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Joseph RN, Mwema T, Eiseb SJ, Maliti DV, Tambo M, Iitula I, Eloff L, Lukubwe O, Smith-Gueye C, Vajda ÉA, Tatarsky A, Katokele ST, Uusiku PN, Walusimbi D, Ogoma SB, Mumbengegwi DR, Lobo NF. Insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes and the effect of pre-exposure to a piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergist on resistance to deltamethrin in northern Namibia. Malar J 2024; 23:77. [PMID: 38486288 PMCID: PMC10941414 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrethroid-based indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) have been employed as key vector control measures against malaria in Namibia. However, pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes may compromise the efficacy of these interventions. To address this challenge, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) LLINs in areas where pyrethroid resistance is confirmed to be mediated by mixed function oxidase (MFO). METHODS This study assessed the susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) mosquitoes to WHO tube bioassays with 4% DDT and 0.05% deltamethrin insecticides. Additionally, the study explored the effect of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergist by sequentially exposing mosquitoes to deltamethrin (0.05%) alone, PBO (4%) + deltamethrin (0.05%), and PBO alone. The Anopheles mosquitoes were further identified morphologically and molecularly. RESULTS The findings revealed that An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) (62%) was more prevalent than Anopheles arabiensis (38%). The WHO tube bioassays confirmed resistance to deltamethrin 0.05% in the Oshikoto, Kunene, and Kavango West regions, with mortality rates of 79, 86, and 67%, respectively. In contrast, An. arabiensis displayed resistance to deltamethrin 0.05% in Oshikoto (82% mortality) and reduced susceptibility in Kavango West (96% mortality). Notably, there was reduced susceptibility to DDT 4% in both An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis from the Kavango West region. Subsequently, a subsample from PBO synergist assays in 2020 demonstrated a high proportion of An. arabiensis in Oshana (84.4%) and Oshikoto (73.6%), and 0.42% of Anopheles quadriannulatus in Oshana. Non-amplifiers were also present (15.2% in Oshana; 26.4% in Oshikoto). Deltamethrin resistance with less than 95% mortality, was consistently observed in An. gambiae s.l. populations across all sites in both 2020 and 2021. Following pre-exposure to the PBO synergist, susceptibility to deltamethrin was fully restored with 100.0% mortality at all sites in 2020 and 2021. CONCLUSIONS Pyrethroid resistance has been identified in An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis in the Kavango West, Kunene, and Oshikoto regions, indicating potential challenges for pyrethroid-based IRS and LLINs. Consequently, the data highlights the promise of pyrethroid-PBO LLINs in addressing resistance issues in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Munyaradzi Tambo
- University of Namibia (UNAM), Windhoek, Namibia
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Iitula Iitula
- Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS), Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Lydia Eloff
- University of Namibia (UNAM), Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Ophilia Lukubwe
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Boston, MA, USA
- Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Cara Smith-Gueye
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, san francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Élodie A Vajda
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, san francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, san francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Stark T Katokele
- Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS), Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Petrina N Uusiku
- Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS), Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - Sheila B Ogoma
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Neil F Lobo
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, san francisco, San Francisco, USA
- University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Afrane YA, Abdulai A, Mohammed AR, Akuamoah-Boateng Y, Owusu-Asenso CM, Sraku IK, Yanney SA, Malm K, Lobo NF. Detection of Invasive Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes through Molecular Surveillance, Ghana. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:605-608. [PMID: 38316032 PMCID: PMC10902527 DOI: 10.3201/eid3003.231638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The invasive Anopheles stephensi mosquito has rapidly expanded in range in Africa over the past decade. Consistent with World Health Organization guidelines, routine entomologic surveillance of malaria vectors in Accra, Ghana, now includes morphologic and molecular surveillance of An. stephensi mosquitoes. We report detection of An. stephensi mosquitoes in Ghana.
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Syahrani L, Asih PBS, Bowolaksono A, Dwiranti A, Zubaidah S, Rozi IE, Permana DH, Bøgh C, Bangs MJ, Grieco JP, Achee NL, Lobo NF, Syafruddin D. Impact of a spatial repellent intervention on Anopheles kdr insecticide resistance allele in Sumba, Indonesia. Malar J 2024; 23:31. [PMID: 38254131 PMCID: PMC10802001 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of insecticide resistance and outdoor transmission in malaria-endemic areas underlines the urgent need to develop innovative tools, such as spatial repellents (SR), that may circumvent this residual transmission. With limited options for effective insecticides, regular resistance monitoring is warranted for selecting and using appropriate tools. This study evaluates the pyrethroid knockdown resistance (kdr) allele before and after implementing a transfluthrin-based spatial repellent (SR) intervention in placebo-treated clusters. METHODS This study looks at the frequency distribution of the kdr allele in Sumba Island from June 2015 to August 2018. Insecticide susceptibility tests were carried out on female Anopheles sp. aged 3-5 days against permethrin 21.5 μg/ml, deltamethrin 12.5 μg/ml, and transfluthrin 10 μg/ml using CDC bottle assay. PCR sequencing of representative samples from adult mosquito collections and insecticide tests revealed the presence of kdr mutations (L1014F and L1014S) in the VGSC gene. RESULTS A total of 12 Anopheles species, Anopheles tesselatus, Anopheles. aconitus, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles kochi, Anopheles annularis, Anopheles maculatus, Anopheles sundaicus, Anopheles flavirostris, Anopheles balabacensis, Anopheles indefinitus, Anopheles subpictus, and Anopheles vagus were analysed. Anopheles vagus and An. sundaicus predominated in the larval populations. Susceptibility assays for all insecticides identified fully susceptible phenotypes in all species examined. Anopheles increasing frequency of kdr mutant alleles during the 3 year SR deployment was observed in both SR-treated and placebo areas, a statistically significant increase occurred in each arm. However, it is unclear how significant SR is in causing the increase in mutant alleles. The L1014S, knockdown resistance east type (kdr-e) allele was detected for the first time among the mosquito samples in this study. The L1014F, knockdown resistance west type (kdr-w) allele and heteroduplex form (wild-type-mutant) were found in almost all Anopheles species examined, including An. vagus, An. aconitus, An. subpictus, An. tesselatus, An. annularis, An. flavirostris and An. sundaicus. CONCLUSION The presence of fully susceptible phenotypes over time, along with an increase in the frequency distribution of the L1014F/S mutations post-intervention, suggest drivers of resistance external to the study, including pyrethroid use in agriculture and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). However, this does not negate possible SR impacts that support resistance. More studies that enable the comprehension of possible SR-based drivers of resistance in mosquitoes need to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lepa Syahrani
- Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Puji B S Asih
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.
| | - Anom Bowolaksono
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Astari Dwiranti
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Siti Zubaidah
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Ismail E Rozi
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Dendi H Permana
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Claus Bøgh
- The Sumba Foundation, Public Health and Malaria Control, Sumba, Indonesia
| | - Michael J Bangs
- Public Health and Malaria Control, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Mimika, Indonesia
| | - John P Grieco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Nicole L Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Hasanuddin University Medical Research Center (HUMRC), Makassar, Indonesia
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Máquina M, Opiyo MA, Cuamba N, Marrenjo D, Rodrigues M, Armando S, Nhate S, Luis F, Saúte F, Candrinho B, Lobo NF, Paaijmans KP. Multiple Anopheles species complicate downstream analysis and decision-making in a malaria pre-elimination area in southern Mozambique. Malar J 2024; 23:23. [PMID: 38238774 PMCID: PMC10797956 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04842-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different anopheline species (even within a species group/complex) can differ in their feeding and resting behaviours, which impact both malaria transmission patterns as well as the efficacy of vector control interventions. While morphological identification of sampled specimens is an important first step towards understanding species diversity and abundance, misidentification can result in the implementation of less effective vector control measures, and consequently smaller reductions in the number of local malaria cases. Focusing on southern Mozambique, a malaria pre-elimination area where malaria remains persistent, the aims of this preliminary study were to use molecular identification (CO1 and ITS2 barcoding) to (1) validate the results from the morphological identification (with a particular focus on Anopheles pharoensis and Anopheles squamosus), and (2) have a closer look at the Anopheles coustani group (which includes Anopheles tenebrosus and Anopheles ziemanni). METHODS Female anopheline mosquitoes (n = 81) were identified morphologically and subsequently sequenced at the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) and/or cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) loci towards species determination. RESULTS Out of the 62 specimens that were identified morphologically to species, 4 (6.5%) were misidentified. Regarding the An. coustani group, morphological identification showed that several members are present in southern Mozambique, including An. coustani sensu lato (s.l.), An. ziemanni and An. tenebrosus. However, based on both ITS2 and CO1 sequences, the exact species remains unknown for the latter two members until voucher sequences are available for comparison. CONCLUSION The reason(s) for morphological misidentification of anopheline mosquitoes need to be mitigated. This is usually related to both the capacity (i.e. training) of the microscopist to identify anopheline species, and the information provided in the dichotomous identification key. As the An. coustani complex contributes to (residual) malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa, it may play a role in the observed persistent malaria in southern Mozambique. A better baseline characterizing of the local anophelines species diversity and behaviours will allow us to improve entomological surveillance strategies, better understand the impact of vector control on each local vector species, and identify new approaches to target those vector species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Máquina
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Manhica, Mozambique
| | - Mercy A Opiyo
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Manhica, Mozambique
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nelson Cuamba
- Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc., Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Dulcisária Marrenjo
- Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | | | - Sheila Nhate
- Maputo Provincial Health Service, Matola, Mozambique
| | - Fabião Luis
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Manhica, Mozambique
| | - Francisco Saúte
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Manhica, Mozambique
| | - Baltazar Candrinho
- Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Krijn P Paaijmans
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Manhica, Mozambique.
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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5
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Fairbanks EL, Saeung M, Pongsiri A, Vajda E, Wang Y, McIver DJ, Richardson JH, Tatarsky A, Lobo NF, Moore SJ, Ponlawat A, Chareonviriyaphap T, Ross A, Chitnis N. Inference for entomological semi-field experiments: Fitting a mathematical model assessing personal and community protection of vector-control interventions. Comput Biol Med 2024; 168:107716. [PMID: 38039890 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of vector-control tools is often assessed by experiments as a reduction in mosquito landings using human landing catches (HLCs). However, HLCs alone only quantify a single characteristic and therefore do not provide information on the overall impacts of the intervention product. Using data from a recent semi-field study which used time-stratified HLCs, aspiration of non-landing mosquitoes, and blood feeding, we suggest a Bayesian inference approach for fitting such data to a stochastic model. This model considers both personal protection, through a reduction in biting, and community protection, from mosquito mortality and disarming (prolonged inhibition of blood feeding). Parameter estimates are then used to predict the reduction of vectorial capacity induced by etofenpox-treated clothing, picaridin topical repellents, transfluthrin spatial repellents and metofluthrin spatial repellents, as well as combined interventions for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Anopleles minimus. Overall, all interventions had both personal and community effects, preventing biting and killing or disarming mosquitoes. This led to large estimated reductions in the vectorial capacity, with substantial impact even at low coverage. As the interventions aged, fewer mosquitoes were killed; however the impact of some interventions changed from killing to disarming mosquitoes. Overall, this inference method allows for additional modes of action, rather than just reduction in biting, to be parameterised and highlights the tools assessed as promising malaria interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Fairbanks
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health, Institute, Allschwill, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Manop Saeung
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arissara Pongsiri
- Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elodie Vajda
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health, Institute, Allschwill, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health, Institute, Allschwill, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David J McIver
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Sarah J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health, Institute, Allschwill, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania; The Nelson Mandela, African Institution of Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences and Bio Engineering, Tengeru, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Alongkot Ponlawat
- Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Amanda Ross
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health, Institute, Allschwill, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health, Institute, Allschwill, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Ashine T, Getachew D, Demisse M, Lobo NF, Tadesse FG. Anopheles arabiensis. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:91-92. [PMID: 37758632 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Neil F Lobo
- University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Fitsum G Tadesse
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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7
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Afrane YA, Abdulai A, Mohammed AR, Akuamoah-Boateng Y, Owusu-Asenso CM, Sraku IK, Yanney SA, Malm K, Lobo NF. First detection of Anopheles stephensi in Ghana using molecular surveillance. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.01.569589. [PMID: 38076990 PMCID: PMC10705536 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The invasive Anopheles stephensi mosquito has been rapidly expanding in range in Africa over the last decade, spreading from the Indian sub-continent to several East African countries (Djibouti, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia and Kenya) and now in West Africa, Nigeria. The rapid expansion of this invasive vector poses a major threat to current malaria control and elimination efforts. In line with the WHO's strategy to stop the spread of this invasive species by enhancing surveillance and control measures in Africa, we incorporated morphological and molecular surveillance of An. stephensi into routine entomological surveillance of malaria vectors in the city of Accra, Ghana. Here, we report on the first detection of An. stephensi in Ghana. An. stephensi mosquitoes were confirmed using PCR and sequencing of the ITS2 regions. These findings highlight the urgent need for increased surveillance and response strategies to mitigate the spread of An. stephensi in Ghana.
