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Abstract
The Hypericum genus contains one of the few genera of flowering plants that contains a species with authorization for marketing as a traditional medicine, H. perforatum. Due to the fact that this is a large genus, comprising numerous species, a large amount of interest has been shown over the years in the study of its various pharmacological activities. The chemical composition of these species is quite similar, containing compounds belonging to the class of phloroglucinol derivatives, naphthodianthrones, phenols, flavonoids and essential oils. Taking all of this into consideration, the present study aims to offer an overview of the species of the genus from the point of view of their extraction techniques and analysis methods. An extensive study on the scientific literature was performed, and it revealed a wide range of solvents and extraction methods, among which ethanol and methanol, together with maceration and ultrasonication, are the most frequent. Regarding analysis methods, separation and spectral techniques are the most employed. Therefore, the present study provides necessary data for future studies on the species of the genus, offering a complete overview and a possible basis for their development.
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Sharma L, Dhiman M, Singh A, Sharma MM. Green Approach: ''A Forwarding Step for Curing Leishmaniasis-A Neglected Tropical Disease''. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:655584. [PMID: 34124148 PMCID: PMC8193676 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.655584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review focuses on a dreaded vector-mediated leishmaniasis, with the existing therapeutic approaches including a variety of drugs along with their limitations, the treatment with natural compounds, and different types of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs). As evidenced, various metallic NPs, comprising silver, silver oxide, gold, zinc oxide, titanium, lead oxide, etc., played a curative role to treat leishmaniasis, are also presented. Keeping in view the advance success of vaccines against the prevalent dreaded diseases in the past and the present scenario, efforts are also being made to develop vaccines based on these NP formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshika Sharma
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Mamta Dhiman
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Abhijeet Singh
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - M M Sharma
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India
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Vendruscolo MH, das Neves GM, Kagami LP, Rodrigues Junior LC, Nunes Diehl ML, Gnoatto SCB, de Loreto Bordignon SA, Romão PRT, Eifler-Lima VL, von Poser GL. In vitro and in silico Activity of Iridoids Against Leishmania amazonensis. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2020; 16:173-183. [PMID: 28969568 DOI: 10.2174/1570163814666171002102058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis reaches millions of people around the world. The control of the disease is difficult due to the restricted access to the diagnosis and medication, and low adherence to the treatment. Thus, more efficient drugs are needed and natural products are good alternatives. Iridoids, natural products with reported leishmanicidal activity, can be exploited for the development of anti- Leishmania drugs. The aim of this study was to isolate and to investigate the in vitro activity of iridoids against Leishmania amazonensis and to compare the activity in silico of these compounds with those reported as active against this parasite. METHODS Iridoids were isolated by chromatographic methods. The in vitro activity of asperuloside (1) and geniposide (2) from Escalonia bifida, galiridoside (3) from Angelonia integerrima and theveridoside (4) and ipolamiide (5) from Amphilophium crucigerum was investigated against promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. Molecular modeling studies of 1-5 and iridoids cited as active against Leishmania spp. were performed. RESULTS Compounds 1-5 (5-100 µM) did not inhibit the parasite survival. Physicochemical parameters predicted for 1-5 did not show differences compared to those described in literature. The SAR and the pharmacophoric model confirmed the importance of maintaining the cyclopentane[C]pyran ring of the iridoid, of oxygen-linked substituents at the C1 and C6 positions and of bulky substituents attached to the iridoid ring to present leishmanicidal activity. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study indicate that iridoids are a promising group of secondary metabolites and should be further investigated in the search for new anti-Leishmania drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Vendruscolo
- Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Machado das Neves
- Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciano Porto Kagami
- Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Rodrigues Junior
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Luísa Nunes Diehl
- Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Simone Cristina Baggio Gnoatto
- Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Roosevelt Torres Romão
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Eifler-Lima
- Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gilsane Lino von Poser
- Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Carfagna IE, Penas FN, Bott E, Lammel EM, Goren NB, Belaunzarán ML, Gimenez G. Involvement of lipids from Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes and amastigotes in macrophage activation. Mol Immunol 2020; 125:104-114. [PMID: 32659595 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania are obligate protozoan parasites responsible for substantial public health problems in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, with L. braziliensis being one of the causative agents of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis. Macrophages, fundamental cells in the innate inflammatory response against Leishmania, constitute a heterogeneous group with multiple activation phenotypes and functions. The outcome of this infection depends largely on the activation status of macrophages, the first line of mammalian defense and the major target cells for parasite replication. The importance of lipids, the major components of cell membranes, goes beyond their basic structural functions. Lipid bioactive molecules have been described in Leishmania spp., and in the recent years the knowledge about the biological relevance of lipids in particular and their relationship with the immune response is expanding. The present work analyzes the biological effects of L. braziliensis lipids from lysed promastigotes (PRO) to mimic rapid modulatory processes that could occur in the initial steps of infection or the effects of lipids from lysed and incubated promastigotes (PROinc), simulating the parasite lipid degradation processes triggered after parasite lysis that might occur in the mammalian host. To perform these studies, lipid profiles of PRO and PROinc were compared with lipids from amastigotes under similar conditions (AMA and AMAinc), and the effect of these lipid extracts were analyzed on the induction of an inflammatory response in murine peritoneal macrophages: LB induction, COX-2, iNOS and Arginase expression, TNF-α, IL-10 and NO production, Arginase activity and M1/M2 markers mRNA induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Emilce Carfagna
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Nicolás Penas
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emanuel Bott
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estela María Lammel
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora Beatriz Goren
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Laura Belaunzarán
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe Gimenez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Sepúlveda AAL, Arenas Velásquez AM, Patiño Linares IA, de Almeida L, Fontana CR, Garcia C, Graminha MAS. Efficacy of photodynamic therapy using TiO 2 nanoparticles doped with Zn and hypericin in the treatment of cutaneous Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania amazonensis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101676. [PMID: 32001331 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Since Leishmania parasites exhibit resistance outbreaks to drugs conventionally used in medical treatments, research of new antileishmanial compounds or alternative treatment therapies are essential. A focus of interest has been the implementation of light-based therapies such as photodynamic therapy, where inorganic compounds such as titanium dioxide have shown promising results as drug delivery carriers. In this work, nanoparticles of TiO2 doped with Zn (TiO2/Zn) were synthesized through solution combustion route and with hypericin (HY) in order to enhance its photodynamic activity in the visible light region. Scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy analyses showed particles of (TiO2/Zn) with sizes smaller than 20 nm and formation of aggregates smaller than 1 μm, whilst electron diffraction spectroscopy (EDS) analysis ensured the presence of Zn in the system. The association of the TiO2/Zn with HY (TiO2/Zn-HY) was further confirmed by fluorescence spectrometry. Measurements of its cellular uptake showed the presence of smaller molecules into promastigotes after 120 min incubation. TiO2/Zn-HY showed good antileishmanial activity (EC50 of 17.5 ± 0.2 μg mL-1) and low cytotoxicity against murine macrophages (CC50 35.2 ± 0.3 μg mL-1) in the visible light (22 mW cm-2; 52.8 J cm-2). Moreover, in the in vivo analysis, TiO2/Zn-HY decreased the parasite load of L. amazonensis - BALB/c infected mice by 43% - 58% after a combination of blue and red light presenting 22 mW cm-2 of intensity and 52.8 J cm-2 of fluency delivered. All together, these data indicate a new combined system of nanoparticles associated with a photosensitizer and PDT as alternative to amphotericin B for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Arbey Lopera Sepúlveda
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Escuela de Física, Carrera 65 Nro. 59A - 110 Grupo de Cerámicos y Vítreos, Colombia; Institución universitaria Pascual Bravo, Facultad de Ingeniería Grupo GICEI, calle 73 No. 73 A 226, código postal 050034, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | - Leticia de Almeida
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Raquel Fontana
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Garcia
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Escuela de Física, Carrera 65 Nro. 59A - 110 Grupo de Cerámicos y Vítreos, Colombia
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Synthesis of cinnamic acid derivatives and leishmanicidal activity against Leishmania braziliensis. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Anti-Trypanosoma activity of bioactive metabolites from Photorhabdus luminescens and Xenorhabdus nematophila. Exp Parasitol 2019; 204:107724. [PMID: 31279930 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Only two drugs are currently available for the treatment of Chagas disease and their effectiveness are unsatisfactory. Photorhabdus luminescens and Xenorhabdus nematophila, two enteric bacteria highly pathogenic to a broad range of insects, have been studied as potential source for bioactive metabolites against protozoa causing neglected tropical diseases. Therefore, we tested the in vitro anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of secreted metabolites from these bacteria. The conditioned medium of X. nematophila and P. luminescens showed significant parasiticidal activity in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50XN = 0.34 mg/mL, IC50PL = 1.0 mg/mL). The parasiticidal compound was identified as a small molecule stable to heating and pH changes ranging from 2 to 12. Moreover, anti-Trypanosoma molecules secreted by both bacteria stimulate the trypanocidal activity of macrophages by a mechanism independent of nitric oxide. Summarizing, our studies reveal that P. luminescens and X. nematophila are potential sources of putative novel drugs against Chagas disease.
