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Chen M, Hu Z, Shi J, Xie Z. Human β-defensins and their synthetic analogs: Natural defenders and prospective new drugs of oral health. Life Sci 2024; 346:122591. [PMID: 38548013 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
As a family of cationic host defense peptides, human β-defensins (HBDs) are ubiquitous in the oral cavity and are mainly synthesized primarily by epithelial cells, serving as the primary barrier and aiming to prevent microbial invasion, inflammation, and disease while maintaining physiological homeostasis. In recent decades, there has been great interest in their biological functions, structure-activity relationships, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential in oral diseases. Meanwhile, researchers are dedicated to improving the properties of HBDs for clinical application. In this review, we first describe the classification, structural characteristics, functions, and mechanisms of HBDs. Next, we cover the role of HBDs and their synthetic analogs in oral diseases, including dental caries and pulp infections, periodontitis, peri-implantitis, fungal/viral infections and oral mucosal diseases, and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Finally, we discuss the limitations and challenges of clinical translation of HBDs and their synthetic analogs, including, but not limited to, stability, bioavailability, antimicrobial activity, resistance, and toxicity. Above all, this review summarizes the biological functions, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential of both natural HBDs and their synthetic analogs in oral diseases, as well as the challenges associated with clinical translation, thus providing substantial insights into the laboratory development and clinical application of HBDs in oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumian Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Zihe Hu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Jue Shi
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Zhijian Xie
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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2
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Shi L, Chen L, Gao X, Sun X, Jin G, Yang Y, Shao Y, Zhu F, Zhou G. Comparison of different sources of mesenchymal stem cells: focus on inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:1721-1742. [PMID: 38615278 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) poses a significant challenge in modern medicine, with conventional treatments limited by efficacy and associated side effects, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have emerged as promising candidates for IBD treatment due to their immunomodulatory properties and regenerative potential. This thesis aims to explore and compare various sources of MSC and evaluate their efficacy in treating IBD. This study comprehensively analyses MSC derived from multiple sources, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, and other potential reservoirs. Core elements of this investigation include assessing differences in cell acquisition, immunomodulatory effects, and differentiation capabilities among these MSC sources, as well as comparing their clinical trial outcomes in IBD patients to their therapeutic efficacy in animal models. Through meticulous evaluation and comparative analysis, this thesis aims to elucidate disparities in the efficacy of different MSC sources for IBD treatment, thereby identifying the most promising therapeutic applications. The findings of this study are intended to advance our understanding of MSC biology and offer valuable insights for selecting the most effective MSC sources for personalized IBD therapy. Ultimately, this research endeavor will optimise therapeutic strategies for managing inflammatory bowel disease through the utilization of MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihao Shi
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Leilei Chen
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xizhuang Gao
- Clinical Medical College of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xufan Sun
- Clinical Medical College of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyuan Jin
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Yang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Shao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Fengqin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangxi Zhou
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Zhuxiao R, Shuo Y, Jiangxue H, Jingjun P, Qi Z, Zhu W, Fang X, Jie Y. Antimicrobial peptide LL37 and regulatory T cell associated with late-onset sepsis in very preterm infants. iScience 2024; 27:109780. [PMID: 38736551 PMCID: PMC11088333 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy may prevent late-onset sepsis (LOS) via antimicrobial peptide LL37 secretion and regulatory T cell (Treg) regulation. The early prediction of LOS is still a challenge. This study evaluated whether immunological state of LL37 or Tregs precedes LOS. We firstly analyzed the LL37 level, Treg proportion, and LOS incidence in very preterm infants treated with autologous cord blood mononuclear cells (ACBMNCs) in our previous trial. Then, we constructed a prediction model and built validation cohort. We found ACBMNC intervention reduced the incidence of LOS from 27.3% to 6.9% (p = 0.021). LL37 and Treg abundances were higher in the ACBMNCs group. The nomogram demonstrated that early-life Treg and LL37 characteristics were closely associated with LOS (area under the curve, AUC 0.936), with implications for early prediction and timely clinical management. This composite model was also helpful to evaluate the beneficial effect of ACBMNCs intervention on LOS, thus promoting translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Zhuxiao
- Department of Neonatology, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Neonatal ICU Medical Quality Control Center, National Key Clinical Specialty Construction Unit Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Shuo
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Han Jiangxue
- Department of Neonatology, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Neonatal ICU Medical Quality Control Center, National Key Clinical Specialty Construction Unit Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Pei Jingjun
- Department of Neonatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhang Qi
- Department of Clinical Genetic Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wang Zhu
