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Lemma W, Alemu K, Birhanie M, Worku L, Niedbalski J, McDowell MA, Lobo NF. Anopheles cinereus implicated as a vector of malaria transmission in the highlands of north-west Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:557. [PMID: 31767025 PMCID: PMC6878634 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transmission of malaria in the highlands of Ethiopia is poorly understood and usually attributed to importation by mobile populations or local transmission by Anopheles arabiensis. To characterize and identify Anopheles species present in a highland area of northern Ethiopia, adult and larval collections were performed in Gondar town and the neighboring Senbet Debir village (Dembia district, > 2000 meters above sea level, masl), in addition to Bahir Dar town (capital of Amhara region) and Kumer Aftit village (Metema district, < 2000 masl). Methods CDC-light traps were used to collect adult mosquitoes and larval collections were performed from rain pools for rearing into adults for species identification. Collections were made September-March 2016–2018. Adult mosquitoes were identified morphologically and a subset of randomly chosen specimens were identified to species by sequencing the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1). Results The primary species of Anopheles identified at elevations higher than 2000 masl was An. cinereus, which was confirmed molecularly by ITS2 and cox1 sequencing. Interestingly, two unknown species were also sequenced, in addition to two specimens of An. pretoriensis. The species collected at sites with elevations less than 2000 masl (Bahir Dar town and Kumer Aftit village) was An. arabiensis. Three Plasmodium falciparum-positive specimens were identified molecularly as An. cinereus. Conclusions The presence of Plasmodium-positive An. cinereus in areas greater than 2000 masl incriminates this species as a potential vector contributing to non-peak malaria transmission in Ethiopian highland areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wossenseged Lemma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. .,Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Center, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Kassahune Alemu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meserete Birhanie
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ligabaw Worku
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Julie Niedbalski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Mary Ann McDowell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Echeverry DF, Deason NA, Makuru V, Davidson J, Xiao H, Niedbalski J, Yu X, Stevenson JC, Bugoro H, Aparaimo A, Reuben H, Cooper R, Burkot TR, Russell TL, Collins FH, Lobo NF. Fast and robust single PCR for Plasmodium sporozoite detection in mosquitoes using the cytochrome oxidase I gene. Malar J 2017; 16:230. [PMID: 28569159 PMCID: PMC5452387 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1881-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular tools for detecting malaria-infected mosquitoes with improved practicality, sensitivity and specificity, and high-throughput are required. A common PCR technique used to detect mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium spp. is a nested PCR assay based on the 18s-rRNA gene. However, this technique has several technical limitations, is laborious and time consuming. Methods In this study, a PCR-based on the Plasmodium cytochrome oxidase I (COX-I) gene was compared with the 18s-rRNA nested PCR using serial dilutions (330–0.0012 pg) of DNA from Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi and with DNA from 48 positive and negative Kenyan mosquitoes (previously detected by using both ELISA and PCR). This assay for Plasmodium spp. DNA detection using the fast COX-I PCR assay was then performed individually on 2122 field collected mosquitoes (from the Solomon Islands) in which DNA was extracted from head and thorax. Results The fast COX-I PCR assay took 1 h to run and consistently detected as low as to 0.043 pg of parasite DNA (equivalent to two parasites) in a single PCR, while analyses with the 18s-rRNA nested PCR required 4 h to complete with a consistent detection threshold of 1.5 pg of DNA. Both assays produced concordant results when applied to the 48 Kenyan control samples with known Plasmodium spp. infection status. The fast COX-I PCR identified 23/2122 Plasmodium-infected mosquitoes from the Solomon Islands. Conclusions This new COX-I PCR adapted for a single PCR reaction is a faster, simpler, cheaper, more sensitive technique amenable to high-throughput analyses for Plasmodium DNA detection in mosquitoes and is comparable to the 18s-rRNA nested PCR. The improved sensitivity seen with the fast COX-I PCR will improve the accuracy of mosquito infection rate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Echeverry
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Nicholas A Deason
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Victoria Makuru
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Jenna Davidson
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Honglin Xiao
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Julie Niedbalski
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Yu
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Jennifer C Stevenson
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
| | - Hugo Bugoro
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands.,Research Department, Solomon Islands National University, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Allan Aparaimo
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Hedrick Reuben
- Western Province Malaria Control, Gizo, Western Province, Solomon Islands
| | - Robert Cooper
- Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, 4052, Australia
| | - Thomas R Burkot
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia
| | - Tanya L Russell
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia
| | - Frank H Collins
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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Echeverry DF, Deason NA, Davidson J, Makuru V, Xiao H, Niedbalski J, Kern M, Russell TL, Burkot TR, Collins FH, Lobo NF. Human malaria diagnosis using a single-step direct-PCR based on the Plasmodium cytochrome oxidase III gene. Malar J 2016; 15:128. [PMID: 26928594 PMCID: PMC4772515 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nested PCRs based on the Plasmodium 18s-rRNA gene have been extensively used for human malaria diagnosis. However, they are not practical when large quantities of samples need to be processed, further there have been challenges in the performance and when interpreting results, especially when submicroscopic infections are analysed. Here the use of “direct PCR” was investigated with the aim of improving diagnosis in the malaria elimination era. Methods The performance of the Plasmodium cytochrome oxidase III gene (COX-III) based novel malaria detection strategies (direct nested PCR and direct single PCR) were compared using a 18s-rRNA direct nested PCR as a reference tool. Evaluations were based on sensitivity, specificity and the ability to detect mixed infections using control blood spot samples and field collected blood samples with final species diagnosis confirmation by sequencing. Results The COX-III direct PCR (limit of detection: 0.6–2 parasites/μL) was more sensitive than the 18s-rRNA direct nested PCR (limit of detection: 2–10 parasites/μL). The COX-III direct PCR identified all 21 positive controls (no mixed infections detected) while the 18s-rRNA direct nested PCR identified 18/21 (including four mixed infections). Different concentrations of simulated mixed infections (Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum) suggest that the COX-III direct PCR detects only the predominant species. When the 18s-rRNA direct nested PCR was used to detect Plasmodium in field collected bloods spots (n = 3833), there was discrepancy in the results from the genus PCR (16 % positive) and the species-specific PCR (5 % positive). Further, a large portion of a subset of these positive samples (93 % for genus and 60 % for P. vivax), did not align with Plasmodium sequences. In contrast, the COX-III direct PCR clearly identified (single bands confirmed with sequencing) 2 % positive Plasmodium samples including P. vivax, P. falciparum, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovalewallikeri. Conclusions The COX-III single direct PCR is an alternative method for accurate detection of Plasmodium microscopic and submicroscopic infections in humans, especially when a large number of samples require screening. This PCR does not require DNA isolation, is sensitive, quick, produces confident/clear results, identifies all the Plasmodium species infecting humans, and is cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Echeverry
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Nicholas A Deason
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Jenna Davidson
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Victoria Makuru
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Honglin Xiao
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Julie Niedbalski
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Marcia Kern
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Tanya L Russell
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia.
