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Gordon AR, Lundström JN, Kimball BA, Karshikoff B, Sorjonen K, Axelsson J, Lekander M, Olsson MJ. Human scent as a first-line defense against disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16709. [PMID: 37794120 PMCID: PMC10550911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals may have a different body odor, when they are sick compared to healthy. In the non-human animal literature, olfactory cues have been shown to predict avoidance of sick individuals. We tested whether the mere experimental activation of the innate immune system in healthy human individuals can make an individuals' body odor be perceived as more aversive (intense, unpleasant, and disgusting). Following an endotoxin injection (lipopolysaccharide; 0.6 ng/kg) that creates a transient systemic inflammation, individuals smelled more unpleasant compared to a placebo group (saline injection). Behavioral and chemical analyses of the body odor samples suggest that the volatile components of samples from "sick" individuals changed qualitatively rather than quantitatively. Our findings support the hypothesis that odor cues of inflammation in axillary sweat are detectable just a few hours after experimental activation of the innate immune system. As such, they may trigger behavioral avoidance, hence constituting a first line of defense against pathogens of infected conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Gordon
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan N Lundström
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Lukt och smakmottagningen, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm University Brain Imaging Centre, Stockholm University, 106 54, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Bianka Karshikoff
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Social Studies, University of Stavanger, 4021, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Kimmo Sorjonen
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Axelsson
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 106 54, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Lekander
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 106 54, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats J Olsson
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 9, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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2
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Bembenek BM, Meyers-Manor JE, Forbes-Lorman RM. Decrease in ERɑ within the BNST of sexually naïve male rats following an encounter with a novel female. Behav Brain Res 2023; 454:114626. [PMID: 37595756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone and its metabolites facilitate male-typical social behaviors in sexually experienced animals. The metabolite estradiol acts on estrogen receptors (ERs) within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) to facilitate socio-sexual behaviors. While circulating testosterone does not increase in naïve males, aromatase-expressing neurons within the BNST of naïve males are necessary for sex recognition, suggesting that local estradiol production may be responsible. In the present study, we examined ERɑ-immunoreactive (ir) cell number within the brain of sexually naïve male rats 24 h after an encounter with a novel animal. As expected, males investigated females more than males. Additionally, males that encountered females had fewer ERɑ-ir cells within both anterior and posterior BNST compared to those who encountered a novel male or a non-social control. There were no changes within the AVPV, MPN, or MeA. The decrease in ERɑ-ir cell number within the posterior BNST only occurred in males that encountered estrus females whereas the decrease in the anterior BNST occurred only in males that encountered non-estrus females. Additionally, anogenital investigations were correlated with fewer ERɑ-ir cells in the posterior BNST, while cage sniffing correlated with the number ERɑ-ir cells in the anterior BNST. There were no differences in serum testosterone 45 min or 24 h after the encounter, suggesting changes in ERɑ were due to local changes in estradiol levels. Our results expand upon previous research regarding the role of estradiol within the subregions of the BNST in naïve male rat socio-sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M Bembenek
- Ripon College, Ripon, WI 54971, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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3
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Wang ZN, Wang H, Shen YZ, Li FK, Xiao JX, Yang Y, Lv SJ. Behavioural and physiological responses of Small Tail Han sheep to predators. Animal 2023; 17:100884. [PMID: 37437473 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prey animals modify their behaviour and physiology in the presence of predators. Domestic animals differ from wild animals in having less exposure to wild predators, but whether they still retain an antipredator instinct is frequently unknown. In this study, we used domesticated Small Tail Han sheep as a model prey animal to gauge their response to the presence of predators, in the form of odours from the faeces of lion, tiger, and leopard. The faeces of male sheep and male rabbit (as a heterogeneous non-predator) were used as control. We found that the frequency and time of feeding, exploration, moving, watching, and lying down behaviours were significantly affected by predator odour, and that there was an interaction between odour sources and sex. When exposed to predator odour, sheep reduced their frequency and time of feeding, and increased their exploratory, moving, and watching behaviours. Female sheep showed greater motivation towards frequent and lengthy exploration, moving, watching, and lying down behaviours than male sheep, and less motivation towards feeding and drinking behaviours. Serum cortisol levels were lowest in response to tiger stimuli. These results illustrated that Small Tail Han sheep could recognise predator odour and adjust their behaviour to display antipredator strategies, and displayed some physiological responses, although only changing in serum cortisol could be significantly attributed to the odour of predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z N Wang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, 276000 Linyi, China
| | - H Wang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, 276000 Linyi, China
| | - Y Z Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China
| | - F K Li
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, 276000 Linyi, China
| | - J X Xiao
- Linyi Zoological and Botanical Garden, 276000 Linyi, China
| | - Y Yang
- Linyi Academy of Agricultural Science, 276000 Linyi, China
| | - S J Lv
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, 276000 Linyi, China.
