Extracts of Poria cocos improve functional dyspepsia via regulating brain-gut peptides, immunity and repairing of gastrointestinal mucosa

Integrating metabolomics with network pharmacology to reveal the mechanism of Poria cocos in hyperuricemia treatment

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Hyperuricemia is a chronic condition characterized by persistently elevated uric acid levels, often leading to gouty arthritis and renal insufficiency. Poria cocos F.A.Wolf, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, possesses notable diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties and is widely used to treat edema, inflammation, viral infections, and tumors. Recent studies suggest that Poria cocos has the potential to lower uric acid levels and mitigate kidney damage, making it a promising candidate for hyperuricemia treatment. However, its pharmacological mechanisms require further exploration.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which Poria cocos alleviates hyperuricemia, using metabolomics and network pharmacology approaches.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Hyperuricemia was induced in rats via a high-yeast diet combined with potassium oxonate. The effects of Poria cocos were assessed by measuring serum uric acid, creatinine, urea nitrogen levels, hepatic xanthine oxidase activity, and renal tissue morphology. Non-targeted metabolomics was employed to identify differential metabolites and explore the metabolic pathways involved in its therapeutic effects. Network pharmacology was utilized to analyze potential targets and signaling pathways, which were validated through molecular docking and ELISA analysis.

RESULTS

Poria cocos extract significantly reduced serum uric acid, creatinine, and urea nitrogen levels, inhibited xanthine oxidase activity, and attenuated kidney damage. Metabolomics combined with network pharmacology identified xanthine dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthase as key targets, while purine metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and primary bile acid biosynthesis were identified as critical pathways. ELISA confirmed that Poria cocos suppressed xanthine dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthase expression in hyperuricemic rats. Molecular docking further verified strong binding interactions between core compounds and key targets.

CONCLUSIONS

Poria cocos alleviates hyperuricemia by modulating multiple compounds, targets, and pathways. Through network pharmacology and metabolomics, it reveals that Poria cocos selectively regulates xanthine dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthase, influencing purine metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and primary bile acid biosynthesis pathways. These findings provide insights into its therapeutic mechanisms, supporting the clinical application of Poria cocos in treating metabolic disorders and kidney damage associated with hyperuricemia.

Structural characteristics and potential antidepressant mechanism of a water-insoluble β-1,3-glucan from an edible fungus Wolfiporia cocos

A water-insoluble β-1,3-glucan (Wβ) with a molecular weight of 8.12 × 104 Da was extracted from an edible fungus Wolfiporia cocos. Its backbone was composed of 1,3-β-linked Glcp branched at the C-2, C-4, and C-6 positions, connecting more 1,3-β-linked Glcp with a triple helical structure. Wβ effectively ameliorated depressive symptoms, abnormality of neurotransmitters and inflammatory factors in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced rats. Wβ also altered the composition of gut microbiota, especially Romboutsia, norank_f_Muribaculaceae and Ruminococcus. Integration of untargeted and targeted metabolomics and Western blotting analysis suggested that the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and tryptophan metabolites were the most important metabolites involved in Wβ mediation. Wβ significantly modulated the levels of 7 SCFAs and 7 tryptophan metabolites, as well as the protein expression of two related enzymes (indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase: IDO; kynurenine-3-monooxygenase: KMO). Our results suggest that Wβ exerts its antidepressant effect by influencing neurotransmitters and inflammatory factors through interactions between the gut microbiota, SCFA and tryptophan metabolites. The findings offer new insights into water-insoluble polysaccharides, especially β-glucan in structure analysis and utilization, and provide evidence that Wβ, a novel glucan from the often-discarded water-insoluble part of Wolfiporia cocos, has potential application in antidepressant health products.

Mechanism of Banxia Houpo Decoction in Treating Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: An Integrated Approach of Compound Analysis, Network Pharmacology and Empirical Verification

OBJECTIVE

To elucidate the mechanism of Banxia Houpo Decoction (BHD) in treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) by integrating and utilizing the compound analysis, network pharmacology, and empirical verification.