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Martins RC, Dorneles GP, Teixeira VON, Antonello AM, Couto JL, Rodrigues Júnior LC, Monteiro MC, Peres A, Schrekker HS, Romão PRT. Imidazolium salts as innovative agents against Leishmania amazonensis. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 63:101-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Lopera A, Montoya A, Vélez I, Robledo S, Garcia C. Synthesis of calcium phosphate nanostructures by combustion in solution as a potential encapsulant system of drugs with photodynamic properties for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 21:138-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Riboldi E, Carvalho F, Romão PRT, Barcellos RB, Bello GL, Ramos RR, de Oliveira RT, Júnior JPA, Rossetti ML, Dallegrave E. Molecular Method Confirms Canine Leishmania Infection Detected by Serological Methods in Non-Endemic Area of Brazil. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29529845 PMCID: PMC5858662 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2018.56.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In Brazil, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is expanding and becoming urbanized, especially in non-endemic areas such as the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Considering that infected dogs are the main reservoir for zoonotic VL, this study evaluated the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, a new area of expansion of VL in Brazil. Serum and plasma from 405 asymptomatic dogs from the municipalities of Canoas (n=107), São Leopoldo (n=216), and Novo Hamburgo (n=82) were tested for CVL using immunochromatographic (DPP®) and ELISA EIE® assays (2 assays officially adopted by the Brazilian government for the diagnosis of CVL) and real-time PCR to confirm the results. There was no agreement among serological and real-time PCR results, indicating that the Leishmania infection in asymptomatic animals with low parasite load, confirmed by negative parasitological tests (smears and parasite culture), need to be evaluated by molecular methods. The prevalence of LVC in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, confirmed by real-time PCR was 4% (5.6% in Canoas and 4.6% in São Leopoldo). The use of molecular method is essential for accurate diagnosis of CVL, especially in asymptomatic dogs in non-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Riboldi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Flavio Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Roosevelt Torres Romão
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Regina Bones Barcellos
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Científico Tecnológico (CDCT), Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde (FEPPS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Graziele Lima Bello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Raquel Rocha Ramos
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Científico Tecnológico (CDCT), Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde (FEPPS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | | | - João Pessoa Araújo Júnior
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Laboratório de Virologia/Diagnóstico Molecular, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-183, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Rossetti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, 92425-900, Brazil.,Centro de Desenvolvimento Científico Tecnológico (CDCT), Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde (FEPPS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Eliane Dallegrave
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Brazil
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Phloroglucinol derivatives from Hypericum species trigger mitochondrial dysfunction in Leishmania amazonensis. Parasitology 2018; 145:1199-1209. [PMID: 29482667 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive molecules isolated from plants are promising sources for the development of new therapies against leishmaniasis. We investigated the leishmanicidal activity of cariphenone A (1), isouliginosin B (2) and uliginosin B (3) isolated from Hypericum species. Promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis were incubated with compounds 1-3 at concentrations 1-100 µm for 48 h. The anti-promastigote effect of compounds was also tested in combinations. The cytotoxicity against macrophages and human erythrocytes were determined using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method and hemolysis assay, respectively. The compounds 1-3 showed high leishmanicidal activity against promastigotes, IC50 values of 10.5, 17.5 and 11.3 µm, respectively. Synergistic interactions were found to the associations of compounds 1 and 2 [Σ fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) = 0.41], and 2 and 3 (ΣFIC = 0.28) on promastigotes. All Hypericum compounds induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization and reactive oxygen species production in promastigotes. The compounds showed low cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells, high selectivity index and killed intracellular amastigotes probably mediated by oxidative stress. These results indicate that these compounds are promising candidates for the development of drugs against leishmaniasis.