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8
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Monroe A, Moore S, Okumu F, Kiware S, Lobo NF, Koenker H, Sherrard-Smith E, Gimnig J, Killeen GF. Correction: Methods and indicators for measuring patterns of human exposure to malaria vectors. Malar J 2023; 22:270. [PMID: 37705029 PMCID: PMC10500879 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04676-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- April Monroe
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, PMI VectorWorks Project, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Sarah Moore
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Fredros Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Republic of South Africa
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Samson Kiware
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Hannah Koenker
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, PMI VectorWorks Project, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ellie Sherrard-Smith
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - John Gimnig
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gerry F Killeen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
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Haldar K, Alam MS, Koepfli C, Lobo NF, Phru CS, Islam MN, Faiz A, Khan WA, Haque R. Bangladesh in the era of malaria elimination. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:760-773. [PMID: 37500334 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Bangladesh has dramatically reduced malaria by 93% from 2008 to 2020. The strategy has been district-wise, phased elimination; however, the last districts targeted for elimination include remote, forested regions which present several challenges for prevention, detection, and treatment of malaria. These districts border Myanmar which harbors Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites resistant to artemisinins, key drugs used in artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) that have been vital for control programs. Challenges in monitoring emergence of artemisinin resistance (AR), tracking parasite reservoirs, changes in vector behavior and responses to insecticides, as well as other environmental and host factors (including the migration of Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals; FDMNs) may pose added hazards in the final phase of eliminating malaria in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Haldar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, IN, USA; Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, IN, USA; Eck Institute of Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, IN, USA.
| | - Mohammed Shafiul Alam
- Infectious Disease Division, International Center of Diarrheal Diseases, Bangladesh, (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Cristian Koepfli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, IN, USA; Eck Institute of Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, IN, USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, IN, USA; Eck Institute of Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, IN, USA
| | - Ching Shwe Phru
- Infectious Disease Division, International Center of Diarrheal Diseases, Bangladesh, (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Abul Faiz
- Dev Care Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Wasif Ali Khan
- Infectious Disease Division, International Center of Diarrheal Diseases, Bangladesh, (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- Infectious Disease Division, International Center of Diarrheal Diseases, Bangladesh, (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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10
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Lu HZ, Sui Y, Lobo NF, Fouque F, Gao C, Lu S, Lv S, Deng SQ, Wang DQ. Challenge and opportunity for vector control strategies on key mosquito-borne diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1207293. [PMID: 37554733 PMCID: PMC10405932 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1207293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases are major global health problems that threaten nearly half of the world's population. Conflicting resources and infrastructure required by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic have resulted in the vector control process being more demanding than ever. Although novel vector control paradigms may have been more applicable and efficacious in these challenging settings, there were virtually no reports of novel strategies being developed or implemented during COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence shows that the COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically impacted the implementation of conventional mosquito vector measures. Varying degrees of disruptions in malaria control and insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spray (IRS) distributions worldwide from 2020 to 2021 were reported. Control measures such as mosquito net distribution and community education were significantly reduced in sub-Saharan countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has provided an opportunity for innovative vector control technologies currently being developed. Releasing sterile or lethal gene-carrying male mosquitoes and novel biopesticides may have advantages that are not matched by traditional vector measures in the current context. Here, we review the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on current vector control measures from 2020 to 2021 and discuss the future direction of vector control, taking into account probable evolving conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zheng Lu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, the Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuan Sui
- Brown School, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Neil F. Lobo
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Florence Fouque
- Research for Implementation Unit, The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chen Gao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shenning Lu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Lv
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Qun Deng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, the Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Duo-Quan Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Lukubwe O, Mwema T, Joseph R, Maliti D, Iitula I, Katokele S, Uusiku P, Walusimbi D, Ogoma SB, Gueye CS, Vajda E, Tatarsky A, Thomsen E, Tambo M, Mumbengegwi D, Lobo NF. Baseline characterization of entomological drivers of malaria transmission in Namibia: a targeted operational entomological surveillance strategy. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:220. [PMID: 37408058 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05822-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Namibia's focus on the elimination of malaria requires an evidence-based strategy directed at understanding and targeting the entomological drivers of malaria transmission. In 2018 and 2019, the Namibia National Vector-borne Diseases Control Program (NVDCP) implemented baseline entomological surveillance based on a question-based approach outlined in the Entomological Surveillance Planning Tool (ESPT). In the present study, we report on the findings of the ESPT-based NVDCP on baseline vector species composition and bionomic traits in malaria endemic regions in northern Namibia, which has the aim of generating an evidence base for programmatic decision-making. METHODS Nine representative sentinel sites were included in the 2018 entomological surveillance program (Kunene, Omusati, Oshana, Ohangwena, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa, Kavango West, Kavango East and Zambezi); the number was reduced to four sites in 2019 due to limited funding (Ohangwena, Kavango West, Kavango East, and Zambezi). In the 2018 baseline collections, multiple sampling methods (human landing catches, pyrethroid spray catches, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps [CDC-LTs], resting boxes [RBs] and larval sampling) were utilized to evaluate indoor/outdoor human biting rates, resting behaviors and insecticide resistance (IR). CDC-LTs and RBs were not used in 2019 due to low and non-representative sampling efficacies. RESULTS Overall, molecular evidence demonstrated the presence of three primary mosquito vectors, namely Anopheles arabiensis, rediscovered Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and Anopheles funestus sensu stricto, alongside Anopheles squamosus and members of the Anopheles coustani complex. Vectors were found to bite throughout the night (1800 hours 0600 hours) both indoors and outdoors, with An. arabiensis having the highest biting rates outdoors. Low numbers of indoor resting Anopheles point to possible low indoor residual spraying (IRS) efficacy-with An. arabiensis found to be the major vector species resting indoors. The IR tests demonstrated varying country-wide resistance levels to the insecticide deltamethrin, with the resistance levels confirmed to have increased in 2019, evidence that impacts national programmatic decision-making. Vectors demonstrated susceptibility to the insecticides dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, bendiocarb and Actellic 300CS in 2018, with mosquitoes from only one site (Kavango West) demonstrating possible resistance to DDT. Targeted and question-based entomological surveillance enabled a rapid and focused evidence base to be built, showing where and when humans were being bitten and providing entomological data on long-lasting insecticidal nets, IRS efficacy and insecticide resistance, which the Ministry of Health and Social Services-Namibia can use to further build a monitoring and evaluation framework for understanding the drivers of transmission. CONCLUSION Identification and characterization of species-specific bionomic traits allows for an understanding of where and when vector human contact may occur as well as the potential impact of interventions. Low indoor resting rates as well as the presence of insecticide resistance (and the increase in its frequency) point to the need for mosquito-behavior-directed and appropriate interventions as well as the requirement for a resistance mitigation strategy. The ESPT-based question- and minimal essential indicator-based operational research strategy provides programs with directed and focused data for facilitating decision-making while requiring limited funding and capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophilia Lukubwe
- University of Science and Technology, Health and Applied Sciences, Windhoek, Namibia.
| | - Tabeth Mwema
- Multidisciplinary Research Center, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Rosalia Joseph
- Multidisciplinary Research Center, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Deodatus Maliti
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Program, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Iitula Iitula
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Program, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Stark Katokele
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Program, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Petrina Uusiku
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Program, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - Sheila B Ogoma
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cara Smith Gueye
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, UCSF Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elodie Vajda
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, UCSF Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, UCSF Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Edward Thomsen
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, UCSF Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Munya Tambo
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Program, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Davis Mumbengegwi
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Program, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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Vajda ÉA, Saeung M, Ross A, McIver DJ, Tatarsky A, Moore SJ, Lobo NF, Chareonviriyaphap T. A semi-field evaluation in Thailand of the use of human landing catches (HLC) versus human-baited double net trap (HDN) for assessing the impact of a volatile pyrethroid spatial repellent and pyrethroid-treated clothing on Anopheles minimus landing. Malar J 2023; 22:202. [PMID: 37400831 PMCID: PMC10318828 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mosquito landing rate measured by human landing catches (HLC) is the conventional endpoint used to evaluate the impact of vector control interventions on human-vector exposure. Non-exposure based alternatives to the HLC are desirable to minimize the risk of accidental mosquito bites. One such alternative is the human-baited double net trap (HDN), but the estimated personal protection of interventions using the HDN has not been compared to the efficacy estimated using HLC. This semi-field study in Sai Yok District, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand, evaluates the performance of the HLC and the HDN for estimating the effect on Anopheles minimus landing rates of two intervention types characterized by contrasting modes of action, a volatile pyrethroid spatial repellent (VSPR) and insecticide-treated clothing (ITC). METHODS Two experiments to evaluate the protective efficacy of (1) a VPSR and (2) ITC, were performed. A block randomized cross-over design over 32 nights was carried out with both the HLC or HDN. Eight replicates per combination of collection method and intervention or control arm were conducted. For each replicate, 100 An. minimus were released and were collected for 6 h. The odds ratio (OR) of the released An. minimus mosquitoes landing in the intervention compared to the control arm was estimated using logistic regression, including collection method, treatment, and experimental day as fixed effects. RESULTS For the VPSR, the protective efficacy was similar for the two methods: 99.3%, 95% CI (99.5-99.0) when measured by HLC, and 100% (100, Inf) when measured by HDN where no mosquitoes were caught (interaction test p = 0.99). For the ITC, the protective efficacy was 70% (60-77%) measured by HLC but there was no evidence of protection when measured by HDN [4% increase (15-27%)] (interaction test p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Interactions between mosquitoes, bite prevention tools and the sampling method may impact the estimated intervention protective efficacy. Consequently, the sampling method must be considered when evaluating these interventions. The HDN is a valid alternative trapping method (relative to the HLC) for evaluating the impact of bite prevention methods that affect mosquito behaviour at a distance (e.g. VPSR), but not for interventions that operate through tarsal contact (e.g., ITC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Élodie A Vajda
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, 550 16th street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-2003, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Manop Saeung
- Kasetsart University, 50 Thanon Ngamwongwan, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Amanda Ross
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-2003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David J McIver
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, 550 16th street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, 550 16th street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Sarah J Moore
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-2003, Basel, Switzerland
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Department of Environmental and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Tengeru, Tanzania
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, 550 16th street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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Doum D, Mclver DJ, Hustedt J, Hii J, Sovannaroth S, Lek D, Richardson JH, Tatarsky A, Lobo NF. An active and targeted survey reveals asymptomatic malaria infections among high-risk populations in Mondulkiri, Cambodia. Malar J 2023; 22:193. [PMID: 37353790 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease that is one of the most serious public health issues globally and a leading cause of mortality in many developing countries worldwide. Knowing the prevalence of both symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria on a subnational scale allows for the estimation of the burden of parasitaemia present in the transmission system, enabling targeting and tailoring of resources towards greater impact and better use of available capacity. This study aimed to determine the PCR-based point prevalence of malaria infection, by parasite species, among three high-risk populations in Mondulkiri province, Cambodia: forest rangers, forest dwellers, and forest goers. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was performed during the transmission season in November and December 2021. Blood samples collected on filter paper from participants (n = 1301) from all target groups were screened for Plasmodium spp using PCR. RESULTS Malaria prevalence among all study participants was 6.7% for any Plasmodium species. Malaria prevalence in the forest ranger group was 8.1%, was 6.8% in forest goers, and 6.4% in forest dwellers; all infections were asymptomatic. Plasmodium vivax was detected in all participant groups, while the few Plasmodium falciparum infections were found in goers and dwellers. 81% of all infections were due to P. vivax, 9% were due to P. falciparum, 3% due to Plasmodium cynomolgi, and the rest (7%) remained undefined. Gender was associated with malaria infection prevalence, with male participants having higher odds of malaria infection than female participants (OR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.08-2.64). Passively collected malaria incidence data from the Cambodian government were also investigated. Health facility-reported malaria cases, based on rapid diagnostic tests, for the period Jan-Dec 2021 were 521 Plasmodium vivax (0.89% prevalence), 34 P. falciparum (0.06%) and four P. falciparum + mixed (0.01%)-a total of 559 cases (0.95%) for all of Mondulkiri. CONCLUSION This reservoir of asymptomatic parasitaemia may be perpetuating low levels of transmission, and thus, new strategies are required to realize the goal of eliminating malaria in Cambodia by 2025.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyna Doum
- Health Forefront Organization, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - David J Mclver
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - John Hustedt
- Health Forefront Organization, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jeffrey Hii
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Siv Sovannaroth
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Dysoley Lek
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
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Al-Amin HM, Rodriguez I, Phru CS, Khan WA, Haque R, Nahlen BL, Burton TA, Alam MS, Lobo NF. Composition of Anopheles species and bionomic characteristics over the peak malaria transmission season in Bandarban, Bangladesh. Malar J 2023; 22:176. [PMID: 37280591 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Joint efforts by government and non-government organizations have helped to reduce malaria in Bangladesh and set the country on a clear path to eventual malaria elimination. However, achieving that goal would be challenging without a comprehensive understanding of vector bionomics. METHODS Targeted capturing of Anopheles mosquitoes over a rainy season, utilizing specific sampling methods, including human landing catches (HLCs), CDC-light traps (CDC-LTs), and pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs) were aimed to characterize entomological drivers of transmission in four sites of Bandarban, Bangladesh. RESULTS Molecular characterization of a subset of 4637 mosquitoes has demonstrated the presence of at least 17 species whose capture rates were representative of the rainy season. Species compositions and bionomic traits did not vary between sites with Anopheles maculatus having the highest landing rate by HLCs and Anopheles vagus having the highest capture rate with CDC-LTs. Interestingly, Anopheles species compositions and capture rates varied significantly (p < 0.05) for An. vagus, between HLCs and its often-used proxy-CDC-LTs- suggesting impacts on downstream analysis. CDC-LTs capture rates demonstrated differing compositions with indoor and outdoor biting rates. For example, Anopheles nigerrimus and Anopheles nivipes were more endophagic by HLCs and more exophagic by CDC-LTs. The use of a cow-baited CDC-LT also demonstrated significantly different results when compared to a human-baited CDC-LT considering the high degree of anthropophily in these species. The exception to both zoophily and indoor resting was An. vagus, which demonstrated both anthropophily and high resting rates indoors-pointing to this species being a possible primary vector at this site. CONCLUSION A diverse Anopheles fauna in Bandarban has been confirmed through molecular methods, highlighting the potential impact of sampling techniques. Given the complexity of the local ecosystem, a better understanding of mosquito behaviour and ecology is required to achieve the goal of malaria elimination in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Isabella Rodriguez
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Ching Swe Phru
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Wasif A Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bernard L Nahlen
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Timothy A Burton
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Chen I, Doum D, Mannion K, Hustedt J, Sovannaroth S, McIver D, Macdonald M, Lobo NF, Tatarsky A, Handley M, Neukom J. Applying the COM-B behavior model to inform the delivery of spatial repellents and insecticide-treated clothing among forest exposed populations in Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2874672. [PMID: 37205382 PMCID: PMC10187415 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2874672/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Southeast Asia is making tremendous progress towards their 2030 malaria elimination goal but needs new interventions to stop forest malaria. This study trials two new vector control tools, a volatile pyrethroid spatial repellent (VSPR) and insecticide-treated clothing (ITC), amongst forest-exposed populations in Mondulkiri Province Cambodia to inform their potential use for eliminating forest malaria. METHODS 21 forest-exposed individuals were given a questionnaire on their perceptions of malaria and preventive practices used, after which they trialed two products sequentially. Mixed methods were used to understand their experience, attitudes, and preferences regarding the products trialed. Quantitative data was summarized and qualitative insights were analyzed using thematic analysis, applying the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation Behavior Change (COM-B) model and Behavior Change Wheel Framework to identify intervention functions to support tailored product rollout amongst these populations. RESULTS Study participants reported a need for protection from mosquito bites in outdoor and forest-exposed settings and perceived both products trialed to be effective for this purpose. The VPSR product was preferred when travel was not required, whereas ITC was preferred for ease of use when going to the forest, especially in rainy conditions. COM-B analysis identified that key enablers for use of both products included their perceived efficacy and ease of use, which required no skill or preparation. For barriers to use, the odor of ITC was sometimes perceived as being toxic, as well as its inability to protect uncovered skin from mosquito bites, while the perceived usefulness of the VPSR product trialed was limited by its water sensitivity in rainy forest settings. Intervention components to encourage appropriate and sustained use of these products include education about how to use these products and what to expect, persuasion to use them from community leaders and targeted ads, and enablement to guarantee access. CONCLUSION The rollout of VPSRs and ITC amongst forest-exposed populations can be useful for eliminating malaria in Southeast Asia. Study findings can be applied to increase product uptake in Cambodia, while research efforts can aim to develop products that are rainproof, easy to use in forest settings, and have favorable odor profiles to target users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John Hustedt
- United States Agency for International Development
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Arzika II, Lobo NF, Lamine MM, Tidjani IA, Sandrine H, Sarrasin-Hubert V, Mahamadou A, Adehossi E, Sarr D, Mahmud O, Maman Laminou I. Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 polymorphisms identified after treatment failure with artemisinin-based combination therapy in Niger. Malar J 2023; 22:142. [PMID: 37127669 PMCID: PMC10150466 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04571-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is the most effective treatment for malaria, and has significantly reduced morbimortality. Polymorphisms associated with the Plasmodium falciparum Kelch gene (Pfkelch13) have been associated with delayed parasite clearance even with ACT treatment. METHODS The Pfkelch13 gene was sequenced from P. falciparum infected patients (n = 159) with uncomplicated malaria in Niger. An adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) was reported in 155 patients. Four (n = 4) patients had treatment failure (TF) that were not reinfections-two of which had late parasitological failures (LPF) and two had late clinical failures (LCF). RESULTS Thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified of which seven were non-synonymous (C469R, T508S, R515T, A578S, I465V, I437V, F506L,), and three were synonymous (P443P, P715P, L514L). Three SNP (C469R, F506L, P715P) were present before ACT treatment, while seven mutations (C469R, T508S, R515T, L514L, P443P, I437V, I465V) were selected by artemether/lumefantrine (AL)-five of which were non-synonymous (C469R, T508S, R515T, I437V, I465V). Artesunate/amodiaquine (ASAQ) has selected any mutation. One sample presented three cumulatively non-synonymous SNPs-C469R, T508S, R515T. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates intra-host selection of Pfkelch13 gene by AL. The study highlights the importance of LCF and LPF parasites in the selection of resistance to ACT. Further studies using gene editing are required to confirm the potential implication of resistance to ACT with the most common R515T and T508S mutations. It would also be important to elucidate the role of cumulative mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mahaman Moustapha Lamine
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire de Niamey, Niamey, Niger.
