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Trisal A, Singh I, Garg G, Jorwal K, Singh AK. Gut-brain axis and brain health: modulating neuroinflammation, cognitive decline, and neurodegeneration. 3 Biotech 2025; 15:25. [PMID: 39735610 PMCID: PMC11680542 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 11/26/2024] [Indexed: 12/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a pivotal medium of crosstalk between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gastrointestinal tract. It is an intricate network of synergistic molecular pathways that exert their effects far beyond their local vicinity and even affect the systemic functioning of the body. The current review explores the involvement of the gut-brain axis (GBA) in the functioning of the nervous system, with a special emphasis on the neurodegeneration, cognitive decline, and neuroinflammation that occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Gut-derived microbial metabolites play an important role in facilitating this interaction. We also highlighted the complex interaction between gut-derived metabolites and CNS processes, demonstrating how microbial dysbiosis might result in clinical disorders. Short-chain fatty acids have neuroprotective properties, whereas branched-chain amino acids, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and tryptophan derivatives such as indole have negative effects at high concentrations. Furthermore, we cover pharmaceutical and nonpharmacological approaches for restoring the gut microbial balance and promoting neurological health. We further expanded on nutritional therapies and lifestyle changes, such as the Mediterranean diet and exercise. Next, we focused on food-controlling habits such as caloric restriction and intermittent fasting. Moreover, interventional techniques such as prebiotics, probiotics, and pharmacological medications have also been utilized to modify the GBA. Historical microbiome research from early discoveries to recent studies linking gut health to cognitive and emotional well-being has increased our understanding of the GBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Trisal
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Ishika Singh
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka Manipal, 576 104 India
| | - Geetika Garg
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 India
| | | | - Abhishek Kumar Singh
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka Manipal, 576 104 India
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Gu YY, Zhao XR, Zhang N, Yang Y, Yi Y, Shao QH, Liu MX, Zhang XL. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases: Current insights and future directions. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 102:102577. [PMID: 39528070 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2024] [Revised: 11/06/2024] [Accepted: 11/06/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, as common diseases in the elderly, tend to become younger due to environmental changes, social development and other factors. They are mainly characterized by progressive loss or dysfunction of neurons in the central or peripheral nervous system, and common diseases include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and so on. Mitochondria are important organelles for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in the brain. In recent years, a large amount of evidence has shown that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a direct role in neurodegenerative diseases, which is expected to provide new ideas for the treatment of related diseases. This review will summarize the main mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases, as well as collating recent advances in the study of mitochondrial disorders and new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Gu
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China
| | - Xin-Ru Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Ying Yi
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China
| | - Qian-Hang Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100871, P R China
| | - Ming-Xuan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Ling Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China.
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Zhao M, Zhou Y, Sheng R, Zhang H, Xiang J, Wang J, Li P, Ma T, Liu P, Chen Q, Wen W, Xu S. Gastrodin relieves Parkinson's disease-related motor deficits by facilitating the MEK-dependent VMAT2 to maintain dopamine homeostasis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 132:155819. [PMID: 38885579 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction of dopamine homeostasis (DAH), which is regulated by vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), is a vital cause of dopamine (DA) neurotoxicity and motor deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD). Gastrodin (4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 4-O-β-D-glucoside; GTD), a natural active compound derived from Gastrodia elata Blume, can be used to treat multiple neurological disorders, including PD. However, whether GTD regulates VMAT2-mediated DAH dysfunction in PD models remains unclear. PURPOSE To explore whether GTD confers dopaminergic neuroprotection by facilitating DA vesicle storage and maintaining DAH in PD models. METHODS Mice were treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and PC12 cells with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP+) to induce PD characteristics. Multiple behavioural tests were performed to evaluate the motor functions of the mice. HPLC was used to measure DA and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe synaptic vesicles. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics were used to determine the binding affinity of GTD to the target protein. Reserpine (Res, a VMAT2 inhibitor) and PD0325901 (901, a MEK inhibitor) were employed to investigate the mechanism of GTD. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the expression of the target proteins. RESULTS GTD attenuated motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal injury, reversed the imbalance of DAH, and increased VMAT2 levels and vesicle volume in MPTP-induced mice. GTD ameliorated cell damage, ROS release, and dysfunction of DAH in MPP+-induced PC12 cells. Moreover, the neuroprotective effects of GTD were reversed by Res in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, GTD can activate the MEK/ERK/CREB pathway to upregulate VMAT2 in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, 901 reversed the effects of GTD on VMAT2 and dopaminergic neuronal impairment. CONCLUSION GTD relieved PD-related motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal impairment by facilitating MEK-depended VMAT2 to regulate DAH, which offers new insights into its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; Institute of Material Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University traditional Chinese medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Yongtao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; Institute of Material Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University traditional Chinese medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Ruilin Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; Institute of Material Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University traditional Chinese medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; Institute of Material Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University traditional Chinese medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Junbao Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; Institute of Material Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University traditional Chinese medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; Institute of Material Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University traditional Chinese medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; Institute of Material Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University traditional Chinese medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Tengyun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; Institute of Material Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University traditional Chinese medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Panwang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; Institute of Material Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University traditional Chinese medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; Institute of Material Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University traditional Chinese medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Wen Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; Institute of Material Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University traditional Chinese medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| | - Shijun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; Institute of Material Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University traditional Chinese medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
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Jia X, Wang Q, Liu M, Ding JY. The interplay between gut microbiota and the brain-gut axis in Parkinson's disease treatment. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1415463. [PMID: 38867886 PMCID: PMC11168434 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1415463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study delves into the pivotal role of the gut microbiota and the brain-gut axis in Parkinson's Disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder with significant motor and non-motor implications. It posits that disruptions in gut microbiota-dysbiosis-and alterations in the brain-gut axis contribute to PD's pathogenesis. Our findings highlight the potential of the gastrointestinal system's early involvement in PD, suggested by the precedence of gastrointestinal symptoms before motor symptoms emerge. This observation implies a possible gut-originated disease pathway. The analysis demonstrates that dysbiosis in PD patients leads to increased intestinal permeability and systemic inflammation, which in turn exacerbates neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Such insights into the interaction between gut microbiota and the brain-gut axis not only elucidate PD's underlying mechanisms but also pave the way for novel therapeutic interventions. We propose targeted treatment strategies, including dietary modifications and fecal microbiota transplantation, aimed at modulating the gut microbiota. These approaches hold promise for augmenting current PD treatment modalities by alleviating both motor and non-motor symptoms, thereby potentially improving patient quality of life. This research underscores the significance of the gut microbiota in the progression and treatment of PD, advocating for an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to develop personalized, efficacious management strategies for PD patients, combining insights from neurology, microbiology, and nutritional science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jia
- First Ward of Neurology Department, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Meilingzi Liu
- Third Ward of Neurology Department, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Jia-yuan Ding
- Second Ward of Gastroenterology Department, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
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Giri PM, Banerjee A, Ghosal A, Layek B. Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3995. [PMID: 38612804 PMCID: PMC11011898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) have become increasingly common during the past three decades. Approximately 15% of the total population of the world is affected by some form of NDs, resulting in physical and cognitive disability. The most common NDs include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. Although NDs are caused by a complex interaction of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle variables, neuroinflammation is known to be associated with all NDs, often leading to permanent damage to neurons of the central nervous system. Furthermore, numerous emerging pieces of evidence have demonstrated that inflammation not only supports the progression of NDs but can also serve as an initiator. Hence, various medicines capable of preventing or reducing neuroinflammation have been investigated as ND treatments. While anti-inflammatory medicine has shown promising benefits in several preclinical models, clinical outcomes are often questionable. In this review, we discuss various NDs with their current treatment strategies, the role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of NDs, and the use of anti-inflammatory agents as a potential therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras Mani Giri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Human Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Anurag Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Human Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Arpita Ghosal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Human Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
| | - Buddhadev Layek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Human Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA
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