7%) was the predominant tick collected from H. inermis, followed by H. flava (22.2%), I. persulcatus (6.1%), I. nipponensis (1.8%), and H. japonica (0.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
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Kim HC, Klein TA, Kang HJ, Gu SH, Moon SS, Baek LJ, Chong ST, O'Guinn ML, Lee JS, Turell MJ, Song JW. Ecological surveillance of small mammals at Dagmar North Training Area, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea, 2001-2005. J Vector Ecol 2011; 36:42-54. [PMID: 21635640 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2011.00139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A seasonal rodent-borne disease surveillance program was established at Dagmar North Training Area located near the demilitarized zone, Republic of Korea, from 2001 through 2005. Selected habitats surveyed included earthen banks separating rice paddies, fighting positions along a 5 m rock-faced earthen berm, and extensive tall grasses with various degrees of herbaceous and scrub vegetation associated with dirt roads, rice paddies, ditches, ponds, or the Imjin River. Of the nine species of small mammals captured, the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius), the primary reservoir for Hantaan virus, was the most frequently collected, representing 92.5% of the 1,848 small mammals captured. Males were captured similarly to females during the spring and summer seasons but were captured less frequently during the fall and winter seasons. Gravid rates were highest in the fall (25.5-57.3%) with the lowest rates during the summer (0.0-2.2%). Capture rates were the lowest along earthen banks separating rice paddies (5.5%) and highest in unmanaged tall grasses and crawling vegetation (15.3-43.5%). An increased knowledge of ecological factors that impact the abundance and distribution of small mammals and the associated ectoparasites and pathogens they harbor is critical for developing accurate disease risk assessments and mitigation strategies for preventing vector- and rodent-borne diseases among soldiers training in field environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
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Ko S, Kang JG, Kim SY, Kim HC, Klein TA, Chong ST, Sames WJ, Yun SM, Ju YR, Chae JS. Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in ticks from southern Korea. J Vet Sci 2010; 11:197-203. [PMID: 20706026 PMCID: PMC2924480 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2010.11.3.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in southern Korea was determined by collecting ticks using tick drags. A total of 4,077 of 6,788 ticks collected were pooled (649 pools) according to collection site, species, and developmental stage and assayed for TBEV. The TBEV protein E and NS5 gene fragments were detected using RT-nested PCR in six pools of nymphs collected from Jeju Island (2,491 ticks). The minimum field detection rates for TBEV were 0.17% and 0.14% for Haemaphysalis longicornis and Haemayphysalis flava nymphs, respectively. The 252 bp NS5 and 477 bp protein E gene amplicons were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the NS5 and protein E genes of the Jeju strain were clustered with Western subtype (98.0% and 99.4% identity, respectively). The Western subtype of TBEV is endemic in Korea, including Jeju Island. The study of vector and zoonotic host susceptibility to TBEV is required to better understand its potential impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Ko