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4
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Xiang XL, Hu G, Jin YG, Jin GF, Ma MH. Nondestructive characterization gender of chicken eggs by odor using SPME/GC-MS coupled with chemometrics. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101619. [PMID: 34995877 PMCID: PMC8741610 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It's a difficult task for researchers to identify the gender of chicken eggs by nondestructive approach in the early of incubation, which not only could reduce the cost of incubation, but also could improve the welfare of chicks. Therefore, SPME/GC-MS has been applied to investigate its potential as a nondestructive tool for characterizing the differences of odor between male and female chicken eggs during early of incubation and even before hatch. The results showed that more volatiles were found in female White leghorn eggs during early of incubation and 6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, nonanal, decanal, octanal, 2-nonen-1-ol, etc. were important for the distinction of male and female White leghorn eggs during E1-E9 of incubation. 2-ethyl-1-hexanol; octanal, nonanal, 2,2,4-trimethyl-3-carboxyisopropyl pentanoic acid isobutyl ester; 2-nonen-1-ol, cyclopropanecarboxamide, heptadecane were correlated with gender of unhatched White leghorn, Hy-line brown and Jing fen eggs, respectively. Moreover, sex-related volatiles have been strongly influenced by incubation process and egg breed, and to be related to steroid hormone biosynthesis. What's more, this study enables us to develop a new visual for ovo sexing of chicken eggs and advances our understanding of the biological significance behind volatiles emitted from chicken eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-le Xiang
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Gan Hu
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Yong-Guo Jin
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Guo-Feng Jin
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Mei-Hu Ma
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China.
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5
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Odour conditioning of positive affective states: Rats can learn to associate an odour with being tickled. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212829. [PMID: 31188832 PMCID: PMC6561538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Most associative learning tests in rodents use negative stimuli, such as electric shocks. We investigated if young rats can learn to associate the presence of an odour with the experience of being tickled (i.e. using an experimenter’s hand to mimic rough-and-tumble play), shown to elicit 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalisations (USVs), which are indicative of positive affect. Male, pair-housed Wistar rats (N = 24) were all exposed to two neutral odours (A and B) presented in a perforated container on alternate days in a test arena. Following 60s of exposure, the rats were either tickled on days when odour A (n = 8) or odour B (n = 8) was present, or never tickled (n = 8). When tickled, rats produced significantly more 50 kHz USVs compared to the days when not being tickled, and compared to control rats. The level of anticipatory 50 kHz USVs in the 60s prior to tickling did not differ significantly between the tickled and control rats. As a retrieval test following the odour conditioning, rats were exposed successively in the same arena to three odours: an unknown neutral odour, extract of fox faeces, and either odours A or B. Compared to controls, 50 kHz USVs of tickled rats increased when exposed to the odour they had previously experienced when tickled, indicating that these rats had learned to associate the odour with the positive experience of being tickled. In a test with free access for 5 min to both arms of a T-maze, each containing one of the odours, rats tickled with odour A spent more time in the arm with this odour. This work is the first to test in a fully balanced design whether rats can learn to associate an odour with tickling, and indicates that positive odour conditioning has potential to be used as an alternative to negative conditioning tests.
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6
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McLean S, Davies NW, Nichols DS. Scent Chemicals of the Tail Gland of the Red Fox,Vulpes vulpes. Chem Senses 2019; 44:215-224. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart McLean
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Noel W Davies
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - David S Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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7
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Le Moëne O, Ågmo A. The neuroendocrinology of sexual attraction. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 51:46-67. [PMID: 29288076 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sexual attraction has two components: Emission of sexually attractive stimuli and responsiveness to these stimuli. In rodents, olfactory stimuli are necessary but not sufficient for attraction. We argue that body odors are far superior to odors from excreta (urine, feces) as sexual attractants. Body odors are produced by sebaceous glands all over the body surface and in specialized glands. In primates, visual stimuli, for example the sexual skin, are more important than olfactory. The role of gonadal hormones for the production of and responsiveness to odorants is well established. Both the androgen and the estrogen receptor α are important in male as well as in female rodents. Also in primates, gonadal hormones are necessary for the responsiveness to sexual attractants. In males, the androgen receptor is sufficient for sustaining responsiveness. In female non-human primates, estrogens are needed, whereas androgens seem to contribute to responsiveness in women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders Ågmo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø, Norway.
