Negative regulation of angiogenesis by novel micro RNAs

miR-1233-3p Inhibits Angiopoietin-1-Induced Endothelial Cell Survival, Migration, and Differentiation

Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and its receptor Tie-2 promote vascular integrity and angiogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the regulation of many cellular functions, including endothelial cell (EC) survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Several reports indicate that these effects of miRNAs on EC functions are mediated through the modulation of angiogenesis factor signaling including that of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). To date, very little is known about the roles played by miRNAs in the signaling and angiogenesis promoted by the Ang-1-Tie-2 receptor axis. Our high-throughput screening of miRNAs regulated by Ang-1 exposure in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) has identified miR-1233-3p as a mature miRNA whose cellular levels are significantly downregulated in response to Ang-1 exposure. The expression of miR-1233-3p in these cells is also downregulated by other angiogenesis factors including VEGF, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2). The overexpression of miR-1233-3p in HUVECs using specific mimics significantly attenuated cell survival, migration, and capillary-like tube formation, and promoted apoptosis. Moreover, miR-1233-3p overexpression resulted in reversal of the anti-apoptotic, pro-migration, and pro-differentiation effects of Ang-1. Biotinylated miRNA pull-down assays showed that p53 and DNA damage-regulated 1 (PDRG1) is a direct target of miR-1233-3p in HUVECs. The exposure of HUVECs to Ang-1, angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), or transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) triggers the regulation of PDRG1 expression. This study highlights that miR-1233-3p exerts inhibitory effects on Ang-1-induced survival, migration, and the differentiation of cultured ECs.

Epigenetic silencing of miR-125a-3p promotes the progress of human cholangiocarcinoma via increasing CAC1 expression

We aimed to investigate the dysregulation of the microRNAs(miRNAs) in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), including its impact on the homeostasis of the transcriptome and cellular behavior. MiRNAs serve as potent epigenetic regulators of transcriptional output, targeting various signaling pathways. This study aimed to investigate the expression level, epigenetic mechanism and function of miR-125a-3 in CCA. The study data showed that the expression level of miR125a-3p was decreased in CCA tissue samples and cell lines, and it was closely related to lymph node metastasis, tissue differentiation and TNM stage. The data demonstrate a strong association between decreased miR-125a-3p expression and poorer prognosis in cholangiocarcinoma patients. miR-125a-3p acts as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting the viability, migration and invasion of CCA cells. There are CpG islands in the promoter region of miR-125a-3p gene, and the methylation of the promoter region of miR-125a-3p gene leads to the transcriptional repression of miR-125a-3p. In addition, miR125a-3p can target and regulate CAC1 mRNA and protein expression in the downstream mechanism, and the high expression of CAC1 can promote the proliferation, migration and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma cells. These data demonstrate that miR-125a-3p promoter methylation leads to silencing of its expression. Mechanically, miR-125a-3p acts as a tumor suppressor and participates in the occurrence and development of CCA through targeting CAC1 gene expression. Therefore, miR-125a-3p may serve as a new target for the diagnosis, prognostic assessment or molecular therapy of CCA.

Microscopic polyangiitis plasma-derived exosomal miR-1287-5p induces endothelial inflammatory injury and neutrophil adhesion by targeting CBL

Background

An inflammatory environment around the vessel wall caused by leukocyte infiltration is one of the characteristic histopathological features of microscopic polyangiitis (MPA); however, the pathogenic mechanisms are not fully understood. Studies have found that circulating microRNA (miRNA) can be used as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and classification of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV), and the E3 ubiquitin ligase casitas B-lineage lymphoma (CBL) seems to be associated with inflammation. In addition, evidence indicates that miRNA can be tracked into exosomes and transferred into recipient cells to mediate the process of vascular endothelial injury. Herein, we aimed to identify the profiles of exosomal miRNA, and determine the effect of exosomal miR-1287-5p and its target gene CBL on vascular endothelial cells in MPA.