- Department of Neonatology, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Neonatal ICU Medical Quality Control Center, National Key Clinical Specialty Construction Unit Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xu Fang
- Department of Neonatology, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Neonatal ICU Medical Quality Control Center, National Key Clinical Specialty Construction Unit Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Jie
- Department of Neonatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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4
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Hou XY, Danzeng LM, Wu YL, Ma QH, Yu Z, Li MY, Li LS. Mesenchymal stem cells and their derived exosomes for the treatment of COVID-19. World J Stem Cells 2024; 16:353-374. [PMID: 38690515 PMCID: PMC11056634 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v16.i4.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infection typically presents with fever and respiratory symptoms, which can progress to severe respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. In severe cases, these complications may even lead to death. One of the causes of COVID-19 deaths is the cytokine storm caused by an overactive immune response. Therefore, suppressing the overactive immune response may be an effective strategy for treating COVID-19. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their derived exosomes (MSCs-Exo) have potent homing abilities, immunomodulatory functions, regenerative repair, and antifibrotic effects, promising an effective tool in treating COVID-19. In this paper, we review the main mechanisms and potential roles of MSCs and MSCs-Exo in treating COVID-19. We also summarize relevant recent clinical trials, including the source of cells, the dosage and the efficacy, and the clinical value and problems in this field, providing more theoretical references for the clinical use of MSCs and MSCs-Exo in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yi Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - La-Mu Danzeng
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yi-Lin Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qian-Hui Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zheng Yu
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Mei-Ying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li-Sha Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China.
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5
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Kordi M, Talkhounche PG, Vahedi H, Farrokhi N, Tabarzad M. Heterologous Production of Antimicrobial Peptides: Notes to Consider. Protein J 2024; 43:129-158. [PMID: 38180586 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-023-10174-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Heavy and irresponsible use of antibiotics in the last century has put selection pressure on the microbes to evolve even faster and develop more resilient strains. In the confrontation with such sometimes called "superbugs", the search for new sources of biochemical antibiotics seems to have reached the limit. In the last two decades, bioactive antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are polypeptide chains with less than 100 amino acids, have attracted the attention of many in the control of microbial pathogens, more than the other types of antibiotics. AMPs are groups of components involved in the immune response of many living organisms, and have come to light as new frontiers in fighting with microbes. AMPs are generally produced in minute amounts within organisms; therefore, to address the market, they have to be either produced on a large scale through recombinant DNA technology or to be synthesized via chemical methods. Here, heterologous expression of AMPs within bacterial, fungal, yeast, plants, and insect cells, and points that need to be considered towards their industrialization will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Kordi
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnian Ghaedi Talkhounche
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Helia Vahedi
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Farrokhi
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Tabarzad
- Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Garcia Gómez-Heras S, Garcia-Arranz M, Vega-Clemente L, Olivera-Salazar R, Vélez Pinto JF, Fernández-García M, Guadalajara H, Yáñez R, Garcia-Olmo D. Study of the Effect of Wild-Type and Transiently Expressing CXCR4 and IL-10 Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in a Mouse Model of Peritonitis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:520. [PMID: 38203690 PMCID: PMC10778615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis due to peritonitis is a process associated with an inflammatory state. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) modulate the immune system due to the paracrine factors released and may be a therapeutic alternative. Three treatment groups were developed in a murine model of peritonitis to verify the effect of human adipose mesenchymal stem cell (hASCs). Additionally, a temporary modification was carried out on them to improve their arrival in inflamed tissues (CXCR4), as well as their anti-inflammatory activity (IL-10). The capacity to reduce systemic inflammation was studied using a local application (peritoneal injection) as a treatment route. Comparisons involving the therapeutic effect of wild-type ASCs and ASCs transiently expressing CXCR4 and IL-10 were carried out with the aim of generating an improved anti-inflammatory response for sepsis in addition to standard antibiotic treatment. However, under the experimental conditions used in these studies, no differences were found between both groups with ASCs. The peritoneal administration of hASCs or genetically modified hASCs constitutes an efficient and safe therapy in our model of mouse peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Garcia Gómez-Heras
- Department of Basic Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Mariano Garcia-Arranz
- New Therapy Laboratory, Health Research Institute Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28033 Madrid, Spain; (L.V.-C.); (R.O.-S.); (H.G.); (D.G.-O.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Luz Vega-Clemente
- New Therapy Laboratory, Health Research Institute Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28033 Madrid, Spain; (L.V.-C.); (R.O.-S.); (H.G.); (D.G.-O.)