METHODS

Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) was utilized to identify the primary compounds in BHD. Network pharmacology was employed to retrieve target genes. A GERD rat model was developed and 32 SD rats were randomly divided into model, BHD-L (3 g/kg), BHD-H (6 g/kg), and mosapride (0.75 mg/kg) groups using a random number table, 8 rats in each group. Eight rats without the construction of a GERD model were selected as the blank group. Esophageal damage was evaluated through visualization and histopathology evaluation. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in serum and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) were determined by ELISA. LES contractility was measured with a force transducer, and serotonin transporter (SERT) and 5-HT4R expressions in LES were assessed by RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining, respectively.

RESULTS

UPLC-HRMS analysis identified 37 absorption peaks and 157 compounds in BHD. Functional enrichment identified SERT as a significant target for LES contractility. Histopathological findings indicated less severe esophageal mucosal damage in the BHD-H group compared with the model group. Although serum 5-HT levels showed no significant difference, 5-HT concentration in LES tissue was notably higher in the BHD-H group (P<0.05). Within the range from 10-10 to 10-7 mmol/L, LES contractility in the BHD-H and mosapride groups was significantly increased (P<0.05). Within the range from 3 × 10-7 to 3 × 10-6 mmol/L 5-HT, LES contractility in the BHD-H group was increased (P<0.05). No significant difference was detected within the range from 10-5 to 10-4 mmol/L 5-HT. Notably, SERT expression in the BHD-H group assessed by RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining were significantly lower than that in the model group (all P<0.01); while 5-HT4R expression remained unchanged.

CONCLUSION

BHD may increase LES contractility by inhibiting SERT expression in LES tissue.

Uncovering the material basis and mechanism of Jianwei Xiaoshi tablet against functional dyspepsia using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and network pharmacology

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common digestive disease. Jianwei Xiaoshi (JWXS) tablet is composed of Radix Pseudostellariae (TZS), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (CP), Rhizoma Dioscoreae (SY), fired Hordei Fructus Germinatus (CMY) and Crataegi Fructus (SZ). It is a commonly used drug in the treatment of FD in China and has good therapeutic effects. However, there is very little research about the substance basis and action mechanism of JWXS tablet. In this research, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) and network pharmacology were used to explore the substance basis and action mechanism of the JWXS tablet. Finally, 19, 79, 22, 22 and 39 constituents were identified in the extracts of TZS, CP, SY, CMY and SZ, respectively. Based on these findings, a total of 104 ingredients were identified in JWXS tablet and 29 potentially absorbed ingredients were detected in rat plasma. The results of network pharmacology indicated that the inhibition of gastric acid secretion, the regulation of gastrointestinal motility, inflammation and immune response were the key approaches for treating FD with JWXS tablet. The material basis and potential action mechanism of JWXS tablet in treating FD were comprehensively clarified for the first time. This study will improve our understanding of JWXS tablet.

Preparation, structure and application of polysaccharides from Poria cocos

Poria cocos polysaccharides (PCPs) are fungal polysaccharides derived from the traditional Chinese medicine Poria cocos. They are considered an important active ingredient for their pharmacological activity. Herein, the extraction, separation and purification, structure, and application of PCPs are reviewed. Additional research is necessary to fully understand the advanced structure of PCPs, which has implications for their structure-activity relationship. Their application mostly involves the medical industry, with less involvement in other fields. This article highlights the current research status on PCPs in the above-mentioned areas and some problems that need to be solved in future research. Additionally, it points the way for further studies on PCPs in the hopes that they will be more widely and realistically used in various industries.

Traditional Chinese medicine for functional gastrointestinal disorders and inflammatory bowel disease: narrative review of the evidence and potential mechanisms involving the brain-gut axis