Method

We isolated plasma exosomes from patients with MPA (MPA-exo) and healthy controls (HC-exo) by ultracentrifugation and conducted exosome small-RNA sequencing to screen differential miRNA expression in MPA-exo (n = 3) compared to HC-exo (n = 3). We measured the expression levels of miR-1303, miR-1287-5p, and miR-129-1-3p using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR, n = 6) and performed dual luciferase reporter gene assays to confirm the downstream target gene of miR-1287-5p. In addition, we treated human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) with MPA-exo, or transfected them with miR-1287-5p mimic/inhibitor or with CBL-siRNA/CBL-siRNA+ miR-1287-5p inhibitor. After cell culture, we evaluated the effects on vascular endothelial cells by examining the mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin using qRT-PCR and performed neutrophil adhesion assay with haematoxylin staining.

Result

Transmission electron microscopy, Western blot and nanoparticle tracking analysis showed that we successfully purified exosomes and MPA-exo could be absorbed into HUVEC. We screened a total of 1,077 miRNA by sequencing and observed a high abundance of miR-1287-5p in the exosomes obtained from MPA plasma. The dual luciferase reporter assay identified CBL as a downstream target gene of miR-1287-5p, and the results revealed that MPA-exo decreased CBL protein expression in HUVEC. In addition, treatment with MPA-exo, up-regulating miR-1287-5p or silencing of CBL in HUVEC significantly increased the mRNA expression of inflammatory factors (including IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1) and adhesion molecules (including ICAM-1 and E-selection) and promoted the adhesion of neutrophils to HUVEC. However, down-regulating miR-1287-5p had the opposite effect.

Conclusion

Our study revealed that MPA-exo was involved in the intercellular transfer of miR-1287-5p and subsequently promote the development of acute endothelial injury in MPA. MiR-1287-5p and CBL agonists may be promising therapeutic approach for MPA-induced vascular inflammatory injury.

Circulating extracellular vesicle-encapsulated microRNA-557 induces a proinflammatory immune response and serves as a diagnostic or relapse marker in autoimmune hepatitis

AIM

This study investigated serum microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and the relationship of these molecules with diagnostic and relapse markers.

METHODS

Initially, extracellular vesicle-encapsulated miRNAs (EV-miRNAs) in serum with altered expression in AIH relative to healthy control (HC) samples were identified using microarray analysis. To validate the microarray results, the expression levels of selected EV-miRNAs were determined.

RESULTS

Among the 2569 mature miRNAs evaluated in the microarray, EV-miR-557 discriminated patients with AIH from healthy controls (HCs). Validation by digital polymerase chain reaction indicated that serum EV-miR-557 levels were higher in patients with AIH (7.75 copies/μl) than in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (1.60 copies/μl; p < 0.001), patients with primary biliary cholangitis (2.16 copies/μl; p < 0.005), and HCs (1.86 copies/μl; p < 0.005). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values for the probability of AIH using serum EV-miR-557 between the AIH and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, AIH and primary biliary cholangitis, and AIH and HC groups were 0.81, 0.78, and 0.79, respectively. In addition, serum EV-miR-557 levels >7.69 copies/μl were associated with a significantly higher risk of relapse in patients with AIH (7-year incidence rate: 11.1 vs. 35.4%, log-rank test, p < 0.05). Interestingly, gene expression analysis revealed that increased miR-557 expression following transient transfection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with a miR-557 mimic resulted in enhanced expression of proinflammatory cytokine-related genes such as interleukin-6, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor. Moreover, miR-557 induced significant tumor necrosis factor-α production (mean: 313.5 vs. 10 642.3 pg/ml, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

EV-miR-557 may play an important role as a potential biomarker of AIH and may be a promising therapeutic target for AIH.