- Veterinary Internal Medicine, Research Institute and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Kim HC, Chong ST, Chae JS, Lee H, Klein TA, Suh SJ, Rueda LM. New record of Lipoptena cervi and updated checklist of the louse flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) of the Republic of Korea. J Med Entomol 2010; 47:1227-1230. [PMID: 21175076 DOI: 10.1603/me09262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This is the first confirmed record of the genus Lipoptena Nitzsch and its species, Lipoptena cervi (Linnaeus), from the Republic of Korea. A total of five females and 10 males was collected from eight of 29 Korean water deer, Hydropotes inermis argyropus Swinhoe, from Gangwon and Gyeongsangbuk Provinces and Ulsan Metropolitan Area from May through October 2008. An updated checklist of Korean hippoboscids contains nine species in six genera (Hippobosca Linnaeus, Icosta Speiser, Lipoptena, Ornithoctona Speiser, Ornithomya Lattreille, and Ornithophila Rondani). Hosts, collection records, and repositories are also noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Battalion, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit 15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
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Kim HC, Lee IY, Chong ST, Richards AL, Gu SH, Song JW, Lee JS, Klein TA. Serosurveillance of scrub typhus in small mammals collected from military training sites near the DMZ, Northern Gyeonggi-do, Korea, and analysis of the relative abundance of chiggers from mammals examined. Korean J Parasitol 2010; 48:237-43. [PMID: 20877503 PMCID: PMC2945799 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive quarterly serosurveillance on scrub typhus in small mammals collected from military training sites located near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), northern Gyeonggi-do (Province), ROK was conducted to determine the potential rodent-borne and associated ectoparasite disease risks to military personnel. A total of 1,196 rodents and insectivores representing 8 species, Apodemus agrarius (87.3%, n = 1,044), Mus musculus (5.4%, n = 65), Crocidura lasiura (3.3%, n = 40), Microtus fortis (2.6%, n = 31), Micromys minutus (0.3%, n = 4), Tscherskia triton (0.3%, n = 4), Rattus norvegicus (0.3%, n = 4), and Myodes regulus (0.3%, n = 4) were assayed for the presence of antibodies to Orientia tsutsugamushi. O. tsutsugamushi antibodies were detected in 6 of 8 species and seroprevalence determined; A. agrarius (45.6%), M. musculus (23.1%), M. fortis (48.4%), M. minutus (50.0%), T. triton (50.0%), and R. norvegicus (25.0%). A total of 31,184 chigger mites collected from 508 rodents and insectivores were slide-mounted and 10 species belonging to 4 genera were identified. Leptotrombidium pallidum (53.4%) was the most frequently collected, followed by L. palpale (15.7%), Neotrombicula tamiyai (14.3%), L. orientale (10.7%), L. zetum (3.1%), Walchia fragilis (2.1%), and L. gemiticulum (0.8%), while the remaining 3 species, L. subintermedium, N. gardellai, and Euschoengastia koreaensis were rarely observed (prevalence < 10%). In contrast to previous surveys, higher chigger indices of the primary scrub typhus vectors, L. pallidum (165.4), L. orientale (45.0), and L. palpale (21.4), were observed during the spring season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung Chul Kim
- 5th Medical Detachment, 168th Multifunctional Medical Detachment, 65th Medical Brigade, Unit #15247, APO AP 96205-5247, USA
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Sames WJ, Klein TA, Kim HC, Chong ST, Lee IY, Gu SH, Park YM, Jeong JH, Song JW. Ecology of Hantaan virus at Twin Bridges Training Area, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea, 2005-2007. J Vector Ecol 2009; 34:225-231. [PMID: 20836826 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2009.00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Twin Bridges Training Area (TBTA) in the Republic of Korea consists of dirt roads, barren training areas, and forested hillsides adjacent to linear and broad expanses of tall grasses, herbaceous, and scrub vegetation. Of the six species of small mammals, the striped field mouse, Apodemus agrarius, was the most frequently captured (96.1%). Apodemus agrarius capture rates varied from 17.7 to 33.2% during three trapping periods. Gravid females were observed during November-December 2006 (8.4%) and March 2007 (5.1%). In 2005, the overall seroprevalence of Hantaan virus (HTNV) was high (34.4%) and lower during surveys in 2006 (14.2%) and 2007 (13.8%). Seroprevalence was directly correlated with weight increase of A. agrarius.