| | - Rocio Olivera-Salazar
- New Therapy Laboratory, Health Research Institute Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28033 Madrid, Spain; (L.V.-C.); (R.O.-S.); (H.G.); (D.G.-O.)
| | - Juan Felipe Vélez Pinto
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Fernández-García
- Biomedical Innovation Unit, Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.-G.); (R.Y.)
| | - Héctor Guadalajara
- New Therapy Laboratory, Health Research Institute Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28033 Madrid, Spain; (L.V.-C.); (R.O.-S.); (H.G.); (D.G.-O.)
- Surgery Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28033 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Yáñez
- Biomedical Innovation Unit, Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.-G.); (R.Y.)
| | - Damian Garcia-Olmo
- New Therapy Laboratory, Health Research Institute Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28033 Madrid, Spain; (L.V.-C.); (R.O.-S.); (H.G.); (D.G.-O.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Surgery Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, 28033 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Andalib E, Kashfi M, Mahmoudvand G, Rezaei E, Mahjoor M, Torki A, Afkhami H. Application of hypoxia-mesenchymal stem cells in treatment of anaerobic bacterial wound infection: wound healing and infection recovery. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1251956. [PMID: 37869672 PMCID: PMC10586055 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1251956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells, commonly referred to as MSCs, are a type of multipotent stem cells that are typically extracted from adipose tissue and bone marrow. In the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, MSCs and their exosomes have emerged as revolutionary tools. Researchers are now devoting greater attention to MSCs because of their ability to generate skin cells like fibroblasts and keratinocytes, as well as their distinctive potential to decrease inflammation and emit pro-angiogenic molecules at the site of wounds. More recent investigations revealed that MSCs can exert numerous direct and indirect antimicrobial effects that are immunologically mediated. Collectively, these antimicrobial properties can remove bacterial infections when the MSCs are delivered in a therapeutic setting. Regardless of the positive therapeutic potential of MSCs for a multitude of conditions, transplanted MSC cell retention continues to be a major challenge. Since MSCs are typically administered into naturally hypoxic tissues, understanding the impact of hypoxia on the functioning of MSCs is crucial. Hypoxia has been postulated to be among the factors determining the differentiation of MSCs, resulting in the production of inflammatory cytokines throughout the process of tissue regeneration and wound repair. This has opened new horizons in developing MSC-based systems as a potent therapeutic tool in oxygen-deprived regions, including anaerobic wound infection sites. This review sheds light on the role of hypoxia-MSCs in the treatment of anaerobic bacterial wound infection in terms of both their regenerative and antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Andalib
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Kashfi
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golnaz Mahmoudvand
- Student Research Committee, USERN Office, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Elaheh Rezaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohamad Mahjoor
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Torki
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Afkhami
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Gugjoo MB, Sakeena Q, Wani MY, Abdel-Baset Ismail A, Ahmad SM, Shah RA. Mesenchymal stem cells: A promising antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106234. [PMID: 37442216 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a threat to human and animal populations citing the limited available options. Alternative antimicrobial options or functional enhancement of currently available antimicrobials remains only options. One of the potential options seems stem cells especially the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that show antimicrobial properties. These cells additionally have pro-healing effects that may plausibly improve healing outcomes. MSCs antimicrobial actions are mediated either through direct cell-cell contact or their secretome that enhances innate immune mediated antimicrobial activities. These cells synergistically enhance efficacy of currently available antimicrobials especially against the biofilms. Reciprocal action from antimicrobials on the MSCs functionality remains poorly understood. Currently, the main limitation with MSCs based therapy is their limited efficacy. This demands further understanding and can be enhanced through biotechnological interventions. One of the interventional options is the 'priming' to enhance MSCs resistance and specific expression potential. The available literature shows potential antimicrobial actions of MSCs both ex vivo as well as in vivo. The studies on veterinary species are very promising although limited by number and extensiveness in details for their utility as standard therapeutic agents. The current review aims to discuss the role of animals in AMR and the potential antimicrobial actions of MSCs in veterinary medicine. The review also discusses the limitations in their utilization as standard therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qumaila Sakeena
- Division of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, FVSc & AH, Shuhama, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Mohd Yaqoob Wani
- Directorate of Extension Education, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, J&K, 190025, India
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Baset Ismail