Long Non-coding RNA Rhabdomyosarcoma 2-Associated Transcript Regulates Angiogenesis in Endothelial Cells

Background: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that have more than 200 nucleotides. They have recently emerged as important regulators of angiogenesis. To identify novel lncRNAs that may be involved in the regulation of angiogenesis, we detected the mRNA of 84 lncRNAs in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to hypoxia for 24h. One of these, rhabdomyosarcoma 2-associated transcript (RMST), is significantly upregulated by hypoxia. Little is known about the presence and roles of RMST in EC function. Objective: The main objective of the study was to investigate the regulation of RMST in ECs and to determine its role in EC survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Methods: Using qPCR, basal mRNA levels of 10 RMST isoforms in HUVECs were measured. Levels were then measured in response to 24h of hypoxia, 7days of differentiation in a co-culture assay, and exposure to four different angiogenesis factors. Functional roles of RMST in EC survival, migration, and differentiation were quantified by using a loss-of-function approach (transfection with single-stranded antisense LNA GapmeRs). EC survival was measured using cell counts and crystal violet assays. Cell migration and differentiation were measured using scratch wound healing and Matrigel® differentiation assays, respectively. Results: Five RMST isoforms (RMST-202, -203, -204, -206, and -207) were detected in HUVECs and human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1s). Other types of vascular cells, including human aortic valve interstitial cells and human aortic smooth muscle cells, did not display this expression profile. RMST was significantly upregulated in response to 24h of hypoxia and in response to 7days of HUVEC co-culture with human lung fibroblasts. RMST was significantly downregulated by angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), but not by VEGF, FGF-2, or angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1). Selective knockdown of RMST demonstrated that it promotes EC survival in response to serum deprivation. It is also required for VEGF- and Ang-1-induced EC survival and migration, but not for differentiation. Conclusion: We conclude that RMST is expressed in human ECs and that this expression is upregulated in response to hypoxia and during differentiation into capillary-like structures. We also conclude that RMST plays important roles in EC survival and migration.

Angiogenic Potential of VEGF Mimetic Peptides for the Biofunctionalization of Collagen/Hydroxyapatite Composites

Currently, the focus on bioinspired concepts for the development of tissue engineering constructs is increasing. For this purpose, the combination of collagen (Coll) and hydroxyapatite (HA) comes closest to the natural composition of the bone. In order to confer angiogenic properties to the scaffold material, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is frequently used. In the present study, we used a VEGF mimetic peptide (QK) and a modified QK-peptide with a poly-glutamic acid tag (E7-QK) to enhance binding to HA, and analyzed in detail binding efficiency and angiogenic properties. We detected a significantly higher binding efficiency of E7-QK peptides to hydroxyapatite particles compared to the unmodified QK-peptide. Tube formation assays revealed similar angiogenic functions of E7-QK peptide (1µM) as induced by the entire VEGF protein. Analyses of gene expression of angiogenic factors and their receptors (FLT-1, KDR, HGF, MET, IL-8, HIF-1α, MMP-1, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, VCAM-1, and ANGPT-1) showed higher expression levels in HUVECs cultured in the presence of 1 µM E7-QK and VEGF compared to those detected in the negative control group without any angiogenic stimuli. In contrast, the expression of the anti-angiogenic gene TIMP-1 showed lower mRNA levels in HUVECs cultured with E7-QK and VEGF. Sprouting assays with HUVEC spheroids within Coll/HA/E7-QK scaffolds showed significantly longer sprouts compared to those induced within Coll/HA/QK or Coll/HA scaffolds. Our results demonstrate a significantly better functionality of the E7-QK peptide, electrostatically bound to hydroxyapatite particles compared to that of unmodified QK peptide. We conclude that the used E7-QK peptide represents an excellently suited biomolecule for the generation of collagen/hydroxyapatite composites with angiogenic properties.

microRNA Sequencing of CD34+ Sorted Adipose Stem Cells Undergoing Endotheliogenesis