- Université André Salifou de Zinder, Zinder, Niger.
| | | | - Houzé Sandrine
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Paris, France
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Abstract
Progress in reducing both malaria cases and deaths has stalled with regression seen in many geographies. While significant attention is given to the contributing challenges of drug and insecticide resistance, 'residual' malaria is often diminished to transmission resulting from outdoor-biting or zoophagic/opportunistic mosquito vectors. These specific vector bionomic traits are only part of the problem, as residual transmission may be driven by (a combination of) (1) sub-optimal intervention coverage, quality, acceptance, and/or usage, (2) drug resistance, (3) insecticide resistance, (4) refractory, resistant and adaptive vector and human behaviours that lower intervention effectiveness, (5) lack of, limited access to, and/or willingness to use healthcare systems, (6) diagnostic sensitivity along with the parallel issue of hrp2/3 mutations, (7) (inter)national policy, (8) the research and development pipeline, and (9) external factors such as natural disasters and conflict zones. Towards combating the minimization of this extensive and multipronged issue among the scientific community, funding agencies, and public health officials responsible for guiding or developing malaria programmes, an alternative way of describing this transmission is proposed by focusing in on the causative 'gaps in protection'. Defining and wording it as such zeros in on the drivers that result in the observed remaining (or increasing) transmission, allowing the malaria community to focus on solutions by identifying the actual causes. Outlining, defining and quantifying the gaps in protection for a given system is of utmost importance to understand what needs to be done, differentiating what can be done versus what cannot be tackled at that moment, along with delineating the technical and financial capacity required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krijn P. Paaijmans
- grid.215654.10000 0001 2151 2636Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA ,grid.215654.10000 0001 2151 2636The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA ,grid.215654.10000 0001 2151 2636Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA ,grid.452366.00000 0000 9638 9567Centro de Investigação Em Saúde de Manhiça, Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique ,grid.434607.20000 0004 1763 3517ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neil F. Lobo
- grid.131063.60000 0001 2168 0066Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA ,grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
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Ávila MI, Vajda ÉA, Jeffrey Gutiérrez E, Gibson D, Renteria MM, Presley N, O'Reilly D, Tatarsky A, Lobo NF. Entomological Surveillance Planning Tool (ESPT)-generated actionable evidence on human and vector behaviours optimizes present interventions and reduces exposure to Anopheles vectors in two communities of Guna Yala, Panamá. Malar J 2023; 22:26. [PMID: 36698147 PMCID: PMC9875519 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most of Panamá is free from malaria, localized foci of transmission persist, including in the Guna Yala region. Government-led entomological surveillance using an Entomological Surveillance Planning Tool (ESPT) sought to answer programmatically relevant questions on local entomological drivers of transmission and gaps in protection to guide local vector control decision-making. METHODS The ESPT was used to design a sampling plan to answer priority programmatic questions about the appropriateness of Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) and spaces and times where humans remain exposed to Anopheles bites (gaps in protection) in the communities of Permé and Puerto Obaldía, Guna Yala. Adult Anopheles were sampled at three time points via human landing catches (HLCs) during the rainy and dry seasons (2018/2019). Human behaviour observations (HBOs) were conducted alongside HLCs to examine intervention use, indoor versus outdoor activity, and sleeping patterns. HLC and HBO data were integrated to evaluate HBO-adjusted human biting rate (HBR). RESULTS A total of 7,431 adult Anopheles were collected across both sites. Of the 450 specimens molecularly confirmed to species-level, 75.5% (n = 340) were confirmed as Anopheles Nyssorhynchus albimanus, followed by Anopheles (Ny.) aquasalis. Anopheles host seeking activity was demonstrated to be primarily exophagic throughout all sampling periods and in both communities. When adjusted with HBOs, exposure to mosquito bites was predominantly indoors and overnight in Permé (Nov, Mar), compared to predominantly outdoors in Puerto Obaldía (Nov, Mar, Jul). Differences in site-specific human-vector exposure profiles were due to contrasting cultural and lifestyle practices between Permé and Puerto Obaldía (possibly partly influenced by the absence of electricity in Permé), and lower LLIN use in Permé. This evidence supported a previously planned LLIN campaign alongside a social behaviour change communication (SBCC) strategy in the Guna Yala Comarca (Jul 2019), which increased LLIN use. In turn, this led to a reduction of indoor exposure to mosquito bites, and a shift to predominant outdoor exposure to mosquito bites. CONCLUSION ESPT-based question-driven planning and the integration of HBOs, intervention, and HLC data generated evidence towards answering the programmatic questions. This evidence enabled the characterization of site-specific human-vector exposure profiles, and the quantification of remaining gaps in protection. These data also provide important insights into remaining gaps in protection that must be addressed to further reduce human exposure to mosquito bites at these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario I Ávila
- Ministerio de Salud de Panamá (MINSA), Panama City, Panama
| | - Élodie A Vajda
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA.
| | - Eileen Jeffrey Gutiérrez
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - Daragh Gibson
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Panama City, Panama
| | | | - Nicolas Presley
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Panama City, Panama
| | | | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame (UND), Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Burton TA, Kabinga LH, Simubali L, Hayre Q, Moore SJ, Stevenson JC, Lobo NF. Semi-field evaluation of a volatile transfluthrin-based intervention reveals efficacy as a spatial repellent and evidence of other modes of action. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285501. [PMID: 37167335 PMCID: PMC10174509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Presently, the most common malaria control tools-i.e., long lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS)-are limited to targeting indoor biting and resting behaviors of Anopheles mosquito species. Few interventions are targeted towards malaria control in areas where transmission is driven or persists due to outdoor biting behaviors. This study investigated a volatile pyrethroid-based spatial repellent (VPSR) designed to bridge this gap and provide protection from mosquito bites in outdoor spaces. Southern Province, Zambia, is one such environment where outdoor biting is suspected to contribute to malaria transmission, where people are active in the evening in open-walled outdoor kitchens. This study assessed the VPSR in replica kitchens within a controlled semi-field environment. Endpoints included effects on mosquito host seeking, immediate and delayed mortality, deterrence, blood feeding inhibition, and fertility. Host-seeking was reduced by approximately 40% over the course of nightly releases in chambers containing VPSR devices. Mosquito behavior was not uniform throughout the night, and the modeled effect of the intervention was considerably higher when hourly catch rates were considered. These two observations highlight a limitation of this overnight semi-field design and consideration of mosquito circadian rhythms is recommended for future semi-field studies. Additionally, deterrence and immediate mortality were both observed in treatment chambers, with evidence of delayed mortality and a dose related response. These results demonstrate a primarily personal protective mode of action with possible positive and negative community effects. Further investigation into this primary mode of action will be conducted through a field trial of the same product in nearby communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Burton
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | | | | | - Quinton Hayre
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Sarah J Moore
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit (VCPTU), Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health, and Ecological Sciences, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Vector Biology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Tengeru, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Jennifer C Stevenson
- Macha Research Trust, Choma, Choma District, Zambia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
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Eckert J, Oladipupo S, Wang Y, Jiang S, Patil V, McKenzie BA, Lobo NF, Zohdy S. Which trap is best? Alternatives to outdoor human landing catches for malaria vector surveillance: a meta-analysis. Malar J 2022; 21:378. [PMID: 36494724 PMCID: PMC9733232 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human landing catches (HLC) are an entomological collection technique in which humans are used as attractants to capture medically relevant host-seeking mosquitoes. The use of this method has been a topic of extensive debate for decades mainly due to ethical concerns. Many alternatives to HLC have been proposed; however, no quantitative review and meta-analysis comparing HLC to outdoor alternative trapping methods has been conducted. METHODS A total of 58 comparisons across 12 countries were identified. We conducted a meta-analysis comparing the standardized mean difference of Anopheles captured by HLC and alternative traps. To explain heterogeneity, three moderators were chosen for analysis: trap type, location of study, and species captured. A meta-regression was fit to understand how the linear combination of moderators helped in explaining heterogeneity. The possibility of biased results due to publication bias was also explored. RESULTS Random-effects meta-analysis showed no statistically significant difference in the mean difference of Anopheles collected. Moderator analysis was conducted to determine the effects of trap type, geographical location of study, and the species of Anopheles captured. On average, tent-based traps captured significantly more Anopheles than outdoor HLC (95% CI: [- .9065, - 0.0544]), alternative traps in Africa captured on average more mosquitoes than outdoor HLC (95% CI: [- 2.8750, - 0.0294]), and alternative traps overall captured significantly more Anopheles gambiae s.l. than outdoor HLC (95% CI: [- 4.4613, - 0.2473]) on average. Meta-regression showed that up to 55.77% of the total heterogeneity found can be explained by a linear combination of the three moderators and the interaction between trap type and species. Subset analysis on An. gambiae s.l. showed that light traps specifically captured on average more of this species than HLC (95% CI: [- 18.3751, - 1.0629]). Publication bias likely exists. With 59.65% of studies reporting p-values less than 0.025, we believe there is an over representation in the literature of results indicating that alternative traps are superior to outdoor HLC. CONCLUSIONS Currently, there is no consensus on a single "magic bullet" alternative to outdoor HLC. The diversity of many alternative trap comparisons restricts potential metrics for comparisons to outdoor HLC. Further standardization and specific question-driven trap evaluations that consider target vector species and the vector control landscape are needed to allow for robust meta-analyses with less heterogeneity and to develop data-driven decision-making tools for malaria vector surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Eckert
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Auburn University, 221 Parker Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Seun Oladipupo
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Yifan Wang
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Vivek Patil
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Benjamin A. McKenzie
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069Geospatial Research, Analysis and Services Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Neil F. Lobo
- grid.131063.60000 0001 2168 0066Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753College of Forestry, Wildlife, and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA ,grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069US President’s Malaria Initiative, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
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21
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Aubourg MA, Al-Amin HM, Sunkara A, Chetan S, Monroe A, Phru CS, Haque R, Khan WA, Hendershot A, Alam MS, Lobo NF. Human behaviour directs household-level exposure to malaria vectors in Bandarban, Bangladesh. Malar J 2022; 21:355. [PMID: 36443751 PMCID: PMC9706855 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bangladesh has reduced malaria incidence and mortality by over 75% between 2010 and 2020. Widespread long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) distribution and use is one of the measures responsible for this success. Recalcitrant malaria hotspots within the Chittagong Hill Tracts districts suggest important drivers of malaria risk may remain uncharacterized. METHODS Towards understanding how household-level human behaviour impacts exposure to mosquitoes, parallel human landing catches and human behavioural observations were conducted in four households for 6 months (May-October) over the rainy season in the Bandarban District. Analysis quantifies spatiotemporal human behaviour-adjusted exposure to Anopheles with and without LLINs. RESULTS This small-scale operational study demonstrates that human spatial and temporal presence along with LLIN use drives exposure to Anopheles. Though the four households had both outdoor and indoor exposure, especially in the evening (1800-2000 h) and early morning (0400-0500 h), data points to household-based heterogeneity in malaria exposure even with similar LLIN access. CONCLUSION Incorporating human behaviour into exposure estimates can be used to understand the efficacy and limitations of local vector control strategies and identify gaps in protection, as well as where present intervention strategies may be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Aubourg