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are common clinical disorders characterized by recurrent diarrhea and abdominal pain. Although their pathogenesis has not been fully clarified, disruptions in intestinal motility and immune function are widely accepted as contributing factors to both conditions, and the brain-gut axis plays a key role in these processes. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) employs a holistic approach to treatment, considers spleen and stomach impairments and liver abnormality the main pathogenesis of these two diseases, and offers a unique therapeutic strategy that targets these interconnected pathways. Clinical evidence shows the great potential of TCM in treating FGIDs and IBD. This study presents a systematic description of the pathological mechanisms of FGIDs and IBD in the context of the brain-gut axis, discusses clinical and preclinical studies on TCM and acupuncture for the treatment of these diseases, and summarizes TCM targets and pathways for the treatment of FGIDs and IBD, integrating ancient wisdom with contemporary biomedical insights. The alleviating effects of TCM on FGID and IBD symptoms are mainly mediated through the modulation of intestinal immunity and inflammation, sensory transmission, neuroendocrine-immune network, and microbiota and their metabolism through brain-gut axis mechanisms. TCM may be a promising treatment option in controlling FGIDs and IBD; however, further high-quality research is required. This review provides a reference for an in-depth exploration of the interventional effects and mechanisms of TCM in FGIDs and IBD, underscoring TCM's potential to recalibrate the dysregulated brain-gut axis in FGIDs and IBD.

Multi-omics integrated analyses indicated that non-polysaccharides of Sijunzi decoction ameliorated spleen deficiency syndrome via regulating microbiota-gut-metabolites axis and exerted synergistic compatibility

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

As a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula to invigorating spleen and replenishing qi, Sijunzi decoction (SJZD) is composed of four herbs, which is applied to cure spleen deficiency syndrome (SDS) clinically. The non-polysaccharides (NPSs) of SJZD (SJZD_NPS) are important pharmacodynamic material basis. However, the amelioration mechanism of SJZD_NPS on SDS has not been fully elaborated. Additionally, the contribution of herbs compatibility to efficacy of this formula remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim was to explore the underlying mechanisms of SJZD_NPS on improving SDS, and uncover the scientific connotation in SJZD compatibility.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A strategy integrating incomplete formulae (called "Chai-fang" in Chinese) comparison, pharmacodynamics, gut microbiome, and metabolome was employed to reveal the role of each herb to SJZD compatibility against SDS. Additionally, the underlying mechanism harbored by SJZD_NPS was further explored through targeted metabolomics, network pharmacology, molecular docking, pseudo-sterile model, and metagenomics.

RESULTS

SJZD_NPS significantly alleviated diarrhea, disordered secretion of gastrointestinal hormones and neurotransmitters, damage of ileal morphology and intestinal barrier in SDS rats, which was superior to the NPSs of Chai-fang. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomics analyses revealed that SJZD_NPS effectively restored the disturbed gut microbiota community and abnormal metabolism caused by SDS, showing the most evident recovery. Moreover, SJZD_NPS recalled the levels of partial amino acids, short chain fatty acids and bile acids, which possessed strong binding affinity towards potential targets. The depletion of gut microbiota confirmed that the SDS-amelioration efficacy of SJZD_NPS is dependent on the intact gut microbiome, with the relative abundance of potential probiotics such as Lactobacillus_johnsonii and Lactobacillus_taiwanensis been enriched.

CONCLUSION

NPSs in SJZD can improve SDS-induced gastrointestinal-nervous system dysfunction through regulating microbiota-gut-metabolites axis, with four herbs exerting synergistic effects, which indicated the compatibility rationality of SJZD.

Bioinformatics and LC-QTOF-MS based discovery of pharmacodynamic and Q-markers of Pitongshu against functional dyspepsia

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Pitongshu (PTS) is a clinically effective empirical formula for the treatment of FD. The efficacy and safety of PTS have been demonstrated in randomized, controlled, double-blind trials, but there is a lack of understanding of the systematic evaluation of the efficacy of PTS and its material basis.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the efficacy of PTS in Functional dyspepsia (FD) mice and possible Q-markers.

METHOD

In this study, we used "irregular feeding + chronic unpredictable chronic stimulation" to establish a mice model of FD with hepatogastric disharmony. The efficacy of PTS was assessed from hair condition, behavioral, pain, gastrointestinal function, and serum 5-HT, GAS, MTL levels in mice by instillation of different doses of PTS. In addition, the composition of drugs in blood was analyzed by LC-QTOF-MS and potential Q-markers were selected by combining network pharmacology, molecular docking and actual content.