While several microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate the endotheliogenesis and further promote angiogenesis have been identified in various cancers, the identification of miRNAs that can drive the differentiation of adipose derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) into the endothelial lineage has been largely unexplored. In this study, CD34+ ASCs sorted using magnetic bead separation were induced to differentiate along the endothelial pathway. miRNA sequencing of ASCs at day 3, 9, and 14 of endothelial differentiation was performed on Ion Proton sequencing system. The data obtained by this high-throughput method were aligned to the human genome HG38, and the differentially expressed miRNAs during endothelial differentiation at various time points (day 3, 9, and 14) were identified. The gene targets of the identified miRNAs were obtained through miRWalk database. The network-pathway analysis of miRNAs and their targets was performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) bioinformatic tools to determine the potential candidate miRNAs that promote endothelial differentiation. Based on these analyses, six upregulated miRNAs (miR-181a-5p, miR-330-5p, miR-335-3p, miR-15b-5p, miR-99a-5p, and miR-199a-5p) and six downregulated miRNAs (miR-145-5p, miR-155-5p, miR-193a-3p, miR-125a-5p, miR-221-5p, and miR-222-3p) were chosen for further studies. In vitro evaluation of these miRNAs to induce endothelial differentiation when transfected into CD34+ sorted ASCs was studied using Von Willebrand Factor (VWF) staining and quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Our results suggest that miRNAs: 335-5p, 330-5p, 181a-5p and anti-miRNAs: 125a-5p, 145-5p can likely induce endothelial differentiation in CD34+ sorted ASCs. Further studies are clearly required to elucidate the specific mechanisms on how miRNAs or anti-miRNAs identified through bioinformatics approach can induce the endotheliogenesis in ASCs.

The role and mechanism of miR-557 in inhibiting the differentiation and maturation of megakaryocytes in immune thrombocytopenia

Specific miRNA in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) was screened to explore its intervention effects and mechanisms in ITP. MTT assay and CFSE staining were used to detect the effects of gradient concentrations of thrombopoietin (TPO) on cell proliferation. Expressions of differentially expressed miRNAs were analysed via qRT-PCR in TPO-induced megakaryocytes and ITP plasma. Effects of miR-557 on cell physiological functions were examined by MTT and flow cytometry. Expressions of miR-557, apoptosis-associated genes and Akt/ERK pathways were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot as needed. Multinucleation of TPO-induced megakaryocytes was determined by megakaryocyte colonies. The toe skin and intestinal bleeding of the ITP rat model were observed and evaluated. Effects of miR-557 on the numbers of platelets, megakaryocytes, and peripheral blood platelets and the expressions of CD4⁺ T cells, Treg cells, TGF-β, IL-6 and miR-557 in the ITP rats were detected by Giemsa staining, flow cytometry, ELISA and qRT-PCR. MiR-557 was identified as an specific miRNA associated with both ITP and TPO treatment. MiR-557 inhibitor enhanced the physiological functions of TPO-induced megakaryocytes, while miR-557 mimic had the opposite effect. At the molecular level, the expressions of miR-557, cleaved Caspase-3 and Bax were further silenced by inhibitor, on the contrary, the expressions of bcl-2, p-Akt and p-ERK were upregulated. Animal experiments showed that, miR-557 inhibitor increased the numbers of platelets and megakaryocytes, and improved the symptoms of ITP model rats. Our results indicated that miR-557 inhibitor improved ITP by regulating apoptosis-related genes and cellular immunity and activating the Akt/ERK pathway.

Epigenetic mechanisms underlying the benefits of flavonoids in cardiovascular health and diseases: are long non-coding RNAs rising stars?

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) rank as the first leading cause of death globally. High dietary polyphenol (especially flavonoids) intake has strongly been associated with low incidence of the primary outcome, overall mortality, blood pressure, inflammatory biomarkers, onset of new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and obesity. Phytogenic flavonoids affect the physiological and pathological processes of CVDs by modulating various biochemical signaling pathways. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have attracted increasing attention as fundamental regulator of gene expression involved in CVDs. Among the different ncRNA subgroups, long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) have recently emerged as regulatory eukaryotic transcripts and therapeutic targets with important and diverse functions in health and diseases. lncRNAs may be associated with the initiation, development and progression of CVDs by modulating acute and chronic inflammation, adipogenesis and lipid metabolism, and cellular physiology. This review summarizes this research on the modulatory effects of lncRNAs and their roles in mediating cellular processes. The mechanisms of action of flavonoids underlying their therapeutic effects on CVDs are also discussed. Based on our review, flavonoids might facilitate a significant epigenetic modification as part (if not full) of their tissue-/cell-related biological effects. This finding may be attributed to their interaction with cellular signaling pathways involved in chronic diseases. Certain lncRNAs might be the target of specific flavonoids, and some critical signaling processes involved in the intervention of CVDs might mediate the therapeutic roles of flavonoids.