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Chae JS, Yu DH, Shringi S, Klein TA, Kim HC, Chong ST, Lee IY, Foley J. Microbial pathogens in ticks, rodents and a shrew in northern Gyeonggi-do near the DMZ, Korea. J Vet Sci 2008; 9:285-93. [PMID: 18716449 PMCID: PMC2811841 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2008.9.3.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 1,618 ticks [420 individual (adults) and pooled (larvae and nymphs) samples], 369 rodents (Apodemus agrarius, Rattus norvegicus, Tscherskia triton, Mus musculus, and Myodes regulus), and 34 shrews (Crocidura lasiura) that were collected in northern Gyeonggi-do near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) of Korea during 2004-2005, were assayed by PCR for selected zoonotic pathogens. From a total of 420 individual and pooled tick DNA samples, Anaplasma (A.) phagocytophilum (16), A. platys (16), Ehrlichia (E.) chaffeensis (63), Borrelia burgdorferi (16), and Rickettsia spp. (198) were detected using species-specific PCR assays. Out of 403 spleens from rodents and shrews, A. phagocytophilum (20), A. platys (34), E. chaffeensis (127), and Bartonella spp. (24) were detected with species-specific PCR assays. These results suggest that fevers of unknown causes in humans and animals in Korea should be evaluated for infections by these vector-borne microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Seok Chae
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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Sames WJ, Kim HC, Chong ST, Harrison BA, Won-Ja L, Rueda LM, Klein TA. Anopheles lindesayi japonicus Yamada (Diptera: Culicidae) in Korea: comprehensive review, new collection records, and description of larval habitats. J Vector Ecol 2008; 33:99-106. [PMID: 18697312 DOI: 10.3376/1081-1710(2008)33[99:aljydc]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles lindesayi japonicus Yamada is an uncommonly collected mosquito in Korea, and its presence is based upon limited collection data and anecdotal reports in Korean mosquito literature: 45 specimens collected from 15 identified sites. This study reports the collection of 538 specimens from 16 sites as part of the authors' 2004-2007 anopheline surveillance. Larvae were collected from stream margins, stream pools, rock pools, seepage springs, artificial containers, swamps, and ditches and were found in association with seven other culicid species. Inclusion of the authors' data with previous published and unpublished records makes this a comprehensive report on this species in Korea. New province records are reported for this species at Hwacheon and Wonju in Gangwon Province, Mt. Palgong in Daegu Metropolitan, and Chungju and Mt. Worak in Chungcheongbuk Province in the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Sames
- 18th Medical Command, Unit 15281, APO AP 96205, Seoul, Korea
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Chai JY, Park JH, Guk SM, Kim JL, Kim HJ, Kim WH, Shin EH, Klein TA, Kim HC, Chong ST, Song JW, Baek LJ. Plagiorchis muris infection in Apodemus agrarius from northern Gyeonggi-do (Province) near the demilitarized zone. Korean J Parasitol 2007; 45:153-6. [PMID: 17570981 PMCID: PMC2526306 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The small intestines of 6 species of rodents and 1 species of insectivore were examined seasonally for Plagiorchis muris infection in 3 different localities in northern Gyeonggi-do (Province), near the demilitarized zone (DMZ). A total of 1,496 animals, including 1,366 Apodemus agrarius, 54 Crocidura lasiura (insectivore), 32 Mus musculus, 28 Micronytus fortis, 9 Eothenomys regulus, 6 Micronys minutus, and 3 Cricetulus triton, were live-trapped at Yeoncheon-gun (n = 351), Paju-shi (804) and Pocheon-gun (343) at 3-mo intervals from December 2004 to September 2005. A total of 1,647 P. muris were collected from 72 (5.3%) A. agrarius. The infection rate was the highest in Pocheon-gun (8.2%), followed by Yeoncheon-gun (5.0%) and Paju-shi (4.2%). A higher infection rate was observed in A. agrarius captured during September (19.4%) than those captured during December (3.0%), June (2.6%), or April (0%). However, the worm burden was the highest in June (av. 32.1/animal), followed by September (24.7), December (4.0), and April (0). None of the other animal species were found infected with P. muris. The results reveal that A. agrarius is a natural definitive host for P. muris, and infection rates and worm burdens vary seasonally and geographically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea.
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Chai JY, Park JH, Guk SM, Kim JL, Kim HJ, Kim WH, Shin EH, Klein TA, Kim HC, Chong ST, Song JW, Baek LJ. Apodemus agrarius as a new definitive host for Neodiplostomum seoulense. Korean J Parasitol 2007; 45:157-61. [PMID: 17570982 PMCID: PMC2526299 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A total of 1,496 rodents and insectivores were live-trapped at Yeoncheon-gun (n = 351), Paju-shi (804), and Pocheon-gun (343), Gyeonggi-do (Province), and examined for intestinal helminths, including Neodiplostomum seoulense, seasonally from December 2004 to September 2005. Six species of rodents, including Apodemus agrarius (1,366), Mus musculus (32), Micronytus fortis (28), Eothenomys regulus (9), Micronys minutus (6), and Cricetulus triton (3), and 1 species of insectivores Crocidura lasiura (54) were collected. A total of 321 adult N. seoulense were collected from 19 (1.4%) A. agrarius. The worm burden ranged from 1 to 101 per A. agrarius (mean; 16.9). No N. seoulense was observed in other rodent or insectivore species examined. The infection rate during autumn (4.5%) was higher than those during spring (0.8%), summer (0.8%), and winter (0.5%). The average number of N. seoulense in infected A. agrarius was the highest in spring (66.0 specimens), followed by autumn (15.2), winter (4.5), and summer (3.3). This study first confirms that A. agrarius is a natural definitive host for N. seoulense, and demonstrates that the infection rates and intensities vary seasonally and geographically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea.