- Department of Biological Sciences, 321 Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anoop Sunkara
- Department of Biological Sciences, 321 Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Sanjna Chetan
- Department of Biological Sciences, 321 Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - April Monroe
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ching Swe Phru
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Wasif A Khan
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Allison Hendershot
- Department of Biological Sciences, 321 Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, 321 Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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22
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Mwema T, Lukubwe O, Joseph R, Maliti D, Iitula I, Katokele S, Uusiku P, Walusimbi D, Ogoma SB, Tambo M, Gueye CS, Williams YA, Vajda E, Tatarsky A, Eiseb SJ, Mumbengegwi DR, Lobo NF. Human and vector behaviors determine exposure to Anopheles in Namibia. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:436. [PMID: 36397152 PMCID: PMC9673320 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the Republic of Namibia has significantly reduced malaria transmission, regular outbreaks and persistent transmission impede progress towards elimination. Towards an understanding of the protective efficacy, as well as gaps in protection, associated with long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), human and Anopheles behaviors were evaluated in parallel in three malaria endemic regions, Kavango East, Ohangwena and Zambezi, using the Entomological Surveillance Planning Tool to answer the question: where and when are humans being exposed to bites of Anopheles mosquitoes? Methods Surveillance activities were conducted during the malaria transmission season in March 2018 for eight consecutive nights. Four sentinel structures per site were selected, and human landing catches and human behavior observations were consented to for a total of 32 collection nights per site. The selected structures were representative of local constructions (with respect to building materials and size) and were at least 100 m from each other. For each house where human landing catches were undertaken, a two-person team collected mosquitoes from 1800 to 0600 hours. Results Surveillance revealed the presence of the primary vectors Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anopheles funestus s.s., along with secondary vectors (Anopheles coustani sensu lato and Anopheles squamosus), with both indoor and outdoor biting behaviors based on the site. Site-specific human behaviors considerably increased human exposure to vector biting. The interaction between local human behaviors (spatial and temporal presence alongside LLIN use) and vector behaviors (spatial and temporal host seeking), and also species composition, dictated where and when exposure to infectious bites occurred, and showed that exposure was primarily indoors in Kavango East (78.6%) and outdoors in Ohangwena (66.7%) and Zambezi (81.4%). Human behavior-adjusted exposure was significantly different from raw vector biting rate. Conclusions Increased LLIN use may significantly increase protection and reduce exposure to malaria, but may not be enough to eliminate the disease, as gaps in protection will remain both indoors (when people are awake and not using LLINs) and outdoors. Alternative interventions are required to address these exposure gaps. Focused and question-based operational entomological surveillance together with human behavioral observations may considerably improve our understanding of transmission dynamics as well as intervention efficacy and gaps in protection. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Rozi IE, Syahrani L, Permana DH, Asih PBS, Hidayati APN, Kosasih S, Dewayanti FK, Risandi R, Zubaidah S, Bangs MJ, Bøgh C, Grieco JP, Baus JE, Eugenio E, Monroe A, Liu F, Achee NL, Syafruddin D, Lobo NF. Human behavior determinants of exposure to Anopheles vectors of malaria in Sumba, Indonesia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276783. [PMID: 36374859 PMCID: PMC9662732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria vector control interventions in Sumba, Indonesia, have not been able to eliminate malaria. Human drivers of exposure to Anopheles bites were investigated as part of a larger clinical trial evaluating the impact of a spatial repellent product on malaria incidence. Human behavioral observations (HBOs) evaluating temporal and spatial presence, sleeping behaviors, and insecticide treated net (ITN) use, were collected parallel to entomological collections-indoor and outdoor human landing catches (HLCs), and house hold surveys. Data demonstrates that mosquito access to humans, enabled by structurally open houses, is evident by the similar entomological landing rates both inside and outside households. The presence of animals inside houses was associated with increased mosquito entry-however, the number of humans present inside houses was not related to increased mosquito landing. Analyzing mosquito landing rates with human behavior data enables the spatial and temporal estimation of exposure to Anopheles bites, accounting for intervention (ITN) presence and usage. Human behavior adjusted exposure to Anopheles bites was found to be highest in the early in the evening, but continued at lower levels throughout the night. Over the night, most exposure (53%) occurred when people were indoors and not under the protection of nets (asleep or awake) followed by exposure outside (44%). Characterized gaps in protection are outdoor exposure as well as exposure indoors-when awake, and when asleep and not using ITNs. Interestingly, in the primary trial, even though there was not a significant impact of the spatial repellent on vector biting rates by themselves (16%), when factoring in human behavior, there was approximately 28% less exposure in the intervention arm than in the placebo arm. The treated arm had less human behavior adjusted bites in all spaces evaluated though there was proportionally higher exposure indoors. This analysis points to the importance of using HBOs both towards understanding gaps in protection as well as how interventions are evaluated. To mitigate ongoing transmission, understanding context specific spatial and temporal exposure based on the interactions of vectors, humans and interventions would be vital for a directed evidence-based control or elimination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail E. Rozi
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lepa Syahrani
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dendi H. Permana
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Puji B. S. Asih
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anggi P. N. Hidayati
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sully Kosasih
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Farahana K. Dewayanti
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rifqi Risandi
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Siti Zubaidah
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Michael J. Bangs
- Public Health and Malaria Control, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Entomology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Claus Bøgh
- The Sumba Foundation, Public Health and Malaria Control, Bali, Indonesia
| | - John P. Grieco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Juan E. Baus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Evercita Eugenio
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - April Monroe
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fang Liu
- Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nicole L. Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Neil F. Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
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Elson WH, Kawiecki AB, Donnelly MAP, Noriega AO, Simpson JK, Syafruddin D, Rozi IE, Lobo NF, Barker CM, Scott TW, Achee NL, Morrison AC. Use of mobile data collection systems within large-scale epidemiological field trials: findings and lessons-learned from a vector control trial in Iquitos, Peru. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1924. [PMID: 36243698 PMCID: PMC9571464 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases are among the most burdensome infectious diseases worldwide with high burden to health systems in developing regions in the tropics. For many of these diseases, vector control to reduce human biting rates or arthropod populations remains the primary strategy for prevention. New vector control interventions intended to be marketed through public health channels must be assessed by the World Health Organization for public health value using data generated from large-scale trials integrating epidemiological endpoints of human health impact. Such phase III trials typically follow large numbers of study subjects to meet necessary power requirements for detecting significant differences between treatment arms, thereby generating substantive and complex datasets. Data is often gathered directly in the field, in resource-poor settings, leading to challenges in efficient data reporting and/or quality assurance. With advancing technology, mobile data collection (MDC) systems have been implemented in many studies to overcome these challenges. Here we describe the development and implementation of a MDC system during a randomized-cluster, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating the protective efficacy of a spatial repellent intervention in reducing human infection with Aedes-borne viruses (ABV) in the urban setting of Iquitos, Peru, as well as the data management system that supported it. We discuss the benefits, remaining capacity gaps and the key lessons learned from using a MDC system in this context in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Neil F Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Notre Dame, IND, USA
| | | | | | - Nicole L Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Notre Dame, IND, USA
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Issa I, Lamine MM, Hubert V, Ilagouma A, Adehossi E, Mahamadou A, Lobo NF, Sarr D, Shollenberger LM, Sandrine H, Jambou R, Laminou IM. Prevalence of Mutations in the Pfdhfr, Pfdhps, and Pfmdr1 Genes of Malarial Parasites Isolated from Symptomatic Patients in Dogondoutchi, Niger. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7080155. [PMID: 36006247 PMCID: PMC9413624 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7080155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) depends not only on that of artemisinin but also on that of partner molecules. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of mutations in the Pfdhfr, Pfdhps, and Pfmdr1 genes from isolates collected during a clinical study. Plasmodium genomic DNA samples extracted from symptomatic malaria patients from Dogondoutchi, Niger, were sequenced by the Sanger method to determine mutations in the Pfdhfr (codons 51, 59, 108, and 164), Pfdhps (codons 436, 437, 540, 581, and 613), and Pfmdr1 (codons 86, 184, 1034, and 1246) genes. One hundred fifty-five (155) pre-treatment samples were sequenced for the Pfdhfr, Pfdhps, and Pfmdr1 genes. A high prevalence of mutations in the Pfdhfr gene was observed at the level of the N51I (84.97%), C59R (92.62%), and S108N (97.39%) codons. The key K540E mutation in the Pfdhps gene was not observed. Only one isolate was found to harbor a mutation at codon I431V. The most common mutation on the Pfmdr1 gene was Y184F in 71.43% of the mutations found, followed by N86Y in 10.20%. The triple-mutant haplotype N51I/C59R/S108N (IRN) was detected in 97% of the samples. Single-mutant (ICS and NCN) and double-mutant (IRS, NRN, and ICN) haplotypes were prevalent at 97% and 95%, respectively. Double-mutant haplotypes of the Pfdhps (581 and 613) and Pfmdr (86 and 184) were found in 3% and 25.45% of the isolates studied, respectively. The study focused on the molecular analysis of the sequencing of the Pfdhfr, Pfdhps, and Pfmdr1 genes. Although a high prevalence of mutations in the Pfdhfr gene have been observed, there is a lack of sulfadoxine pyrimethamine resistance. There is a high prevalence of mutation in the Pfmdr184 codon associated with resistance to amodiaquine. These data will be used by Niger’s National Malaria Control Program to better monitor the resistance of Plasmodium to partner molecules in artemisinin-based combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahima Issa
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Niamey P.O. Box 10887, Niger; (I.I.); (A.M.); (R.J.)
| | | | - Veronique Hubert
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme à Paris en France, 75013 Paris, France; (V.H.); (H.S.)
| | - Amadou Ilagouma
- Faculty of Sciences, University Abdou Moumouni of Niamey, Niamey P.O. Box 10662, Niger; (A.I.); (E.A.)
| | - Eric Adehossi
- Faculty of Sciences, University Abdou Moumouni of Niamey, Niamey P.O. Box 10662, Niger; (A.I.); (E.A.)
| | - Aboubacar Mahamadou
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Niamey P.O. Box 10887, Niger; (I.I.); (A.M.); (R.J.)
| | - Neil F. Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;
| | - Demba Sarr
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | | | - Houze Sandrine
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme à Paris en France, 75013 Paris, France; (V.H.); (H.S.)
| | - Ronan Jambou
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Niamey P.O. Box 10887, Niger; (I.I.); (A.M.); (R.J.)