RESULT

Our study showed that different doses of PTS increased pain threshold and writhing latency, decreased the number of writhings, increased gastric emptying rate and small intestinal propulsion rate, decreased total acidity of gastric contents and gastric acid secretion, and increased serum levels of 5-HT, GAS, and MTL in mice to different degrees. Enrichment analysis showed that PTS may be anti-FD through multiple pathways such as Serotonergic synapse, thyroid hormone signaling pathway, cholinergic synapse, and dopaminergic synapse. In addition, potential active ingredient substances were explored by LC-QTOF-MS combined with bioinformatics. Combined with the actual contentselected six constituents, hesperidin, neohesperidin, naringin, paeoniflorin, magnolol and honokiol, possible as Q-markers.

CONCLUSION

PTS may exert its anti-FD effects through multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway". Constituents, hesperidin, neohesperidin, naringin, paeoniflorin, magnolol and honokiol may be the Q-markers of its anti-FD effects.

Explore the mechanism of Astragalus membranaceus and Poria cocos drug pair in improving immunity based on network pharmacology

The aim of this study was to investigate the key targets and molecular mechanisms of the drug pair Astragalus membranaceus and Poria cocos (HFDP) in the treatment of immunity. We utilized network pharmacology, molecular docking, and immune infiltration techniques in conjunction with data from the GEO database. Previous clinical studies have shown that HFDP has a positive impact on immune function. We first identified the active ingredients and targets of HFDP from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database and the Swiss Target Prediction database, respectively. Next, we retrieved the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to immunity from the GEO databases. The intersection targets of the drugs and diseases were then analyzed using the STRING database for protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, and the core targets were determined through topological analysis. Finally, the intersection genes were further analyzed using the DAVID database for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. Subsequently, by analyzing the expression and prognostic survival of 12 core targets, 5 core target genes were identified, and molecular docking between the hub genes and immunity was performed. Finally, we used the CIBERSORT algorithm to analyze the immune infiltration of immunity genes In this study, 34 effective ingredients of HFDP, 530 target genes, and 568 differential genes were identified. GO and KEGG analysis showed that the intersection genes of HFDP targets and immunity-related genes were mainly related to complement and coagulation cascades, cytokine receptors, and retinol metabolism pathways. The molecular docking results showed that the 5 core genes had obvious affinity for the active ingredients of HFDP, which could be used as potential targets to improve the immunity of HFDP. Our findings suggest that HFDP is characterized by "multiple components, multiple targets, and multiple pathways" in regulating immunity. It may play an essential role in regulating immunity by regulating the expression and polymorphism of the central target genes ESR1, JUN, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and SERPINE1.

Simultaneous Analysis of Thirteen Compounds in Yeokwisan Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detection and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Their Antioxidant Effects

Yeokwisan (YWS) is an herbal medicine prescription consisting of six oriental herbal medicines, developed to treat reflux esophagitis. We focused on developing an analytical method capable of simultaneously quantifying 13 compounds in YWS samples using high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and exploring their antioxidant effects. All compounds examined in both analytical systems were chromatographically separated on a SunFireTM C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) column and an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) column using gradient elution of a water-acetonitrile mobile phase. Antioxidant effects were evaluated based on radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS tests) and ferrous ion chelating activity. In two analytical methods, the coefficient of determination of the regression equation was ≥0.9965, the recovery range was 81.11-108.21% (relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 9.33%), and the precision was RSD ≤ 11.10%. Application of the optimized analysis conditions gave quantitative analysis results for YWS samples of 0.02-100.36 mg/g. Evaluation of the antioxidant effects revealed that baicalein and baicalin exhibit significant antioxidant activity, suggesting that they play an important role in the antioxidant effects of YWS.

Effect of Chaihu-Shugan-San on functional dyspepsia and gut microbiota: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Chaihu-Shugan-San (CSS) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula from the Ming Dynasty "Jingyue's Complete Works". In China, it is prevalent for the treatment of a wide range of ailments, with a particular emphasis on functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). Clinical evidence suggests that CSS has been found to be a highly effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of Functional Dyspepsia (FD), however, there is a limited amount of high-quality clinical evidence, particularly randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials to support this claim.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Chaihu-Shugan-San (CSS) for treating functional dyspepsia (FD) by comparing it to placebos, as well as to investigate the impact of CSS on the gut microbiota in individuals diagnosed with FD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This was a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial implemented at Shuguang Hospital in Shanghai. Between May 2021 and December 2022, 94 participants satisfying the Rome IV diagnostic criteria for FD were enrolled. They were assigned randomly to either the CSS group or the placebo group, with an equal allocation ratio of 1:1. Patients in both groups received the intervention for four weeks. The primary outcome was the dyspepsia symptom scores evaluated by using single dyspepsia symptom scale (SDS) after four weeks of treatment. The secondary outcomes were the solid gastric empties rate measured by a barium strip method, Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA), Hamilton depression scale (HAMD), and Functional dyspepsia Quality of life scale (FDDQL). In addition, after unblinding, 30 patients in the CSS group were randomly selected and divided into before and after treatment of the FD groups (FD1, FD2), and 30 healthy participants were selected as healthy control group (HC), and the gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing.