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Garcia AR, Amaral ACF, Azevedo MMB, Corte-Real S, Lopes RC, Alviano CS, Pinheiro AS, Vermelho AB, Rodrigues IA. Cytotoxicity and anti-Leishmania amazonensis activity of Citrus sinensis leaf extracts. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1780-1786. [PMID: 28524774 PMCID: PMC6130762 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1325380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Leishmania amazonensis is the main agent of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, a disease characterized by lesional polymorphism and the commitment of skin surface. Previous reports demonstrated that the Citrus genus possess antimicrobial activity. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the anti-L. amazonensis activity of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Citrus sinensis dried leaves were subjected to maceration with hexane (CH), ethyl acetate (CEA), dichloromethane/ethanol (CD/Et - 1:1) or ethanol/water (CEt/W - 7:3). Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes were treated with C. sinensis extracts (1-525 μg/mL) for 120 h at 27 °C. Ultrastructure alterations of treated parasites were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was assessed on RAW 264.7 and J774.G8 macrophages after 48-h treatment at 37 °C using the tetrazolium assay. In addition, Leishmania-infected macrophages were treated with CH and CD/Et (10-80 μg/mL). RESULTS CH, CD/Et and CEA displayed antileishmanial activity with 50% inhibitory activity (IC50) of 25.91 ± 4.87, 54.23 ± 3.78 and 62.74 ± 5.04 μg/mL, respectively. Parasites treated with CD/Et (131.2 μg/mL) presented severe alterations including mitochondrial swelling, lipid body formation and intense cytoplasmic vacuolization. CH and CD/Et demonstrated cytotoxic effects similar to that of amphotericin B in the anti-amastigote assays (SI of 2.16, 1.98 and 1.35, respectively). Triterpene amyrins were the main substances in CH and CD/Et extracts. In addition, 80 μg/mL of CD/Et reduced the number of intracellular amastigotes and the percentage of infected macrophages in 63% and 36%, respectively. CONCLUSION The results presented here highlight C. sinensis as a promising source of antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreza R. Garcia
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana M. B. Azevedo
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Suzana Corte-Real
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Electron Microscopy Platform Rudolf Barth, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosana C. Lopes
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Celuta S. Alviano
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anderson S. Pinheiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alane B. Vermelho
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Igor A. Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Entomopathogenic bacteria Photorhabdus luminescens as drug source against Leishmania amazonensis. Parasitology 2017; 145:1065-1074. [PMID: 29157317 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017002001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a widely spread and zoonotic disease with serious problems as low effectiveness of drugs, emergence of parasite resistance and severe adverse reactions. In recent years, considerable attention has been given to secondary metabolites produced by Photorhabdus luminescens, an entomopathogenic bacterium. Here, we assessed the leishmanicidal activity of P. luminescens culture fluids. Initially, promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis were incubated with cell free conditioned medium of P. luminescens and parasite survival was monitored. Different pre-treatments of the conditioned medium revealed that the leishmanicidal activity is due to a secreted peptide smaller than 3 kDa. The Photorhabdus-derived leishmanicidal toxin (PLT) was enriched from conditioned medium and its effect on mitochondrial membrane potential of promastigotes, was determined. Moreover, the biological activity of PLT against amastigotes was evaluated. PLT inhibited the parasite growth and showed significant leishmanicidal activity against promastigote and amastigotes of L. amazonensis. PLT also caused mitochondrial dysfunction in parasites, but low toxicity to mammalian cell and human erythrocytes. Moreover, the anti-amastigote activity was independent of nitric oxide production. In summary, our results highlight that P. luminescens secretes Leishmania-toxic peptide(s) that are promising novel drugs for therapy against leishmaniasis.