| | - Ibrahim Maman Laminou
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Niamey P.O. Box 10887, Niger; (I.I.); (A.M.); (R.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +227-80-88-20-22
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Alafo C, Martí-Soler H, Máquina M, Malheia A, Aswat AS, Koekemoer LL, Colborn J, Lobo NF, Tatarsky A, Williams YA, Marrenjo D, Cuamba N, Rabinovich R, Alonso P, Aide P, Saúte F, Paaijmans KP. To spray or target mosquitoes another way: focused entomological intelligence guides the implementation of indoor residual spraying in southern Mozambique. Malar J 2022; 21:215. [PMID: 35820899 PMCID: PMC9275269 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To eliminate malaria in southern Mozambique, the National Malaria Control Programme and its partners are scaling up indoor residual spraying (IRS) activities in two provinces, Gaza and Inhambane. An entomological surveillance planning tool (ESPT) was used to answer the programmatic question of whether IRS would be effective in target geographies, given limited information on local vector bionomics. Methods Entomological intelligence was collected in six sentinel sites at the end of the rainy season (April–May 2018) and the beginning of the dry season (June–July 2018). The primary objective was to provide an ‘entomological snapshot’ by collecting question-based, timely and high-quality data within one single week in each location. Host-seeking behaviour (both indoors and outdoors) was monitored by human-baited tent traps. Indoor resting behaviour was quantified by pyrethrum spray catches and window exit traps. Results Five different species or species groups were identified: Anopheles funestus sensu lato (s.l.) (66.0%), Anopheles gambiae s.l. (14.0%), Anopheles pharoensis (1.4%), Anopheles tenebrosus (14.1%) and Anopheles ziemanni (4.5%). Anopheles funestus sensu stricto (s.s.) was the major vector among its sibling species, and 1.9% were positive for Plasmodium falciparum infections. Anopheles arabiensis was the most abundant vector species within the An. gambiae complex, but none tested positive for P. falciparum infections. Some An. tenebrosus were positive for P. falciparum (1.3%). When evaluating behaviours that impact IRS efficacy, i.e. endophily, the known primary vector An. funestus s.s., was found to rest indoors—demonstrating at least part of its population will be impacted by the intervention if insecticides are selected to which this vector is susceptible. However, other vector species, including An. gambiae s.l., An. tenebrosus, An. pharoensis and An. ziemanni, showed exophilic and exophagic behaviours in several of the districts surveilled. Conclusion The targeted approach to entomological surveillance was successful in collecting question-based entomological intelligence to inform decision-making about the use of IRS in specific districts. Endophilic An. funestus s.s. was documented as being the most prevalent and primary malaria vector suggesting that IRS can reduce malaria transmission, but the presence of other vector species both indoors and outdoors suggests that alternative vector control interventions that target these gaps in protection may increase the impact of vector control in southern Mozambique. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04233-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso Alafo
- Centro de Investigação Em Saúde de Manhiça, Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Mara Máquina
- Centro de Investigação Em Saúde de Manhiça, Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Arlindo Malheia
- Centro de Investigação Em Saúde de Manhiça, Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ayesha S Aswat
- WITS Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, & National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lizette L Koekemoer
- WITS Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, & National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.,Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute of Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute of Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yasmin A Williams
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute of Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dulcisária Marrenjo
- Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Nelson Cuamba
- Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique.,PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Regina Rabinovich
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedro Alonso
- Centro de Investigação Em Saúde de Manhiça, Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.,ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Aide
- Centro de Investigação Em Saúde de Manhiça, Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.,Instituto Nacional da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Francisco Saúte
- Centro de Investigação Em Saúde de Manhiça, Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Krijn P Paaijmans
- Centro de Investigação Em Saúde de Manhiça, Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique. .,ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain. .,Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. .,The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. .,Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Permana DH, Zubaidah S, Syahrani L, Asih PBS, Syafruddin D, Rozi IE, Hidayati APN, Kosasih S, Dewayanti FK, Rachmawati N, Risandi R, Bangs MJ, Bøgh C, Davidson JR, Hendershot AL, Burton TA, Grieco JP, Eugenio EC, Liu F, Achee NL, Lobo NF. Impact of a spatial repellent product on Anopheles and non-Anopheles mosquitoes in Sumba, Indonesia. Malar J 2022; 21:166. [PMID: 35659231 PMCID: PMC9166507 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia, contributed to 5% of malaria cases nationally in 2020, with other mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue and filariasis also being endemic. Monitoring of spatial and temporal vector species compositions and bionomic traits is an efficient method for generating evidence towards intervention strategy optimization and meeting disease elimination goals. METHODS The impact of a spatial repellent (SR) on human biting mosquitoes was evaluated as part of a parent cluster-randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, in Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara. A 10-month (June 2015-March 2016) baseline study was followed by a 24-month intervention period (April 2016 to April 2018)-where half the clusters were randomly assigned either a passive transfluthrin emanator or a placebo control. RESULTS Human-landing mosquito catches documented a reduction in landing rates related to the SR. Overall, there was a 16.4% reduction (21% indoors, and 11.3% outdoors) in human biting rates (HBR) for Anopheles. For Aedes, there was a 44.3% HBR reduction indoors and a 35.6% reduction outdoors. This reduction was 38.3% indoors and 39.1% outdoors for Armigeres, and 36.0% indoors and 32.3% outdoors for Culex species. Intervention impacts on the HBRs were not significant and are attributed to large inter-household and inter cluster variation. Anopheles flavirostris, Anopheles balabacensis and Anopheles maculatus individually impacted the overall malaria infections hazard rate with statistically significance. Though there was SR-based protection against malaria for all Anopheles species (except Anopheles sundaicus), only five (Anopheles aconitus, Anopheles kochi, Anopheles tessellatus, An. maculatus and An. sundaicus) demonstrated statistical significance. The SR numerically reduced Anopheles parity rates indoors and outdoors when compared to the placebo. CONCLUSION Evidence demonstrating that Anopheles vectors bite both indoors and outdoors indicates that currently implemented indoor-based vector control tools may not be sufficient to eliminate malaria. The documented impact of the SR intervention on Aedes, Armigeres and Culex species points to its importance in combatting other vector borne diseases. Studies to determine the impact of spatial repellents on other mosquito-borne diseases is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dendi H. Permana
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Siti Zubaidah
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Lepa Syahrani
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Puji B. S. Asih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Ismail E. Rozi
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Anggi P. N. Hidayati
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Sully Kosasih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Farahana K. Dewayanti
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Nia Rachmawati
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Rifqi Risandi
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Michael J. Bangs
- Public Health and Malaria Control, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Claus Bøgh
- The Sumba Foundation, Public Health and Malaria Control, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Jenna R. Davidson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - Allison L. Hendershot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - Timothy A. Burton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - John P. Grieco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | | | - Fang Liu
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - Nicole L. Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - Neil F. Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
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Syahrani L, Permana DH, Syafruddin D, Zubaidah S, Asih PBS, Rozi IE, Hidayati APN, Kosasih S, Dewayanti FK, Rachmawati N, Risandi R, Bangs MJ, Bøgh C, Davidson J, Hendershot A, Burton T, Grieco JP, Achee NL, Lobo NF. An inventory of human night-biting mosquitoes and their bionomics in Sumba, Indonesia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010316. [PMID: 35312689 PMCID: PMC8970493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are important vectors that transmit pathogens to human and other vertebrates. Each mosquito species has specific ecological requirements and bionomic traits that impact human exposure to mosquito bites, and hence disease transmission and vector control. A study of human biting mosquitoes and their bionomic characteristics was conducted in West Sumba and Southwest Sumba Districts, Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Indonesia from May 2015 to April 2018. Biweekly human landing catches (HLC) of night biting mosquitoes both indoors and outdoors caught a total of 73,507 mosquito specimens (59.7% non-Anopheles, 40.3% Anopheles). A minimum of 22 Culicinae species belonging to four genera (Aedes, Armigeres, Culex, Mansonia), and 13 Anophelinae species were identified. Culex quinquefasciatus was the dominant Culicinae species, Anopheles aconitus was the principal Anopheles species inland, while An. sundaicus was dominant closer to the coast. The overall human biting rate (HBR) was 10.548 bites per person per night (bpn) indoors and 10.551 bpn outdoors. Mosquitoes biting rates were slightly higher indoors for all genera with the exception of Anopheles, where biting rates were slightly higher outdoors. Diurnal and crepuscular Aedes and Armigeres demonstrated declining biting rates throughout the night while Culex and Anopheles biting rates peaked before midnight and then declined. Both anopheline and non-anopheline populations did not have a significant association with temperature (p = 0.3 and 0.88 respectively), or rainfall (p = 0.13 and 0.57 respectively). The point distribution of HBR and seasonal variables did not have a linear correlation. Data demonstrated similar mosquito–human interactions occurring outdoors and indoors and during early parts of the night implying both indoor and outdoor disease transmission potential in the area–pointing to the need for interventions in both spaces. Integrated vector analysis frameworks may enable better surveillance, monitoring and evaluation strategies for multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lepa Syahrani
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- * E-mail:
| | - Siti Zubaidah
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Ismail E. Rozi
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Sully Kosasih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Nia Rachmawati
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rifqi Risandi
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Michael J. Bangs
- Public Health and Malaria Control, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Claus Bøgh
- The Sumba Foundation, Public Health and Malaria Control, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Jenna Davidson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Allison Hendershot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Timothy Burton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - John P. Grieco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nicole L. Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Neil F. Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
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Rašić G, Lobo NF, Jeffrey Gutiérrez EH, Sánchez C HM, Marshall JM. Monitoring Needs for Gene Drive Mosquito Projects: Lessons From Vector Control Field Trials and Invasive Species. Front Genet 2022; 12:780327. [PMID: 35069682 PMCID: PMC8770328 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.780327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As gene drive mosquito projects advance from contained laboratory testing to semi-field testing and small-scale field trials, there is a need to assess monitoring requirements to: i) assist with the effective introduction of the gene drive system at field sites, and ii) detect unintended spread of gene drive mosquitoes beyond trial sites, or resistance mechanisms and non-functional effector genes that spread within trial and intervention sites. This is of particular importance for non-localized gene drive projects, as the potential scale of intervention means that monitoring is expected to be more costly than research, development and deployment. Regarding monitoring needs for population replacement systems, lessons may be learned from experiences with Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, and for population suppression systems, from experiences with releases of genetically sterile male mosquitoes. For population suppression systems, assessing monitoring requirements for tracking population size and detecting rare resistant alleles are priorities, while for population replacement systems, allele frequencies must be tracked, and pressing concerns include detection of gene drive alleles with non-functional effector genes, and resistance of pathogens to functional effector genes. For spread to unintended areas, open questions relate to the optimal density and placement of traps and frequency of sampling in order to detect gene drive alleles, drive-resistant alleles or non-functional effector genes while they can still be effectively managed. Invasive species management programs face similar questions, and lessons may be learned from these experiences. We explore these monitoring needs for gene drive mosquito projects progressing through the phases of pre-release, release and post-release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Rašić
- Mosquito Genomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Eileen H Jeffrey Gutiérrez
- Divisions of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Héctor M Sánchez C
- Divisions of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - John M Marshall
- Divisions of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Ávila MI, Vajda ÉA, Gutiérrez EJ, Gibson DA, Renteria MM, Presley N, O'Reilly D, Burton TA, Tatarsky A, Lobo NF. Anopheles drivers of persisting malaria transmission in Guna Yala, Panamá: an operational investigation. Malar J 2021; 20:443. [PMID: 34819092 PMCID: PMC8611962 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Though most of Panamá is free from malaria, localized foci of transmission persist, including in the Guna Yala region. Government-led entomological surveillance using an entomological surveillance planning tool (ESPT) sought to answer programmatically-relevant questions that would enhance the understanding of both local entomological drivers of transmission and gaps in protection that result in persisting malaria transmission to guide local vector control decision-making. Methods The ESPT was used to design a sampling plan centered around the collection of minimum essential indicators to investigate the relevance of LLINs and IRS in the communities of Permé and Puerto Obaldía, Guna Yala, as well as to pinpoint any remaining spaces and times where humans are exposed to Anopheles bites (gaps in protection). Adult Anopheles were collected at three time points via human landing catches (HLCs), CDC Light Traps (LT), and pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs) during the rainy and dry seasons. Mosquitoes were identified to species via molecular methods. Insecticide susceptibility testing of the main vector species to fenitrothion was conducted. Results In total, 7537 adult Anopheles were collected from both sites. Of the 493 specimens molecularly confirmed to species, two thirds (n = 340) were identified as Nyssorhynchus albimanus, followed by Anopheles aquasalis. Overall Anopheles human biting rates (HBRs) were higher outdoors than indoors, and were higher in Permé than in Puerto Obaldía: nightly outdoor HBR ranged from 2.71 bites per person per night (bpn) (Puerto Obaldía), to 221.00 bpn (Permé), whereas indoor nightly HBR ranged from 0.70 bpn (Puerto Obaldía) to 81.90 bpn (Permé). Generally, peak biting occurred during the early evening. The CDC LT trap yields were significantly lower than that of HLCs and this collection method was dropped after the first collection. Pyrethrum spray catches resulted in only three indoor resting Anopheles collected. Insecticide resistance (IR) of Ny. albimanus to fenitrothion was confirmed, with only 65.5% mortality at the diagnostic time. Conclusion The early evening exophagic behaviour of Anopheles vectors, the absence of indoor resting behaviours, and the presence of resistance to the primary intervention insecticide demonstrate limitations of the current malaria strategy, including indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), and point to both gaps in protection and to the drivers of persisting malaria transmission in Guna Yala. These findings highlight the need for continued and directed entomological surveillance, based on programmatic questions, that generates entomological evidence to inform an adaptive malaria elimination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario I Ávila
- Ministerio de Salud de Panamá (MINSA), Panama City, República de Panamá
| | - Élodie A Vajda
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), USA.