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511, Egypt
| | - Syed Mudasir Ahmad
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, FVSc & AH, Shuhama, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Riaz Ahmad Shah
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, FVSc & AH, Shuhama, J&K, 190006, India
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9
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Li T, Su X, Lu P, Kang X, Hu M, Li C, Wang S, Lu D, Shen S, Huang H, Liu Y, Deng X, Cai W, Wei L, Lu Z. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Dermcidin-Containing Migrasomes enhance LC3-Associated Phagocytosis of Pulmonary Macrophages and Protect against Post-Stroke Pneumonia. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2206432. [PMID: 37246283 PMCID: PMC10401184 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Antibiotics fail to improve prognosis of patients with post-stroke pneumonia, albeit suppressing infection, due to adverse impacts on the immune system. The current study reports that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) downregulate bacterial load in the lungs of stroke mice models. RNA-sequencing of the lung from BM-MSC-treated stroke models indicates that BM-MSC modulates pulmonary macrophage activities after cerebral ischemia. Mechanistically, BM-MSC promotes the bacterial phagocytosis of pulmonary macrophages through releasing migrasomes, which are migration-dependent extracellular vesicles. With liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the result shows that BM-MSC are found to load the antibacterial peptide dermcidin (DCD) in migrasomes upon bacterial stimulation. Besides the antibiotic effect, DCD enhances LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) of macrophages, facilitating their bacterial clearance. The data demonstrate that BM-MSC is a promising therapeutic candidate against post-stroke pneumonia, with dual functions of anti-infection and immunol modulation, which is more than a match for antibiotics treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiemei Li
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Center of Clinical Immunology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xiaotao Su
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Pinglan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xinmei Kang
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Mengyan Hu
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Chunyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Shisi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Danli Lu
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Shishi Shen
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Huipeng Huang
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xiaohui Deng
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Center of Clinical Immunology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Department of Neurology, Mental and Neurological Disease Research Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
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Devi A, Pahuja I, Singh SP, Verma A, Bhattacharya D, Bhaskar A, Dwivedi VP, Das G. Revisiting the role of mesenchymal stem cells in tuberculosis and other infectious diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:600-612. [PMID: 37173422 PMCID: PMC10176304 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play diverse roles ranging from regeneration and wound healing to immune signaling. Recent investigations have indicated the crucial role of these multipotent stem cells in regulating various aspects of the immune system. MSCs express unique signaling molecules and secrete various soluble factors that play critical roles in modulating and shaping immune responses, and in some other cases, MSCs can also exert direct antimicrobial effects, thereby helping with the eradication of invading organisms. Recently, it has been demonstrated that MSCs are recruited at the periphery of the granuloma containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis and exert "Janus"-like functions by harboring pathogens and mediating host protective immune responses. This leads to the establishment of a dynamic balance between the host and the pathogen. MSCs function through various immunomodulatory factors such as nitric oxide (NO), IDO, and immunosuppressive cytokines. Recently, our group has shown that M.tb uses MSCs as a niche to evade host protective immune surveillance mechanisms and establish dormancy. MSCs also express a large number of ABC efflux pumps; therefore, dormant M.tb residing in MSCs are exposed to a suboptimal dose of drugs. Therefore, it is highly likely that drug resistance is coupled with dormancy and originates within MSCs. In this review, we discussed various immunomodulatory properties of MSCs, their interactions with important immune cells, and soluble factors. We also discussed the possible roles of MSCs in the outcome of multiple infections and in shaping the immune system, which may provide insight into therapeutic approaches using these cells in different infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Devi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Isha Pahuja
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shashi Prakash Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Akanksha Verma
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ashima Bhaskar
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
| | - Gobardhan Das
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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11