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Kim CM, Kim JY, Yi YH, Lee MJ, Cho MR, Shah DH, Klein TA, Kim HC, Song JW, Chong ST, O'Guinn ML, Lee JS, Lee IY, Park JH, Chae JS. Detection of Bartonella species from ticks, mites and small mammals in Korea. J Vet Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2005.6.4.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chul Min Kim
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Ying Hua Yi
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Mi Jin Lee
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Mae rim Cho
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Devendra H Shah
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Terry A Klein
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Heung Chul Kim
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Jin Won Song
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Sung Tae Chong
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Monica L O'Guinn
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - John S Lee
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - In Yong Lee
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Park
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Joon Seok Chae
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
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Abstract
Choline, although not a nutritional requirement for Haemophilus influenzae, is taken up from the growth medium and incorporated into its lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Incorporated choline is in the form of phosphorylcholine (ChoP) based on the reactivity with the monoclonal antibody with specificity for this structure, TEPC-15. Incorporation of [3H]choline from the growth medium and expression of the TEPC-15 epitope undergo high-frequency phase variation, characteristic of other LPS structures in this species. The expression and phase variation of ChoP require a previously identified locus involved in LPS biosynthesis, lic1. The first gene in lic1, licA, contains a translational switch based on variation in the number of intragenic tandem repeats of the sequence 5'-CAAT-3'. The full-length LicA polypeptide resembles choline kinases of eucaryotes, suggesting that the pathway for choline incorporation into the H. influenzae glycolipid has similarities to the pathway for choline incorporation in eucaryotic lipid synthesis. The display of ChoP, a host-like structure, renders the organism more rather than less susceptible to the bactericidal activity of human serum. The increased serum sensitivity of variants with ChoP correlates with higher serum immunoglobulin G titers to LPS containing this structure. ChoP appears to be a cell surface feature common to a number of pathogens of the human respiratory tract, including Streptococcus pneumoniae and mycoplasmas. In the case of H. influenzae, its primary contribution to pathogenesis does not appear to be antigenic variation to evade host humoral clearance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Weiser
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 19104-4318, USA.
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Weiser JN, Chong ST, Greenberg D, Fong W. Identification and characterization of a cell envelope protein of Haemophilus influenzae contributing to phase variation in colony opacity and nasopharyngeal colonization. Mol Microbiol 1995; 17:555-64. [PMID: 8559074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.mmi_17030555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae undergoes spontaneous phase variation in colony morphology. Organisms from transparent colonies efficiently colonize the nasopharynx in an infant rat model of H. influenzae carriage, whereas organisms from more opaque colonies are deficient at colonization. A genetic approach relying on the transformability of H. influenzae was used to identify a locus contributing to opacity variation. By screening a library of chomosomal DNA from an opaque variant of strain Rd, it was possible to isolate a single clone capable of transforming a transparent Rd host to a more opaque phenotype. A region containing two genes, designated oapA and oapB, was identified. The deduced amino acid sequence of oapB has similarity to a consensus sequence for bacterial lipoproteins. Genetically defined mutations in oapA were transformed into the transparent Rd to confirm that this gene is required for expression of the transparent colony phenotype. Although oapA lacks a signal sequence, gene fusions to phoA show that OapA is secreted in H. influenzae and undergoes phase variation in expression. Mutagenesis of oapA in strain Rd, and type b strain Eagan, resulted in loss of the ability to colonize the nasopharynx of infant rats. The type b mutant, however, was as virulent as its parent strain when inoculated intraperitoneally. This suggests that the contribution of OapA to pathogenesis is limited to events associated with colonization of the mucosal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Weiser
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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