| | | | - Daragh A Gibson
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Panama City, Panama
| | | | | | - Daniel O'Reilly
- Ministerio de Salud de Panamá (MINSA), Panama City, República de Panamá
| | - Timothy A Burton
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame (UND), Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), USA.,Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame (UND), Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Hendershot AL, Esayas E, Sutcliffe AC, Irish SR, Gadisa E, Tadesse FG, Lobo NF. A comparison of PCR and ELISA methods to detect different stages of Plasmodium vivax in Anopheles arabiensis. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:473. [PMID: 34526109 PMCID: PMC8442364 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04976-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In characterizing malaria epidemiology, measuring mosquito infectiousness informs the entomological inoculation rate, an important metric of malaria transmission. PCR-based methods have been touted as more sensitive than the current “gold-standard” circumsporozoite (CSP) ELISA. Wider application of PCR-based methods has been limited by lack of specificity for the infectious sporozoite stage. We compared a PCR method for detecting the parasite’s mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome oxidase I (COX-I) gene with ELISA for detecting circumsporozoite protein for identification of different life stages of the parasite during development within a mosquito. Methods A PCR-based method targeting the Plasmodium mt COX-I gene was compared with the CSP ELISA method to assess infectivity in Anopheles arabiensis colony mosquitoes fed on blood from patients infected with Plasmodium vivax. Mosquitoes were tested at six post-infection time points (days 0.5, 1, 6, 9, 12, 15). The head and thorax and the abdomen for each specimen were tested separately with each method. Agreement between methods at each infection stage was measured using Cohen’s kappa measure of test association. Results Infection status of mosquitoes was assessed in approximately 90 head/thorax and 90 abdomen segments at each time point; in total, 538 head/thorax and 534 abdomen segments were tested. In mosquitoes bisected after 0.5, 1, and 6 days post-infection (dpi), the mt COX-I PCR detected Plasmodium DNA in both the abdomen (88, 78, and 67%, respectively) and head/thorax segments (69, 60, and 44%, respectively), whilst CSP ELISA detected sporozoites in only one abdomen on day 6 post-infection. PCR was also more sensitive than ELISA for detection of Plasmodium in mosquitoes bisected after 9, 12, and 15 dpi in both the head and thorax and abdomen. There was fair agreement between methods for time points 9–15 dpi (κ = 0.312, 95% CI: 0.230–0.394). Conclusions The mt COX-I PCR is a highly sensitive, robust method for detecting Plasmodium DNA in mosquitoes, but its limited Plasmodium life-stage specificity cannot be overcome by bisection of the head and thorax from the abdomen prior to PCR. Thus, the mt COX-I PCR is a poor candidate for identifying infectious mosquitoes. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Endashaw Esayas
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alice C Sutcliffe
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Seth R Irish
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,President's Malaria Initiative, Bureau for Global Health, Office of Infectious Disease, United States Agency for International Development, Washington DC, USA
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fitsum G Tadesse
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Ambrose L, Ortiz‐Barrientos D, Cooper RD, Lobo NF, Burkot TR, Russell TL, Beebe NW. Gene flow between island populations of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles hinesorum, may have contributed to the spread of divergent host preference phenotypes. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2244-2257. [PMID: 34603496 PMCID: PMC8477600 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles hinesorum is a mosquito species with variable host preference. Throughout New Guinea and northern Australia, An. hinesorum feeds on humans (it is opportunistically anthropophagic) while in the south-west Pacific's Solomon Archipelago, the species is abundant but has rarely been found biting humans (it is exclusively zoophagic in most populations). There are at least two divergent zoophagic (nonhuman biting) mitochondrial lineages of An. hinesorum in the Solomon Archipelago representing two independent dispersals. Since zoophagy is a derived (nonancestral) trait in this species, this leads to the question: has zoophagy evolved independently in these two populations? Or conversely: has nuclear gene flow or connectivity resulted in the transfer of zoophagy? Although we cannot conclusively answer this, we find close nuclear relationships between Solomon Archipelago populations indicating that recent nuclear gene flow has occurred between zoophagic populations from the divergent mitochondrial lineages. Recent work on isolated islands of the Western Province (Solomon Archipelago) has also revealed an anomalous, anthropophagic island population of An. hinesorum. We find a common shared mitochondrial haplotype between this Solomon Island population and another anthropophagic population from New Guinea. This finding suggests that there has been recent migration from New Guinea into the only known anthropophagic population from the Solomon Islands. Although currently localized to a few islands in the Western Province of the Solomon Archipelago, if anthropophagy presents a selective advantage, we may see An. hinesorum emerge as a new malaria vector in a region that is now working on malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Ambrose
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | | | - Robert D. Cooper
- Australian Defence Force, Malaria and Infectious Disease InstituteBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | | | | | | | - Nigel W. Beebe
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
- CSIROBrisbaneQldAustralia
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Tang JY, Kosgei J, Ochomo E, Ndenga BA, Ghiaseddin R, Lobo NF, Hawkes FM, O'Tousa JE. Impact of visual features on capture of Aedes aegypti with host decoy traps (HDT). Med Vet Entomol 2021; 35:169-176. [PMID: 32986313 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The host decoy trap (HDT) is a surveillance trap that presents a combination of heat, visual and odour stimuli to attract bloodmeal-seeking mosquitoes. Here we employed a semi-field study to demonstrate the role of the visual attributes present on the HDT on the effectiveness of Aedes aegypti capture. Our results show that the HDT is an effective means of capturing Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in semi-field conditions, with a per trial capture rate of up to 69% across four visually distinct HDTs. The solid black coloured HDT captured more mosquitoes than HDTs with black-white stripes, black-white checkerboard patches or solid white colour by a factor of 1.9, 1.7 and 1.5, respectively. In all cases, mosquito capture was not evenly distributed on the HDT surface, with captures on the HDT's outer downwind half, away from the odour delivery, exceeding captures on the inner upwind half. We conclude that the solid black surface of the original HDT design is more effective than the other surfaces (white or black/white patterns) for the capture of Ae. aegypti. Our results demonstrate that mosquito attraction to the thermal and odorant cues of the HDT is modulated by visual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Tang
- Eck Institute for Global Health and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, U.S.A
| | - J Kosgei
- Kenya Medical Research Institute Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - E Ochomo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - B A Ndenga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - R Ghiaseddin
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, U.S.A
| | - N F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, U.S.A
| | - F M Hawkes
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent, U.K
| | - J E O'Tousa
- Eck Institute for Global Health and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, U.S.A
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Mustapha AM, Musembi S, Nyamache AK, Machani MG, Kosgei J, Wamuyu L, Ochomo E, Lobo NF. Secondary malaria vectors in western Kenya include novel species with unexpectedly high densities and parasite infection rates. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:252. [PMID: 33980273 PMCID: PMC8117294 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria vector control has been implemented chiefly through indoor interventions targeting primary vectors resulting in population declines-pointing to a possible greater proportional contribution to transmission by secondary malaria vectors with their predominant exophagic and exophilic traits. With a historical focus on primary vectors, there is paucity of data on secondary malaria vectors in many countries in Africa. This study sought to determine the species compositions and bionomic traits, including proportions infected with Plasmodium falciparum and phenotypic insecticide resistance, of secondary vectors in three sites with high malaria transmission in Kisumu County, western Kenya. METHODS Cross-sectional sampling of adult Anopheles was conducted using indoor and outdoor CDC light traps (CDC-LT) and animal-baited traps (ABTs) in Kakola-Ombaka and Kisian, while larvae were sampled in Ahero. Secondary vectors captured were exposed to permethrin using WHO bioassays and then analyzed by ELISA to test for proportions infected with P. falciparum sporozoites. All Anopheles were identified to species using morphological keys with a subset being molecularly identified using ITS2 and CO1 sequencing for species identification. RESULTS Two morphologically identified secondary vectors captured-An. coustani and An. pharoensis-were determined to consist of four species molecularly. These included An. christyi, An. sp. 15 BSL-2014, an unidentified member of the An. coustani complex (An. cf. coustani) and a species similar to that of An. pharoensis and An. squamosus (An. cf. pharoensis). Standardized (Anopheles per trap per night) capture rates demonstrate higher proportions of secondary vectors across most trapping methods-with overall indoor and outdoor CDC-LTs and ABT captures composed of 52.2% (n = 93), 78.9% (n = 221) and 58.1% (n = 573) secondary vectors respectively. Secondary vectors were primarily caught outdoors. The overall proportion of secondary vectors with P. falciparum sporozoite was 0.63% (n = 5), with the unidentified species An. cf. pharoensis, determined to carry Plasmodium. Overall secondary vectors were susceptible to permethrin with a > 99% mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS Given their high densities, endophily equivalent to primary vectors, higher exophily and Plasmodium-positive proportions, secondary vectors may contribute substantially to malaria transmission. Unidentified species demonstrate the need for further morphological and molecular identification studies towards further characterization. Continued monitoring is essential for understanding their temporal contributions to transmission, the possible elevation of some to primary vectors and the development of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine M Mustapha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Entomology Section, Centre for Global Health Research, KEMRI_KISUMU, P.O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya.
| | - Susan Musembi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anthony K Nyamache
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maxwell G Machani
- Entomology Section, Centre for Global Health Research, KEMRI_KISUMU, P.O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Jackline Kosgei
- Entomology Section, Centre for Global Health Research, KEMRI_KISUMU, P.O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Lucy Wamuyu
- Institute of Biotechnology Research (IBR), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Entomology Section, Centre for Global Health Research, KEMRI_KISUMU, P.O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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Walker T, Quek S, Jeffries CL, Bandibabone J, Dhokiya V, Bamou R, Kristan M, Messenger LA, Gidley A, Hornett EA, Anderson ER, Cansado-Utrilla C, Hegde S, Bantuzeko C, Stevenson JC, Lobo NF, Wagstaff SC, Nkondjio CA, Irish SR, Heinz E, Hughes GL. Stable high-density and maternally inherited Wolbachia infections in Anopheles moucheti and Anopheles demeilloni mosquitoes. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2310-2320.e5. [PMID: 33857432 PMCID: PMC8210651 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia, a widespread bacterium that can reduce pathogen transmission in mosquitoes, has recently been reported to be present in Anopheles (An.) species. In wild populations of the An. gambiae complex, the primary vectors of Plasmodium malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa, Wolbachia DNA sequences at low density and infection frequencies have been detected. As the majority of studies have used highly sensitive nested PCR as the only method of detection, more robust evidence is required to determine whether Wolbachia strains are established as endosymbionts in Anopheles species. Here, we describe high-density Wolbachia infections in geographically diverse populations of An. moucheti and An. demeilloni. Fluorescent in situ hybridization localized a heavy infection in the ovaries of An. moucheti, and maternal transmission was observed. Genome sequencing of both Wolbachia strains obtained genome depths and coverages comparable to those of other known infections. Notably, homologs of cytoplasmic incompatibility factor (cif) genes were present, indicating that these strains possess the capacity to induce the cytoplasmic incompatibility phenotype, which allows Wolbachia to spread through host populations. These strains should be further investigated as candidates for use in Wolbachia biocontrol strategies in Anopheles aiming to reduce the transmission of malaria. High-density Wolbachia strains found in An. moucheti and An. demeilloni mosquitoes Infections are visualized in the ovaries, and maternal transmission was observed Sequencing at depths and coverages comparable to other known Wolbachia strains Homologs of cytoplasmic incompatibility factor genes are present in both genomes
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Shannon Quek
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claire L Jeffries
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Janvier Bandibabone
- Laboratoire d'entomologie médicale et parasitologie, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles (CRSN/LWIRO), Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Vishaal Dhokiya
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Roland Bamou
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B.P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Mojca Kristan
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Alexandra Gidley
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Emily A Hornett
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Enyia R Anderson
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cintia Cansado-Utrilla
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Shivanand Hegde
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chimanuka Bantuzeko
- Laboratoire d'entomologie médicale et parasitologie, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles (CRSN/LWIRO), Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jennifer C Stevenson
- Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Simon C Wagstaff
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christophe Antonio Nkondjio
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), B.P. 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Seth R Irish
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Eva Heinz
- Departments of Vector Biology and Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Grant L Hughes
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
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Kosasih A, Koepfli C, Dahlan MS, Hawley WA, Baird JK, Mueller I, Lobo NF, Sutanto I. Gametocyte carriage of Plasmodium falciparum (pfs25) and Plasmodium vivax (pvs25) during mass screening and treatment in West Timor, Indonesia: a longitudinal prospective study. Malar J 2021; 20:177. [PMID: 33836772 PMCID: PMC8034167 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A goal of malaria epidemiological interventions is the detection and treatment of parasite reservoirs in endemic areas—an activity that is expected to reduce local transmission. Since the gametocyte is the only transmissible stage from human host to mosquito vector, this study evaluated the pre and post presence of gametocytes during a mass screening and treatment (MST) intervention conducted during 2013 in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Methods RT-qPCR targeting pfs25 and pvs25 transcripts—gametocyte molecular markers for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, respectively, was performed to detect and quantify gametocytes in blood samples of P. falciparum and P. vivax-infected subjects over the course of the MST study. The presence of both asexual and sexual parasites in microscopic and submicroscopic infections was compared from the start and end of the MST, using proportion tests as well as parametric and non-parametric tests. Results Parasite prevalence remained unchanged for P. falciparum (6% = 52/811 versus 7% = 50/740, p = 0.838), and decreased slightly for P. vivax (24% = 192/811 versus 19% = 142/740, p = 0.035) between the MST baseline and endpoint. No significant difference was observed in gametocyte prevalence for either P. falciparum (2% = 19/803 versus 3% = 23/729, p = 0.353, OR = 1.34, 95%CI = 0.69–2.63), or P. vivax (7% = 49/744 versus 5% = 39/704, p = 0.442, OR = 0.83, 95%CI = 0.52–1.31). Even though there was an insignificant difference between the two time points, the majority of parasite positive subjects at the endpoint had been negative at baseline (P. falciparum: 66% = 29/44, P. vivax: 60% = 80/134). This was similarly demonstrated for the transmissible stage—where the majority of gametocyte positive subjects at the endpoint were negative at baseline (P. falciparum: 95% = 20/21, P. vivax: 94% = 30/32). These results were independent of treatment provided during MST activities. No difference was demonstrated in parasite and gametocyte density between both time points either in P. falciparum or P. vivax. Conclusion In this study area, similar prevalence rates of P. falciparum and P. vivax parasites and gametocytes before and after MST, although in different individuals, points to a negligible impact on the parasite reservoir. Treatment administration based on parasite positivity as implemented in the MST should be reevaluated for the elimination strategy in the community. Trial registration Clinical trials registration NCT01878357. Registered 14 June 2013, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01878357. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03709-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayleen Kosasih
- PhD Programme in Biomedical Sciences, Medical Faculty, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Cristian Koepfli
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.,Infection & Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - J Kevin Baird
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Infection & Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Inge Sutanto
- Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Jakarta, Indonesia. .,Department of Parasitology, Medical Faculty, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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37
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Martin JA, Hendershot AL, Saá Portilla IA, English DJ, Woodruff M, Vera-Arias CA, Salazar-Costa BE, Bustillos JJ, Saénz FE, Ocaña-Mayorga S, Koepfli C, Lobo NF. Anopheline and human drivers of malaria risk in northern coastal, Ecuador: a pilot study. Malar J 2020; 19:354. [PMID: 33008438 PMCID: PMC7532652 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding local anopheline vector species and their bionomic traits, as well as related human factors, can help combat gaps in protection. Methods In San José de Chamanga, Esmeraldas, at the Ecuadorian Pacific coast, anopheline mosquitoes were sampled by both human landing collections (HLCs) and indoor-resting aspirations (IAs) and identified using both morphological and molecular methods. Human behaviour observations (HBOs) (including temporal location and bed net use) were documented during HLCs as well as through community surveys to determine exposure to mosquito bites. A cross-sectional evaluation of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections was conducted alongside a malaria questionnaire. Results Among 222 anopheline specimens captured, based on molecular analysis, 218 were Nyssorhynchus albimanus, 3 Anopheles calderoni (n = 3), and one remains unidentified. Anopheline mean human-biting rate (HBR) outdoors was (13.69), and indoors (3.38) (p = 0.006). No anophelines were documented resting on walls during IAs. HBO-adjusted human landing rates suggested that the highest risk of being bitten was outdoors between 18.00 and 20.00 h. Human behaviour-adjusted biting rates suggest that overall, long-lasting insecticidal bed nets (LLINs) only protected against 13.2% of exposure to bites, with 86.8% of exposure during the night spent outside of bed net protection. The malaria survey found 2/398 individuals positive for asymptomatic P. falciparum infections. The questionnaire reported high (73.4%) bed net use, with low knowledge of malaria. Conclusion The exophagic feeding of anopheline vectors in San Jose de Chamanga, when analysed in conjunction with human behaviour, indicates a clear gap in protection even with high LLIN coverage. The lack of indoor-resting anophelines suggests that indoor residual spraying (IRS) may have limited effect. The presence of asymptomatic infections implies the presence of a human reservoir that may maintain transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Martin
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Allison L Hendershot
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Iván Alejandro Saá Portilla
- Centro de Investigación Para La Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle San Pedro Y Pambahacienda, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Daniel J English
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Madeline Woodruff
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Claudia A Vera-Arias
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.,Centro de Investigación Para La Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle San Pedro Y Pambahacienda, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Bibiana E Salazar-Costa
- Centro de Investigación Para La Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle San Pedro Y Pambahacienda, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Juan José Bustillos
- Centro de Investigación Para La Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle San Pedro Y Pambahacienda, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Fabián E Saénz
- Centro de Investigación Para La Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle San Pedro Y Pambahacienda, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador
| | - Sofía Ocaña-Mayorga
- Centro de Investigación Para La Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Calle San Pedro Y Pambahacienda, 170530, Nayón, Ecuador.