RESULTS

After four weeks of treatment, the SDS score exhibited a significant improvement in the CSS group compared to the placebo group (t = 4.882; P ＜0.001). The difference in barium strip gastric emptying rate in the CSS group showed a significant ascent compared to the control group (P < 0.01). The HAMA, HAMD, and FDDQL scores in the CSS group showed a statistically significant increase compared to the control group (all P < 0.01). The results of 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that FD patients had less diverse and abundant microbiota than the healthy people. Additionally, the application of CSS resulted in the modulation of certain bacterial populations, leading to both up-regulation and down-regulation of their quantities.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggested that CSS is more effective compared to a placebo in treating FD, relieves anxiety and depression, increases gastric emptying rate in FD patients, and that CSS also affects the bacterial community structure in FD patients.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ChiCTR, ChiCTR2100045793. Registered 25 Mach 2021.

The anti-hyperlipidemic effects of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf extract: Modulating cholesterol homeostasis in hepatocytes via PPARα pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf (Polyporaceae, P.cocos), which is born on the pine root, has a history of more than two thousand years of medicine in China. P.cocos was first recorded in the Shennong's Herbal Classic, studies have proved its lipid-lowering effect.

AIM OF STUDY

The aim of study was to investigate the underlying mechanism of P.cocos extract on hyperlipidemia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats aged 9-12 weeks were intraperitoneally (IP) injected with Triton-WR 1339 to establish an acute hyperlipidemia model. At 0 h and 20 h after the model was established, low and high doses of P.cocos extract or simvastatin were given twice. After 48 h, the rats were sacrificed, and liver and serum samples were collected for analysis. The cell model was constructed by treating L02 cells with 1% fat emulsion-10% FBS-RPMI 1640 medium for 48 h. At the same time, low and high doses of P.cocos extract and simvastatin were administered. Oil red O staining was used to evaluate the lipid accumulation in the cells, and H&E staining was used to evaluate the liver lesions of rats. Real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to detect the expressions of lipid metabolism-related genes.

RESULTS

P.cocos extract relieved lipid accumulation in vitro and alleviated hyperlipidemia in vivo. Both gene and protein expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) were shown to be up-regulated by P.cocos extract. Additionally, P.cocos extract down-regulated the expressions of fatty acid synthesis-related genes sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 1 (ACC1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), while up-regulated the expressions of cholesterol metabolism-related genes liver X receptor-α (LXRα), ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), which were reversed by the treatment with the PPARα inhibitor GW6471.

CONCLUSION

P.cocos extract ameliorates hyperlipidemia and lipid accumulation by regulating cholesterol homeostasis in hepatocytes through PPARα pathway. This study provides evidence that supplementation with P.cocos extract could be a potential strategy for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.

Probiotic-fermented Qushi decoction alleviates reserpine-induced spleen deficiency syndrome by regulating spleen function and gut microbiota dysbiosis

BACKGROUND

Spleen deficiency syndrome (SDS) is associated with elevated inflammatory factors and dysregulation of gastrointestinal motility hormones and intestinal microbiota. Qushi decoction (QD), a traditional formula, has not been reported using modern scientific research methods for changes in its probiotic fermented QD (FQD) composition and its potential mechanisms to alleviate SDS. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the splenic protection of FQD in SDS rats by modulating gastrointestinal motility hormones and intestinal microbiota.