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Menezes CB, Rigo GV, Bridi H, Trentin DDS, Macedo AJ, von Poser GL, Tasca T. The anti-Trichomonas vaginalis phloroglucinol derivative isoaustrobrasilol B modulates extracellular nucleotide hydrolysis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:811-819. [PMID: 28390095 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis, a neglected sexually transmitted disease. Due to severe health consequences and treatment failure, new therapeutic alternatives are crucial. Phloroglucinols from southern Brazilian Hypericum species demonstrated anti-T. vaginalis and anti-Leishmania amazonensis activities. The modulation of biochemical pathways involved in the control of inflammatory response by ectonucleotidases, NTPDase, and ecto-5'-nucleotidase represents new targets for combating protozoa. This study investigated the activity of phloroglucinol derivatives of Hypericum species from southern Brazil against T. vaginalis as well as its ability on modulating parasite ectonucleotidases and, consequently, immune parameters through ATP and adenosine effects. Phloroglucinol derivatives screening revealed activity for isoaustrobrasilol B (IC50 38 μm) with no hemolytic activity. Although the most active compound induced cytotoxicity against a mammalian cell lineage, the in vivo model evidenced absence of toxicity. Isoaustrobrasilol B significantly inhibited NTPDase and ecto-5'-nucleotidase activities, and the immune modulation attributed to extracellular nucleotide accumulation was evaluated. The production of ROS and IL-6 by T. vaginalis-stimulated neutrophils was not affected by the treatment. Conversely, IL-8 levels were significantly enhanced. The associative mechanism of trophozoites death and ectonucleotidases modulation by isoaustrobrasilol B may increase the susceptibility of T. vaginalis to host innate immune cell like neutrophils consequently, contributing to parasite clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Braz Menezes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Graziela Vargas Rigo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bridi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Danielle da Silva Trentin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre José Macedo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia e Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gilsane Lino von Poser
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiana Tasca
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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15
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Dutra RC, Campos MM, Santos AR, Calixto JB. Medicinal plants in Brazil: Pharmacological studies, drug discovery, challenges and perspectives. Pharmacol Res 2016; 112:4-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Lage LMDR, Barichello JM, Lage DP, Mendonça DVC, Carvalho AMRS, Rodrigues MR, Menezes-Souza D, Roatt BM, Alves RJ, Tavares CAP, Coelho EAF, Duarte MC. An 8-hydroxyquinoline-containing polymeric micelle system is effective for the treatment of murine tegumentary leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:4083-4095. [PMID: 27365053 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The current treatment of leishmaniasis has been hampered due to the high toxicity of the available drugs and long duration protocols, which often lead to its abandonment. In the present study, a poloxamer 407-based delivery system was developed, and a molecule, 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQN), was incorporated with it, leading to an 8-HQN/micelle (8-HQN/M) composition. Assays were performed to evaluate the in vitro antileishmanial activity of 8-HQN/M against Leishmania amazonensis stationary promastigotes. The cytotoxicity in murine macrophages and in human red cells, as well as the efficacy of the treatment in macrophages infected by parasites, was also assessed. This product was also evaluated for the treatment of murine tegumentary leishmaniasis, using L. amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice. To evaluate the in vivo efficacy of the treatment, the average lesion diameter (area) in the infected tissue, as well as the parasite load at the site of infection (skin), spleen, liver and draining lymph nodes were examined. Non-incorporated micelle (B-8-HQN/M) and the free molecule (8-HQN) were used as controls, besides animals that received only saline. The parasite burden was evaluated by limiting dilution and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) techniques, and immunological parameters associated with the treatments were also investigated. In the results, the 8-HQN/M group, when compared to the others, presented more significant reductions in the average lesion diameter and in the parasite burden in the skin and all evaluated organs. These animals also showed significantly higher levels of parasite-specific IFN-γ, IL-12, and GM-CSF, associated with low levels of IL-4 and IL-10, when compared to the saline, 8-HQN/M, and B-8-HQN groups. A predominant IL-12-driven IFN-γ production, against parasite proteins, mainly produced by CD4+ T cells, was observed in the treated animals, post-infection. In conclusion, 8-HQN/M was highly effective in treating L. amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice and can be considered alone, or combined with other drugs, as an alternative treatment for tegumentary leishmaniasis. Graphical Abstract Therapeutic scheme and immunological and parasitological parameters developed in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Martins Dos Reis Lage
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Mário Barichello
- Departamento de Farmácia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica. Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos. Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Campus Capão do Leão, S/N, 96900-010, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela Pagliara Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Débora Vasconcelos Costa Mendonça
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marcella Rezende Rodrigues
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo José Alves
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Pereira Tavares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Costa Duarte
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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17