| | - Thomas R Burkot
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia.
| | - Frank H Collins
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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García Molleja J, Milanese M, Gómez BJ, Moroso R, Piccoli M, Niedbalski J, Bürgi J, Bemporad E, Feugeas J. Behavior of nitrided and carburized AISI 904 L stainless steels under severe light ion beam irradiation with plasma focus. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. García Molleja
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel; IMN - Université de Nantes, UMR CNRS 6502; 2 rue de la Houssinière Nantes 44322, Cedex 3 France
- Instituto de Física Rosario (CONICET - UNR); 27 de Febrero 210 bis Rosario S2000EZP Argentina
| | - M. Milanese
- Instituto de Física Arroyo Seco (CONICET - UNICEN); Pinto 399 Tandil B7000GHG Argentina
| | - B. J. Gómez
- Instituto de Física Rosario (CONICET - UNR); 27 de Febrero 210 bis Rosario S2000EZP Argentina
| | - R. Moroso
- Instituto de Física Arroyo Seco (CONICET - UNICEN); Pinto 399 Tandil B7000GHG Argentina
| | - M. Piccoli
- Department of Engineering; University of Rome ‘Roma TRE’; Via della Vasca Navale 79 Rome 00146 Italy
| | - J. Niedbalski
- Instituto de Física Arroyo Seco (CONICET - UNICEN); Pinto 399 Tandil B7000GHG Argentina
| | - J. Bürgi
- Instituto de Física Rosario (CONICET - UNR); 27 de Febrero 210 bis Rosario S2000EZP Argentina
| | - E. Bemporad
- Department of Engineering; University of Rome ‘Roma TRE’; Via della Vasca Navale 79 Rome 00146 Italy
| | - J. Feugeas
- Instituto de Física Rosario (CONICET - UNR); 27 de Febrero 210 bis Rosario S2000EZP Argentina
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Milanese M, Niedbalski J, Moroso R, Barbaglia M, Mayer R, Castillo F, Guichón S. Small plasma focus as neutron pulsed source for nuclides identification. Rev Sci Instrum 2013; 84:103501. [PMID: 24182104 DOI: 10.1063/1.4823522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present preliminary results on the feasibility of employing a low energy (2 kJ, 31 kV) plasma focus device as a portable source of pulsed neutron beams (2.45 MeV) generated by nuclear fusion reactions D-D, for the "in situ" analysis of substances by nuclear activation. This source has the relevant advantage of being pulsed at requirement, transportable, not permanently radioactive, without radioactive waste, cheap, among others. We prove the feasibility of using this source showing several spectra of the characteristic emission line for manganese, gold, lead, and silver.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Milanese
- Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CONICET-UNCPBA), Pinto 399, Tandil 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Feder JL, Roethele JB, Filchak K, Niedbalski J, Romero-Severson J. Evidence for inversion polymorphism related to sympatric host race formation in the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella. Genetics 2003; 163:939-53. [PMID: 12663534 PMCID: PMC1462491 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/163.3.939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) is undergoing sympatric speciation (i.e., divergence without geographic isolation) in the process of shifting and adapting to a new host plant. Prior to the introduction of cultivated apples (Malus pumila) in North America, R. pomonella infested the fruit of native hawthorns (Crataegus spp.). However, sometime in the mid-1800s the fly formed a sympatric race on apple. The recently derived apple-infesting race shows consistent allele frequency differences from the hawthorn host race for six allozyme loci mapping to three different chromosomes. Alleles at all six of these allozymes correlate with the timing of adult eclosion, an event dependent on the duration of the overwintering pupal diapause. This timing difference differentially adapts the univoltine fly races to an approximately 3- to 4-week difference in the peak fruiting times of apple and hawthorn trees, partially reproductively isolating the host races. Here, we report finding substantial gametic disequilibrium among allozyme and complementary DNA (cDNA) markers encompassing the three chromosomal regions differentiating apple and hawthorn flies. The regions of disequilibrium extend well beyond the previously characterized six allozyme loci, covering substantial portions of chromosomes 1, 2, and 3 (haploid n = 6 in R. pomonella). Moreover, significant recombination heterogeneity and variation in gene order were observed among single-pair crosses for each of the three genomic regions, implying the existence of inversion polymorphism. We therefore have evidence that genes affecting diapause traits involved in host race formation reside within large complexes of rearranged genes. We explore whether these genomic regions (inversions) constitute coadapted gene complexes and discuss the implications of our findings for sympatric speciation in Rhagoletis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-0369, USA.
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