RESULTS

The results showed that FQD increased total polysaccharides, total protein, total flavonoids and the other active ingredients compared to QD, effectively improved splenic inflammation and apoptosis in SDS rats, and modulated gastrointestinal motility hormones to alleviate diarrhea and other symptoms. In addition, the dysregulation of the gut microbiota was reversed by increasing the levels of Bifidobacterium and decreasing the levels of Escherichia-Shigella and Proteobacteria, which may be related to the regulation of bacterial metabolites to alleviate SDS.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that FQD is an effective formula for improving SDS. Our findings show that FQD beneficial to the implications for the treatment of SDS. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

A review of natural plant extracts in beverages: Extraction process, nutritional function, and safety evaluation

The demand for foods and beverages with therapeutic and functional features has increased as a result of rising consumer awareness of health and wellness. In natural, plants are abundant, widespread, and inexpensive, in addition to being rich in bioactive components that are beneficial to health. The bioactive substances contained in plants include polyphenols, polysaccharides, flavonoids, aromatics, aliphatics, terpenoids, etc., which have rich active functions and application potential for plant-based beverages. In this review, various existing extraction processes and their advantages and disadvantages are introduced. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, intestinal flora regulation, metabolism regulation, and nerve protection effects of plant beverages are described. The biotoxicity and sensory properties of plant-based beverages are also summarized. With the diversification of the food industry and commerce, plant-based beverages may become a promising new category of health functional foods in our daily lives.

The regulatory effects of fucoidan and laminarin on functional dyspepsia mice induced by loperamide

Gastrointestinal dysmotility is a common cause of functional dyspepsia. As two kinds of polysaccharides derived from brown algae, fucoidan and laminarin possess many physiological properties; however, their relative abilities in regulating gastrointestinal motility have not been illustrated yet. In this study, we aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of fucoidan and laminarin on functional dyspepsia mice induced by loperamide. Mice with gastrointestinal dysmotility were treated with fucoidan (100 and 200 mg per kg bw) and laminarin (50 and 100 mg per kg bw). As a result, fucoidan and laminarin reversed the dysfunction mainly through regulating gastrointestinal hormones (motilin and ghrelin), the cholinergic pathway, the total bile acid level, c-kit protein expression, and gastric smooth muscle contraction-related gene expression (ANO1 and RYR3). Moreover, fucoidan and laminarin intervention modulated the gut microbiota profile including the altered richness of Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Streptococcus. The results indicated that fucoidan and laminarin may restore the rhythm of the migrating motor complex and regulate gut microecology. In conclusion, we provided evidence to support that fucoidan and laminarin might have potential abilities to regulate gastrointestinal motility.

Biotransformation and bioaccessibility of active ingredients from Radix Astragali by Poria cocos during solid-state fermentation and in vitro digestion and antioxidant activity evaluation

Radix Astragali is one of the most famous and frequently used health food supplements and herbal medicines. Among more than 227 components of Radix Astragali, Astragaloside IV (AG IV) is famous functional compound and is commonly used as a quality marker for Radix Astragali. However, the relatively low content of AG IV in Radix Astragali (< 0.04%, w/w) severely limits its application. The purpose of this study is to improve the biotransformation of AG IV and its bioaccessibility during in vitro digestion by Poria cocos solid fermenting Radix Astragali. The optimum fermentation conditions were as follows: Inoculation amount 8 mL; fermentation time 10 d; fermentation humidity 90%. Through fermentation, the content of AG IV was increased from 384.73 to 1986.49 μg/g by 5.16-fold. After in vitro digestion, the contents of genistin, calycosin, formononetin, AG IV, Astragaloside II (AG II) and total flavonoids in fermented Radix Astragali (FRA) of enteric phase II (ENTII) were 34.52 μg/g, 207.32 μg/g, 56.76 μg/g, 2331.46 μg/g, 788.31 μg/g, 3.37 mg/g, which were 2.08-fold, 2.51-fold, 1.05-fold, 8.62-fold, 3.22-fold and 1.50-fold higher than those of control, respectively. The Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of FRA showed rough surface and porous structure. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rate of FRA were higher than those of control. These results showed that the Poria cocos solid fermentation could increase the content of the AG IV in Radix Astragali and improve the bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of Radix Astragali, which is providing new ideas for future development and utilization of Radix Astragali.