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Duarte MC, Tavares GSV, Valadares DG, Lage DP, Ribeiro TG, Lage LMR, Rodrigues MR, Faraco AAG, Soto M, da Silva ES, Chávez Fumagalli MA, Tavares CAP, Leite JPV, Oliveira JS, Castilho RO, Coelho EAF. Antileishmanial activity and mechanism of action from a purified fraction of Zingiber officinalis Roscoe against Leishmania amazonensis. Exp Parasitol 2016; 166:21-8. [PMID: 27013260 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, considerable attention has been given to identify new antileishmanial products derived from medicinal plants, although, to date, no new effective compound has been recently applied to treat leishmaniasis. In the present study, the antileishmanial activity of a water extract from Zingiber officinalis Roscoe (ginger) was investigated and a purified fraction, named F10, was identified as responsible by this biological activity. The chemical characterization performed for this fraction showed that it is mainly composed by flavonoids and saponins. The water extract and the F10 fraction presented IC50 values of 125.5 and 49.8 μg/mL, respectively. Their selectivity indexes (SI) were calculated and values were seven and 40 times higher, respectively, in relation to the value found for amphotericin B, which was used as a control. Additional studies were performed to evaluate the toxicity of these compounds in human red blood cells, besides of the production of nitrite, as an indicator of nitric oxide (NO), in treated and infected macrophages. The results showed that both F10 fraction and water extract were not toxic to human cells, and they were able to stimulate the nitrite production, with values of 13.6 and 5.4 μM, respectively, suggesting that their biological activity could be due to macrophages activation via NO production. In conclusion, the present study shows that a purified fraction from ginger could be evaluated in future works as a therapeutic alternative, on its own or in association with other drugs, to treat disease caused by L. amazonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grasiele S V Tavares
- Laboratório de Doenças infecto-parasitárias and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal De São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diogo G Valadares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tatiana G Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Letícia M R Lage
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcella R Rodrigues
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André A G Faraco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Manuel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo S da Silva
- Laboratório de Doenças infecto-parasitárias and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal De São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miguel A Chávez Fumagalli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos A P Tavares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Paulo V Leite
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jamil S Oliveira
- Laboratório de Doenças infecto-parasitárias and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal De São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rachel O Castilho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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18
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An effective in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity and mechanism of action of 8-hydroxyquinoline against Leishmania species causing visceral and tegumentary leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 2016; 217:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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de Mattos CB, Argenta DF, Melchiades GDL, Sechini Cordeiro MN, Tonini ML, Moraes MH, Weber TB, Roman SS, Nunes RJ, Teixeira HF, Steindel M, Koester LS. Nanoemulsions containing a synthetic chalcone as an alternative for treating cutaneous leshmaniasis: optimization using a full factorial design. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5529-42. [PMID: 26366075 PMCID: PMC4562752 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s83929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoemulsions are drug delivery systems that may increase the penetration of lipophilic compounds through the skin, enhancing their topical effect. Chalcones are compounds of low water solubility that have been described as promising molecules for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). In this context, the aim of this work was to optimize the development of a nanoemulsion containing a synthetic chalcone for CL treatment using a 2(2) full factorial design. The formulations were prepared by spontaneous emulsification and the experimental design studied the influence of two independent variables (type of surfactant - soybean lecithin or sorbitan monooleate and type of co-surfactants - polysorbate 20 or polysorbate 80) on the physicochemical characteristics of the nanoemulsions, as well as on the skin permeation/retention of the synthetic chalcone in porcine skin. In order to evaluate the stability of the systems, the antileishmanial assay was performed against Leishmania amazonensis 24 hours and 60 days after the preparation of the nanoemulsions. The formulation composed of soybean lecithin and polysorbate 20 presented suitable physicochemical characteristics (droplet size 171.9 nm; polydispersity index 0.14; zeta potential -39.43 mV; pH 5.16; and viscosity 2.00 cP), drug content (91.09%) and the highest retention in dermis (3.03 µg·g(-1)) - the main response of interest - confirmed by confocal microscopy. This formulation also presented better stability of leishmanicidal activity in vitro against L. amazonensis amastigote forms (half maximal inhibitory concentration value 0.32±0.05 µM), which confirmed the potential of the nanoemulsion soybean lecithin and polysorbate 20 for CL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Bastos de Mattos
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Débora Fretes Argenta
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriela de Lima Melchiades
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Maiko Luis Tonini
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Milene Hoehr Moraes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Tanara Beatriz Weber
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Silvane Souza Roman
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ricardo José Nunes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Helder Ferreira Teixeira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mário Steindel
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Letícia Scherer Koester
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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