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Bonfield TL, Sutton MT, Fletcher DR, Reese-Koc J, Roesch EA, Lazarus HM, Chmiel JF, Caplan AI. Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell (hMSC) Donor Potency Selection for the "First in Cystic Fibrosis" Phase I Clinical Trial (CEASE-CF). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:220. [PMID: 37259368 PMCID: PMC9960767 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell (hMSC) immunotherapy has been shown to provide both anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial effectiveness in a variety of diseases. The clinical potency of hMSCs is based upon an initial direct hMSC effect on the pro-inflammatory and anti-microbial pathophysiology as well as sustained potency through orchestrating the host immunity to optimize the resolution of infection and tissue damage. Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients suffer from a lung disease characterized by excessive inflammation and chronic infection as well as a variety of other systemic anomalies associated with the consequences of abnormal cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function. The application of hMSC immunotherapy to the CF clinical armamentarium is important even in the era of modulators when patients with an established disease still need anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial therapies. Additionally, people with CF mutations not addressed by current modulator resources need anti-inflammation and anti-infection management. Furthermore, hMSCs possess dynamic therapeutic properties, but the potency of their products is highly variable with respect to their anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial effects. Due to the variability of hMSC products, we utilized standardized in vitro and in vivo models to select hMSC donor preparations with the greatest potential for clinical efficacy. The models that were used recapitulate many of the pathophysiologic outcomes associated with CF. We applied this strategy in pursuit of identifying the optimal donor to utilize for the "First in CF" Phase I clinical trial of hMSCs as an immunotherapy and anti-microbial therapy for people with cystic fibrosis. The hMSCs screened in this study demonstrated significant diversity in antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory function using models which mimic some aspects of CF infection and inflammation. However, the variability in activity between in vitro potency and in vivo effectiveness continues to be refined. Future studies require and in-depth pursuit of hMSC molecular signatures that ultimately predict the capacity of hMSCs to function in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey L. Bonfield
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, National Center Regenerative Medicine and Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, BRB 822, Cleveland, OH 444106, USA
- National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 444106, USA
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonary, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Morgan T. Sutton
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, National Center Regenerative Medicine and Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, BRB 822, Cleveland, OH 444106, USA
- National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 444106, USA
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonary, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Saint Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David R. Fletcher
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, National Center Regenerative Medicine and Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, BRB 822, Cleveland, OH 444106, USA
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonary, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jane Reese-Koc
- National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 444106, USA
- University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Erica A. Roesch
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonary, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hillard M. Lazarus
- National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 444106, USA
- University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - James F. Chmiel
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Arnold I. Caplan
- National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 444106, USA
- Skeletal Research Center, Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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12
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Niebergall-Roth E, Frank NY, Ganss C, Frank MH, Kluth MA. Skin-Derived ABCB5 + Mesenchymal Stem Cells for High-Medical-Need Inflammatory Diseases: From Discovery to Entering Clinical Routine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:66. [PMID: 36613507 PMCID: PMC9820160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette superfamily member ABCB5 identifies a subset of skin-resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that exhibit potent immunomodulatory and wound healing-promoting capacities along with superior homing ability. The ABCB5+ MSCs can be easily accessed from discarded skin samples, expanded, and delivered as a highly homogenous medicinal product with standardized potency. A range of preclinical studies has suggested therapeutic efficacy of ABCB5+ MSCs in a variety of currently uncurable skin and non-skin inflammatory diseases, which has been substantiated thus far by distinct clinical trials in chronic skin wounds or recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Therefore, skin-derived ABCB5+ MSCs have the potential to provide a breakthrough at the forefront of MSC-based therapies striving to fulfill current unmet medical needs. The most recent milestones in this regard are the approval of a phase III pivotal trial of ABCB5+ MSCs for treatment of recessive dystrophic and junctional epidermolysis bullosa by the US Food and Drug Administration, and national market access of ABCB5+ MSCs (AMESANAR®) for therapy-refractory chronic venous ulcers under the national hospital exemption pathway in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natasha Y. Frank
- Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02132, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christoph Ganss
- TICEBA GmbH, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- RHEACELL GmbH & Co. KG, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus H. Frank
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia
| | - Mark A. Kluth
- TICEBA GmbH, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- RHEACELL GmbH & Co. KG, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Silva-Carvalho AÉ, da Silva IGM, Corrêa JR, Saldanha-Araujo F. Regulatory T-Cell Enhancement, Expression of Adhesion Molecules, and Production of Anti-Inflammatory Factors Are Differentially Modulated by Spheroid-Cultured Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214349. [PMID: 36430835 PMCID: PMC9695986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The culture of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as spheroids promotes a more physiological cellular behavior, as it more accurately reflects the biological microenvironment. Nevertheless, mixed results have been found regarding the immunosuppressive properties of spheroid-cultured MSCs (3D-MSCs), the mechanisms of immunoregulation of 3D-MSCs being scarcely described at this point. In the present study, we constructed spheroids from MSCs and compared their immunosuppressive potential with that of MSCs cultured in monolayer (2D-MSCs). First, we evaluated the ability of 2D-MSCs and 3D-MSCs to control the activation and proliferation of T-cells. Next, we evaluated the percentage of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) after the co-culturing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with 2D-MSCs and 3D-MSCs. Finally, we investigated the expression of adhesion molecules, as well as the expressions of several anti-inflammatory transcripts in 2D-MSCs and 3D-MSCs maintained in both inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions. Interestingly, our data show that several anti-inflammatory genes are up-regulated in 3D-MSCs, and that these cells can control T-cell proliferation. Nevertheless, 2D-MSCs are more efficient in suppressing the immune cell proliferation. Importantly, contrary to what was observed in 3D-MSCs, the expressions of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are significantly upregulated in 2D-MSCs exposed to an inflammatory environment. Furthermore, only 2D-MSCs are able to promote the enhancement of Tregs. Taken together, our data clearly show that the immunosuppressive potential of MSCs is significantly impacted by their shape, and highlights the important role of cell-cell adhesion molecules for optimal MSC immunomodulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandda Évelin Silva-Carvalho
- Hematology and Stem Cells Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - José Raimundo Corrêa
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe Saldanha-Araujo
- Hematology and Stem Cells Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +55-61-3107-2008
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14
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Moeinabadi-Bidgoli K, Rezaee M, Rismanchi H, Mohammadi MM, Babajani A. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Anti-Neoplastic Agents: New Insight into Anticancer Mechanisms of Stem Cells and Exosomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:900418. [PMID: 35874827 PMCID: PMC9298847 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.900418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as adult multipotent cells, possess considerable regenerative and anti-neoplastic effects, from inducing apoptosis in the cancer cells to reducing multidrug resistance that bring them up as an appropriate alternative for cancer treatment. These cells can alter the behavior of cancer cells, the condition of the tumor microenvironment, and the activity of immune cells that result in tumor regression. It has been observed that during inflammatory conditions, a well-known feature of the tumor microenvironment, the MSCs produce and release some molecules called “antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)” with demonstrated anti-neoplastic effects. These peptides have remarkable targeted anticancer effects by attaching to the negatively charged membrane of neoplastic cells, disrupting the membrane, and interfering with intracellular pathways. Therefore, AMPs could be considered as a part of the wide-ranging anti-neoplastic effects of MSCs. This review focuses on the possible anti-neoplastic effects of MSCs-derived AMPs and their mechanisms. It also discusses preconditioning approaches and using exosomes to enhance AMP production and delivery from MSCs to cancer cells. Besides, the clinical administration of MSCs-derived AMPs, along with their challenges in clinical practice, were debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Moeinabadi-Bidgoli
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastroenterology Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Rezaee
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Rismanchi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amirhesam Babajani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Pang QM, Chen SY, Fu SP, Zhou H, Zhang Q, Ao J, Luo XP, Zhang T. Regulatory Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Secondary Inflammation in Spinal Cord Injury. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:573-593. [PMID: 35115806 PMCID: PMC8802142 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s349572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ming Pang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si-Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Ping Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhou
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Ao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Tao Zhang; Qian Zhang, Email ;
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