Systems biology strategy through integrating metabolomics and network pharmacology to reveal the mechanisms of Xiaopi Hewei Capsule improves functional dyspepsia

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is one of the more common functional disorders, with a prevalence of 20-25 %. It seriously affects the quality life of patients. Xiaopi Hewei Capsule (XPHC) is a classic formula originated from the Chinese Miao minority. Clinical studies have demonstrated that XPHC can effectively alleviate the symptoms of FD, but the molecular mechanism has not been elucidated. The purpose of this work is to investigate the mechanism of XPHC on FD by integrating metabolomics and network pharmacology. The mice models of FD were established, and gastric emptying rate, small intestine propulsion rate, serum level of motilin and gastrin were evaluate to study the interventional effect of XPHC on FD. Next, a metabolomics strategy has been developed to screen differential metabolites and related metabolic pathways induced by XPHC. Then, prediction of active compounds, targets and pathways of XPHC in treating FD were carried out by commonly used network pharmacological method. Finally, two parts of the results were integrated to investigate therapeutic mechanism of XPHC on FD, which were preliminary validated based on molecular docking. Thus, twenty representative different metabolites and thirteen related pathways of XPHC in treating FD were identified. Most of these metabolites were restored using modulation after XPHC treatment. The results of the network pharmacology analysis showed ten crucial compounds and nine hub genes related to the treatment of FD with XPHC. The further integrated analysis focused on four key targets, such as albumin (ALB), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and roto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (SRC), and three representative biomarkers such as citric acid, L-leucine and eicosapentaenoic acid. Furthermore, molecular docking results showed that ten bioactive compounds from XPHC have good binding interactions with the four key genes. The functional enrichment analysis indicated that the potential mechanism of XPHC in treating FD was mainly associated with energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, inflammatory reactions and mucosal repair. Our work confirms that network pharmacology-integrated metabolomics strategyis a powerful means to reveal the therapeutic mechanisms of XPHC improves FD, which contribute its further scientific research.

Acid-induced Poria cocos alkali-soluble polysaccharide hydrogel: Gelation behaviour, characteristics, and potential application in drug delivery

Poria cocos alkali-soluble polysaccharide (PCAP), a water-insoluble β-glucan, is the main component of the total dried sclerotia of Poria cocos. However, its gelation behaviour and properties have yet to be comprehensively studied. In this study, an acid-induced physical hydrogel based on natural PCAP is fabricated. The acid-induced gelation in PCAP is explored with respect to the pH and polysaccharide concentration. PCAP hydrogels are formed in the pH range of 0.3-10.5, and the lowest gelation concentration is 0.4 wt%. Furthermore, dynamic rheological, fluorescence, and cyclic voltammetry measurements are performed to elucidate the gelation mechanism. The results reveal that hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions play a dominant role in gel formation. Subsequently, the properties of the PCAP hydrogels are investigated using rheological measurements, scanning electron microscopy, gravimetric analysis, free radical scavenging, MTT assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The PCAP hydrogels exhibit a porous network structure and cytocompatibility, in addition to good viscoelastic, thixotropic, water-holding, swelling, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, using rhein as a model drug for encapsulation, it is demonstrated that its cumulative release behaviour from the PCAP hydrogel is pH dependent. These results indicate the potential of PCAP hydrogels for application in biological medicine and drug delivery.

Screening the effective components in treating dampness stagnancy due to spleen deficiency syndrome and elucidating the potential mechanism of Poria water extract

Poria is an important medicine for inducing diuresis to drain dampness from the middle energizer. However, the specific effective components and the potential mechanism of Poria remain largely unknown. To identify the effective components and the mechanism of Poria water extract (PWE) to treat dampness stagnancy due to spleen deficiency syndrome (DSSD), a rat model of DSSD was established through weight-loaded forced swimming, intragastric ice-water stimulation, humid living environment, and alternate-day fasting for 21 days. After 14 days of treatment with PWE, the results indicated that PWE increased fecal moisture percentage, urine output, D-xylose level and weight; amylase, albumin, and total protein levels; and the swimming time of rats with DSSD to different extents. Eleven highly related components were screened out using the spectrum-effect relationship and LC-MS. Mechanistic studies revealed that PWE significantly increased the expression of serum motilin (MTL), gastrin (GAS), ADCY5/6, p-PKAα/β/γ cat, and phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein in the stomach, and AQP3 expression in the colon. Moreover, it decreased the levels of serum ADH, the expression of AQP3 and AQP4 in the stomach, AQP1 and AQP3 in the duodenum, and AQP4 in the colon. PWE induced diuresis to drain dampness in rats with DSSD. Eleven main effective components were identified in PWE. They exerted therapeutic effect by regulating the AC-cAMP-AQP signaling pathway in the stomach, MTL and GAS levels in the serum, AQP1 and AQP3 expression in the duodenum, and AQP3 and AQP4 expression in the colon.