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8
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Nielsen BL, Jérôme N, Saint-Albin A, Joly F, Rabot S, Meunier N. Sexual responses of male rats to odours from female rats in oestrus are not affected by female germ-free status. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:686-693. [PMID: 30261201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rats detect and use odorant molecules as a source of information about their environment. Some of these molecules come from conspecifics, and many arise as by-products from microbial activity. Thus, compared to conventionally housed rats, germ-free rats are raised in an environment with fewer odorants, but this reduction is rarely quantified. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we found that germ-free rat faeces samples contained half as many volatile molecules than conventional rat faeces (52 vs 109 (±2.4) molecules; P < 0.001) and overall these were only 12% as abundant. We then investigated if odours from female germ-free rats in oestrus would have pro-erectile effects in conventional male rats. For this aim, conventionally housed Brown Norway (BN) rats (n = 16) with sexual experience with either Fischer or BN females, were exposed to four different odour types: faeces from germ-free Fischer rat in oestrus, faeces from conventional rats in oestrus and di-oestrus (either from Fischer or BN), and a control (either 1-hexanol or male rat faeces). The number of penile erections per test as well as the duration of freezing behaviour was significantly higher with the oestrous odours (germ-free and conventional) compared to the control, with intermediate responses to the di-oestrous faeces. The findings indicate that, despite a significantly reduced composition in terms of volatiles compared to conventionally housed rats, the faeces of germ-free rats contain sufficient odorants to evoke sexual responses in conventional male rats. Oestrous odours of rats thus appear not to be of microbial origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte L Nielsen
- MoSAR, Inra, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, 75005, Paris, France; NBO, Inra, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France.
| | - Nathalie Jérôme
- NBO, Inra, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France.
| | | | - Fatima Joly
- Micalis, Inra, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France.
| | - Sylvie Rabot
- Micalis, Inra, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France.
| | - Nicolas Meunier
- NBO, Inra, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France; Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, 78000, Versailles, France; VIM, Inra, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France.
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9
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In search of stress odours across species: Behavioural responses of rats to faeces from chickens and rats subjected to various types of stressful events. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Garduño-Gutiérrez R, León-Olea M, Rodríguez-Manzo G. Opioid receptor and β-arrestin2 densities and distribution change after sexual experience in the ventral tegmental area of male rats. Physiol Behav 2018; 189:107-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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LaDue CA, Goodwin TE, Schulte BA. Concentration-dependent chemosensory responses towards pheromones are influenced by receiver attributes in Asian elephants. Ethology 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chase A. LaDue
- Department of Biology; Western Kentucky University; Bowling Green KY USA
| | | | - Bruce A. Schulte
- Department of Biology; Western Kentucky University; Bowling Green KY USA
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12
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Guillaume D, Moussu C, de Geoffroy F, Chesneau D, Keller M. Olfactory stimulation or inhibition of sexual behavior of stallions in non-breeding season. Physiol Behav 2017; 186:1-9. [PMID: 29287623 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Stallions show decreased sexual responses and activities during short days in winter. To evaluate the importance of sexual olfactory communication in horses, we tested whether sexual responses could be stimulated through various sexual olfactory stimulations in winter. To this end, we presented stallions with various olfactory stimulations (urine from mares at different stages of the reproductive cycle, urine from stallions or geldings, or chemically defined synthetic odorant) during the non-breeding season and measured their behavioral responses through (1) a test of olfactory investigation (olfactory investigation and flehmen behavior) and (2) a test of sexual activity in the context of semen collection for artificial insemination. It appears that the duration of olfactory investigation and flehmen behavior is longer after presentation of urine (stallion, gelding, anestrous, diestrous and estrous mare) than after presentation of water or synthetic odorant. By contrast, geldings showed reduced flehmen behavior that did not differ from that after water presentation. It is of interest that during the mounting test, mare estrous urine was associated with significantly reduced latency to ejaculation when spread in the nostril of the stallion, compared to anestrous mare urine or water. Anestrous mare urine seems to even inhibit stallion sexual motivation as measured through a longer latency to reach mounting and ejaculation. It appears therefore that during the season of sexual rest, stallion sexual motivation can be stimulated by mare estrous urine and inhibited by mare anestrous urine. These results also suggest that the physiological state of the mare influence the content of urinary chemosignals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Guillaume