| | - Cristian Koepfli
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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Davidson JR, Wahid I, Sudirman R, Small ST, Hendershot AL, Baskin RN, Burton TA, Makuru V, Xiao H, Yu X, Troth EV, Olivieri D, Lizarraga S, Hasan H, Arfah A, Yusuf M, Nur N, Syafruddin D, Asih P, Lobo NF. Molecular analysis reveals a high diversity of Anopheles species in Karama, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:379. [PMID: 32727610 PMCID: PMC7392657 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding local Anopheles species compositions and bionomic traits are vital for an effective malaria vector intervention strategy. Though eight malaria vectors, including species complexes, have been documented across the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia, a comprehensive survey linking morphological and molecular species identification has not been conducted in this global hotspot of biodiversity. Results Eighteen distinct species of Anopheles were molecularly identified in a 1 km2 area in Karama village, West Mamuju Province, Sulawesi. Known species included An. aconitus, An. karwari, An. peditaeniatus, An. vagus, An. barbirostris, An. tessellatus, An. nigerrimus, An. crawfordi, An. maculatus, An. flavirostris and An. kochi. Of the 18 distinct sequence groups identified through both ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region 2, and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 loci, 8 could not be identified to species through comparison to published sequences. The comparison of morphological and molecular identities determined that interpretations of local species compositions for primary and expected species in Karama (An. barbirostris and An. vagus) had the highest rate of accuracy (92.1% and 87.6%, respectively) when compared to molecular analysis. However, the remaining distinct sequences molecularly identified to species were identified correctly by morphological methods less frequently, from 0 to 83%. Conclusions Karama, Indonesia has a high diversity of Anopheles spp. The unexpected high number of Anopheles species in a small area points to possible complex transmission dynamics and limitations with vector control based on possible varying behaviors and interactions with both humans and interventions. Morphological identification of Anopheles spp. in this study was more accurate for primary and expected species than secondary or unexpected species. Finally, the inability to identify seven sequence groups to species with consensus sequences implies that future studies employing sequencing are required to clarify species compositions in the Nigerrimus Subgroup, among others, as well as their distribution and vector status. Use of molecular methods in conjunction with morphological investigations for analysis of species composition, population dynamics and bionomic characteristics is directly implicated in understanding drivers of malaria transmission, intervention effectiveness, and the pursuit of malaria elimination. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Davidson
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Isra Wahid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Rusdiyah Sudirman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Scott T Small
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Allison L Hendershot
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Robert N Baskin
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Timothy A Burton
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Victoria Makuru
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Honglin Xiao
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Yu
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Emma V Troth
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Daniel Olivieri
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Stephanny Lizarraga
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Hajar Hasan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Andi Arfah
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Yusuf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Nirwana Nur
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.,Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Puji Asih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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Monroe A, Moore S, Okumu F, Kiware S, Lobo NF, Koenker H, Sherrard-Smith E, Gimnig J, Killeen GF. Correction to: Methods and indicators for measuring patterns of human exposure to malaria vectors. Malar J 2020; 19:243. [PMID: 32660476 PMCID: PMC7359248 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- April Monroe
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, PMI VectorWorks Project, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Sarah Moore
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Fredros Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Republic of South Africa.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Samson Kiware
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Hannah Koenker
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, PMI VectorWorks Project, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ellie Sherrard-Smith
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - John Gimnig
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gerry F Killeen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania.,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.,School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
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40
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Syafruddin D, Lestari YE, Permana DH, Asih PBS, St. Laurent B, Zubaidah S, Rozi IE, Kosasih S, Shinta, Sukowati S, Hakim L, Haryanto E, Mangunwardoyo W, Bangs MJ, Lobo NF. Anopheles sundaicus complex and the presence of Anopheles epiroticus in Indonesia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008385. [PMID: 32614914 PMCID: PMC7363104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles sundaicus s.l. is an important malaria vector primarily found in coastal landscapes of western and central Indonesia. The species complex has a wide geographical distribution in South and Southeast Asia and exhibits ecological and behavioural variability over its range. Studies on understanding the distribution of different members in the complex and their bionomics related to malaria transmission might be important guiding more effective vector intervention strategies. Female An. sundaicus s.l. were collected from seven provinces, 12 locations in Indonesia representing Sumatra: North Sumatra, Bangka-Belitung, South Lampung, and Bengkulu; in Java: West Java; and the Lesser Sunda Islands: West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara provinces. Sequencing of ribosomal DNA ITS2 gene fragments and two mitochondrial DNA gene markers, COI and cytb, enabled molecular identification of morphologically indistinguishable members of the complex. Findings allowed inference on the distribution of the An. sundaicus s.l. present in Indonesia and further illustrate the phylogenetic relationships of An. epiroticus within the complex. A total of 370 An. sundaicus s.l specimens were analysed for the ITS2 fragment. The ITS2 sequence alignment revealed two consistent species-specific point mutations, a T>C transition at base 479 and a G>T transversion at base 538 that differentiated five haplotypes: TG, CG, TT, CT, and TY. The TG haplotype matched published An. epiroticus-indicative sequences from Thailand, Vietnam and peninsular Malaysia. The previously described insertion event (base 603) was observed in all identified specimens. Analysis of the COI and cytb genes revealed no consistent nucleotide variations that could definitively distinguish An. epiroticus from other members in the Sundaicus Complex. The findings indicate and support the existence of An. epiroticus in North Sumatra and Bangka-Belitung archipelago. Further studies are recommended to determine the full distributional extent of the Sundaicus complex in Indonesia and investigate the role of these species in malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Brandyce St. Laurent
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Siti Zubaidah
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ismail E. Rozi
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sully Kosasih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Shinta
- Health Ecology Research & Development Centre, National Institute of Health, Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Supratman Sukowati
- Health Ecology Research & Development Centre, National Institute of Health, Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lukman Hakim
- Division of Vector Borne Disease, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Edhi Haryanto
- Division of Vector Borne Disease, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Wibowo Mangunwardoyo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Michael J. Bangs
- PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Freeport Medical Services, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Neil F. Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
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41
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Davidson JR, Baskin RN, Hasan H, Burton TA, Wardiman M, Rahma N, Saputra FR, Aulya MS, Wahid I, Syafruddin D, Hawkes FM, Lobo NF. Characterization of vector communities and biting behavior in South Sulawesi with host decoy traps and human landing catches. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:329. [PMID: 32600472 PMCID: PMC7324974 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indonesia has high mosquito diversity, with circulating malaria and arboviruses. Human landing catches (HLC) are ethically questionable where arboviral transmission occurs. The host decoy trap (HDT) is an exposure-free alternative outdoor sampling device. To determine HDT efficacy for local culicids, and to characterize local mosquito fauna, the trapping efficacy of the HDT was compared to that of HLCs in one peri-urban (Lakkang) and one rural (Pucak) village in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Results In Lakkang the outdoor HLCs collected significantly more Anopheles per night (n = 22 ± 9) than the HDT (n = 3 ± 1), while the HDT collected a significantly greater nightly average of Culex mosquitoes (n = 110 ± 42), than the outdoor HLC (n = 15.1 ± 6.0). In Pucak, there was no significant difference in Anopheles collected between trap types; however, the HDT collected significantly more Culex mosquitoes than the outdoor HLC nightly average (n = 53 ± 11 vs 14 ± 3). Significantly higher proportions of blood-fed mosquitoes were found in outdoor HLC (n = 15 ± 2%) compared to HDT (n = 2 ± 0%). More blood-fed culicines were collected with outdoor HLC compared to the HDT, while Anopheles blood-fed proportions did not differ. For the HDT, 52.6%, 36.8% and 10.5% of identified blood meals were on cow, human, and dog, respectively. Identified blood meals for outdoor HLCs were 91.9% human, 6.3% cow, and 0.9% each dog and cat. Mosquitoes from Pucak were tested for arboviruses, with one Culex pool and one Armigeres pool positive for flavivirus, and one Anopheles pool positive for alphavirus. Conclusions The HDT collected the highest abundance of culicine specimens. Outdoor HLCs collected the highest abundance of Anopheles specimens. Although the HDT can attract a range of different Asian mosquito genera and species, it remains to be optimized for Anopheles in Asia. The high proportion of human blood meals in mosquitoes collected by outdoor HLCs raises concerns on the potential exposure risk to collectors using this methodology and highlights the importance of continuing to optimize a host-mimic trap such as the HDT.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Davidson
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA.
| | - Robert N Baskin
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Hajar Hasan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Timothy A Burton
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Muhammad Wardiman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Nur Rahma
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Fadly R Saputra
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Sultanul Aulya
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Isra Wahid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.,Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Frances M Hawkes
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
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Monroe A, Moore S, Okumu F, Kiware S, Lobo NF, Koenker H, Sherrard-Smith E, Gimnig J, Killeen GF. Methods and indicators for measuring patterns of human exposure to malaria vectors. Malar J 2020; 19:207. [PMID: 32546166 PMCID: PMC7296719 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective targeting and evaluation of interventions that protect against adult malaria vectors requires an understanding of how gaps in personal protection arise. An improved understanding of human and mosquito behaviour, and how they overlap in time and space, is critical to estimating the impact of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and determining when and where supplemental personal protection tools are needed. Methods for weighting estimates of human exposure to biting Anopheles mosquitoes according to where people spend their time were first developed over half a century ago. However, crude indoor and outdoor biting rates are still commonly interpreted as indicative of human-vector contact patterns without any adjustment for human behaviour or the personal protection effects of ITNs. MAIN TEXT A small number of human behavioural variables capturing the distribution of human populations indoors and outdoors, whether they are awake or asleep, and if and when they use an ITN over the course of the night, can enable a more accurate representation of human biting exposure patterns. However, to date no clear guidance is available on what data should be collected, what indicators should be reported, or how they should be calculated. This article presents an integrated perspective on relevant indicators of human-vector interactions, the critical entomological and human behavioural data elements required to quantify human-vector interactions, and recommendations for collecting and analysing such data. CONCLUSIONS If collected and used consistently, this information can contribute to an improved understanding of how malaria transmission persists in the context of current intervention tools, how exposure patterns may change as new vector control tools are introduced, and the potential impact and limitations of these tools. This article is intended to consolidate understanding around work on this topic to date and provide a consistent framework for building upon it. Additional work is needed to address remaining questions, including further development and validation of methods for entomological and human behavioural data collection and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Monroe
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, PMI VectorWorks Project, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Sarah Moore
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Fredros Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Republic of South Africa
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Samson Kiware
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Hannah Koenker
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, PMI VectorWorks Project, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ellie Sherrard-Smith
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - John Gimnig
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gerry F Killeen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
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Syafruddin D, Asih PBS, Rozi IE, Permana DH, Nur Hidayati AP, Syahrani L, Zubaidah S, Sidik D, Bangs MJ, Bøgh C, Liu F, Eugenio EC, Hendrickson J, Burton T, Baird JK, Collins F, Grieco JP, Lobo NF, Achee NL. Efficacy of a Spatial Repellent for Control of Malaria in Indonesia: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:344-358. [PMID: 32431275 PMCID: PMC7356406 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A cluster-randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to estimate the protective efficacy (PE) of a spatial repellent (SR) against malaria infection in Sumba, Indonesia. Following radical cure in 1,341 children aged ≥ 6 months to ≤ 5 years in 24 clusters, households were given transfluthrin or placebo passive emanators (devices designed to release vaporized chemical). Monthly blood screening and biweekly human-landing mosquito catches were performed during a 10-month baseline (June 2015-March 2016) and a 24-month intervention period (April 2016-April 2018). Screening detected 164 first-time infections and an accumulative total of 459 infections in 667 subjects in placebo-control households, and 134 first-time and 253 accumulative total infections among 665 subjects in active intervention households. The 24-cluster protective effect of 27.7% and 31.3%, for time to first-event and overall (total new) infections, respectively, was not statistically significant. Purportedly, this was due in part to zero to low incidence in some clusters, undermining the ability to detect a protective effect. Subgroup analysis of 19 clusters where at least one infection occurred during baseline showed 33.3% (P-value = 0.083) and 40.9% (P-value = 0.0236, statistically significant at the one-sided 5% significance level) protective effect to first infection and overall infections, respectively. Among 12 moderate- to high-risk clusters, a statistically significant decrease in infection by intervention was detected (60% PE). Primary entomological analysis of impact was inconclusive. Although this study suggests SRs prevent malaria, additional evidence is required to demonstrate the product class provides an operationally feasible and effective means of reducing malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Din Syafruddin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia.,Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Puji B S Asih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Lepa Syahrani
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Siti Zubaidah
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dian Sidik
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Michael J Bangs
- Public Health and Malaria Control, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Claus Bøgh
- The Sumba Foundation, Public Health and Malaria Control, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Evercita C Eugenio
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Jared Hendrickson
- Center for Computer Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Timothy Burton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - J Kevin Baird
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Frank Collins
- Center for Computer Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - John P Grieco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Nicole L Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