Poria cocos water-soluble polysaccharide modulates anxiety-like behavior induced by sleep deprivation by regulating the gut dysbiosis, metabolic disorders and TNF-α/NF-κB signaling pathway

Poria cocos (P. cocos) has been traditionally used as folk medicine and functional food in China for more than 2000 years. The water-soluble polysaccharide is the main component of P. cocos decoction. The effects and mechanisms of the water-soluble polysaccharide from P. cocos (PCWP) were investigated in chronic sleep deprivation (CSD)-induced anxiety in rats. CSD induced anxiety, gut dysbiosis, and inflammatory responses, and reduced neurotransmitter levels, whereas PCWP intervention ameliorated anxiety-like behaviors, increased the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and γ-aminobutyric acid in the hypothalamus, regulated gastrointestinal peptide levels, reduced inflammatory factors, and inhibited the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway in rats with CSD. The changes in the intestinal flora composition were determined using 16S rDNA sequencing, and indicated that PCWP significantly improved species richness and diversity in the intestinal flora of rats with anxiety, and adjusted the abundance of the following dysregulated bacteria closer to that of the normal group: Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Ruminococcus, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, Fusicatenibacter. Metabolomics was used to analyze fecal samples to identify significantly altered metabolites in the PCWP-treated groups. Thirty-eight PCWP-related metabolites and four metabolic pathways such as sphingolipid metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, vitamin B6 metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism were explored. The results of serum metabolomics showed that 26 biomarkers were significantly changed after PCWP intervention compared with the model group. The regulatory effects of metabolic pathway enrichment on sphingolipid, phenylalanine, and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, and validation results showed that PCWP intervention regulated the activity of enzymes involved in the above metabolic pathways. A strong correlation between intestinal bacteria and potential biomarkers was found. Our findings present new evidence supporting the potential effect of PCWP in preventing the progression of anxiety by inhibiting the TNF-α/NF-κB signaling pathway, alleviating metabolic disorders, and ameliorating the gut microflora imbalance.

Simultaneous Analysis for Quality Control of Traditional Herbal Medicine, Gungha-Tang, Using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Gungha-tang (GHT), a traditional herbal medicine, consists of nine medicinal herbs (Cnidii Rhizoma, Pinelliae Tuber, Poria Sclerotium, Citri Unshius Pericarpium, Citri Unshius Pericarpium Immaturus, Aurantii Fructus Immaturus, Atracylodis Rhizoma Alba, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens). It has been used for various diseases caused by phlegm. This study aimed to develop and verify the simultaneous liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis method, using nine marker components (liquiritin apioside, neoeriocitrin, narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, liquiritigenin, glycyrrhizin, and 6-shogaol) for quality control of GHT. LC–MS/MS analysis was conducted using a Waters TQ-XS system. All marker analytes were separated on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C₁₈ column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) using gradient elution with a distilled water solution (containing 5 mM ammonium formate and 0.1% [v/v] formic acid)–acetonitrile mobile phase. LC–MS/MS multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) analysis was carried out in negative and positive ion modes of an electrospray ionization source. The developed LC–MS/MS MRM method was validated by examining the linearity, limits of detection and quantification, recovery, and precision. LOD and LOQ values of nine markers were calculated as 0.02–8.33 ng/mL and 0.05–25.00 ng/mL. The recovery was determined to be 89.00–118.08% and precision was assessed with a coefficient of variation value of 1.74–8.64%. In the established LC–MS/MS MRM method, all markers in GHT samples were detected at 0.003–16.157 mg/g. Information gathered during the development and verification of the LC–MS/MS method will be useful for the quality assessment of GHT and other herbal medicines.