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France; IFCE, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Chantal Moussu
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France; IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Didier Chesneau
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France; IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Matthieu Keller
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France; IFCE, Nouzilly, France
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13
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Rampin O, Jerôme N, Saint-Albin A, Ouali C, Boué F, Meunier N, Nielsen BL. Where is the TMT? GC-MS analyses of fox feces and behavioral responses of rats to fear-inducing odors. Chem Senses 2017; 43:105-115. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjx075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Nielsen BL, Jerôme N, Saint-Albin A, Ouali C, Rochut S, Zins EL, Briant C, Guettier E, Reigner F, Couty I, Magistrini M, Rampin O. Oestrus odours from rats and mares: Behavioural responses of sexually naive and experienced rats to natural odours and odorants. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Contreras M, Riveros ME, Quispe M, Sánchez C, Perdomo G, Torrealba F, Valdés JL. The Histaminergic Tuberomamillary Nucleus Is Involved in Appetite for Sex, Water and Amphetamine. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148484. [PMID: 26845170 PMCID: PMC4743640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The histaminergic system is one component of the ascending arousal system which is involved in wakefulness, neuroendocrine control, cognition, psychiatric disorders and motivation. During the appetitive phase of motivated behaviors the arousal state rises to an optimal level, thus giving proper intensity to the behavior. Previous studies have demonstrated that the histaminergic neurons show an earlier activation during the appetitive phase of feeding, compared to other ascending arousal system nuclei, paralleled with a high increase in arousal state. Lesions restricted to the histaminergic neurons in rats reduced their motivation to get food even after 24 h of food deprivation, compared with intact or sham lesioned rats. Taken together, these findings indicate that the histaminergic system is important for appetitive behavior related to feeding. However, its role in other goal-directed behaviors remains unexplored. In the present work, male rats rendered motivated to obtain water, sex, or amphetamine showed an increase in Fos-ir of histaminergic neurons in appetitive behaviors directed to get those reinforcers. However, during appetitive tests to obtain sex, or drug in amphetamine-conditioned rats, Fos expression increased in most other ascending arousal system nuclei, including the orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, dorsal raphe, locus coeruleus and laterodorsal tegmental neurons, but not in the ventral tegmental area, which showed no Fos-ir increase in any of the 3 conditions. Importantly, all these appetitive behaviors were drastically reduced after histaminergic cell-specific lesion, suggesting a critical contribution of histamine on the intensity component of several appetitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Contreras
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - María E. Riveros
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Fisiología Celular Integrativa, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo. Santiago, Chile
| | - Maricel Quispe
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristián Sánchez
- Programa disciplinario de Fisiología y Biofísica, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, BNI, I.C.B.M., Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guayec Perdomo
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Torrealba
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - José L. Valdés
- Programa disciplinario de Fisiología y Biofísica, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, BNI, I.C.B.M., Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Nielsen BL, Jezierski T, Bolhuis JE, Amo L, Rosell F, Oostindjer M, Christensen JW, McKeegan D, Wells DL, Hepper P. Olfaction: An Overlooked Sensory Modality in Applied Ethology and Animal Welfare. Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:69. [PMID: 26664995 PMCID: PMC4672279 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Birte L Nielsen
- INRA, UR1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Tadeusz Jezierski
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Science , Jastrzebiec , Poland
| | - J Elizabeth Bolhuis
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University , Wageningen , Netherlands
| | - Luisa Amo
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC , Madrid , Spain
| | - Frank Rosell
- Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University College , Bø , Norway
| | - Marije Oostindjer
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Ås , Norway
| | | | - Dorothy McKeegan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - Deborah L Wells
- School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK
| | - Peter Hepper
- School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK
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Nielsen BL, Rampin O, Meunier N, Bombail V. Behavioral responses to odors from other species: introducing a complementary model of allelochemics involving vertebrates. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:226. [PMID: 26161069 PMCID: PMC4480148 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that the behavior of an animal can be affected by odors from another species. Such interspecific effects of odorous compounds (allelochemics) are usually characterized according to who benefits (emitter, receiver, or both) and the odors categorized accordingly (allomones, kairomones, and synomones, respectively), which has its origin in the definition of pheromones, i.e., intraspecific communication via volatile compounds. When considering vertebrates, however, interspecific odor-based effects exist which do not fit well in this paradigm. Three aspects in particular do not encompass all interspecific semiochemical effects: one relates to the innateness of the behavioral response, another to the origin of the odor, and the third to the intent of the message. In this review we focus on vertebrates, and present examples of behavioral responses of animals to odors from other species with specific reference to these three aspects. Searching for a more useful classification of allelochemical effects we examine the relationship between the valence of odors (attractive through to aversive), and the relative contributions of learned and unconditioned (innate) behavioral responses to odors from other species. We propose that these two factors (odor valence and learning) may offer an alternative way to describe the nature of interspecific olfactory effects involving vertebrates compared to the current focus on who benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte L Nielsen
- Department of Animal Physiology and Livestock Systems, INRA, UR1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Olivier Rampin
- Department of Animal Physiology and Livestock Systems, INRA, UR1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Meunier
- Department of Animal Physiology and Livestock Systems, INRA, UR1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction Jouy-en-Josas, France ; Department of Biology, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines Versailles, France
| | - Vincent Bombail
- Department of Animal Physiology and Livestock Systems, INRA, UR1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Couch RD, Dailey A, Zaidi F, Navarro K, Forsyth CB, Mutlu E, Engen PA, Keshavarzian A. Alcohol induced alterations to the human fecal VOC metabolome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119362. [PMID: 25751150 PMCID: PMC4353727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that excessive alcohol consumption impacts the intestinal microbiota composition, causing disruption of homeostasis (dysbiosis). However, this observed change is not indicative of the dysbiotic intestinal microbiota function that could result in the production of injurious and toxic products. Thus, knowledge of the effects of alcohol on the intestinal microbiota function and their metabolites is warranted, in order to better understand the role of the intestinal microbiota in alcohol associated organ failure. Here, we report the results of a differential metabolomic analysis comparing volatile organic compounds (VOC) detected in the stool of alcoholics and non-alcoholic healthy controls. We performed the analysis with fecal samples collected after passage as well as with samples collected directly from the sigmoid lumen. Regardless of the approach to fecal collection, we found a stool VOC metabolomic signature in alcoholics that is different from healthy controls. The most notable metabolite alterations in the alcoholic samples include: (1) an elevation in the oxidative stress biomarker tetradecane; (2) a decrease in five fatty alcohols with anti-oxidant property; (3) a decrease in the short chain fatty acids propionate and isobutyrate, important in maintaining intestinal epithelial cell health and barrier integrity; (4) a decrease in alcohol consumption natural suppressant caryophyllene; (5) a decrease in natural product and hepatic steatosis attenuator camphene; and (6) decreased dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide, microbial products of decomposition. Our results showed that intestinal microbiota function is altered in alcoholics which might promote alcohol associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D. Couch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Allyson Dailey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Fatima Zaidi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Karl Navarro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Forsyth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ece Mutlu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Phillip A. Engen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Evolution of mosquito preference for humans linked to an odorant receptor. Nature 2014; 515:222-7. [PMID: 25391959 PMCID: PMC4286346 DOI: 10.1038/nature13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Female mosquitoes are major vectors of human disease and the most dangerous are those that preferentially bite humans. A ‘domestic’ form of the mosquito Aedes aegypti has evolved to specialize in biting humans and is the major worldwide vector of dengue, yellow fever, and Chikungunya viruses. The domestic form coexists with an ancestral, animal-biting ‘forest’ form along the coast of Kenya. We collected the two forms, established laboratory colonies, and document striking divergence in preference for human versus animal odour. We further show that the evolution of preference for human odour in domestic mosquitoes is tightly linked to increases in the expression and ligand-sensitivity of the odorant receptor AaegOr4, which we found recognises a compound present at high levels in human odour. Our results provide a rare example of a gene contributing to behavioural evolution and provide insight into how disease-vectoring mosquitoes came to specialise on humans.
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Meunier N, Nielsen BL. Using Scalar Products to Refine the Interpretative Value of an Orientation Choice Test. Chem Senses 2014; 39:551-60. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bju024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Pharmacological profiling of Argemone mexicana for its aphrodisiac potentials in male Wistar rats. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2305-0500(14)60013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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