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Alam MS, Al-Amin HM, Khan WA, Haque R, Nahlen BL, Lobo NF. Preliminary Report of Pyrethroid Resistance in Anopheles vagus, an Important Malaria Vector in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:810-811. [PMID: 32394878 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the WHO, unmanaged insecticide resistance may lead to increases in malaria-related mortality and morbidity. Bangladesh, having made significant progress in malaria control efforts, has recently seen an upswing in malaria cases-58% of which occurred in Bandarban district. Toward identifying entomological drivers of increased malaria, an entomological survey including Anopheles susceptibility to the insecticides in use was conducted in Bandarban. Anopheles vagus, the primary vector of malaria, was found to be resistant to both permethrin and deltamethrin-with only 29% and 55% mortality at 30 minutes, respectively. Intervention strategies in this area-all based on pyrethroids, may need to be reevaluated toward closing this gap in protection and increasing intervention efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (QIMR Berghofer), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Wasif A Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bernard L Nahlen
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health (EIGH), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
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45
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Dahan-Moss Y, Hendershot A, Dhoogra M, Julius H, Zawada J, Kaiser M, Lobo NF, Brooke BD, Koekemoer LL. Member species of the Anopheles gambiae complex can be misidentified as Anopheles leesoni. Malar J 2020; 19:89. [PMID: 32093677 PMCID: PMC7038563 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate Anopheles species identification is key for effective malaria vector control. Identification primarily depends on morphological analysis of field samples as well as molecular species-specific identifications. During an intra-laboratory assessment (proficiency testing) of the Anopheles funestus group multiplex PCR assay, it was noted that Anopheles arabiensis can be misidentified as Anopheles leesoni, a zoophilic member of the An. funestus group. The aim of this project was, therefore, to ascertain whether other members of the Anopheles gambiae complex can also be misidentified as An. leesoni when using the standard An. funestus multiplex PCR. METHODS The An. funestus multiplex PCR was used to amplify DNA from An. gambiae complex specimens. These included specimens from the laboratory colonies and field samples from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Amplified DNA from these specimens, using the universal (UV) and An. leesoni species-specific primers (LEES), were sequence analysed. Additionally, An. leesoni DNA was processed through the diagnostic An. gambiae multiplex PCR to determine if this species can be misidentified as a member of the An. gambiae complex. RESULTS Laboratory-colonized as well as field-collected samples of An. arabiensis, An. gambiae, Anopheles merus, Anopheles quadriannulatus, Anopheles coluzzii as well as Anopheles moucheti produced an amplicon of similar size to that of An. leesoni when using an An. funestus multiplex PCR. Sequence analysis confirmed that the UV and LEES primers amplify a segment of the ITS2 region of members of the An. gambiae complex and An. moucheti. The reverse was not true, i.e. the An. gambiae multiplex PCR does not amplify DNA from An. leesoni. CONCLUSION This investigation shows that An. arabiensis, An. gambiae, An. merus, An. quadriannulatus, An. coluzzii and An. moucheti can be misidentified as An. leesoni when using An. funestus multiplex PCR. This shows the importance of identifying specimens using standard morphological dichotomous keys as far as possible prior to the use of appropriate PCR-based identification methods. Should there be doubt concerning field-collected specimens molecularly identified as An. leesoni, the An. gambiae multiplex PCR and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) can be used to eliminate false identifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Dahan-Moss
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Allison Hendershot
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Minishca Dhoogra
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Henry Julius
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jacek Zawada
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Kaiser
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Basil D Brooke
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lizette L Koekemoer
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Lemma W, Alemu K, Birhanie M, Worku L, Niedbalski J, McDowell MA, Lobo NF. Anopheles cinereus implicated as a vector of malaria transmission in the highlands of north-west Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:557. [PMID: 31767025 PMCID: PMC6878634 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transmission of malaria in the highlands of Ethiopia is poorly understood and usually attributed to importation by mobile populations or local transmission by Anopheles arabiensis. To characterize and identify Anopheles species present in a highland area of northern Ethiopia, adult and larval collections were performed in Gondar town and the neighboring Senbet Debir village (Dembia district, > 2000 meters above sea level, masl), in addition to Bahir Dar town (capital of Amhara region) and Kumer Aftit village (Metema district, < 2000 masl). Methods CDC-light traps were used to collect adult mosquitoes and larval collections were performed from rain pools for rearing into adults for species identification. Collections were made September-March 2016–2018. Adult mosquitoes were identified morphologically and a subset of randomly chosen specimens were identified to species by sequencing the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1). Results The primary species of Anopheles identified at elevations higher than 2000 masl was An. cinereus, which was confirmed molecularly by ITS2 and cox1 sequencing. Interestingly, two unknown species were also sequenced, in addition to two specimens of An. pretoriensis. The species collected at sites with elevations less than 2000 masl (Bahir Dar town and Kumer Aftit village) was An. arabiensis. Three Plasmodium falciparum-positive specimens were identified molecularly as An. cinereus. Conclusions The presence of Plasmodium-positive An. cinereus in areas greater than 2000 masl incriminates this species as a potential vector contributing to non-peak malaria transmission in Ethiopian highland areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wossenseged Lemma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. .,Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Center, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Kassahune Alemu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meserete Birhanie
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ligabaw Worku
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Julie Niedbalski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Mary Ann McDowell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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47
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Sutanto I, Kosasih A, Elyazar IRF, Simanjuntak DR, Larasati TA, Dahlan MS, Wahid I, Mueller I, Koepfli C, Kusriastuti R, Surya A, Laihad FJ, Hawley WA, Collins FH, Baird JK, Lobo NF. Negligible Impact of Mass Screening and Treatment on Mesoendemic Malaria Transmission at West Timor in Eastern Indonesia: A Cluster-Randomized Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:1364-1372. [PMID: 29579195 PMCID: PMC6186863 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mass screening and treatment (MST) aims to reduce malaria risk in communities by identifying and treating infected persons without regard to illness. Methods A cluster-randomized trial evaluated malaria incidence with and without MST. Clusters were randomized to 3, 2, or no MST interventions: MST3, 6 clusters (156 households/670 individuals); MST2, 5 clusters (89 households/423 individuals); and MST0, 5 clusters (174 households/777 individuals). All clusters completed the study with 14 residents withdrawing. In a cohort of 324 schoolchildren (MST3, n = 124; MST2, n = 57; MST0, n = 143) negative by microscopy at enrollment, we evaluated the incidence density of malaria during 3 months of MST and 3 months following. The MST intervention involved community-wide expert malaria microscopic screening and standard therapy with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and primaquine for glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase–normal subjects. All blood examinations included polymerase chain reaction assays, which did not guide on-site treatment. Results The risk ratios for incidence density of microscopically patent malaria in MST3 or MST2 relative to that in MST0 clusters were 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI], .53–1.91) and 1.22 (95% CI, .42–3.55), respectively. Similar results were obtained with molecular analysis and species-specific (P. falciparum and P. vivax) infections. Microscopically subpatent, untreated infections accounted for 72% of those infected. Conclusions Two or 3 rounds of MST within 3 months did not impact the force of anopheline mosquito-borne infection in these communities. The high rate of untreated microscopically subpatent infections likely explains the observed poor impact. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01878357.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Sutanto
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Ayleen Kosasih
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | | | - Deddy R Simanjuntak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Tri A Larasati
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | | | - Isra Wahid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanudin, Makasar, Indonesia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cristian Koepfli
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rita Kusriastuti
- Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Asik Surya
- Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Frank H Collins
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - J Kevin Baird
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Indonesia.,Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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Feachem RGA, Chen I, Akbari O, Bertozzi-Villa A, Bhatt S, Binka F, Boni MF, Buckee C, Dieleman J, Dondorp A, Eapen A, Sekhri Feachem N, Filler S, Gething P, Gosling R, Haakenstad A, Harvard K, Hatefi A, Jamison D, Jones KE, Karema C, Kamwi RN, Lal A, Larson E, Lees M, Lobo NF, Micah AE, Moonen B, Newby G, Ning X, Pate M, Quiñones M, Roh M, Rolfe B, Shanks D, Singh B, Staley K, Tulloch J, Wegbreit J, Woo HJ, Mpanju-Shumbusho W. Malaria eradication within a generation: ambitious, achievable, and necessary. Lancet 2019; 394:1056-1112. [PMID: 31511196 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard G A Feachem
- Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ingrid Chen
- Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Omar Akbari
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amelia Bertozzi-Villa
- Malaria Atlas Project, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, WA, USA
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Malaria Atlas Project, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fred Binka
- School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Maciej F Boni
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Penn State, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Caroline Buckee
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Dieleman
- Institute for Health Metrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Arjen Dondorp
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alex Eapen
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Chennai, India
| | - Neelam Sekhri Feachem
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott Filler
- The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter Gething
- Malaria Atlas Project, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roly Gosling
- Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Annie Haakenstad
- Institute for Health Metrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelly Harvard
- Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arian Hatefi
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dean Jamison
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kate E Jones
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Altaf Lal
- Sun Pharma Industries, Mumbai, India
| | - Erika Larson
- Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margaret Lees
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Angela E Micah
- Institute for Health Metrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bruno Moonen
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gretchen Newby
- Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Ning
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Muhammad Pate
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Martha Quiñones
- Department of Public Health, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Michelle Roh
- Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ben Rolfe
- Asia Pacific Leaders Malaria Alliance, Singapore
| | | | - Balbir Singh
- Malaria Research Center, University Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Jennifer Wegbreit
- Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hyun Ju Woo
- Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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49
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Davidson JR, Wahid I, Sudirman R, Makuru V, Hasan H, Arfah AM, Nur N, Hidayat MY, Hendershot AL, Xiao H, Yu X, Asih PBS, Syafruddin D, Lobo NF. Comparative field evaluation of kelambu traps, barrier screens and barrier screens with eaves for longitudinal surveillance of adult Anopheles mosquitoes in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:399. [PMID: 31409374 PMCID: PMC6693138 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3649-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sampling methodologies for mosquitoes that are capable of transmitting vector-borne infectious diseases provide critical information on entomological endpoints. Reliable and meaningful field data is vital to the understanding of basic vector biology as well as disease transmission. Various traps take advantage of different vector behaviors and are inevitably subject to sampling biases. This study represents the first comparison of kelambu traps (KT) to barrier screens (BS), barrier screens with eaves (BSE) and indoor and outdoor human landing catches (HLCs). Methods Two trap comparison studies were undertaken. In the first study, mosquitoes were collected in Karama over 26 trapping nights to evaluate the kelambu trap relative to indoor and outdoor HLCs. In the second study, mosquitoes were collected in Karama over 12 trapping nights to compare the kelambu trap, barrier screen, barrier screen with eaves and outdoor HLCs. The kelambu trap, barrier screen and barrier screen with eaves obstruct the flight of mosquitos. HLCs target host-seeking behaviors. Results There was no significant difference between indoor and outdoor HLCs for overall Anopheles mosquito abundance. All five of the molecularly identified Anopheles species collected by HLCs, An. aconitus, An. barbirostris, An. peditaeniatus, An. vagus and An. tessellatus, are reported as vectors of malaria in Indonesia. The kelambu trap (n = 2736) collected significantly more Anopheles mosquitoes than indoor HLCs (n = 1286; Z = 3.193, P = 0.004), but not the outdoor HLCs (n = 1580; Z = 2.325, P = 0.053). All traps collected statistically similar abundances for the primary species, An. barbirostris. However, both comparison studies found significantly higher abundances for the kelambu trap for several secondary species compared to all other traps: An. nigerriumus, An. parangensis, An. tessellatus and An. vagus. The kelambu trap retained the highest species richness and Gini-Simpson’s diversity index for both comparison studies. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the kelambu trap collects overall Anopheles abundance and species-specific abundances at statistically similar or higher rates than HLCs in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Therefore, the kelambu trap should be considered as an exposure-free alternative to HLCs for research questions regarding Anopheles species in this malaria endemic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Davidson
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Isra Wahid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Rusdiyah Sudirman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Victoria Makuru
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Hajar Hasan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Andi Muhammad Arfah
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Nirwana Nur
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Yusuf Hidayat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Allison L Hendershot
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Honglin Xiao
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Yu
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | | | - Din Syafruddin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.,Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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50
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Wahid I, Ishak H, Hafid A, Fajri M, Sidjal S, Nurdin A, Azikin NT, Sudirman R, Hasan H, Yusuf M, Bachtiar I, Hawley WA, Rosenberg R, Lobo NF. Integrated vector management with additional pre-transmission season thermal fogging is associated with a reduction in dengue incidence in Makassar, Indonesia: Results of an 8-year observational study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007606. [PMID: 31381570 PMCID: PMC6695203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus transmission is endemic in Makassar, Indonesia, with the majority of cases reported soon after the start of the annual rainy season. Before 2006, larval source reduction, larvaciding, and reactive routine, outdoor, insecticide fogging campaigns did not result in a reduction in seasonal dengue incidence. Beginning in 2006, village volunteers conducted comprehensive surveys for immature Aedes during the dry season, when vector populations were at their lowest. Based on this pre-season vector data, a single additional pre-emptive outdoor fogging with Malathion was conducted once annually before the rains began in villages with a pre-defined proportion of sampled houses positive for Aedes immatures. This additional procedure was associated with reduced temporal larval indices as well as an 83% reduction in reported cases during the transmission season over the 8-year period of implementation. Two cities adjacent to Makassar experienced substantial but smaller reductions in dengue incidence; while other cities further from the intervention area did not. This represents the first time an integrated intervention strategy has been coupled with substantially reduced dengue transmission in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isra Wahid
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Hasanuddin Ishak
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rusdyah Sudirman
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Hajar Hasan
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Yusuf
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Imam Bachtiar
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - William A. Hawley
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Unicef, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ronald Rosenberg
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Neil F. Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
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