Comparison of the Therapeutic Effect of Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Small Extracellular Vesicles in Soft Tissue Repair

Purpose

Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) are a heterogeneous group of vesicles that consist of proteins, lipids and miRNA molecules derived from the cell of origin. Although xenogeneic sEV have been applied for soft tissue regeneration successfully, the regeneration effect of allogeneic and xenogeneic sEV has not been compared systematically.

Methods

Our previous study has shown that sEV derived from rat adipose tissue successfully induced neoadipose regeneration. In this study, sEV were isolated from rat adipose tissue (r-sEV-AT) and porcine adipose tissue (p-sEV-AT), the morphology, size distribution and marker proteins expression of r-sEV-AT and p-sEV-AT were characterized. Besides, the sEV/AT ratio was evaluated and compared between r-sEV-AT and p-sEV-AT. Rat adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (rASCs) and rat aorta endothelial cells (rECs) were adopted to test the cellular response to allogeneic and xenogeneic sEV-AT. The effects of allogeneic and xenogeneic sEV-AT on host cells migration and neoadipose formation were evaluated in a subcutaneous custom-designed model. A full-thickness skin wound healing model was used to further compare the ability of allogeneic and xenogeneic sEV-AT in inducing complex soft tissue regeneration.

Results

p-sEV-AT showed similar morphology and size distribution to r-sEV-AT. Marker proteins of sEV were detected in both r-sEV-AT and p-sEV-AT. The sEV/AT ratio of porcine was slightly higher than that of rat. The effects of r-sEV-AT and p-sEV-AT on the differentiation of rASCs and rECs showed no significant difference. When allogeneic and xenogeneic sEV-AT were subcutaneously implanted into the back of SD rats, the host cells chemotactic infiltration was observed in 1 week and neoadipose tissue formation was induced in 8 weeks; no significant difference was observed between allogeneic and xenogeneic sEV-AT. For complex soft tissue regeneration, both allogeneic and xenogeneic sEV-AT significantly promoted wound re-epithelialization, granulation tissue formation and hair follicle regeneration and then accelerated skin wound healing.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrated that sEV derived from the same tissues of different species might be loaded with similar therapeutic substance benefitting tissue repair and regeneration, and paved the way for future research aimed at xenogeneic sEV application.

Current perspectives on the dysregulated microRNAs in gastric cancer

Since gastric cancer (GC) is diagnosed at advanced stages, the survival rate is low in affected people. In this regard, investigating the mechanisms underlying GC development, are so critical. MiRNAs, which are small non coding RNAs, as a post transcriptional repressor, regulate expression of target genes by stimulating breakage or transcription suppression of their targets therefore aberrant expression of miRNAs leading to GC carcinogenesis. In the last decades, there have been various studies approving the pivotal role of miRNAs in various phases of GC development including cancer initiation, proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and drug resistance. Therefore, the present review aimed at summarizing the dysregulated miRNAs which contribute to various cellular and developmental mechanisms such as, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis. Moreover, it provides an overview on novel miRNAs involved in drug resistance and circular miRNAs as cancer biomarkers. Thereafter, it is hoped that the present study will shed more light on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of GC, and potential GC treatments based on miRNAs.

Roles of miR-640 and Zinc Finger Protein 91 (ZFP91) in Angiopoietin-1-Induced In Vitro Angiogenesis

Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) is a ligand of Tie-2 receptors that promotes angiogenesis. It has been established that regulatory loops exist between angiogenic growth factors and distinct pro or anti-angiogenic miRNAs, but the nature and the roles of Ang-1-regulated miRNAs remain unclear. In this study, we assessed the role of miR-640 in Ang-1-induced angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Exposure to Ang-1 (300 ng/mL) from 6 to 72 h significantly decreased expression of mature miR-640, a response that was mediated by Tie-2 receptors and was also observed in response to Ang-2, the vascular endothelial growth factor, and transforming growth factor β. Increasing miR-640 levels using a mimic inhibited Ang-1-induced cell migration and capillary-like tube formation whereas inhibition of miR-640 enhanced these responses. Pull down assays of biotinylated miR-640 revealed that miR-640 directly targets Zinc Finger Protein 91 (ZFP91), an atypical E3-ubiquitin ligase. Ang-1 exposure induced ZFP91 expression through down-regulation of miR-640. Silencing of ZFP91 significantly inhibited Ang-1-induced cell migration and tube formation. We conclude that Ang-1 upregulates ZFP91 expression through transcriptional down-regulation of miR-640 and that ZFP91 plays important roles in the promotion of Ang-1-induced endothelial cell migration and differentiation.

miR-596 suppresses the expression of Survivin and enhances the sensitivity of osteosarcoma cells to the molecular targeting agent anlotinib

Background

Osteosarcoma (OSA), the most common primary bone malignancy, is characterized by a wide spectrum of complicated pathologies and frequent distal metastasis and causes death in adolescents and young adults worldwide. Antitumor drug treatment strategies include various cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, while molecular targeted therapy for OSA is currently less used. The present work revealed the role played by the miR-596/Survivin axis in affecting the sensitivity of OSA cells to anlotinib, a novel molecular targeting agent.

Methods

By virtual screening, we found that miR-596 might target Survivin by using an online tool (miRDB). RNA levels of miR-596 and Survivin in clinical specimens were examined with qPCR. The effect of miR-596 on anlotinib’s antitumor effect was examined with MTT experiments, the subcutaneous tumor model, or the intramuscular tumor model.

Results

Overexpression of miR-596 via lentiviral particles repressed the protein level of Survivin in U2OS cells. Transfection of miR-596 enhanced the antitumor effect of anlotinib on U2OS cells or five cell lines derived from OSA patients.

Conclusion

miR-596 targets Survivin and enhances the antitumor effect of anlotinib on OSA cells.

MicroRNA-6077 enhances the sensitivity of patients-derived lung adenocarcinoma cells to anlotinib by repressing the activation of glucose transporter 1 pathway

Anlotinib is a novel molecular targeted agent targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, which differs from the other currently available non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) molecular targeted drugs targeting this receptor. Although the application of anlotinib may bring new hope for patients with advanced NSCLC, the cost of treatment is high. The results of this study showed that microRNA-6077 (miR-6077) represses the expression of GLUT1 (glucose transporter 1) and enhances the sensitivity of patient-derived lung adenocarcinoma (AC) cells to anlotinib. The miR-6077, which potentially binds to the 3'untranslated region of GLUT1, was identified and screened by miRDB, an online tool; sequences of miR-6077 were prepared as lentivirus particles. A549 cells (a lung adenocarcinoma cell line) and five patient-derived AC cell lines were infected with control miRNA or miR-6077, and subsequently treated with the indicated concentration of anlotinib. The expression of proteins, such as GLUT1, was determined by western blotting. The antitumor effect of anlotinib was identified through in-vitro (e.g., MTT) or in-vivo methods (e.g., subcutaneous tumor model). Overexpression of miR-6077 repressed the expression of GLUT1 and decreased the glucose uptake, lactate production, or ATP generation in AC cells. In addition, MiR-6077 may enhance the antitumor effect of anlotinib on A549 or patient-derived AC cell lines. Therefore, our results indicated that miR-6077 represses the expression of GLUT1 and enhances the sensitivity of patients-derived lung AC cells to anlotinib.